are reassignment surgery covered by insurance

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Does Insurance Cover Gender-Affirming Care?

In many cases, health insurance in the U.S. covers gender-affirming care. However, whether or not your insurance plan will cover a specific gender-affirming treatment can depend on your state, your employer, and your plan's benefits.

Key Takeaways

• Health insurance generally covers gender-affirming care.
• Not all plans cover all procedures, however, and the process can be murky and require preauthorization.
• Gender-affirming care can cost tens of thousands of dollars without insurance coverage.

Major insurance companies today generally recognize transgender-related care as being medically necessary. However, at least 24 states have passed new laws or enacted new policies limiting coverage of gender-affirming care for people up to age 18. And some transgender people may still be denied coverage for certain procedures by their insurers.

1.6 million

The estimated number of Americans age 13 or older who identify as transgender, according to a 2022 study.

Health insurers generally cover an array of medically necessary services that affirm gender or treat gender dysphoria, according to the American Medical Association, which reaffirmed its advocacy for such care in 2023. Gender dysphoria is a condition that occurs when someone feels a conflict between the sex they were assigned at birth and the one they now identify with.

Gender-affirming care is the phrase used by most medical groups for dysphoria treatment. This care can include hormones, surgery, or counseling. The care aligns a person's gender identity with gender expression in appearance, anatomy, and voice.

In 2010, the federal Affordable Care Act (ACA) banned health insurance discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity. Before the law's passage, medically necessary gender-affirming surgeries and hormones often weren't covered by insurers.

A 2024 rule from the Department of Health and Human Services stated that covered entities (a term that includes both insurance plans and providers such as doctors) could not "deny or limit coverage, deny or limit coverage of a claim, or impose additional cost sharing or other limitations or restrictions on coverage, for specific health services related to gender transition or other gender-affirming care if such denial, limitation, or restriction results in discrimination on the basis of sex."

However, insurance is also regulated at the state level and rules can vary based on whether it is an ACA, public, or employer plan, so they don't apply evenly to all insurers.

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Determining What Your Plan Covers

Policyholders and plan members can generally find out what's available to them in their member booklet. This should have been given to you when you got the policy or, if it's an employee plan, when you joined the company. It may be called a certificate of coverage, a benefit plan, a summary plan description, a certificate of insurance, or something similar.

This document should describe the insurer's clinical evidence criteria to qualify for claim coverage. For example, to begin hormone therapy, the requirements might include a diagnosis of gender dysphoria from a licensed mental health professional.

Some plans may list exclusions for certain procedures. Even if an exclusion exists in the documentation, it can still be worthwhile to apply for pre-authorization or pre-approval for the procedure to obtain an official decision. For one thing, as the Transgender Legal Defense & Education Fund, notes, "the plan booklet may simply be out of date."

Even if you're turned down, that is not necessarily the final word. If a preauthorization request or a claim is denied, an attorney, healthcare advocate, or your human resources department may be able to help with filing an appeal. Appeals should include individualized, extensive documentation of a service's medical necessity and appropriateness.

Here, we list four types of health insurance and how they might cover gender-affirming care.

Employer-Provided Insurance

Altogether, 24 states and the District of Columbia prohibit transgender exclusions in private health insurance coverage, according to the nonprofit LGBTQ+ advocacy organization Movement Advance Project, leaving half the states without such protections.

However, health coverage benefits that a private employer provides can vary based on whether the employer buys its coverage from an insurance company or is funding the plan itself. If the employer's plan is self-funded, it is governed by the federal law ERISA, the Employee Retirement Income Security Act , which overrides any state nondiscrimination law. The employer can decide what health care is or is not covered.

In the Human Rights Campaign's 2023-2024 Corporate Equality Index, a record 94% of the companies it evaluated offered at least one transgender-inclusive plan option.

Employer-based plans are governed in the state where the plan was issued, not where you live.

Affordable Care Act Plan Coverage

Individuals can buy their own health insurance policies, often with the help of federal subsidies, through the Healthcare.gov Marketplace. Most insurers have eliminated transgender-specific exclusions, which ACA regulations explicitly ban.

Still, policies vary by state and in what they cover. As the Healthcare.gov website notes, "Many health plans are still using exclusions such as 'services related to sex change' or 'sex reassignment surgery' to deny coverage to transgender people for certain health care services."

It suggests that before enrolling in a plan, consumers should carefully review its terms: "Plans might use different language to describe these kinds of exclusions. Look for language like 'All procedures related to being transgender are not covered.' Other terms to look for include 'gender change,' 'transsexualism,' 'gender identity disorder,' and 'gender identity dysphoria.'"

Fortunately, according to Out2Enroll, an organization connecting the LGBT+ community with healthcare coverage, when it recently reviewed silver Marketplace options in 32 states it found that "the vast majority of insurers did not use transgender-specific exclusions" and that "40% of plans had language indicating that all or some medically necessary gender-affirming care would be covered by the plan." (ACA coverage is broken down into bronze, silver, gold, and platinum plans, with silver being a moderately priced level.)

Out2Enroll also has state-specific Transgender Health Insurance Guides on its website for help in choosing a plan.

Medicare and Medicaid Coverage

About 6% of transgender adults receive their health coverage from Medicare, the federal insurance program primarily for Americans over age 65. Under these plans, medically necessary care—including some gender-affirming procedures—is covered. Private Medicare Advantage plans should abide by the same rules as traditional Medicare, but patients on such plans should try to get preauthorization before accessing transition-related services, the National Center for Transgender Equality advises.

Some 21% of transgender adults receive Medicaid, the joint federal and state health insurance plan for low-income Americans. On a state-by-state basis, Medicaid coverage is uneven. Medicaid programs explicitly cover transgender-related care in 26 states and the District of Columbia. Meanwhile, programs in 10 states bar coverage of transgender-related care for people of all ages, and programs in three states prohibit coverage of transgender-related care for minors.

Military and Veteran Coverage  

Active military members can access some types of gender-affirming care. TRICARE, the health benefits provider for military members, says it "covers hormone therapy and psychological counseling for gender dysphoria. TRICARE generally doesn't cover surgery for the treatment of gender dysphoria. However, active duty service members may request a waiver for medically necessary, gender affirming surgery."

The Veterans Health Administration offers gender-affirming healthcare, including hormones and prosthetics, mental health care, and other healthcare. Coverage for gender-affirming surgery has traditionally been denied but is currently undergoing a review.

How Much Does Gender-Affirming Surgery Cost?

The cost of gender-affirming care might range from $25,000 to $75,000, according to an estimate from the Human Rights Campaign.

Gender-affirming surgeries may include top surgery (breast removal or augmentation), bottom surgery, vocal surgery, and face and body surgeries such as browlifts, jawline contouring, Adam's apple removal, and forehead reduction.

Bottom surgery may include:

• Phalloplasty : Creation of penis 
• Metoidioplasty : Phallus created from existing genital region tissue. 
• Hysterectomy : Uterus and cervix removal  
• Nullification surgery : Creating a gender-neutral look in the groin
• Oophorectomy : Removal of one or both ovaries
• Vaginoplasty and vulvoplasty : Creation of vagina and vulva 
• Orchiectomy : Testicle removal 

Research published in 2022 by JAMA Surgery found that while gender-affirming surgery can be costly, insurance (for patients who have it) will often cover most of the cost. Looking at phalloplasty and vaginoplasty procedures specifically, it reported:

However, not all transgender people desire surgery. According to 2019 research statistics, only 28% of transgender women get any type of surgery, and only 4% to 13% receive genital surgery. Surgery is more common among transgender men, with 42% to 54% getting some type of surgery; up to 50% get genital surgery.

How Much Does Gender-Affirming Medication Cost?

Gender-affirming medication is far more common than surgery. As many as 65% of transgender people received gender-affirming hormone therapy in 2019, up from 17% in 2011, according to the Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics .

The costs of gender-affirming medications can vary widely. While they are often at least partially covered by insurance, they also come with out-of-pocket costs, which may continue through the patient's lifetime.

For example, a study in the Journal of General Internal Medicine reported that, "in 2019, median prices for feminizing and masculinizing hormone therapy ranged from $6.76 to $91.15 and $31.82 to $398.99, respectively." At the same time, patients' "median out-of-pocket costs ranged from $5.00 to $10.71 and $10.00 to $12.86 for feminizing and masculinizing hormone therapy, respectively." Those prices refer to a 30-day supply.

Other costs can be involved as well. For example, patients who are taking hormones may need periodic blood tests to monitor their health.

A 2020 study in Annals of Family Medicine found that among insured respondents taking gender-affirming hormones, almost 21% reported that their claims were denied. This group (and those who are uninsured) were more likely to take nonprescription hormones from unlicensed sources, which may not be monitored for quality and potentially carry serious health risks.

Other Ways to Pay for Gender-Affirming Care and Surgery

Aside from health insurance, how can you pay for gender-affirming care or surgery? Here are some options.

Payment Plans 

Some healthcare providers offer payment plans directly or through lenders that let you pay off medical bills over time.

You might take out a personal loan or even a type of personal loan called a medical loan to cover expenses related to gender-affirming care or surgery. A medical loan is just a personal loan used to pay for medical expenses.

Credit Cards 

Credit cards cab be another avenue for covering the costs of gender-affirming care or surgery, although they tend to have very high interest rates if you run a balance.

Even with health insurance, hormone therapy may be less expensive if you comparison shop and use pharmacy programs, such as GoodRx.

Surgery Grants

Several organizations, such as the Jim Collins Foundation, offer grants for people seeking gender-affirming care or surgery.

Health Accounts 

If you have a flexible spending account (FSA) or health savings account (HSA) , consider allocating some account money for gendering-affirming care or surgery if you are anticipating it.

Health Reimbursement Agreement 

A health reimbursement agreement (HRA) is an employer-funded group health plan that reimburses employees for qualified medical expenses, which might include gender-affirming care or surgery.

Home Equity Loan or Line of Credit (HELOC) 

You could take out a home equity loan or line of credit to cover the costs of gender-affirming care or surgery. With these types of loans, you can typically borrow up to a certain percentage of your home's equity. Interest rates are generally lower than those on a personal loan, because your home serves as collateral. Just realize that if you can't repay the loan, your could lose your home. 

Friends and Family Loans 

If you've got supportive friends or relatives, they might be willing to chip in money to pay for your gender-affirming care or surgery. To avoid misunderstandings, it's usually best to have a written agreement and repayment plan.

Crowdfunding

You might consider setting up a crowdfunding campaign on a platform like GoFundMe to raise money from friends, relatives, colleagues, or even strangers.

Tips for Financing Gender-Affirming Care and Surgery

When you're financing gender-affirming care or surgery, you may be able to save some money if you follow these tips.

Shop Around 

A number of online tools such as Hospital Cost Compare and Healthcare Bluebook allow you to compare costs for the same procedures and treatments offered by different healthcare providers. Doing this homework could save you a lot of money.

Check the Interest Rate Before You Borrow 

Be sure to investigate how much you'll pay to borrow money if you decide to go the credit card or loan route. 

Try Negotiating or Set up a Payment Plan

You can sometimes negotiate with a healthcare provider to lower the costs of gender-affirming care or surgery. For instance, a healthcare provider might discount your services if you agree to pay off your medical bills quickly. If a healthcare provider isn't willing to provide a discount, they might let you make interest-free payments as part of a payment plan.

Ask About Financial Assistance

Some nonprofit healthcare providers offer financial assistance programs that will cover all or some of your medical expenses.

What Are the Different Types of Gender-Affirming Care?

Various types of gender-affirming care include puberty-blocking medication, hormone therapy, top surgery, bottom surgery, nullification surgery, laser hair removal, facial feminization surgery, speech therapy, and mental health services.

How Much Does Gender-Affirming Care Cost in the U.S.?

The cost of gendering-affirming care varies widely, depending on the type of procedure or treatment involved. A common range is anywhere from $25,000 to $75,000, according to the Human Rights Campaign. Health insurance may cover these costs to varying degrees.

Does Insurance Cover Puberty Blockers?

According to one 2019 study, about 31% of the plans it looked at online claimed to cover puberty blockers. That makes it all the more important for patients and their families to shop around for insurance.

The Bottom Line

The campaign for transgender rights in the U.S. has experienced victories and setbacks in recent years—in some cases affecting coverage of gender-affirming care. Even amid progress, some people still encounter problems obtaining health insurance to cover such care or paying the out-of-pocket costs involved. People who expect to need gender-affirming care will want to read their insurance plan's coverage details carefully and ask questions if they're unsure about what's covered.

Human Rights Campaign. " Map: Attacks on Gender-Affirming Care by State ."

KFF. " Policy Tracker: Youth Access to Gender Affirming Care and State Policy Restrictions ."

The Williams Institute at UCLA. " How Many Adults and Youth Identify as Transgender in the United States? "

UCSF Transgender Care. " Initiating Hormone Therapy ."

American Medical Association. " Transgender Coverage Issue Brief ."

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. " Section 1557 of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ."

Transgender Legal Defense & Education Fund. " Health Insurance – Understanding Your Plan ."

Federal Register. " Vol. 89, No. 88 / Monday, May 6, 2024 / Rules and Regulations ," Page 37701.

Movement Advance Protect. " Healthcare Laws and Policies ."

Transgender Legal Defense & Education Fund. " Health Insurance – Understanding Your Plan: Differences Between Self-Funded and Insured Plans. "

Human Rights Campaign. " Corporate Equality Index 2023-2024 ."

HealthCare.gov. " Transgender Health Care ."  

Out2Enroll. " Plan Information for 2024 ."

Healthcare.gov. " How to Pick a Health Insurance Plan ."

KFF. " Trans People in the U.S.: Identities, Demographics, Wellbeing. "

Movement Advancement Project. " Medicaid Coverage of Transgender-Related Health Care ."

TRICARE. " Gender Dysphoria Services ."

U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. "VHA LGBTQ+ Health Program. "

Annals of Family Medicine, November 2020. " Insurance Coverage and Use of Hormones Among Transgender Respondents to a National Survey ," See Abstract: Results.

Translational Andrology and Urology. " Demographic and Temporal Trends in Transgender Identities and Gender Confirming Surgery ."

JAMA Surgery. " Spending and Out-of-Pocket Costs for Genital Gender-Affirming Surgery in the U.S. "

The Journal of Law, Medicine, and Ethics. " Utilization and Costs of Gender-Affirming Care in a Commercially Insured Transgender Population ."

