essay on democracy in pakistan css

Essay on “Democracy in Pakistan” for CSS, and PMS

• January 24, 2022
• Essay for CSS PMS and Judiciary Exam

This is an Essay on “Democracy in Pakistan” for CSS, PMS, and Judiciary Examinations. Democracy is a form of government in which the people have the authority to deliberate and decide legislation, or to choose governing officials to do so.” Democracy is a system of government in which power is vested in the people and exercised by them directly or through freely elected representatives. As Democracy is a very popular topic so, here is a complete Essay on “Democracy in Pakistan” for CSS, PMS, and judiciary examinations.

What is democracy? Essentials of democracy Democracy in Pakistan

A brief history

• The early period from 1947-58
• Period of General Ayub and General Zia
• Political turmoil and General Pervaiz Musharraf

Causes of failure of democracy in Pakistan

• Delayed Framing of the Constitution
• Leadership Crisis
• Lack of education
• No independence of the judiciary
• Weak political parties and their infighting
• Delayed elections and rigging
• Corruption and nepotism
• Quasi-Federalism and Conflict between Eastern and Western Wings
• Terrorism and extremism

Pakistani Democracy Vs. Western Democracy

Suggestions

• Effective accountability of the politicians
•  Reforming judiciary
• Abolish feudalism
• Eliminate corruption
• Two parties system on the pattern of the USA, UK
• Amendment in the constitution
• Fair and free election
• Increase the education budget to educate people
• Uninterrupted democratic process
• Strengthening the institutions

Essay on “Democracy in Pakistan” for CSS, PMS, and Judiciary Examinations

“You have to stand guard over the development and maintenance of Islamic democracy, Islamic social justice, and the equality of manhood in your own native soil.” -Muhammad Ali Jinnah,

To acquire immunity to eloquence is of the utmost importance to the citizens of a democracy. – Bertrand Russell

Democracy is a form of government in which all citizens have an equal say in the decisions that affect their lives. Ideally, this includes equal (and more or less direct) participation in the proposal, development, and passage of legislation into law. It can also encompass social, economic, and cultural conditions that enable the free and equal practice of political self-determination. While there is no specific, universally accepted definition of ‘democracy’, equality and freedom have both been identified as important characteristics of democracy since ancient times. These principles are reflected in all citizens being equal before the law and having equal access to legislative processes.

For example, in a representative democracy, every vote has equal weight, no unreasonable restrictions can apply to anyone seeking to become a representative, and the freedom of its citizens is secured by legitimized rights and liberties which are generally protected by a constitution.

Many people use the term “democracy” as shorthand for liberal democracy, which may include elements such as political pluralism; equality before the Jaw; the right to petition elected officials for redress of grievances; due process; civil liberties; human rights ; and elements of civil society outside the government. In the United States, separation of powers is often cited as a central attribute, but in other countries, such as the United Kingdom, the dominant principle is that of parliamentary sovereignty (though in practice judicial independence is generally maintained).

In other cases, “democracy” is used to mean direct democracy. Though the term “democracy” is typically used in the context of a political state, the principles are applicable to private organizations and other groups as well.

Democracy in Pakistan

Democracy in its true spirit has never been allowed to take root in Pakistan. Since its independence in 1947, a military-bureaucratic establishment has always governed the country. Army generals usurp power at their own convenience and quit only when they are forced to quit by mass political movements or by sudden unexpected death. When forced by external or internal pressures, democracy is given a chance but in reality, a group of army generals keeps controlling the decision-making.

This direct or indirect military influence is the greatest impediment to the evolution of a stable governing system in Pakistan. Besides, the army is not solely responsible for this mass but it is our inefficient politicians who provide an opportunity for to army to take over.

A brief history of Democracy in Pakistan

Recalling the last 62 years of Pakistan, democracy is found only as an interval before the next military general comes to the scene. The future of democracy was doomed from the start when Liaquat Ali Khan, the first elected Prime Minister, was shot at a public gathering. Nobody knows to this day who did it and why. From now on, the balance of power was to shift in the favor of the military. A comparison tells us how this shift came up. From 1951-57 India had one Prime Minister and several army chiefs while during the same period Pakistan had one army chief and several Prime ministers.

The same army chief, the Sandhurst-trained general, Ayub Khan was to announce the first martial law in the country in 1958 and then a series of military rules were to follow.

General Ayub Khan could not withstand a popular national movement against him and transferred power to General Yahya Khan in March 1969. Under him, Pakistan lost its half which is now Bangladesh. Power was then transferred to Zulfikar Ali Bhutto as the first civilian martial law administrator. Bhutto pursued an independent policy, which was against what generals and the US wanted, and he had to pay with his life.

Charged for compliance in murder, Bhutto was hanged by the next martial law administrator, General Zia ul Haq. The hanging of an elected Prime Minister was shocking news to the world and Pakistan was to have the effects years later. The general died in a mysterious plane crash.

Then came a ten years gap of experimentation with democracy and every two years each elected government was ousted by the special discretionary powers of the president . An end to this ten-year spell came with a new general coming to power ousting the incumbent elected government of Mian Nawaz Sharif. This time the Prime Minister was charged with conspiring against the state and was ousted from the country.

The immediate and foremost requirement of the Constituent Assembly was to frame a democratic constitution for the country. The constitution had to lay down the form of government, and the role of the judiciary, military, and bureaucracy. It had to decide the basic issues about provincial autonomy, religion and the state, the joint or separate electorate, representation of minorities and women in assemblies, fundamental rights, and civil liberties.

The debate over the representation of eastern and western wings of the country and religion versus secularism were the two main hindrances in the way of framing the constitution. As against India, which was able to frame the constitution of the country within two years of independence in 1949, Pakistan took nine years to finalize the constitution in 1956, which did not work for more than two years and was abrogated.

The second constitution was framed by a military ruler General Ayub in 1962 which could last as long as he was in power. Finally, it was after the separation of East Pakistan and a lapse of more than a quarter of a century (1947-1973) that the elected representatives of the people under the leadership of Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto framed a consensus constitution envisaging a  federal, democratic structure for the country and a parliamentary form of government.

This constitution has survived in spite of the breakdown of democracy twice in 1978 and 1999 and hopefully has come to stay. But the delay in framing the constitution harmed the growth of political democracy, as it allowed the authoritarian rule of the Governor-General to continue for seven long years (1947-56), which set this inglorious tradition in the country.

The second obstacle in the way of democracy is the culture of feudalism. Democracy cannot develop in the suffocating atmosphere of feudalism. The history of feudalism in the subcontinent is not very old. It owes its origin to the war of independence in 1857 when different people were awarded large swathes of land by the British government because of their treacherous cooperation with the latter. Those feudal families joined Muslim League when they saw that Pakistan was going to be a reality and inherited power after the death of the founding father. Feudalism has now become a severe migraine for the nation. Democracy and feudalism are incompatible.

Change of faces at the wheel has not served any purpose. Even these feudal lords occupy more than 70 % of our land leaving the people to lead a miserable life. They are senators, ministers, MPAs, MNAs, and also the owners of major industries in Pakistan. There is a crying need to bring some structural changes in order to strengthen the political system. Industrialization has also played a significant role in the strengthening of democracy across the world. Great Britain is considered the mother of democracies on this planet.

Some analysts are of the view that democracy has its origin in the Magna Carta, Bill of Rights and Habeas Corpus, etc. But even after these developments very mighty rulers have ruled Great Britain. In fact, the invention of the steam engine led to the industrial revolution which eradicated the roots of feudalism and the evil of absolute monarchy. All this resulted in the development of democracy. In Pakistan, there is everything from adult franchises to the separation of powers between the three organs of government but no plan for that kind of industrial revolution.

Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the father of the nation and the first Governor-General, died just one year after the establishment of Pakistan on September 11, 1948, and his right-hand lieutenant Liaquat Ali Khan, who was the first Prime Minister, was assassinated on October 16, 1951. About the capability of other leaders of the Pakistan Muslim League (PML), the party which had successfully piloted the movement for Pakistan, Jinnah had ruefully remarked that “he had false coins in his pocket”.

Consequently, several ministers appointed initially were not politicians and did not have a seat in the Assembly. Similarly, in 1954, there were several members of the Prime Minister’s cabinet without a seat in Parliament. “The cabinet and other high political appointments reflected a paucity of talent among the politicians.”

It is indeed a sad commentary on the elected members of the first Legislature and Constituent Assembly of Pakistan that they could not find a suitable head of state from among their own ranks. Most of them came from the civil bureaucracy or the military. The civil-military bureaucracy did not have a favorable opinion about the competence of political leaders and often took decisions without consulting them. This adversely affected their political training, development, and growth.