Journal of General Internal Medicine. " Gender Affirming Hormone Therapy Spending and Use in the USA, 2013-2019 ."

Transgender Health. April 11, 2019. " Health Care Insurance of Recommended Gender-Affirming Health Care Services for Transgender Youth: Shopping Online for Coverage Information ," See Table 1.

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Insurance Coverage for Gender-Affirming Surgery

Medically reviewed by Paul Gonzales on March 13, 2024.

Navigating insurance coverage for gender affirmation surgery can be complex, but many insurance providers now recognize these forms of healthcare for transgender individuals as medically necessary and thereby deserving of coverage. This guide aims to simplify the process of finding and applying for insurance coverage for gender-affirmative surgery, also known as gender confirmation surgery.

The GCC’s list of insurance providers that cover gender-affirming surgeries

Below you can find a list of insurance providers for which our team has successfully obtained approval for top surgery procedures from here. If you don’t see your insurance listed here or are unsure, you can schedule a free, virtual consultation so our team can verify this information for you. Unfortunately, Medicare does not cover any of our procedures at this time.

*  This list does not guarantee insurance coverage for top surgery and successful approvals may vary on a number of factors, such as the type of plan for each insurance company.

How to Get Coverage: An Overview

The following information is meant to give you an overview of all the components you will need to take into consideration in finding an insurance plan that will cover your gender-affirming surgery.

• Contact your insurance provider directly to inquire about coverage for gender reassignment surgery. You can start by calling the phone number on your insurance card.
• Review your insurance policy or member handbook carefully for any exclusions or limitations related to transgender healthcare.
• Consult the Transgender Legal Defense & Education Fund (TLDEF) for a list of insurance companies known to offer coverage for gender affirmation procedures.
• Get enrollment help from Out2Enroll once you are ready to sign up for health coverage to understand your options.
• Coverage Exclusions: Federal and state laws prohibit discrimination against transgender individuals by most public and private insurance health plans. This means insurance companies must cover transition-related care that’s medically necessary and it is illegal for them to deny coverage, in most cases. Some plans may still have exclusions in their policies, but you can ask for an exception or request the removal of the exclusion.
• Medical Necessity: Virtually all major insurance companies now recognize that gender-affirming medical care for transgender patients is medically necessary. However, the specifics of what procedures or treatments are covered will depend on each insurance plan. Most of them will require letters from healthcare providers to support medical necessity. You can find a list of therapists that can provide support letters for insurance coverage through GALAP .
• Referral Letters: To secure insurance coverage, patients will need 1-2 letters from healthcare providers. Besides a therapist support letter,  if GCC surgeons are not in-network providers, you will need a referral letter from your Primary Care Physician.
• Financial Options: If your insurance provider does not cover gender-affirming surgery, other options include paying out-of-pocket, taking out a personal loan, or seeking financial help from charities and organizations.

Identifying Insurance Providers That Cover Gender Affirming Surgery

If you live in the United States, here’s a list of resources to help you identify insurance providers offering coverage for gender-affirming surgery:

• Transgender Legal Defense & Education Fund (TLDEF) provides a list of insurance companies that have coverage for gender-affirming care.
• Campus Pride provides a list of colleges and universities by state that cover gender-affirming surgery or hormone therapy under student health insurance.
• Our Insurance Advocacy Team here at the Gender Confirmation Center has successfully secured coverage for surgery from the insurance companies mentioned above.

Navigating Insurance Policies for Gender Affirming Surgery

The National Center for Transgender Equality created a guide to help navigate getting your insurance to cover gender-affirming care. This process can be summarized in 3 steps below:

• Learn what your insurance plan covers for gender-affirming care by calling your insurance company and ask what medical policies on gender dysphoria treatment are applicable to your plan. You may also find this information in the Member Handbook provided by your insurance.
• Determine the type of insurance you have (self-funded vs fully insured) to see if there are exclusions or limitations on healthcare coverage for transition-related care. Self-funded plans (e.g. insurance through work, school, or government employment) typically have exclusions or limitations to coverage that may be exempt from state protection laws. You may need to request your employer or school to remove the exclusion before insurance can cover surgery.
• Gather necessary documentation , such as letters from healthcare providers (i.e. mental health provider). Some insurance companies require at least 2 letters.
• Submit a pre-authorization request to your insurance provider by writing a letter to explain why the procedure is necessary and why refusing to provide coverage may be illegal.
• Follow up with your insurance to ensure the request is being processed or check on its status. Your insurance will send you a notification if your request has been approved or denied.

Navigating this process can be challenging but our Insurance Advocacy team works directly with your insurance for each step of this process until the insurance company reaches a decision for the preauthorization request. This service is provided free of charge for our patients to ensure the best chance of success in getting their surgery covered.

Overcoming Challenges in Insurance Coverage for Gender Affirming Surgery

• Denial of preauthorization request or claim for reimbursement: Understanding the reason for denial can help determine your options for appealing this decision. Seeking legal assistance from a lawyer may help facilitate this process.
• Dealing with out-of-network coverage: Insurance companies usually have a list of “in-network” healthcare providers that are covered by a particular plan. While some patients are restricted to these in-network providers (i.e. HMO plans), others may have the option to see out-of-network providers if the in-network options are not qualified (i.e., PPO plans). For example, your insurance may restrict you to seek care from a surgeon who can perform mastectomies but may not have training in gender-affirming techniques. In such cases, you have the right to seek out an out-of-network provider who is qualified in gender-affirming surgery, as the in-network provider cannot fulfill your specific needs. It’s essential to understand that the insurance may initially refuse coverage for out-of-network surgeons or facilities, but this decision can be challenged through the appeals process.
• Consider an independent review for denials : If the insurance company continues to deny coverage, you may have the option to request an independent review by a third-party organization. This review can provide an unbiased evaluation of your case and potentially overturn the denial.

Exploring Financial Aid Options for Gender Affirming Surgery

• Surgery Grants: Organizations and programs may offer grants or financial aid to help cover the costs of surgery. The GCC works with various organizations to help with costs of surgery. Learn more about them here.
• CareCredit: GCC has partnered with CareCredit to help patients finance the costs of surgery. Patients can apply for this credit card to see if they qualify and figure out what payment plan options are available.

Advocating for Comprehensive Insurance Coverage

The Affordable Care Act prohibits discrimination based on gender identity, which can be leveraged when seeking coverage for gender-affirming surgery. Despite this, many still face challenges with access or coverage of medically necessary transition related care. Recently, these states have limited protections for transgender youth after passing laws banning their access to gender-affirming care.

Navigating insurance coverage for gender-affirming surgery can be challenging, but our Insurance Advocacy team is dedicated to ensuring access to care for our patients. The National Center for Transgender Equality and Transgender Legal Defense and Education Fund also provides a comprehensive list of resources to help patients find and get insurance coverage for gender-affirming care.

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Does Health Insurance Cover Transgender Health Care?

For transgender Americans, access to necessary health care can be fraught with challenges. Section 1557 of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) prohibits discrimination on a wide variety of grounds for any "health program or activity" that receives any sort of federal financial assistance.  

But the specifics of how that section is interpreted and enforced are left up to the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the Office for Civil Rights (OCR). Not surprisingly, the Obama and Trump administrations took very different approaches to ACA Section 1557. But the Biden administration has reverted to the Obama-era rules.

In 2020, the Trump administration finalized new rules that rolled back the Obama administration's rules. This came just days before the Supreme Court ruled that employers could not discriminate against employees based on sexual orientation or gender identity. The Trump administration's rule was subsequently challenged in various court cases.

And in May 2021, the Biden administration issued a notice clarifying that the Office of Civil Rights would once again prohibit discrimination by health care entities based on sexual orientation or gender identity.

The Biden administration subsequently issued a proposed rule in 2022 to update the implementation of Section 1557 and strengthen nondiscrimination rules for health care. The proposed rule " restores and strengthens civil rights protections for patients and consumers in certain federally funded health programs and HHS programs after the 2020 version of the rule limited its scope and power to cover fewer programs and services. "

Section 1557 of the ACA

ACA Section 1557 has been in effect since 2010, but it's only a couple of paragraphs long and very general in nature. It prohibits discrimination in health care based on existing guidelines—the Civil Rights Act, Title IX, the Age Act, and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act—that were already very familiar to most Americans (i.e., age, disability, race, color, national origin, and sex).

Section 1557 of the ACA applies those same non-discrimination rules to health plans and activities that receive federal funding.

Section 1557 applies to any organization that provides healthcare services or health insurance (including organizations that have self-insured health plans for their employees) if they receive any sort of federal financial assistance for the health insurance or health activities.

That includes hospitals and other medical facilities, Medicaid , Medicare (with the exception of Medicare Part B ), student health plans, Children's Health Insurance Program, and private insurers that receive federal funding.

For private insurers, federal funding includes subsidies for their individual market enrollees who purchase coverage in the exchange (marketplace). In that case, all of the insurer's plans must be compliant with Section 1557, not just their individual exchange plans.

(Note that self-insured employer-sponsored plans are not subject to Section 1557 unless they receive some type of federal funding related to health care activities. The majority of people with employer-sponsored health coverage are enrolled in self-insured plans.)

To clarify the nondiscrimination requirements, the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the Office for Civil Rights (OCR) published a 362-page final rule for implementation of Section 1557 in May 2016.

At that point, HHS and OCR clarified that gender identity "may be male, female, neither, or a combination of male and female." The rule explicitly prohibited health plans and activities receiving federal funding from discrimination against individuals based on gender identity or sex stereotypes.

But the rule was subject to ongoing litigation, and the nondiscrimination protections for transgender people were vacated by a federal judge in late 2019.

And in 2020, the Trump administration finalized new rules which reversed much of the Obama administration's rule. The new rule was issued in June 2020, and took effect in August 2020. It eliminated the ban on discrimination based on gender identity, sexual orientation, and sex stereotyping, and reverted to a binary definition of sex as being either male or female.

Just a few days later, however, the Supreme Court ruled that it was illegal for a workplace to discriminate based on a person's gender identity or sexual orientation. The case hinged on the court's interpretation of what it means to discriminate on the basis of sex, which has long been prohibited under US law. The majority of the justices agreed that "it is impossible to discriminate against a person for being homosexual or transgender without discriminating against that individual based on sex."

The Biden administration announced in May 2020 that Section 1557's ban on sex discrimination by health care entities would once again include discrimination based on gender identity and sexual orientation.

And in 2022, the Biden administration published a new proposed rule for the implementation of Section 1557, rolling back the Trump-era rule changes and including a new focus on gender-affirming care (as opposed to just gender transition care).

Are Health Plans Required to Cover Gender Affirming Care?

Even before the Obama administration's rule was blocked by a judge and then rolled back by the Trump administration, it did not require health insurance policies to " cover any particular procedure or treatment for transition-related care ."

The rule also did not prevent a covered entity from " applying neutral standards that govern the circumstances in which it will offer coverage to all its enrollees in a nondiscriminatory manner ." In other words, medical and surgical procedures had to be offered in a non-discriminatory manner, but there was no specific requirement that insurers cover any specific transgender-related healthcare procedures, even when they're considered medically necessary.

Under the Obama administration's rule, OCR explained that if a covered entity performed or paid for a particular procedure for some of its members, it could not use gender identity or sex stereotyping to avoid providing that procedure to a transgender individual. So for example, if an insurer covers hysterectomies to prevent or treat cancer in cisgender women, it would have to use neutral, non-discriminatory criteria to determine whether it would cover hysterectomies to treat gender dysphoria.

And gender identity could not be used to deny medically necessary procedures, regardless of whether it affirmed the individual's gender. For example, a transgender man could not be denied treatment for ovarian cancer based on the fact that he identifies as a man.

But the issue remained complicated, and it's still complicated even with the Biden administration's proposed rule to strengthen Section 1557's nondiscrimination rules.

Under the 2016 rule, covered entities in every state were prohibited from using blanket exclusions to deny care for gender dysphoria and had to utilize non-discriminatory methods when determining whether a procedure will be covered. But that was vacated by a federal judge in 2019.

However, the new rules proposed in 2022 by the Biden administration " prohibit a covered entity from having or implementing a categorical coverage exclusion or limitation for all health services related to gender transition or other gender-affirming care. "

As of 2023, HealthCare.gov's page about transgender health care still states that " many health plans are still using exclusions such as “services related to sex change” or “sex reassignment surgery” to deny coverage to transgender people for certain health care services. Coverage varies by state. "

The page goes on to note that " transgender health insurance exclusions may be unlawful sex discrimination. The healthcare law prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex, among other bases, in certain health programs and activities ."

The page advises that " if you believe a plan unlawfully discriminates, you can file complaints of discrimination with your state’s Department of Insurance, or report the issue to the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services by email to  [email protected] ." (note that this language existed on that page in 2020 as well.)

State Rules for Health Coverage of Gender Affirming Care

Prior to the 2016 guidance issued in the Section 1557 final rule, there were 17 states that specifically prevented state-regulated health insurers from including blanket exclusions for transgender-specific care and 10 states that prevented such blanket exclusions in their Medicaid programs. And as of 2023, the list of states that ban specific transgender exclusions in state-regulated private health plans has grown to 24, plus the District of Columbia.

Starting in 2023, Colorado became the first state to explicitly include gender-affirming care in its benchmark plan (used to define essential health benefits ), ensuring that all individual and small-group health plans in the state must provide that coverage.

While Section 1557 was initially a big step towards equality in health care for transgender Americans, it does not explicitly require coverage for sex reassignment surgery and related medical care. And the implementation of Section 1557 has been a convoluted process with various changes along the way. Most recently, the Biden administration has restored nondiscrimination protections based on gender identity.

Do Health Insurance Plans Cover Sex Reassignment?

It depends on the health insurance plan. This description from Aetna  and this one from Blue Cross Blue Shield of Tennessee are good examples of how private health insurers might cover some—but not all—aspects of the gender transition process, and how medical necessity is considered in the context of gender-affirming care.

Since 2014,  Medicare has covered medically necessary sex reassignment surgery , with coverage decisions made on a case-by-case basis depending on medical need. And the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) has announced in June 2021 that it has eliminated its long-standing ban on paying for sex reassignment surgery for America's veterans.

But Medicaid programs differ from one state to another, and there are pending lawsuits over some states' refusals to cover gender transition services for Medicaid enrollees.

Over the last several years, many health plans and self-insured employers have opted to expand their coverage in order to cover sex reassignment surgery and other gender-affirming care. But although health coverage for transgender-specific services has become more available, it is still far from universal.

This issue is likely to face protracted legal debate over the coming years, and coverage will likely continue to vary from one state to another and from one employer or private health plan to another.

Many health plans in the U.S. are subject to ACA Section 1557, which prohibits discrimination based on gender. But this section is implemented via HHS rules, which have changed over time: The Obama administration issued rules to protect people from gender-related discrimination in health care, the Trump administration relaxed those rules, and the Biden administration has proposed changes to strengthen them once again.

A Word from Verywell

If you're in need of gender-affirming medical care, you'll want to carefully consider the specifics of the health policy you have or any that you may be considering. If you think that you're experiencing discrimination based on your gender identity, you can file a complaint with the Office of Civil Rights . But you may find that a different health plan simply covers your needs more comprehensively.

US Department of Health and Human Services. Section 1557 of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act .

Keith, Katie. Health Affairs. HHS Will Enforce Section 1557 To Protect LGBTQ People From Discrimination . May 11, 2021.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. HHS Announces Proposed Rule to Strengthen Nondiscrimination in Health Care . July 25, 2022.

United States DoJ. Overview of Title IX of the education amendments of 1972 . Updated August, 2015.

DHS.  Nondiscrimination in health programs and activities . Effective July 18, 2016.

Keith, Katie. Health Affairs. Court Vacates Parts Of ACA Nondiscrimination Rule . October 16, 2019.

Department of Health and Human Services. Nondiscrimination in Health and Health Education Programs or Activities, Delegation of Authority . June 12, 2020.

SCOTUS Blog. R.G. & G.R. Harris Funeral Homes Inc. v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission . Argued October 2019; Decision issued June 15, 2020.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. HHS Announces Prohibition on Sex Discrimination Includes Discrimination on the Basis of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity . May 10, 2021.

National Center for Transgender Equality. Know your rights: medicare .

HealthCare.gov. Transgender Health Care .

Health Affairs. LGBT protections in affordable care act section 1557 . June 2016.

LGBT Map. Health Care Laws and Policies .

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Biden-Harris Administration Greenlights Coverage of LGBTQ+ Care as an Essential Health Benefit in Colorado . October 12, 2021.

Military Times. VA to Offer Gender Surgery to Transgender Vets for the First Time . June 19, 2021.

Fleig, Shelby. Des Moines Register. ACLU of Iowa Renews Effort to Overturn Law Restricting Public Funds for Trans Iowans' Transition-Related Care . April 22, 2021.

By Louise Norris Norris is a licensed health insurance agent, book author, and freelance writer. She graduated magna cum laude from Colorado State University.

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• v.7(12); 2019 Dec

Navigating Insurance Policies in the United States for Gender-affirming Surgery

Wess a. cohen.

From the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, N.J.

Alexa M. Sangalang

Margaret m. dalena, haripriya s. ayyala, jonathan d. keith, background:.

Patients with gender dysphoria seeking to undergo gender affirmation surgery are often challenged by lack of insurance coverage. The authors aim to review gender affirmation surgery policies and to highlight discrepancies between qualifying criteria across top insurance companies in the United States.

The top 3 insurance companies in each state within the United States were determined by market share. Each insurance policy was analyzed according to coverage for specific “top surgeries” and “bottom surgeries.” Policies were obtained from company-published data and phone calls placed to the insurance provider.

Of the total 150 insurance companies identified, policies related to gender- affirming surgery were found for 124. Coverage for gender-affirming surgery varies by insurance company, state, and procedure. Most insurance companies, 122 of 124 (98%), covered chest masculinization, but only 25 of 124 (20%) of insurance companies covered nipple-areola complex reconstruction. Additionally, 36 of 124 (29%) insurance companies covered chest feminization. Vaginoplasty is covered by 120 of 124 (97%) insurance companies. Despite high rates of vaginoplasty coverage, vulvoplasty is only covered by 26 of 124 (21%) insurance companies. Phalloplasty and metoidioplasty are covered by 118 of 124 (95%) and 115 of 124 (93%) of insurance companies, respectively. Slightly more than half, 75 of 124 (60%) insurance companies covered penile prosthesis.

Conclusions:

As gender-affirming surgery insurance coverage increases, the policies regarding them remain inconsistent. Standardized policies across insurance companies would further increase access to gender-affirming surgery.

INTRODUCTION

Approximately 1.4 million adults and 150,000 teens in the United States identified as transgender as of 2015. 1 Many of these individuals have been diagnosed with gender dysphoria—the distress that is caused by a discrepancy between a person’s gender identity and the gender they were assigned at birth. Transfemales (TFs) are individuals assigned male at birth who identify as female, whereas transmales are individuals assigned female at birth who identify as male. Transgender patients frequently endure lack of acceptance, harassment, and assault, likely contributing to depression rates as high as 62%, as compared to rates of 16% in the general population. 2 Additionally, suicide rates have been cited to be as high as 45% in this population. 3

Gender-affirming surgery can provide life-changing results for transgender patients and has been shown to significantly improve patients’ self-esteem and functioning. 4 These surgeries range from chest wall contouring procedures, such as mastectomy and breast augmentation, to penile and neovaginal reconstruction, and have proven to be effective in treating gender dysphoria. 5 , 6 Despite the profound positive impact gender affirmation surgery provides, insurance coverage has been historically limited. 7 However, in 2014, Medicare and Medicaid lifted the 1981 exclusion of transition-related care, and in 2017 an addendum to the Affordable Care Act banned discrimination on the basis of gender identity. 8 , 9 Since then, some private insurers have increased coverage for gender affirmation surgery. 10 , 11

Historically, most patients undergoing gender-affirming surgery have been self-pay. However, sociopolitical changes and expanding health insurance coverage have led to an increased incidence of gender-affirming surgery. 6 , 12 , 13 Despite this, more than half of patients within the past year were denied insurance coverage for gender-affirming surgeries. 14 The World Professional Association for Transgender Health, a nonprofit, interdisciplinary professional and educational organization devoted to transgender health, has set guidelines for which surgeries should be deemed medically necessary. Nonetheless, insurance coverage remains fragmented, inconsistent, and unclear to navigate.

Uncertainty surrounding insurance coverage for gender-affirming surgery contributes to confusion for providers and patients. It is critical for both plastic surgeons and transgender patients to be aware of the various insurance policies and potential hurdles for gender affirmation surgeries. The ability to navigate insurance policies will dramatically improve access to care for a traditionally underserved community. The authors aim to provide an overview of the current coverage atmosphere in the United States for gender affirmation surgeries and to highlight the challenges when navigating insurance policies. Although surgeons who routinely perform these surgeries may be familiar with the results described, the vast majority of plastic surgeons will not be. Additionally, this is the first manuscript to compile national insurance data on commonly performed gender-affirming surgeries.

The top 3 private insurance companies of each state in the continental United States were determined by market share as published by the Kaiser Family Foundation, a nonprofit, nonpartisan organization. Insurance companies were stratified into large and small group insurance companies by Kaiser. Only large groups were used in this study and were defined as having 101 or more employees. Policies as of December 11, 2018, from each insurance company regarding gender-affirming surgery were then obtained either by company-published online data or via phone call inquiry. Procedures analyzed for top surgery coverage were mastectomy, breast augmentation, and nipple-areola complex (NAC) reconstruction. Bottom surgery analysis included penectomy, clitoroplasty, labiaplasty, vaginoplasty, vulvoplasty, vaginectomy, vulvectomy, phalloplasty, metoidioplasty, penile prosthesis, scrotoplasty, testicular prosthesis, and urethroplasty. Coverage was determined if the medical policy’s stated procedures were considered medically necessary and eligible for coverage. Exclusions were noted when the medical policy explicitly stated such procedures were not covered.

Coverage for gender-affirming surgery varies by insurance company, state, and procedure. Of the total 150 insurance companies identified, policies were found for 124. Three insurance companies had no written policy regarding gender affirmation surgery, and 23 insurance companies did not provide policy information after online and phone call inquiry (Fig. ​ (Fig.1). 1 ). Among the 123 insurance companies where policies were found, 3 of these companies stated that they cover genital surgery but did not specify which specific surgeries are included.

Insurance company inclusions and exclusions.

Top Surgery

Although most insurance companies, 122 of 124 (98%), covered mastectomy, 1 excluded mastectomy as medically necessary in the treatment of gender dysphoria (Fig. ​ (Fig.2). 2 ). Only 25 of 124 (20%) of insurance companies covered NAC reconstruction. 35 of 124 (28%) companies excluded NAC reconstruction coverage specifically. Only 36 of 124 (29%) insurance companies covered breast augmentation, whereas more than half, 84 of 124 (68%), of insurance companies deemed breast augmentation as not medically necessary (Figs. ​ (Figs.3 3 and ​ and4 4 ).

Chest masculinization coverage.

Chest feminization coverage.

Insurance company coverage of top surgery.

Bottom Surgery: Male to Female

Vaginoplasty is covered by 120 of 124 (97%) of insurance companies, and penectomy is covered by 118 of 124 (95%) insurance companies (Fig. ​ (Fig.5). 5 ). Additionally, clitoroplasty is covered by 114 of 124 (92%) companies and labiaplasty is covered by 116 of 124 (95%) of companies. Despite high rates of vaginoplasty coverage, vulvoplasty is only covered by 26 of 124 (21%) insurance companies (Fig. ​ (Fig.6 6 ).

Vaginoplasty coverage.

Bottom surgery: MtF.

Bottom Surgery: Female to Male

Vaginectomy is covered by 110 of 124 (89%) of insurance companies; however vulvectomy is only covered by 47 of 124 (38%). Phalloplasty and metoidioplasty are covered by 118 of 124 (95%) and 115 of 124 (93%) of insurance companies, respectively (Fig. ​ (Fig.7). 7 ). Slightly more than half, 75 of 124 (60%) insurance companies covered penile prosthesis, and 7 (6%) insurance companies specifically excluded its coverage (Fig. ​ (Fig.8). 8 ). Scrotoplasty is covered by 104 of 124 (84%) of insurance companies; however, 7 (6%) insurance companies explicitly state its exclusion of coverage. One hundred two of 124 (82%) insurance companies covered testicular prosthesis, yet 10 of 124 (8%) of insurance companies excluded it. Although a total of 117 insurance companies covered urethroplasty, only 69 of these covered urethroplasty in both female-to-male (FtM) and male-to-female (MtF) gender affirmation surgery. The remaining 48 insurance companies only covered urethroplasty in FtM surgery (Fig. ​ (Fig.9 9 ).

Phalloplasty coverage.

Penile prosthesis coverage.

Bottom surgery: FtM.

Gender-affirming surgeries improve patient well-being, cosmesis, and sexual function. 15 Unfortunately, financial burden is a frequently reported barrier to gender-affirming care. 16 , 17 Transgender patients specifically encounter economic hardship with almost half earning less than $10,000 annually. 17 Not coincidentally, gender-affirming surgery can improve a patient’s income which manifests a public good. 18 Therefore, insurance coverage is critical for transgender patients seeking gender-affirming surgery. Despite these benefits, insurance coverage for gender-affirming surgery, while increasing, remains unreliable and vague. 19 Although we did not observe geographic trends that correlated to a political map, the northeast and midatlantic regions trended toward broader coverage.

Chest Masculinization

An overwhelming number of insurance companies covered FtM mastectomy. Breasts are a strong female-identifying characteristic, 20 and therefore these patients often try to conceal their breasts either by wearing loose clothing or by binding their breasts, which may lead to skin damage, intertriginous infections, and even cellulitis. 21 However, less than 20% of insurance companies covered NAC reconstruction, whereas another 25% implicitly exclude NAC reconstruction coverage (Fig. ​ (Fig.4). 4 ). This is most likely because MtF chest contouring is not done for oncologic reasons, and therefore the NAC does not necessarily need to be removed. However, the male nipple is located laterally and inferiorly as compared to the female nipple and not accounting for this by means of free nipple grafting may lead to unsatisfactory aesthetic results and may add to dysphoria. 22 , 23

Chest Feminization

Chest feminization was not deemed medically necessary by almost 75% of health insurers (Fig. ​ (Fig.4). 4 ). TF patients seek to solidify their feminine gender frequently through breast surgery. Although chest feminization significantly increases patient satisfaction, many insurance companies continue to consider breast augmentation equivalent to a cisgendered female desiring larger breasts and therefore consider it a cosmetic procedure. In fact, the current procedural terminology (CPT) code recognized by insurance companies is for bilateral augmentation mammoplasty with prosthetic implant: a traditional cosmetic code. 10 However, when performing these procedures on TFs, it is reconstructive and should be covered by insurance. Coverage for breast implants may be further complicated by the inherent risks of placing a foreign body into a patient, which may lead to infection, capsular contracture, breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma, cosmetic deformity, and need for additional procedures. 24

Bottom Surgery

The majority of insurance companies covered “bottom” surgeries. More than 90% of companies covered penectomies (Fig. ​ (Fig.6). 6 ). This is most likely because most health-care professionals believe that genitalia is what defines an individual’s sex. 25 Moreover, if gender dysphoria is defined as discomfort or distress that is caused by a discrepancy between a person’s gender identity and that person’s sex assigned at birth, 26 then bottom surgery can be considered a direct treatment. 17

Bottom Surgery: MtF

The associated procedures with penectomies for vaginal reconstruction, including clitoroplasty, labiaplasty, and vaginoplasty, were also covered by more than 90% of insurance companies (Fig. ​ (Fig.6). 6 ). This supports the idea that most professionals agree that the creation of the corresponding genitalia would inherently treat the dissociation between their gender identity and sex assigned at birth. Although a penectomy is the first step in constructing female genitalia, it is clear that most insurance companies believe that creating a functional vagina that can receive penetrative intercourse and shortening the urethra are important.

Interestingly, less than one-third of insurance companies covered a vulvoplasty, which is the creation of the external appearance of female genitalia without the creation of the vaginal canal (Fig. ​ (Fig.6). 6 ). This may be an option for patients who are older, have higher BMI, or have preexisting conditions such as prostatic radiation as the complication rate and risk profile is significantly lower than a vaginoplasty. Additionally, vulvoplasty was still associated with high levels of satisfaction. 27 It is unclear if insurance companies consider this procedure “cosmetic” and therefore justify not covering it.