The inability to control the Anti-Ahmadiya Movement in Punjab in 1953 was blamed on inept political leadership. This religious movement was spearheaded by the religious Ahrar Party which had opposed the establishment of Pakistan and now wanted again to come into the limelight. They were supported by other religious parties, i.e., Jamaat-i-Islami, JamiatuiUlema-i-Pakistan, and JamiatulUlerna-i-Islam. The movement was exploited by politicians in their own political interests.

But the civil-military bureaucracy was against the religious parties dominating the power structure either in the provinces or the center. To rescue the city of Lahore where Ahmadis were in a “virtual state of siege” and their properties were being “burned or looted”, General Azam Khan, the Area Commander, was ordered by the Defense Secretary, to impose martial law in Lahore. It was met with the general approval of the people.

It was demonstrated that the civil-military bureaucracy “would not let politicians or religious ideologues lead the country to anarchy”. This also laid down the foundations of the supremacy of the military and orchestrated the initial rehearsal for the recurring imposition of Martial Law in the country and its acceptance by the people.

Lack of education has remained an important impediment to the democratization of countries. This is not just a problem for Pakistan but of the whole Third world. Laski, a famous political thinker said that education is the backbone of democracy. Democracy is a system of governance in which the people choose their representatives through elections. Their strength lies in the ballot box. If people are not vigilant and educated enough to make a better choice, democracy will not flourish in that country.

This is the main reason that even in the countries apparently practicing democracy but the majority of uneducated people are among the under-developed nations. Masses in Pakistan have not found ways of compelling their rulers to be mindful of their duty. Their failures in this regard result from insufficiency of experience and training in operating modem democratic politics. Democracy puts the highest premium on constitutionalism, which is possible only with the predominant majority of people. Pakistan’s democracy can neither improve nor become viable as long as the majority of the population remains uneducated.

Judiciary is one of the most important pillars of a state and in a country where the judiciary is not imparting justice , democracy cannot develop. During the Second World War, someone asked British Prime Minister Winston Churchill whether the British would win the war. The Prime Minister laughed and replied that if the British courts were dispensing justice, no one would trounce the United Kingdom. In Pakistan since 1954 judiciary has remained docile to the wishes of the executive. As Shelley says, “If the winter comes; can spring be far behind”.

In fact, since its birth, Pakistan has been governed by bureaucratic, military, and political elites. The bureaucratic elite generally became more assertive, steadily increasing their power at the expense of the political elite. Ayub’s term of office (1958-69) was the golden era for the bureaucracy, which exercised its powers, unbridled by any political interference. The weakness of political elites can be demonstrated by the fact that during seven years from 1951 to 1958, as many as seven Prime Ministers had been changed.

From 1988 to 1999, four democratically elected governments were replaced on charges of corruption, inefficiency, security risk, etc. The civil-military bureaucracy has dominated governance owing to the inherent weakness of the political parties and their incompetent leadership, resulting in the derailment of democracy thrice in the history of Pakistan, i.e., in 1958, 1977, and 1999.

Pakistan was not created as a theocracy but as a place where an economically marginalized minority could operate a democracy independently. It was to save the people from religious discrimination and domination by an overwhelming religious majority. Moreover, it emerged as a territorial state in the Muslim majority areas of the subcontinent. But the religious and secular groups soon started making conflicting demands while formulating the constitution of Pakistan.

The speech of Mr. Jinnah on August 11, 1947, addressed to the first legislative and constituent assembly of Pakistan, advocated political pluralism and declared that the “religion or caste or creed has nothing to do with the business of the State”. This has not adhered to the Objectives Resolution passed by the Constituent Assembly in 1949, which pacified the demands of Muslim religious parties and elements but was not supported by religious minorities.

The compromise solution attempted to balance the values and the spirit of Islam with the requirements of secularism. Due to a lack of competent and visionary political leadership , and the fact that Muslims constituted 98 percent of the population, the conservative religious leaders, partly due to their conviction and partly owing to their parochial interests, advocated and preached the establishment of a religiopolitical system based on Al-Quran and Sunnah.

They were skeptical of the politico-social development of modem times and western political institutions and forms of government. Their dogmatic theology clashed with the democratic culture envisioned by the founding fathers. Another adverse impact of the adoption of religion as a guiding principle in the constitution, was the promotion of religious sectarianism, especially between the two major sects inhabiting Pakistan, i.e., Sunnis and Shi’as. Some sections of these sects, instead of peaceful negotiations to overcome their differences, often resort to violence, which is against the spirit of both Islam and democracy. These rivalries fostered reliance on the security forces for the maintenance of law and order, which eroded the hold of democratic institutions in governance.