Bottom Surgery: FtM

Similar to MtF bottom surgeries, the majority of FtM bottom surgeries were covered by insurance companies. Vaginectomy and related FtM bottom surgeries including phalloplasty and metoidioplasty were covered by more than 85% of companies (Fig. ​ (Fig.9). 9 ). Similar to penectomies, insurance companies agree that the removal of the genitals, ie, vaginectomy, can treat gender dysphoria. However, unlike MtF procedures, FtM procedures can also include procedures that increase function in addition to aesthetics such as penile prosthesis, which was covered by less than half of the insurance companies. Insurance companies may contend that phalloplasties without prosthesis already improve quality of life and sexual function 28 and therefore penile prosthesis is not necessary. However, penile prosthesis with or without inflation could further increase sexual satisfaction by providing penetrative intercourse. 29 , 30 Further studies are needed to delineate patient satisfaction with and without penile prosthesis.

Interestingly, more than 80% of companies cover a scrotoplasty and testicular prosthesis (Fig. ​ (Fig.9). 9 ). It is unclear why such a high proportion of insurance companies cover these nonfunctional procedures, but have chosen to forgo coverage of NAC reconstruction: similarly nonfunctional, but aesthetically native. The high rate of coverage of these procedures further demonstrates medical insurance companies possible opinion that genital surgery is a direct treatment for gender dysphoria, despite their lack of consistency regarding vulvoplasty. Urethroplasty is covered by more than 90% of insurance companies as it is necessary to lengthen the urethra when creating a neophallus to achieve normal micturition (Fig. ​ (Fig.9 9 ).

Criteria for Surgery

We encountered little consistency in which procedures insurance companies would cover, mirroring our own practice frustrations. The World Professional Association for Transgender Health provides standard-of-care guidelines and a list of surgical procedures that may be useful in treating MtF and FtM patients and is often utilized as a guide for insurance companies and health-care providers. 31 However, we found little uniformity in criteria for coverage for any gender-affirming surgery within or between states. At a minimum, documentation of persistent gender dysphoria by a qualified mental health professional and further criteria including capacity, age of majority, no other significant medical or mental health problems, hormone therapy, and real-life experience may should be obtained.

Future Directions

Although we were unable to deduce any geographic or insurance company trends to coverage, we believe this presents an opportunity for those performing gender-affirming surgeries to advocate for their patients. Surgeons will need to continue to communicate with one another, publish their results, and lobby the government as well as the insurance companies to expand coverage and increase transparency. Additionally, as the construct of “gender” continues to morph from binary to nonbinary and gender fluidity, gender-affirming surgeons must continue to understand their patients’ needs.

CONCLUSIONS

As the demand for gender-affirming surgery continues to increase, it is critical for both the patient and physician to understand how to navigate insurance coverage policies. Greater awareness and transparency will improve access to care for a traditionally marginalized group of society. Additionally, more research is needed to delineate best practices for gender-affirming surgeries and their correlated patient-reported outcome measures.

Published online 11 December 2019.

Presented at the American Society for Reconstructive Microsurgeons, Palm Desert, California, February 2019.

Disclosure: The authors have no financial interest to declare in relation to the content of this article.

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Aetna Agrees to Expand Coverage for Gender-Affirming Surgeries

One of the nation’s largest health insurers is agreeing to pay for breast augmentation for some trans women.

By Reed Abelson

Allison Escolastico, a 30-year-old transgender woman, has wanted breast augmentation surgery for a decade. By 2019, she finally thought her insurance company, Aetna, would pay for it, only to find that it considered the procedure cosmetic, not medically necessary, and refused to cover it.

“I knew from my case, it wasn’t cosmetic,” said Ms. Escolastico, who contacted a lawyer after she lost her appeal last year. “I knew I had to fight for this,” she said.

Ms. Escolastico’s surgery is now scheduled for February. Working with the Transgender Legal Defense and Education Fund, a nonprofit that advocates transgender rights , and Cohen Milstein Sellers and Toll, a large law firm that represents plaintiffs, she and a small group of trans women persuaded Aetna to cover the procedure if they can show it to be medically necessary.

To qualify, the women would need to demonstrate that they had persistent gender dysphoria, undergo a year of feminizing hormone therapy and have a referral from a mental health professional.

The shift by Aetna represents an important evolution in how health insurers view the medical needs of transgender individuals . While some insurers offer a broad range of surgeries for trans women if they are deemed medically necessary, others exclude breast augmentation and other treatments as merely cosmetic.

“This has the potential to be a transformative moment,” said Kalpana Kotagal, a partner at Cohen Milstein.

Insurers have typically covered genital reassignment surgery as medically necessary. But transgender women and others say breast augmentation is also a necessary treatment for individuals who receive a diagnosis of gender dysphoria. “There is no question from a medical perspective,” said Noah E. Lewis, the director of the Trans Health Project at the fund.

In addition, he said, it is illegal for a health insurer to deny coverage of medical care because of someone’s gender identity. “It’s a really simple matter of discrimination,” he said.

Aetna, which is owned by CVS Health, had been actively reviewing the need for breast augmentation surgery for trans women, said Dr. Jordan Pritzker, senior director of clinical solutions for the insurer. He said he had talked to numerous doctors who provide the surgery.

“Our decision to update our clinical policy bulletin is consistent with many changes we have made over the years to better serve the needs of the L.G.B.T.Q. community,” Dr. Pritzker said in a statement.

Aetna said it would also reimburse some trans women who were denied coverage but had the surgery. The company said it was actively reaching out to individuals who had sought authorization for their surgeries and were denied.

Cora Brna was denied coverage for breast augmentation surgery two years ago, when she tried to schedule it at the same time that she was undergoing genital reassignment, which was covered by Aetna. “I was devastated,” she said.

“I felt like a group of people were deciding whether I was or was not a woman,” said Mrs. Brna, 32, who works as a health care worker in Pittsburgh and was one of the women who petitioned Aetna. She went ahead with the genital surgery but had the procedure to augment her breasts only after it was covered by a different health plan.

Aetna’s new policy also comes at a time when the federal government is re-examining whether denying some types of care to transgender individuals is discriminatory. Under the Affordable Care Act, insurers cannot discriminate against individuals on the basis of gender identity, and most insurance companies provide coverage for people who require gender reassignment surgery. But the law never mandated a specific benefit or detailed exactly what services the insurers would cover, said Katie Keith, who teaches law at Georgetown University and closely follows this area of the law.

“It’s almost like a parity issue,” she said.

While the Trump administration sought to undo protections for transgender individuals with a rule last June , the issue is still being sorted out in the courts, said Ms. Keith, who also pointed to the recent Supreme Court decision that said gay and transgender workers are protected from workplace discrimination under civil rights law.

The new Biden administration has already issued an executive order saying it will enforce civil rights laws that protect people from discrimination on the basis of gender identity.

Major insurance companies are uneven in their coverage. Health Care Service Corp., which offers Blue Cross plans in five states, will pay for breast augmentation and other services for trans women if they are deemed medically necessary. The insurer said it developed these policies in accordance with guidelines established by the World Professional Association for Transgender Health, a nonprofit.

But other major insurers, including Anthem and UnitedHealthcare, continue to view the surgery as cosmetic, since they do not generally cover the procedures for women without the gender dysphoria diagnosis. They say they are not discriminating against trans women.

Anthem says its “medical policy is applied equitably across all members, regardless of gender or gender identity.”

And UnitedHealthcare said in a statement that its “coverage for gender dysphoria treatment is comprehensive and, depending on members’ benefit plans, current coverage may include physician office visits, mental health services, prescription drugs and surgery to address gender dysphoria.” It added that it uses “evidence-based medicine to make coverage policy decisions,” which are regularly updated.

But lawyers for the women involved in the Aetna agreement say they are looking closely at the policies of other insurers to see if they can make the same case that their refusal to offer coverage is discriminatory. “This is something that needs to be changed across the industry,” said Ms. Kotagal of Cohen Milstein.

Reed Abelson covers the business of health care, focusing on health insurance and how financial incentives affect the delivery of medical care. She has been a reporter for The Times since 1995. More about Reed Abelson

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Gender affirmation surgery.

Policy: Gender Affirmation Surgery Policy Number: HUM-0518-020 Last Update: 2023-09-28

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Update on Medicaid Coverage of Gender-Affirming Health Services

Ivette Gomez , Usha Ranji , Alina Salganicoff , Lindsey Dawson , Carrie Rosenzweig, Rebecca Kellenberg, and Kathy Gifford Published: Oct 11, 2022

• Issue Brief

Transgender and nonbinary adults often face challenges and barriers to accessing needed health services and face worse health outcomes than their cisgender peers. Transgender adults are mo re likely than cisgender adults to be uninsured, report poor health, have lower household incomes, and face barriers to care due to cost. Given their lower incomes, Medicaid plays an important role in health coverage for transgender people. A 2019 report by the Williams Institute estimated that among the 1.4 million transgender adults living in the United States, approximately 152,000 had Medicaid coverage.

Medicaid is the country’s health coverage program for low-income people and is jointly funded by the federal government and states. Under Medicaid, states must cover certain mandatory benefits , such as inpatient and outpatient services, home health services, and family planning services. While there are no specific federal requirements regarding coverage or exclusion of gender-affirming health care services as a category of Medicaid benefits, there are rules regarding comparability requiring that services must be equal in amount, duration, and scope for all beneficiaries within an eligibility group.

Medicaid benefits are subject to Section 1557 of the Affordable Care Act (ACA), the law’s major non-discrimination provisions, which prohibit discrimination based on sex. The Biden Administration recently proposed a new rule on Section 1557 that explicitly states that it interprets, and will enforce, sex-based protections to include sexual orientation and gender identity. The administration had already asserted this position in guidance stating that under 1557 protections, “categorically refusing to provide treatment to an individual based on their gender identity is prohibited discrimination” and it returns to a position more closely aligned to that under the Obama administration but walked back under the Trump administration.

Despite these protections, some states have recently moved to implement or consider actions aimed at limiting access to gender-affirming health care, particularly for youth. This has included restrictions on coverage of benefits as well as bans on the provision of gender-affirming care by health care providers. A number of lawsuits are pending.

What gender affirming services do states report covering through Medicaid?

The standards of care for gender-affirming health services set by the World Professional Association for Transgender Health include hormone therapy, surgeries, fertility assistance, voice and communication therapy, primary care, and behavioral health interventions. Additionally, the Endocrine Society supports gender-affirming care in their clinical practice guidelines . Together, these guidelines form the standard of care for treatment of gender dysphoria. Gender-affirming care is highly individualized, and while not all transgender and nonbinary individuals will want or seek any or all of these medically necessary services, limiting access to them can lead to negative and life threating outcomes. Major U.S. medical associations, such as the American Medical Association , the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists , the American Academy of Nursing , the American Psychiatric Association , among others , have issued statements underscoring the medical necessity of gender-affirming care.

In a survey of states on coverage of sexual and reproductive health services conducted in Summer 2021, KFF and Health Management Associates (HMA) asked states about coverage of five gender-affirming care services: gender-affirming counseling, hormones, surgery, voice and communication therapy, and fertility assistance for transgender enrollees (Questions presented in Appendix Table 1 ). Because the survey focused on adult access, states were not asked about puberty blocking hormones. States were asked if a service was covered, excluded from coverage, or whether coverage was not addressed in state policy or statute for adults over the age of 21, as of July 1, 2021. Services that are not addressed in state policy or statute may or may not be covered by the state, or coverage may vary by case. The survey instrument was distributed via email to state Medicaid directors and where applicable, Medicaid agency staff working on women’s health and reproductive health issues. Forty-one states and the District of Columbia responded to the survey. Tennessee responded to the survey but did not answer questions related to gender-affirming services. Survey findings are summarized in Figure 1 and Table 1 and highlights are presented below.

Overall coverage of gender-affirming care:

As detailed below, many state Medicaid programs cover aspects of gender-affirming health services. However, only two of the 41 states responding to this survey, Maine and Illinois, reported covering all five services. Two states, Alabama and Texas, reported they do not cover any of these services under Medicaid.

Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy:

Gender-affirming hormone drugs include estrogen, anti-androgens, and progestins (feminizing hormones), as well as testosterone and other agents (masculinizing hormones). Under federal law, and subject to exceptions for a few drugs or drug classes, state Medicaid programs are required to cover all drugs from manufacturers that have entered into a rebate agreement with the Secretary of Health and Human services under the federal Medicaid Drug Rebate program . Twenty-five states reported covering gender-affirming hormones, and 10 of these states require prior authorization. Thirteen states said coverage was not addressed in state statute or policy, and three states— Alabama , Hawaii , and Texas —exclude coverage of gender-affirming hormone therapy.

Gender Affirming Surgery:

Gender-affirming surgery can include chest surgery, genital surgery, facial surgery, and other surgical procedures aimed at helping a transgender or nonbinary person transition to their self-identified gender. Not all transgender or nonbinary individuals seek or want surgical treatments. Twenty-three of the 41 responding states reported covering gender-affirming surgery for adults through their state Medicaid programs. Nine states reported coverage was not addressed in state statute or policy, and nine states reported that they excluded gender-affirming surgery from coverage. This survey did not ask states to specify what surgical procedures they cover, but some states provided additional details, which can be found in Appendix Table 2 .

Ten of 23 covering states require prior authorization. For example, Colorado requires a clinical diagnosis of gender dysphoria and that the patient has lived in their preferred gender for 12 continuous months. Colorado and Wisconsin also require that the patient has completed 12 continuous months of hormone therapy.

Voice and Communication Therapy

Some transgender people have challenges with developing a voice that matches their gender identity. Voice therapy services can encompass a range of treatments that address pitch, intonation, articulation, pragmatic speech and other aspects of communication.

Thirteen of the 41 responding survey states report that they cover gender-affirming speech or voice therapy services, some requiring prior authorization. Ten of the survey states reported that they exclude coverage for gender-affirming voice therapy services, and 18 states responded that they have not addressed this coverage in their state policy.

Fertility Services:

A broad array of diagnostic and treatment services are available to assist with achieving a pregnancy. Diagnostics typically include lab tests, semen analysis and imaging studies, or procedures of the reproductive organs. Treatment services include medications, reproductive system procedures to allow for pregnancy, and an array of other interventions to help an individual achieve pregnancy, such as intrauterine insemination (IUI) and in-vitro fertilization (IVF). While federal rules require states to cover most prescription medications under Medicaid, there is an exception that allows states to exclude coverage for fertility medications.

Fertility services can be unaffordable without insurance coverage but few states (11) cover services for any beneficiaries, regardless of gender identity. In this survey, just three states ( Illinois , Maryland , and Maine ) reported covering fertility services as part of gender-affirming care. Of these three states, Illinois is the only one that reported covering services for beneficiaries without exceptions. More than half of states (29) reported that they exclude coverage for fertility services for transgender individuals, and nine states responded that they have not addressed this coverage in their state policy ( Table 1 ).