For any healthy constitutional and political system to function smoothly, strong and well-entrenched political parties are essential. Unfortunately, political parties in Pakistan have failed to develop into strong vehicles of national political will. The main responsibility for safeguarding democracy in a country falls on political parties. Pakistan, since its inception, was lacking well-organized and well-established political parties that could carry the representative system of governance forward.

The All-India Muslim League, which had piloted the movement of Pakistan from 1940 to 47, was not a well-organized political party, but it was primarily a movement. Leading a movement and organizing a political party are two different things. Most of its leaders belonged to areas that became part of the Indian Union and their majority did not come to Pakistan. Those who were in Pakistan, barring a few exceptions, belonged to feudal and landowning classes that in their nature were in conflict with the democratic dispensation. In fact “the leadership of the Pakistan movement had few roots in the land that became Pakistan.”

Their incompetence and constant wrangling for power in the initial nine years (1947-1956) were also responsible for the delay in constitution-making. Instead of cooperation and mutual accommodation, there was ceaseless infighting. For instance, as early as 1953, a clash between the leadership of Punjab and the central government led to intense communal riots and the imposition of Martial Law in Lahore, the provincial capital. Even as late as the decade 1988-99 of civil supremacy, the fight between the PML and the PPP led to the repeated dissolution of national and provincial assemblies and the dismissal of prime ministers and their cabinets. Finally, it ended with the military takeover in 1999.

The representative character of the civilian parliamentary government during the first decade of Pakistan’s existence was eroded because the country was governed under the Government of India Act of 1935. The purpose of the Act was “to make the appointed governor-general exert dominance over the elected prime minister.” The Act introduced a representative and centralized system of bureaucratic governance, which was an imperative requirement of the colonial government but not of democratic governance. The first general elections in the country should have been held in 1951, i.e., five years after the previous elections in 1946, but this could not happen till 1970.

The reasons for the delay were that the ruling elite, i.e., civil bureaucrats, migrant political leadership, and weak political parties, had few roots in the masses. As a consequence, general elections could not be held for 23 years (1947-1970) of the country’s initial history. On the expiry of the five years term of Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto (1972-1977), the second general elections on the basis of the adult franchise were held on March 7, 1977, which the PPP won with a vast majority.

The opposition parties alleged that the elections had been “rigged on a massive scale”. It has been commented: Elections in Pakistan had been rigged before, notably the presidential election in 1965 and the Provincial Assembly,y elections in the early 1950s, but rigging in these instances did not arouse the mass uprising as it did in 1977. The people of Pakistan were evidently not of the same mind now as they were in those earlier periods.

Corruption in bureaucracy and among political leaders poses a grave threat to good democratic governance. Quaid-i-Azam had termed corruption as “poison” and asked to put that down with an “iron hand”. Now that the international Reconciliation Ordinance, .vnich had withdrawn from prosecution any person “falsely involved for political reasons or through political victimization” between 1986 and 1999, has lapsed on November 28, 2009, the concerned individuals should get themselves cleared in a court of law in a transparent manner. The tribal nature of society in Pakistan is susceptible to nepotism. As an antidote, accountability and transparency are necessary. It is a challenge to the people to reject those leaders and political parties which indulge in corruption and nepotism.

One of the main bottlenecks in constitutional development in Pakistan was that its two wings were separated by about 1000 miles of hostile territory. The eastern wing consisted of one province but was more populous’ than the western wing which was much larger in the area and had as many as four provinces.

The western wing was not prepared to concede majority representation to the eastern wing in the parliament. After a confrontation of nine years between the two wings, the solution was evolved in the l956 constitution in the shape of parity of representation in a quasi-federal structure, neutralizing the majority of the eastern wing and paving the way for the manipulated domination of the western wing.

The domination of the western wing in governance led to an insurgency in the eastern wing which culminated in the separation and independence of Bangladesh in 1971. In post-1971 Pakistan, it came to be realized that ideological moorings alone could not easily overcome ethnic and economic differences. Yet the anti-ethnic attitude and anti-modem thinking prevalent in certain segments of society lean toward a unitary or quasi-federal state as against a true federation.

The latest threat is emanating from extremism and terrorism, especially in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) and the Federally Administered Tribal Area (FATA). This is the spillover effect of the conflict in Afghanistan and is spreading to Pakistan. It is likely to continue as long as there is no peace and stability in that country. However, the military enjoying the support of the nation is successfully combating the extremists and terrorists under the supremacy of the civilian democratic government. It is hoped that the process would continue to its logical conclusion.