Mental Health Counseling:

Transgender and nonbinary individuals may seek mental health services to address issues related to their gender identity and transition but may also seek care to address issues that are not related to their gender transitions. As noted, in some cases a diagnosis of gender dysphoria is required before gender-affirming services can be accessed.

Twenty-seven states reported covering mental health counseling and services specifically related to gender affirming health services, 11 states reported coverage was not addressed in their state statute or policy, and three states, Alabama , Kansas , and Texas , reported that they exclude this benefit.

Some states reported requiring that transgender and non-binary Medicaid enrollees receive mental health assessments prior to receiving hormone therapy or having gender-affirming surgeries. For example, Delaware requires prior authorization for mental health counseling related to gender-affirming care, and Connecticut reported that depending on the type of service, prior authorization may be required.

The need for coverage of and access to medically necessary gender-affirming care has been recognized by leading medical and health professional organizations. However, some states have enacted laws banning the provision of gender-affirming health services to youth, and coverage for gender-affirming health services is uneven in state Medicaid programs. In most states, there is variation in coverage for specific services and some states do not have policies addressing coverage in their state Medicaid programs, potentially leaving many low-income transgender and nonbinary individuals without access to medically necessary health services.

Since this survey was conducted, the Biden Administration has proposed a new rule on Section 1557, which is consistent with their prior guidance, and proposes that excluding coverage for gender-affirming care constitutes sex discrimination. In addition, beyond what is stated in rulemaking by the current or previous administrations, some courts have found that the statue itself (i.e., sex non-discrimination provisions) protects against health care discrimination based on gender identity and sexual orientation. For example, a federal district court permanently enjoined the Wisconsin Medicaid program from categorically excluding gender-affirming services from coverage, relying on the statute. Similarly, in recent months, federal courts have ruled the Georgia and West Virginia must cover gender-affirming care in their Medicaid programs. Most recently, in June 2022, Florida’s Medicaid agency announced it would ban coverage of gender-affirming health services in the state. The policy went into effect in August and was challenged in court a few weeks later (with the case still pending). States that do not cover components of gender-affirming care may be in violation of Sec. 1557 of the ACA. However, there are a number of pending legal challenges to the Sec. 1557 rule as well as over specific Medicaid state policies related to coverage of gender-affirming services which will be important to watch moving forward to fully understand this evolving landscape.

• Women's Health Policy

news release

• Few State Medicaid Programs Report Covering a Broad Range of Gender-Affirming Health Services for Adults

Also of Interest

• Demographics, Insurance Coverage, and Access to Care Among Transgender Adults
• Health and Access to Care and Coverage for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) Individuals in the U.S.
• Youth Access to Gender Affirming Care: The Federal and State Policy Landscape
• Recent and Anticipated Actions to Reverse Trump Administration Section 1557 Non-Discrimination Rules

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Know Your Rights

Health care.

Read Our Covid-19 Guides

See these resources for more information about your rights during COVID-19:

• A Know Your Rights Guide for Transgender People Navigating COVID-19   (PDF)
• Una guía para que las personas transgénero navegando la COVID-19 conozcan sus derechos   (PDF)

Know Your Rights in Health Care

Federal and state laws - and, in many cases, the U.S. Constitution - prohibit discrimination in health care and insurance because you're transgender. That means that health plans aren’t allowed to exclude transition-related care, and health care providers are required to treat you with respect and according to your gender identity.

Updated October 2021 

What are my rights in insurance coverage?

Federal and state law prohibits most public and private health plans from discriminating against you because you are transgender. This means, with few exceptions, that it is illegal discrimination for your health insurance plan to refuse to cover medically necessary transition-related care.

Here are some examples of illegal discrimination in insurance:

• Health plans can’t have automatic or categorical exclusions of transition-related care . For example, a health plan that says that all care related to gender transition is excluded violates the law.
• Health plans can’t have a categorical exclusion of a specific transition-related procedure. Excluding from coverage specific medically necessary procedures that some transgender people need is discrimination. For example, a health plan should not categorically exclude all coverage for facial feminization surgery or impose arbitrary age limits that contradict medical standards of care.
• An insurance company can’t place limits on coverage for transition-related care if those limits are discriminatory . For example, an insurance company can’t automatically exclude a specific type of procedure if it covers that procedure for non-transgender people. For example, if a plan covers breast reconstruction for cancer treatment, or hormones to treat post-menopause symptoms, it cannot exclude these procedures to treat gender dysphoria.
• Refusing to enroll you in a plan, cancelling your coverage, or charging higher rates because of your transgender status : An insurance company can’t treat you differently, refuse to enroll you, or limit coverage for any services because you are transgender.
• Denying coverage for care typically associated with one gender : It’s illegal for an insurance company to deny you coverage for treatments typically associated with one gender based on the gender listed in the insurance company’s records or the sex you were assigned at birth. For example, if a transgender woman’s health care provider decides she needs a prostate exam, an insurance company can’t deny it because she is listed as female in her records. If her provider recommends gynecological care, coverage can’t be denied simply because she was identified as male at birth.

What should I do to get coverage for transition-related care?

Check out NCTE’s Health Coverage Guide for more information on getting the care that you need covered by your health plan.

If you do not yet have health insurance, you can visit our friends at Out2Enroll to understand your options.

Does private health insurance cover transition-related care?

It is illegal for most private insurance plans to deny coverage for medically necessary transition-related care. Your private insurance plan should provide coverage for the care that you need. However, many transgender people continue to face discriminatory denials. 

To understand how to get access to the care that you need under your private insurance plan, check out NCTE’s Health Coverage Guide .

Does Medicaid cover transition-related care?

It is illegal for Medicaid plans to deny coverage for medically necessary transition-related care. Your state Medicaid plan should provide coverage for the care that you need. However, many transgender people continue to face discriminatory denials. Some states have specific guidelines on the steps you have to take to access care. You can check if your state has specific guidelines here .

To understand how to get access to the care that you need under your Medicaid plan, check out NCTE’s Navigating Insurance page.

My plan has an exclusion for transition-related care. What should I do?

There are many reasons why your plan might still have an exclusion for transition-related care in general or for a specific procedure. This does not mean that your plan will not cover your care. Sometimes plan documents are out of date, or you can ask for an exception by showing that this care is medically necessary for you.

If you get insurance through work or school, you can advocate with your employer to have the exclusion removed.

NCTE’s Health Coverage Guide has more information on how to access care and remove exclusions.

Does Medicare cover transition-related care?

It is illegal for Medicare to deny coverage for medically necessary transition-related care.

For many years, Medicare did not cover transition-related surgery due to a decades-old policy that categorized such treatment as "experimental." That exclusion was eliminated in May 2014, and there is now no national exclusion for transition-related health care under Medicare. Some local Medicare contractors have specific policies spelling out their coverage for transition-related care, as do some private Medicare Advantage plans.

To learn more about your rights on Medicare, check out NCTE’s Medicare page.

Does the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) provide transition-related care?

The Veterans Health Administration (VHA) provides coverage for some transition-related care for eligible veterans. However, VHA still has an arbitrary and medically baseless exclusion for coverage of transition-related surgery.  On June 19th, The US Department of Veterans Affairs announced that they will begin the process to expand health care services available to transgender veterans to include gender confirmation surgery. Currently, the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) provides care for thousands of transgender veterans, including some transition-related medical care. We expect the rule will finalize in approximately two years.

For more information FAQs by VHA are found here.

For more information about VHA and transition-related care, check out NCTE’s VAH Veterans Health Care page.

Does TRICARE cover transition-related care?

TRICARE provides coverage for some transition-related care for family members and dependents of military personnel. However, TRICARE still has an exclusion for coverage of transition-related surgery.

What are my rights in receiving health care?

Which health providers are prohibited from discriminating against me?

Under the Affordable Care Act, it is illegal for most health providers and organizations to discriminate against you because you are transgender. The following are examples of places and programs that may be covered by the law:

• Physicians’ offices
• Community health clinics
• Drug rehabilitation programs
• Rape crisis centers
• Nursing homes and assisted living facilities
• Health clinics in schools and universities
• Medical residency programs
• Home health providers
• Veterans health centers
• Health services in prison or detention facilities

What types of discrimination by health care providers are prohibited by law?

Examples of discriminatory treatment prohibited by federal law include (but are not limited to):

• Refusing to admit or treat you because you are transgender
• Forcing you to have intrusive and unnecessary examinations because you are transgender
• Refusing to provide you services that they provide to other patients because you are transgender
• Refuse to treat you according to your gender identity, including by providing you access to restrooms consistent with your gender
• Refusing to respect your gender identity in making room assignments
• Harassing you or refusing to respond to harassment by staff or other patients
• Refusing to provide counseling, medical advocacy or referrals, or other support services because you are transgender
• Isolating you or depriving you of human contact in a residential treatment facility, or limiting your participation in social or recreational activities offered to others
• Requiring you to participate in “conversion therapy” for the purpose of changing your gender identity
• Attempting to harass, coerce, intimidate, or interfere with your ability to exercise your health care rights

What are my rights related to privacy of my health information?

The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) requires most health care providers and health insurance plans to protect your privacy when it comes to certain information about your health or medical history. Information about your transgender status, including your diagnosis, medical history, sex assigned at birth, or anatomy, may be protected health information. Such information should not be disclosed to anyone—including family, friends, and other patients—without your consent. This information should also not be disclosed to medical staff unless there is a medically relevant reason to do so. If this information is shared for purposes of gossip or harassment, it is a violation of HIPAA.

What Can I Do If I Face Discrimination?

Seek preauthorization for care and appeal insurance denials

You shouldn’t be denied the care that you need just because you’re transgender. That's illegal.

To access transition-related care, we recommend applying for preauthorization before any procedures to understand whether your plan will cover it. You should also consider appealing insurance denials that you believe are discriminatory. We recommend you consult an attorney before filing any appeals.

Check our NCTE’s Health Coverage Guide for more information on how to get the care that you need covered.

Contact an attorney or legal organization

If you face discrimination from a health care provider or insurance company, it may be against the law. You can talk to a lawyer or a legal organization to see what your options are. A lawyer might also be able to help you resolve your problem without a lawsuit, for example by contacting your health care provider to make sure they understand their legal obligations or filing a complaint with a professional board.

While NCTE does not take clients or provide legal services or referrals, there are many other groups that may give you referrals or maintain lists of local attorneys. You can try your local legal aid or legal services organization, or national or regional organizations such as the National Center for Lesbian Rights, Lambda Legal, the Transgender Law Center, the ACLU, and others listed  on our   Additional Resources page  and in the  Trans Legal Services Network .

File discrimination complaints with state and federal agencies

Now transgender people are encouraged to report any discrimination they experience while seeking health care services. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services has encouraged consumers who believed that a covered entity violated their civil rights may file a complaint.  If you face any of ther kind of discrimination or denial of care based on your gender, disability, age, race, or national origin, or if your health care privacy was violated, you can still file a complaint with the   U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office for Civil Rights .

Here are some other places you can file health care complaints:

• Private insurance: File a complaint with your state insurance department. You can find information about your state department here:  https://www.naic.org/state_web_map.htm .
• Hospitals: File a complaint with the Joint Commission, which accredits most hospitals. You can find more information or submit a complaint online at  http://www.jointcommission.org .
• Nursing home, board and care home, or assisted living facility: Contact your local long-term care ombudsman. You can locate an ombudsman here:  http://www.ltcombudsman.org/ombudsman .
• HIPPA violations: file a complaint with the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS): https://www.hhs.gov/hipaa/filing-a-complaint/index.html
• Federal Health Employee Benefits Program: File a complaint with the Office of Personnel Management ( [email protected] ) or the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ( https://www.eeoc.gov/federal/fed_employees/complaint_overview.cfm ).
• Veterans Health Administration: File a complaint with the Veterans Administration’s External Discrimination Complaints Program or contact a Patient Advocate at your VA Medical Center. Find out more here:  http://www.va.gov/orm/  and  http://www.va.gov/health/patientadvocate .
• Employee health plan: File a complaint with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ( https://www.eeoc.gov/federal/fed_employees/complaint_overview.cfm ).
• TRICARE (military health care): File a complaint with TRICARE ( http://tricare.mil/ContactUs/FileComplaint.aspx ).

Other state and local agencies: If you face discrimination, you may be able to file a complaint with your state’s human rights agency. You can find a list of state human rights agencies here:  http://www.justice.gov/crt/legalinfo/stateandlocal.php .

What Laws Protect Me?

Federal protections

• The Health Care Rights Law, as part of the Affordable Care Act (ACA)  prohibits sex discrimination, including anti-transgender discrimination, by most health providers and insurance companies, as well as discrimination based on race, national origin, age, and disability. Under the ACA, it is illegal for most insurance companies to have exclusions of transition-related care, and it is illegal for most health providers to discriminate against transgender people, like by turning someone away or refusing to treat them according to their gender identity. On May 5th, 2021, the Biden Administration and HHS announced that the Office for Civil Rights will interpret and enforce Section 1557 and Title IX’s prohibitions on discrimination based on sex to include: 
• Discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation.
• Discrimination on the basis of gender identity.

Section 1557 prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, age, or disability in covered health programs or activities.  The update was made in light of the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision in Bostock v. Clayton County and subsequent court decisions. Now transgender people are encouraged to report any discrimination they experience while seeking health care services. The HHS has encouraged consumers who believed that a covered entity violated their civil rights may file a complaint at: https://www.hhs.gov/ocr/complaints

• The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)  protects patients’ privacy when it comes to certain health information, including information related to a person’s transgender status and transition. It also gives patients the right to access, inspect, and copy their protected health information held by hospitals, clinics, and health plans.
• The Americans with Disabilities Act  prohibits discrimination in health care and other settings based on a disability, which may include a diagnosis of gender dyshoria.
• Medicare and Medicaid regulations  protect the right of hospital patients to choose their own visitors and medical decision-makers regardless of their legal relationship to the patient. This means that hospitals cannot discriminate against LGBT people or their families in visitation and in recognizing a patient’s designated decision-maker.
• The Joint Commission hospital accreditation standards  require hospitals to have internal policies prohibiting discrimination based on gender identity and sexual orientation.
• The Nursing Home Reform Act  establishes a set of nursing home residents’ rights that include the right to privacy, including in visits from friends or loved ones; the right to be free from abuse, mistreatment, and neglect; the right to choose your physician; the right to dignity and self-determination; and the right to file grievances without retaliation.

State and local nondiscrimination laws  prohibit health care discrimination against transgender people in many circumstances.

A large number of states also have explicit policies that prohibit anti-transgender discrimination in private insurance and Medicaid, like exclusions of transition-related care.

• California  private insurance ( PPO regulation ,  HMO general guidelines  and  HMO guidelines on surgery coverage ) and  Medicaid
• Colorado   private insurance  and  Medicaid
• Connecticut   private insurance  and  Medicaid
• Delaware   private insurance
• District of Columbia   private insurance  and  Medicaid
• Hawaii   private insurance and Medicaid
• Illinois  private insurance ( regulations and bulletin ) and Medicaid
• Maine  private insurance and  Medicaid
• Maryland   private insurance  and  Medicaid
• Massachusetts   private insurance  and  Medicaid
• Michigan   Medicaid
• Minnesota   private insurance  and  Medicaid
• Montana  private insurance  and  Medicaid
• Nevada  private insurance  and  Medicaid
• New Hampshire  private insurance  and  Medicaid
• New   Jersey  private insurance and Medicaid
• New Mexico  private insurance 
• New York  private insurance ( coverage ,  code mismatches ,  updated policy ) and Medicaid ( general Medicaid policy ,  criteria for authorization of procedures )
• Oregon  private insurance  and Medicaid ( general policy --refer to Guideline Note 127--and  facial feminization policy )
• Pennsylvania  private insurance  and  Medicaid
• Rhode   Island  private insurance  and  Medicaid
• Vermont  private insurance  and  Medicaid
• Virginia   private insurance
• Washington   State  private insurance  and  Medicaid
• Wisconsin   Medicaid
• Puerto Rico   private insurance

Remember: Just because your state isn’t listed here doesn’t mean you’re not protected. Check out NCTE’s Health Coverage Guide for more information about getting coverage for the care that you need. 

How Can I Help?

• Head to NCTE’s Health Action Center to see the latest on health care and how you can help fight for transgender people’s right to get the health care they need
• Share your story. If you are facing discriminatory treatment, consider  sharing your story  with NCTE so we can use it in advocacy efforts to advance public understanding and policy change for transgender people. If you successfully resolved a health care situation, we want to hear about that as well.

Additional Resources

Government agencies.

Department of Health and Human Services Office for Civil Rights: http://www.hhs.gov/ocr/office/index.html

Links to State and Local Human Rights Agencies: http://www.justice.gov/crt/legalinfo/stateandlocal.php

HealthCare.Gov: https://www.healthcare.gov/transgender-health-care/

Partner resources, best practices and standards of care

Creating Equal Access to Quality Health Care for Transgender Patients: Transgender-Affirming Hospital Policies, Lambda Legal, HRC, & New York Bar: http://www.lambdalegal.org/publications/fs_transgender-affirming-hospital-policies

Healthcare Equality Index, Human Rights Campaign http://www.hrc.org/campaigns/healthcare-equality-index

National Center for LGBT Health Education: http://www.lgbthealtheducation.org/

• National LGBT Health Education Center’s  guide to best practices for front-line health care staff
• National LGBT Health Education Center’s  guide to providing health care to non-binary people
• National LGBT Health Education Center’s  guide to making health care forms LGBT-inclusive

National Resource Center on LGBT Aging: http://www.lgbtagingcenter.org

RAD Remedy’s  guide to providing competent care for trans people

Transgender Law Center’s  guide to organizing community clinics

Clinical standards of care for transgender people

• WPATH Standards of Care
• Endocrine Society Clinical Guideline
• Center for Excellence for Transgender Health

Mental Health Resources

Trans LifeLine

National suicide prevention hotline

US: 877-565-8860Canada: 877-330-6366

https://www.translifeline.org/

National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI)

National network of mental health care providers, as well as a provider database

http://www.nami.org/Find­-Support/LGBTQ Help Line   800­-950-­6264

National Council for Behavioral Health

National network of community behavioral health centers, as well as a provider database

http://www.thenationalcouncil.org/

SAMHSA (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration)

A national database for local professionals and agencies that provide addiction recovery services and mental health care.

https://findtreatment.samhsa.gov/

800-662-HELP (4357)

Health provider resources

National Association of Free and Charitable Clinics (NAFC) Clinics around the United States that offer basic health care for those without insurance or experiencing homelessness. http://www.nafcclinics.org/

RAD Remedy Community­-sourced list of trans-­affirming healthcare providers https://www.radremedy.org/

Insurance resources

Resources to help transgender people select and enroll in insurance 

https://out2enroll.org

TransHealth Health and guidance for healthcare providers, as well as a list of trans­affirming health clinics in Canada, the United States, and England. http://www.trans-­health.com/

Transcend Legal Transcend Legal helps people get transgender-related health care covered under insurance. https://transcendlegal.org/

TransChance Health Helps transgender people navigate health care and insurance to receive respectful, high-quality care, and get transition-related care covered  

https://www.transchancehealth.org/

JustUs Health Leads the work to achieve health equity for diverse gender, sexual, and cultural communities in Minnesota, including the  Trans Aging Project  and a  Trans Health Insurance guide https://www.justushealth.mn

Transition-related financial support

Jim Collins Foundation Financial support for transition-related expenses for people without insurance or who have been excluded by insurance http://jimcollinsfoundation.org/apply/

Point of Pride Annual Transgender Surgery Fund Provides direct financial assistance to trans folks who cannot afford their gender-affirming surgery https://pointofpride.org/annual-transgender-surgery-fund/

Community Kinship Life Surgery Scholarship Provides the trans community with assistance while having a sense of community and kinship http://cklife.org/scholarship/

Transformative Freedom Fund (Colorado) Supports the authentic selves of transgender Coloradans by removing financial barriers to transition related healthcare https://transformativefreedomfund.org/

Kentucky Health Justice Network Trans Health Advocacy Works to help Trans Kentuckians access the healthcare they need, as well as reaffirm our autonomy and community http://www.kentuckyhealthjusticenetwork.org/trans-health.html

Join Our Mailing List

Transgender Health Program

Transgender health program: insurance information.

OHSU clinics accept many kinds of insurance, including the Oregon Health Plan and many Medicare plans. Some services require prior authorization and referrals.

If you have insurance

Many insurance plans cover some transition-related services. Oregon requires health insurers to cover medically necessary treatments related to gender dysphoria if those treatments are covered for other conditions.

Private insurance

Check your member handbook or call the member services number on your insurance card to find out what may be covered.

Terms to look for: Gender dysphoria, gender identity disorder, sexual/gender reassignment or transgender health.

Oregon Health Plan

The Oregon Health Plan covers hormone therapy and some surgical services for transgender and gender-nonbinary patients. Talk to your health care provider and coordinated care organization to find out what services they may provide.

Learn more:

• The Oregon Health Authority has information about Oregon Health Plan benefits .

For patients

• For providers

Employer-provided benefits

If you get health insurance through your job, you should have a summary of benefits. Talk with your company’s benefits specialist or human resources manager about what’s covered.

If you don’t have insurance

Choosing a plan, where to find insurance.

Oregon Health Plan: The Oregon Health Plan is the state’s Medicaid program for low-income people. You can apply online if you haven’t already been denied coverage.

Individual marketplace: HealthCare.gov , run by the federal government, helps you shop for and enroll in affordable health insurance. What you pay is based mostly on your income. You can enroll early November through mid-December or after certain life-changing events, such as losing your previous health insurance.

Medicare: This federal program is for people 65 and older and certain younger people with disabilities. Medicare.gov can help you find a plan.

Senior Health Insurance Benefits Assistance Program: This Oregon network of trained volunteers helps Medicare patients of all ages get coverage.

Seniors and People with Physical Disabilities Offices: This Oregon agency , a branch of the Department of Human Services, can help you find services.

How to get help

Find an agent or application assistant: Visit the Oregon.gov help page to find someone near you to help you find the right coverage.

Help from health insurance agents and Medicare agents is free, but some insurance agents get a commission for recommending an insurer’s plan. For free unbiased help, look for Medicare volunteers and community partners on the Oregon.gov help page.

Recommended community partners: These organizations have expertise in transgender and gender-nonconforming health:

• Cascade AIDS Project offers help to anyone.
• Outside In , which helps homeless and marginalized youths, has a trans services coordinator: 503-535-3828 .
• Project Access Now helps vulnerable communities access health care.

What to ask

These questions can help you decide on an insurance plan, according to the Strong Families Network:

What is covered? When talking to customer service representatives, ask for the “Evidence of Coverage” or “Certificate of Coverage,” a full list of covered benefits for the plan.

What’s not covered? Pay attention to services or treatments specified as exclusions or limitations.

What’s covered for non-trans patients? If hormone therapy, chest surgery and hysterectomies are covered for anyone on the plan, they should be covered for transgender and gender-nonbinary members. In Oregon, it is illegal for insurers to cover services for some people and deny them to others.

Are there hormone therapy co-pays? If so, how much are they? Is there a limit on hormones or hormone injections? If so, what is it?

Is my health care provider covered by the plan ? Check whether your doctor is in the plan’s network.

Is there a network of trans-friendly doctors with training in gender-diverse care? If you want to find a gender-affirming provider,  GLMA: Health Professionals Advancing LGBT Equality  can help. Once you identify someone, ask which plans work with the provider.

Other questions to ask:

• Are there doctors within 30 miles who can serve trans and gender-nonbinary patients?
• Are mental health services available for gender-diverse people and their families, and are visits for gender-related needs covered?
• What kinds of documents are needed to receive services?
• Do I need to change my legal ID to get coverage as a person who is trans-identified?
• Are procedures such as facial gender-confirmation surgery covered?

Dealing with claims

Making a claim.

These tips can help you navigate the claims process with your insurer:

• If your insurance is through your employer, contact your company’s benefits specialist or human resources manager.
• Have an advocate nearby or on call, ready to help you handle the stress.
• Be prepared to be misgendered. Many insurance companies don’t train their call-center staff on etiquette for transgender and gender-nonbinary patients.
• Have your group number, plan number and, if you have an online account with your insurer, your username and password.
• Research your plan and be prepared to explain your benefits package. Know what’s included and excluded. Call-center staffers don’t always distinguish well among the insurer’s various plans.
• You may need to ask for a supervisor. Be patient and polite, and remember they’re humans on the other end of the line.
• If you’re told you need a certain form, ask to have a blank copy emailed to you. Use the company’s name for any form, which can help representatives work faster.

If your claim is denied

These tips can help:

• Don’t despair. You can appeal.
• If you get an operator who can’t help, calmly ask for someone else.
• Don’t accept partial payment. A partial payment can be appealed.
• If you’re insured through work, ask your human resources manager or benefits specialist for help.
• If your employer has a policy on nondiscrimination, inclusion and diversity, you can use it to appeal.
• Find out if your plan has an explicit policy on parity.
• Some claims are denied more than once, even when a procedure is covered.
• If your doctor or benefits specialist finds a successful appeal for the same procedure, remove identifying information and include it with your appeal. This can help you avoid multiple denials.

OHSU resources

Visit our Billing and Insurance page to find:

• Information about our billing process
• Hospital costs
• Numbers to call if you need help
• Answers to frequent questions
• Information about financial assistance

Oregon resources

The Oregon Department of Consumer and Business Affairs has information about finding insurance, getting help paying for it, and your rights.

Request services

Please fill out an online form:

• I am seeking services for myself.
• I am seeking services for someone else.

Other questions and concerns

Contact us at:

• 503-494-7970
• [email protected]

Refer a patient

• Please complete our  Request for Transgender Health Services referral form   and fax with relevant medical records to  503-346-6854 .
• Learn more on our  For Health Care Professionals  page.

Federal appeals court finds Houston County Sheriff's Office discriminated against transgender employee

A panel of appeals court judges have found the Houston County Sheriff's Office discriminated against a transgender employee in its health insurance plan, the 11th Circuit Court of Appeals ruled on Monday .

They found that Anna Lange, a transgender employee for the sheriff's office, was discriminated against since they denied her coverage for "medically necessary" gender affirmation surgery solely because she was transgender. 

"By drawing a line between gender-affirming surgery and other operations, the plan intentionally carves out an exclusion based on one's transgender status," the federal appeals court found. "Lange's sex is inextricably tied to the denial of coverage for gender-affirming coverage."

Lange had previously  been awarded $60,000 in damages by the U.S. Middle District of Georgia in 2022 , but the sheriff's office then appealed to the 11th Circuit Court of Appeals. 

Lange has worked for the sheriff's office since 2006. However, when Lange transitioned in 2017, she encountered problems with the county's insurance.

Her doctors recommended "medically necessary" gender reassignment surgery, but the sheriff's office health insurance policy stated that "services and supplies for a sex change and/or reversal of a sex change" and "drugs for sex change surgery" were not covered.

According to the U.S. Department of Justice, Lange had previously paid out of pocket for hormone replacement therapy and chest surgery because she knew it wouldn't be covered under the county's insurance policy.

While Lange put off gender reassignment surgery — which would have cost $20,000 — her endocrinologist, two psychologists and a surgeon recommended the procedure. So, she sought out the surgery and requested the county's health insurance cover it.

The county's health insurance provider, BlueCross BlueShield, originally approved the surgery since it was "medically necessary" under the insurance company's guidance, according to the DOJ. But, once the county pointed out the provision in their policy, they denied coverage for Lange. 

In the federal appeals court's decision, they found the Houston County Sheriff's Office policy was "facially discriminatory" since it treated coverage for transgender issues differently from other medically necessary treatment. 

In the DOJ's filing in the 11th Circuit Court of Appeals, they note the county's health care provider, Anthem Blue Cross Blue Shield, had previously recommended the county remove the exclusion, but that the county rejected their recommendation.

The Department of Justice  joined the case against the Houston County Sheriff's Office as an "amicus curiae," or friend of the court, since they had a vested interest in the proper enforcement of federal anti-discrimination laws. 

In the DOJ's filings, they say many procedures used as part of gender-affirming care are covered in other medically necessary contexts, like hormone replacement therapy for menopause. 

"Thus, given the 'undisputed' fact that the challenged provisions of the plan deny coverage 'only for transgender members,' the court held that the plan facially discriminates based on sex," the DOJ wrote.

The 11th Circuit Court of Appeals agreed, upholding the previous court's decision and finding Houston County cannot enforce its ban on covering gender-affirming care.