Due to the migration of literate Hindus and Sikhs to India, the literacy rate in Pakistan sharply declined. There was about 95 percent illiteracy in Pakistan in 1947, which acted as a hindrance to the growth of civil and democratic society. Feudalism and economic constraint did not permit any Pakistani government to launch a “crash course to expand literacy and grow higher standards.

The national economy has gone bankrupt and the national budget has become all foreign aid-dependent. Islam was the ideology that gave life to the Pakistan movement and later Pakistan itself but is now infested with sectarianism. Military policies gifted the country with cross-border terrorism and three million internally displaced people. Despite having the largest chunk of the national budget and being the seventh-largest army in the world, the Pakistan army is now in a mess of its own creation with little of its hard-earned prestige left to its credit.

The distorted face of the national system as a whole and the failure of the judiciary to guard the constitution of Pakistan are the major factors contributing to the change in the national mindset. The events of the last two years have clearly shown the preference of the people of Pakistan. The masses want democracy as a political and governing system for the country and a judiciary that guard the rights of the people. The military would be respected more if it stays in the barracks or guarded the national borders. The murder of Benazir Bhutto has taught new lessons.

If one compares Pakistani democracy with Western democracy it is said that for over 50 years, Pakistan remains occupied by three major interest groups in the time, opportunities, and resources of the besieged nation. The army, civil service, and the neo-colonial appointed landlords. If there was any rational tolerance scale, the Pakistani nation would certainly secure high marks on its standard of tolerance and survival under most unfavorable circumstances.

One of the pivotal factors supporting the notion of Western liberal democracies is that it provides opportunities for participation to ordinary citizens, right or wrong to culminate a sense of legitimacy for the election exercise and chose people of their interest to manage public affairs for a specified term. But the principles and standards for evil and good vary between the West and the Islamic world . Strange as is, in Pakistan, those who come to occupy the political offices never intend to quit the political power on their own except implication of military force through a coup.

Comparatively, on occasions, western democracies do” encourage educated and competent citizens to strive for their high ideas and ideals and come to the front stage and demonstrate their intentions and will power to seek the goal of ideal public service agendas. E.H. Carr defines the teaching-learning role of history and its value must not be ignored but preserved. Recall the Pakistani military dictators for the last forty-plus years, they each consumed a decade or more to relinquish power, that was not theirs in any systematic and logical context. Ayub Khan was ousted by Yahya Khan.

General Yahya with the complacency of Z.A. Bhutto surrendered East Pakistan to India (now Bangladesh) to share power with Bhutto but was put under house arrest as Bhutto assumed the power that did not belong to him based on the verdict of the people. Rightfully, it was Sheikh MujiburRehman, leader of the East Pakistan Awami League who should have been sworn in as the new leader of united Pakistan but it was treacherously undone by Yahya and Bhutto.

Both should have been tried as traitors in a court of law and punished. Not so, they were rewarded and Bhutto became the first civilian martial law administrator and self-made president of defeated Pakistan in December 1971. Dr.Ishtiaq Qureshi, editor of the Urdu Digest recorded for the history (“Sukoot-e-Dacca seyPurdhautha Hay”- Facts are revealed after the Dacca Surrender) that “in the quest for its survival Pakistan lost its destiny. Yahya and Mujib stabbed the body of Pakistan with one dagger and Bhutto will stab Pakistan with another dagger.”

Suggestions for Democracy in Pakistan

Fo1lowing are the suggestions for improving democracy in Pakistan:

An impartial system of accountability enhances public trust in the political system. It provides enormous strength to the democratic process. Moreover, it compels thousand who are charged with governance, to transparently discharge their official responsibilities. It ensures good governance and strengthens the political setup. In spite of facing innumerable challenges and showing unsatisfactory performance, Pakistanis have the capability to emerge as a democratic and progressive nation. Pakistan can road to democracy with the dedication, determination, commitment, courage, and patriotism of its political leaders.

Reforming the judiciary and incorporating Islamic laws can also soothe the deprived and poor masses who have been manipulated by the extremists due to the sheer negligence of the elected governments and ruling elite. This natura11y causes bitterness toward the present form of political setup.

Moving on, corruption and selfish attitudes are eating away at the institutional structure of our country and such practices never allow democracy to flourish. There is also a need for mature political leadership, which can think above its own gains. All this can only emerge after the formulation and implementation of strict accountability.

On the contrary, weak public institutions can be made strong and productive if the power and authority seep down. The example of many European countries is in front of us, where institutions are powerful and not politicians. Democracy in actuality can only be achieved through such measures.