"Because transgender persons are the only plan participants who qualify for gender-affirming surgery, the plan denies health care coverage based on transgender status," the federal appeals court ruled.

Lange's lawyer has previously said that the county has spend over a million dollars fighting this case. Right now, it is unclear whether or not the county will appeal the 11th Circuit Court of Appeal's decision to the U.S. Supreme Court — or whether the high court would hear the case. 

Best Ambulatory Surgery Centers

Also known as outpatient surgery centers and same-day surgery centers. Discover top-rated Ambulatory Surgery Centers near you for a variety of common surgical procedures.

Ambulatory Surgery Centers 101

What you need to know before your procedure

The cost of ASC surgery will vary depending on the type of procedure you are having and your insurance coverage. However, ASC surgery may be less expensive than hospital surgery.

Because ambulatory surgical centers specialize in same-day procedures, you can save time by choosing these facilities for select procedures and screenings and return to your daily activities quicker.

Back Home Same Day

Outpatient facilities may be quieter and calmer than inpatient facilities. An ASC close to your home may be more conveniently located than any hospital.

More About Ambulatory Surgery Centers

Ambulatory surgical centers are freestanding outpatient health care facilities that specialize in providing same-day surgical and diagnostic procedures. These facilities offer a range of outpatient services – such as colonoscopies, hip and knee replacements and cataract surgery — that do not require an overnight stay, allowing patients to safely and quickly return to their daily activities. Ambulatory surgery centers may offer patients certain advantages over traditional hospital-based surgical procedures, including shorter wait times and lower costs.

Find the ASC That Is Right for You

There are more than 6,000 ambulatory surgical centers nationwide. Unlike hospital-based outpatient surgical centers that operate as part of a larger health care facility and offer a wider range of surgical services for less healthy patients, ambulatory surgical centers are designed specifically for outpatient care and, therefore, can provide a more streamlined, convenient experience with shorter wait times and less cost.

Colonoscopy & Endoscopy

The majority of ambulatory surgery centers in which gastroenterologists practice are single-specialty centers – also known as endoscopy centers – and are designed to cater to patients who require diagnostic or therapeutic procedures for conditions affecting the digestive system. This includes the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and any other digestive organ. These facilities offer a wide range of services, including endoscopy, colonoscopy, polypectomy (polyp removal) and other minimally invasive procedures.

• Colonoscopy
• Upper GI endoscopy

See the Best Colonoscopy & Endoscopy ASCs Near You

ASCs Evaluated

ASC Patients

High Performing ASCs

ASC Procedure Types

Orthopedics & Spine

Ambulatory surgical centers provide care for a wide range of orthopedic and spinal surgeries for patients who are in good overall health without complex medical conditions. Orthopedic and spine services can include pre-surgical consultations, advanced imaging (such as MRIs, PET and CT scans), diagnostic assessments and minimally invasive surgical techniques (such as joint replacements and arthroscopies for the hip, knee, ankle, wrist, shoulder and elbow and knee realignment).

• Fracture or dislocation treatment of the arm, wrist and hand.
• Injection for back pain.
• Knee arthroscopy.
• Hip replacement.
• Knee replacement.
• Shoulder arthroscopy/rotator cuff repair.
• Spinal fusion.
• Fracture or dislocation treatment lower leg, ankle and foot.
• Fracture or dislocation treatment knee.

See the Best Orthopedics & Spine ASCs Near You

Ophthalmology

Ophthalmic ambulatory surgical centers offer a specialized, efficient setting for a variety of same-day ophthalmology procedures. These eye care and surgical centers are options for patients who require surgery for eye-related conditions without the need for an overnight hospital stay. Procedures can include cataract surgery, glaucoma surgery, corneal transplants, laser treatments for retinal disorders and corrective laser eye surgery. People experiencing blurred vision, eye pain or changes to the eye due to cataracts, glaucoma, strabismus, amblyopia (lazy eye), retinal issues or other conditions are all good candidates for treatment at an ophthalmic surgery center.

• Cataract surgery with lens implant
• Retinal procedures
• Glaucoma surgery
• Corrective eye surgery, including LASIK

See the Best Ophthalmology ASCs Near You

Urology outpatient services offered at an ambulatory surgery center include surgical treatment for kidney stones , enlarged prostate glands , urinary incontinence, erectile dysfunction , male fertility preservation, prostate cancer and other urology-related health issues . Patients can also expect quick same-day services for diagnostic cystoscopies, ureteral stent removals, bladder Botox injections and vasectomies. Urology outpatient facilities also offer treatments for conditions that do not require surgery, such as urinary tract infections .

• Endoscopy of the urethra and bladder.
• Transurethral surgery (TURP) for enlarged prostate.

See the Best Urology ASCs Near You

How U.S. News Evaluates ASCs

We evaluated nearly 5,000 ambulatory surgery centers for treatment for procedures in four specialty areas: Colonoscopy & Endoscopy, Orthopedics & Spine, Ophthalmology (eye surgery) and Urology. We used three years of Medicare data to evaluate these surgical centers using criteria that includes how successfully they avoided complications, ER visits, unplanned hospitalizations and other undesirable outcomes. While location and cost are always important considerations for patients, quality of care – how well patients who have received treatment have fared – should be an important factor when choosing where to have your outpatient procedure.

Why Trust U.S. News

How we rate Ambulatory Surgery Centers

Facilities evaluated in: Colonoscopy & Endoscopy, Orthopedics & Spine, Ophthalmology, and Urology.

Patients evaluated across 4 specialties.

High Performing recognitions awarded.

Best Ambulatory Surgery Centers by State

• Connecticut
• Massachusetts
• Mississippi
• New Hampshire
• North Carolina
• North Dakota
• Pennsylvania
• Rhode Island
• South Carolina
• South Dakota
• West Virginia

Ambulatory Surgery Centers: What You Need to Know

ASC vs. Hospital Outpatient

Navigating Insurance and Costs at ASCs

How to Prepare for a Colonoscopy

Your Guide to Hip Replacement Surgery

FAQs About Ambulatory Surgery Centers

What is the difference between an ambulatory surgery center and a hospital outpatient department?

Both ambulatory surgical centers and hospital outpatient departments have the same kinds of surgical teams, equipment and licensing requirements. However, they each have their differences, as well.

An ambulatory surgical center is a freestanding health care facility that specializes in providing surgical and diagnostic procedures that do not require an overnight stay. As a result, patients are typically discharged on the same day. Some ASCs can also be owned by or in a joint venture with a hospital or health system.

On the other hand, a hospital outpatient department is part of a larger hospital system and offers a wider range of surgical services and access to broader hospital resources for less healthy patients and those with comorbidities (multiple conditions being treated).

Why are some procedures done in an ambulatory surgery center and not a hospital?

Ambulatory surgical centers specialize in certain surgeries – such as appendectomies, colonoscopies, hip replacements, cataract surgeries and endoscopies – that can be safely performed on appropriate patients without the need to stay overnight for observation at a hospital.

Why choose an ambulatory surgery center over a hospital?

If you require a surgical procedure, such as a knee replacement or cataract surgery, an ambulatory surgical center may be faster and less expensive than in a hospital setting. Because ambulatory surgical centers specialize in outpatient surgeries, they typically have shorter wait times and, therefore, may offer a more streamlined experience. Your health status will help determine whether you are a good candidate to receive care in an ambulatory surgical center.

Do I need a referral for an ASC?

Whether you need a referral to visit an ambulatory surgical center largely depends on your health insurance plan. Many insurance plans, especially HMOs or ones that require pre-authorization for specialized services, require a referral from a primary care physician or a specialist to cover the procedure at an ambulatory surgical center.

Since requirements vary, it’s important to check with your insurance provider to understand your plan’s specific requirements.

How should I choose an ambulatory surgery center for my procedure?

It’s important to talk with your doctor first to help you decide whether you are best suited for undergoing a procedure at an ambulatory surgical center or hospital based on your health status.

If you opt to have a procedure performed at an ambulatory surgical center, take into consideration the facility’s U. S. News quality rating for that specialty, including complication rates, as well as accreditation status, experience and qualifications of the medical staff. In addition, be sure to read other patients’ reviews of their experience (if available) and confirm that the facility accepts your insurance.

Will my insurance cover a procedure at an ambulatory surgery center, and how much should I expect to pay?

Insurance coverage for a procedure at an ambulatory surgical center varies. Whether or not your procedure is covered by your insurance depends on your specific health plan, including whether the facility is within your plan’s network and if the procedure is considered medically necessary.

While most insurance plans – such as Medicare and Medicaid – typically cover procedures at an ambulatory surgical center, the amount of coverage and out-of-pocket costs vary based on several factors, such as deductibles, copayments and coinsurance rates.

It’s best to contact your insurance provider prior to scheduling the procedure to better understand your coverage details, obtain any pre-authorizations and referrals and estimate your expected out-of-pocket expenses.

If paying with an original Medicare plan, you can compare national average prices for ambulatory surgical centers and hospital outpatients departments online using the Medicare.gov’s Procedure Price Lookup tool .

How does the out-of-pocket cost of a procedure at an ASC compare to a hospital outpatient facility?

The total out-of-pocket cost of a procedure at an ambulatory surgical center is generally lower than the same procedure at a hospital outpatient facility. This is largely because ambulatory surgical centers specialize in outpatient care and have lower overhead cost than hospitals, allowing them to provide the same outpatient services at a reduced price.

Patients undergoing eligible procedures generally benefit from these cost savings through lower copayments and coinsurance amounts.

Is rotator cuff surgery outpatient?

Rotator cuff surgery is often performed as outpatient procedures and typically does not require overnight stay in the hospital thanks to minimally invasive surgical techniques, including arthroscopic repair and mini-open repair. However, it’s important to discuss with your orthopedic surgeon about whether the procedure should be performed as an outpatient or inpatient treatment. The final decision will depend on several factors, including your individual health status, the severity of your rotator cuff injury and the complexity of your procedure.

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NEW YORK , May 17, 2024 /PRNewswire/ -- The global  sex reassignment surgery market in us   size is estimated to grow by USD 125.78 mn from 2023-2027, according to Technavio. The market is estimated to grow at a CAGR of  10.84%  during the forecast period. 

For more insights on the forecast market size and historic data (2017 - 2021) -  Download Free sample report in minutes 

Key Market Trends Fueling Growth

The sex reassignment surgery market in the US has witnessed significant growth due to increased transgender visibility through social media and societal acceptance. Transgender individuals, particularly those transitioning, require comprehensive care, including fertility consultations for preservation and counseling for gender identity exploration. Various gender-affirming surgical procedures are available, such as orchiectomy, ovariectomy, vaginoplasty, chest masculinization surgery, and facial feminization surgery. Innovations continue in metoidioplasty, phalloplasty, and scrotoplasty. Medicare and Medicaid programs cover some of these procedures for transgender beneficiaries. Hospitals like Mount Sinai and clinics such as the Transgender Surgery Institute offer gender-affirming surgeries. 

Market Challenges

• The sex reassignment surgery market in the US faces challenges due to potential complications from procedures such as facial, top, and bottom surgeries for transgender males and females. Adverse effects include vaginal closure, skin graft rejection, and urinary issues. Rare cases may result in major complications. Common risks include bleeding, infection, and anesthetic side effects. Other gender-affirming care, like hormone therapy and mental health support, are essential components of the transgender population's overall health and well-being. The public health challenge of gender dysphoria requires equitable access to surgical techniques and medical services, including chest surgery, chin augmentation, and facial feminization surgery. Technological innovation and societal stigma also impact the growth of this market.

Research report provides comprehensive data on impact of trend, driver and challenges -  Buy Report

Segment Overview 

This sex reassignment surgery market in US report extensively covers market segmentation by

• 1.1 Male to female
• 1.2 Female to male
• 2.1 Hospitals
• 2.2 Clinics
• 3.1 North America

1.1 Male to female-  The Sex Reassignment Surgery (SRS) market in the US is primarily segmented into two categories: transgender males and transgender females, each with unique requirements for gender dysphoria transition. Hospitals specializing in gender affirmation surgeries offer various procedures for these populations, including hysterectomy, salpingo-oophorectomy, orchiectomy, ovariectomy, and mastectomy for transgender females, and phalloplasty, scrotoplasty, and chest masculinization surgery for transgender males. The young transgender population also seeks SRS, with procedures such as reduction thyrochondroplasty for voice feminization and vaginoplasty for neo-vagina creation. The Obamacare legislation and Medicaid program have expanded coverage for transgender beneficiaries, increasing access to gender-affirming care. Key surgical procedures include hysterectomy, orchiectomy, and vaginoplasty, while augmentation mammoplasty, breast reduction, and facial feminization surgery cater to the transfeminine population. Transgender issues continue to evolve, with ongoing research and development in SRS techniques.

For more information on market segmentation with geographical analysis including forecast (2023-2027) and historic data (2017 - 2021)  - Download a Sample Report

Research Analysis

The Sex Reassignment Surgery (SRS) market in the US has witnessed significant growth, driven by the increasing number of transgender individuals seeking gender dysphoria treatment. This cohort includes transgender males and females, particularly among the young population. Gender dysphoria transition often involves self-identified gender exploration and the pursuit of gender-affirming interventions such as Gender-confirming surgeries and hormone therapy. Gender-affirming surgeries encompass various procedures, including genital reconstructive procedures for transgender males and chest surgery (mastectomy) and facial feminization surgery for transgender females. Clinicians play a crucial role in providing mental health support and guiding patients through the temporal trends of SRS. Hormone therapy and gender-confirming surgeries have become increasingly accepted medical interventions for transgender individuals. The National Inpatient Sample provides valuable insights into the utilization and outcomes of these procedures. Overall, the SRS market continues to expand, reflecting the growing recognition and acceptance of transgender individuals and their unique healthcare needs.

Market Research Overview

The Sex Reassignment Surgery (SRS) market in the US has been witnessing significant growth due to increasing acceptance and recognition of gender diversity. The market encompasses various procedures such as orchiectomy, vaginoplasty, and phalloplasty, among others. These surgeries aim to help individuals align their physical identity with their gender identity. The market is driven by factors like growing awareness and acceptance of transgender and gender non-conforming individuals, advancements in surgical techniques, and improved access to healthcare. The market also faces challenges like high costs, lack of insurance coverage, and stigma associated with gender diversity. The market is segmented based on procedures, regions, and end-users. The future outlook of the market is promising with increasing acceptance and recognition of gender diversity and advancements in surgical techniques.

Table of Contents:

1 Executive Summary 2 Market Landscape 3 Market Sizing 4 Historic Market Size 5 Five Forces Analysis 6 Market Segmentation

• Male To Female
• Female To Male
• North America

7 Customer Landscape 8 Geographic Landscape 9 Drivers, Challenges, and Trends 10 Company Landscape 11 Company Analysis 12 Appendix

About Technavio

Technavio is a leading global technology research and advisory company. Their research and analysis focuses on emerging market trends and provides actionable insights to help businesses identify market opportunities and develop effective strategies to optimize their market positions.

With over 500 specialized analysts, Technavio's report library consists of more than 17,000 reports and counting, covering 800 technologies, spanning across 50 countries. Their client base consists of enterprises of all sizes, including more than 100 Fortune 500 companies. This growing client base relies on Technavio's comprehensive coverage, extensive research, and actionable market insights to identify opportunities in existing and potential markets and assess their competitive positions within changing market scenarios.

Technavio Research Jesse Maida Media & Marketing Executive US: +1 844 364 1100 UK: +44 203 893 3200 Email: [email protected] Website: www.technavio.com/

SOURCE Technavio

Copyright 2024 PR Newswire

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Sex reassignment surgery market in us size is set to grow by usd 125.78 mn from 2023-2027, increase in number of people opting for sex change surgeries in us to boost the market growth, technavio.

NEW YORK , May 17, 2024 /PRNewswire/ -- The global   sex reassignment surgery market in us    size is estimated to grow by USD 125.78 mn from 2023-2027, according to Technavio. The market is estimated to grow at a CAGR of  10.84%  during the forecast period.

For more insights on the forecast market size and historic data (2017 - 2021) -  Download Free sample report in minutes  

Key Market Trends Fueling Growth

The sex reassignment surgery market in the US has witnessed significant growth due to increased transgender visibility through social media and societal acceptance. Transgender individuals, particularly those transitioning, require comprehensive care, including fertility consultations for preservation and counseling for gender identity exploration. Various gender-affirming surgical procedures are available, such as orchiectomy, ovariectomy, vaginoplasty, chest masculinization surgery, and facial feminization surgery. Innovations continue in metoidioplasty, phalloplasty, and scrotoplasty. Medicare and Medicaid programs cover some of these procedures for transgender beneficiaries. Hospitals like Mount Sinai and clinics such as the Transgender Surgery Institute offer gender-affirming surgeries.

Market Challenges

The sex reassignment surgery market in the US faces challenges due to potential complications from procedures such as facial, top, and bottom surgeries for transgender males and females. Adverse effects include vaginal closure, skin graft rejection, and urinary issues. Rare cases may result in major complications. Common risks include bleeding, infection, and anesthetic side effects. Other gender-affirming care, like hormone therapy and mental health support, are essential components of the transgender population's overall health and well-being. The public health challenge of gender dysphoria requires equitable access to surgical techniques and medical services, including chest surgery, chin augmentation, and facial feminization surgery. Technological innovation and societal stigma also impact the growth of this market.

Research report provides comprehensive data on impact of trend, driver and challenges -   Buy Report

Segment Overview 

This sex reassignment surgery market in US report extensively covers market segmentation by

1.1 Male to female

1.2 Female to male

2.1 Hospitals

2.2 Clinics

3.1 North America

1.1 Male to female-  The Sex Reassignment Surgery (SRS) market in the US is primarily segmented into two categories: transgender males and transgender females, each with unique requirements for gender dysphoria transition. Hospitals specializing in gender affirmation surgeries offer various procedures for these populations, including hysterectomy, salpingo-oophorectomy, orchiectomy, ovariectomy, and mastectomy for transgender females, and phalloplasty, scrotoplasty, and chest masculinization surgery for transgender males. The young transgender population also seeks SRS, with procedures such as reduction thyrochondroplasty for voice feminization and vaginoplasty for neo-vagina creation. The Obamacare legislation and Medicaid program have expanded coverage for transgender beneficiaries, increasing access to gender-affirming care. Key surgical procedures include hysterectomy, orchiectomy, and vaginoplasty, while augmentation mammoplasty, breast reduction, and facial feminization surgery cater to the transfeminine population. Transgender issues continue to evolve, with ongoing research and development in SRS techniques.

For more information on market segmentation with geographical analysis including forecast (2023-2027) and historic data (2017 - 2021)  - Download a Sample Report

Research Analysis

The Sex Reassignment Surgery (SRS) market in the US has witnessed significant growth, driven by the increasing number of transgender individuals seeking gender dysphoria treatment. This cohort includes transgender males and females, particularly among the young population. Gender dysphoria transition often involves self-identified gender exploration and the pursuit of gender-affirming interventions such as Gender-confirming surgeries and hormone therapy. Gender-affirming surgeries encompass various procedures, including genital reconstructive procedures for transgender males and chest surgery (mastectomy) and facial feminization surgery for transgender females. Clinicians play a crucial role in providing mental health support and guiding patients through the temporal trends of SRS. Hormone therapy and gender-confirming surgeries have become increasingly accepted medical interventions for transgender individuals. The National Inpatient Sample provides valuable insights into the utilization and outcomes of these procedures. Overall, the SRS market continues to expand, reflecting the growing recognition and acceptance of transgender individuals and their unique healthcare needs.

Market Research Overview

The Sex Reassignment Surgery (SRS) market in the US has been witnessing significant growth due to increasing acceptance and recognition of gender diversity. The market encompasses various procedures such as orchiectomy, vaginoplasty, and phalloplasty, among others. These surgeries aim to help individuals align their physical identity with their gender identity. The market is driven by factors like growing awareness and acceptance of transgender and gender non-conforming individuals, advancements in surgical techniques, and improved access to healthcare. The market also faces challenges like high costs, lack of insurance coverage, and stigma associated with gender diversity. The market is segmented based on procedures, regions, and end-users. The future outlook of the market is promising with increasing acceptance and recognition of gender diversity and advancements in surgical techniques.

Table of Contents:

1 Executive Summary 2 Market Landscape 3 Market Sizing 4 Historic Market Size 5 Five Forces Analysis 6 Market Segmentation

7 Customer Landscape 8 Geographic Landscape 9 Drivers, Challenges, and Trends 10 Company Landscape 11 Company Analysis 12 Appendix

About Technavio

Technavio is a leading global technology research and advisory company. Their research and analysis focuses on emerging market trends and provides actionable insights to help businesses identify market opportunities and develop effective strategies to optimize their market positions.

With over 500 specialized analysts, Technavio's report library consists of more than 17,000 reports and counting, covering 800 technologies, spanning across 50 countries. Their client base consists of enterprises of all sizes, including more than 100 Fortune 500 companies. This growing client base relies on Technavio's comprehensive coverage, extensive research, and actionable market insights to identify opportunities in existing and potential markets and assess their competitive positions within changing market scenarios.

Technavio Research Jesse Maida Media & Marketing Executive US: +1 844 364 1100 UK: +44 203 893 3200 Email:  [email protected] Website:  www.technavio.com/

View original content to download multimedia: https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/sex-reassignment-surgery-market-in-us-size-is-set-to-grow-by-usd-125-78-mn-from-2023-2027--increase-in-number-of-people-opting-for-sex-change-surgeries-in-us-to-boost-the-market-growth-technavio-302147931.html

SOURCE Technavio

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THE WPATH TAPES: Behind-Scenes Recordings Reveal What Top Gender Doctors Really Think About Sex-Change Procedures

Megan Brock / @MegEBrock / Kate Anderson / @kliseanderson / May 15, 2024

Recordings from meetings of the World Professional Association for Transgender Health reveal doctors pushing risky sex-change procedures for children, contradicting the organization's own guidelines. (Photo illustration: Anastassiya Bezhekeneva/Getty Images)

Get your FREE digital copy of The Heritage Foundation’s Founders’ Almanac.

The World Professional Association for  Transgender Health , or WPATH, is the leading authority in the field of gender medicine. Its guidance is routinely used by top medical associations in the U.S. and abroad, while its standards of care inform insurance companies’ approach to coverage policies.

But behind closed doors, top WPATH doctors discussed, and at times seemed to challenge, the organization’s own published guidelines for sex-change procedures and acknowledged pushing experimental medical interventions that can have devastating and irreversible complications, according to exclusive footage obtained by the Daily Caller News Foundation.

WPATH published highly influential clinical  guidance  called “Standards of Care for the Health of Transgender and Gender Diverse People, Version 8,” or SOC 8, which recommends the use of invasive medical interventions such as puberty blockers, cross-sex hormones and sex change surgeries, calling them “safe and effective.”

The Daily Caller News Foundation filed a series of public records requests to the World Professional Association for Transgender Health’s SOC 8 co-authors who are employed at taxpayer-funded institutions, making their emails subject to open records laws.

Buried in more than 100 pages of responsive records from the University of Nevada was a series of emails sent in 2022 among prominent WPATH members and leaders , including WPATH Global Education Institute Co-Chair Gail Knudson.

In one email, Knudson sent a colleague the link to a folder containing nearly 30 hours of recordings from WPATH’s Global Education Institute summit in September 2022 in Montreal, Canada, which included sessions on mental health, puberty blockers, cross-sex hormones, and sex-change surgery.

These sessions provided WPATH members with in-depth education on the clinical application of topics addressed in the SOC 8 treatment guidelines. However, the footage reveals WPATH-affiliated doctors advocating that children undergo risky sex-change procedures and even pushing for these treatments for patients struggling with severe mental health issues.

Several sessions were dedicated exclusively to treating children and included recommendations for minors to receive puberty blockers, cross-sex hormones, and surgeries.

For instance, WPATH guidance recommends addressing a patient’s mental health issues before giving him or her sex-change medical interventions. However, in one recorded session, a WPATH faculty member and gender doctor claimed that mental health issues don’t necessarily affect a patient’s ability to receive cross-sex hormones.

In another video, a doctor told attendees that children should be informed that cross-sex hormones will likely make them infertile. but admitted that he would prescribe them anyway if a child says he or she wants the treatment, regardless of future consequences.

A surgeon euphemistically referred to a phalloplasty procedure, a surgical series that includes obliterating the vaginal cavity and creating a fake penis with harvested tissue, as an “adventure” for young people. He did this despite later admitting that those same procedures “definitely” will have “complications,” such as permanent issues with bladder function and tissue death.

One physician called the entire field of cross-sex hormones “off-label,” referring to the concept of drugs being used for alternative purposes than what they were approved for. The doctor went on to say that female patients might actually appreciate drug side effects that cause them to lose hair, because they’d look “more like men.”

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration  says  that when it approves a drug, health care providers generally may prescribe that drug for an unapproved use, or off-label, when “they judge that it is medically appropriate for their patient.”

In several other videos, doctors argued in favor of transitioning patients who experience psychotic episodes. One admitted that some of his patients with schizophrenia have to be careful how much cross-sex hormones they take or they can’t “keep the voices down.”

The Daily Caller News Foundation consulted medical professionals from respected organizations, such as Do No Harm, who all argued that the comments from WPATH-affiliated doctors show that the transgender medical industry doesn’t have patients’ best interests at heart.

While the average person, nationally and internationally, likely never has heard of the World Professional Association for Transgender Health, the modern medical industry is deeply tied to the organization and relies on it to dictate the standards of care for transgender medicine.

WPATH’s guidelines are cited as criteria for obtaining insurance coverage by both  private insurance companies  and tax-funded  insurance plans , positioning them as a lynchpin of the sex reassignment industry.

Additionally, WPATH’s guidelines help inform policy statements from major medical and professional organizations, such as the  American Academy of Pediatrics , the  American Psychological Association , and the  Endocrine Society .

The American Academy of Pediatrics is being sued by Isabelle Ayala, a former patient who was medically transitioned as a child and claims she was rushed through sex-change medical procedures.

There’s been an explosion in the number of young people, including children, being put on hormones and puberty blockers and getting sex-change surgeries, according to a study published in August 2023 by the JAMA Network.

This surge has been fueled, in part, by groups such as Planned Parenthood, which distributes cross-sex hormones to patients as young as 16. Planned Parenthood  saw  a roughly 125% jump in the number of transgender services it provided between 2020 and 2022.

Twenty-three states, however, have  enacted  legislation preventing doctors from performing sex-change surgeries on minors amid backlash from concerned parents and doctors who don’t subscribe to the WPATH-endorsed “gender-affirming care” model. Gender-affirming care is another euphemism used by medical professionals to describe the idea that doctors should affirm a patient’s wish to live as the opposite biological sex through social transitioning, hormone therapy, and even surgery.

The SOC 8 was released just days ahead of the 2022 symposium and contained several significant changes to how doctors and medical institutions implemented transgender medical treatment. For instance, WPATH removed minimum age requirements that established when a child can or should receive transgender medical services such as puberty blockers, cross-sex hormones, and sex-reassignment surgeries.

The World Professional Association for Transgender Health’s previous guidelines recommended that hormone therapy be given once a patient was over the age of 16, but the updated version removed this barrier and suggests hormone therapy begin at the first signs of sexual maturity.

The videos obtained by the Daily Caller News Foundation give the first glimpse at how doctors and mental health professionals discussed implementing the new guidelines. To highlight the most significant portions of the content obtained in the records requests, the foundation has decided to publish a series of articles collectively called “The WPATH Tapes.”

Following this release, the Daily Caller News Foundation intends to publish all of the videos in their entirety to provide the public with necessary information about WPATH’s approach to medical care and shine a light on an influential organization that has largely remained anonymous until now.

“The WPATH Tapes” Table of Contents

• Video Shows Prominent Doctors Acknowledging, And Even Challenging, The Experimental Nature Of Sex Change Drugs
• Top Psychiatrist Argues Schizophrenic Patients Can Consent To Sex Change Surgeries
• ‘Keep The Voices Down’: In Unearthed Video, Doctors Discuss Putting Mentally Ill Patients, Including Kids, On Hormones
• Gender Doctor Calls Genital Surgery An ‘Adventure’ For Young People While Describing Grisly Complications
• ‘No Idea About Their Fertility’: Gender Doctors Shed Light On Grim Reality Facing Kids Considering Sex Changes
• Leader Of Gender Medicine Org Says Binary Sex ‘Doesn’t Really Hold True,’ Cheers On ‘Deconstructed’ Biology
• Private Footage Reveals Leading Medical Org’s Efforts To ‘Normalize’ Gender Ideology

Originally published by the Daily Caller News Foundation

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