Our constitution has been a source of constant controversy. Be it the realization of Islamic laws or the concentration of power in the head of the state, the constitution has served as a tool for the legitimization of alien changes and policies. Keeping the constitution intact has been long overdue. No one in power should be allowed to change it for prolongation of rule or appeasing any particular section. The Pakistani movement envisaged a democratic country with a federal structure.

In all Constitutions of Pakistan (1956, 1962, and 1973) the objectives of governance, in the words of Dr. Ainslie T. Embree, Professor Emeritus of Columbia University, are democracy, freedom, equality, tolerance, and social justice as enunciated by Islam, giving Muslims freedom to live their lives in accordance with the teachings of Islam, but with minorities having full freedom to profess their own religions.

Islam lays emphasis on the concept of Shura, i.e., consultation among people, which is the essence of democratic culture. Quaid-i-Azam, the founder of Pakistan had stated:

“We leamed democracy 1300 years ago. Democracy is i11 our blood. It is ill our marrows. Dilly centuries of adverse circumstances have made the circulation of that blood cold. It has got frozen, and our arteries are not functioning. But thank God, the blood is circulating again, thanks to the Muslim League’s efforts. It will be a People’s government. Culturally, ill the region of Pakistan, there is a concept of Jirga or Panchayat, i.e., an assembly of elders, to settle issues and disputes involving two or more two persons. This system has, been prevalent for ages, much before the advent of Islam. Thus, both religion and age-old tradition advocate the concept of consultation in decision-making through all assembly of people, which is the essence of democracy.”

During the period of British supremacy in the subcontinent, the practice of elections to assemblies (local, provincial and central) was introduced through various enactments. Finally, it was the Government of India Act 1935 under which the dominions of India and Pakistan functioned after independence till they framed their own constitutions. These enactments provided the groundwork for democratic governance. It may be of interest to note that even when the democratic rule was suspended by the armed forces, the military rulers always came with the promise to restore democratic governance .

For instance, in 1970, General Yahya Khan is credited with organizing the first-ever general elections in the country, which led to the establishment of democratic governments both in Bangladesh and Pakistan. Besides holding general elections in 2002 and 2007, General Musharraf’s introduction of a local government system introduced in 2001 is considered a “laudable model of governance” because of its principle that whatever can be done at the local level should not be done at a higher tier of governance.

The country is on the path to achieving full literacy and progress towards a higher standard of education in important disciplines. This is strengthening the civil society in ensuring the prevalence of democratic culture at the lower and higher level of governance. Secondly, the print and electronic media in Pakistan are vibrant and independent. A responsible media educates the masses, raises political consciousness, and thus promotes democratic values, norms, and culture. In addition, a number of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are playing an active role in the field of education and contributing to the growth of a vibrant civil society and good governance.

The essential step seems to stop interruption in the democratic process so that we may see more than promos. To judge something, it has to be allowed a chance to survive and act. The elected government must be allowed to complete its tenure in any case. The military has to play a positive role here and not interfere in the smooth democratic process.

As mentioned before, a part of the population wants greater Islamic character in the Govt. and laws. If we analyze this demand, it will be apparent that the enforcement of Sharia is more related to lawmaking. Therefore, what is immediately required is a change in the judicial setup, which has been unable to gain the trust of people until recently. Encouraging steps have already started in this case, but much more needs to be done.

Sadly, the same corrupted pool of thought keeps appearing with new faces and the deceived masses blindly follow them. This is due to the absence of any kind of accountability. Political compromises enhance this trend. Such practices are against moral, democratic as well as Islamic principles and should end immediately.

Next, the all-powerful bureaucracy and feudal politicians should be stripped of their unwarranted authority. It has been a slow evil that has weakened the country like nothing else. They are elected for serving people not to control them. The criteria of merit; the right to freedom and equal progress for common people have become a joke due to such an autocratic setup.

The people of Pakistan in general lack political psyche and consciousness. This is largely due to poor literacy and a never-ending feudalistic rule over 60% of the country. Therefore, it is necessary to educate the masses and make them aware of their political rights. This can begin with greater political socialization by political parties and media.

In a democratic state, media has rightly been called the fourth pillar of the state. It can play a most important role in the present age for creating awareness. Our media has risen from the ashes like a phoenix. It, however, needs to play a positive constructive role and not become another compromised institution as well.

Finally, the strategic position and now the war against terror call forth unwanted attention from the international community sometimes. In the past, military rule has been covertly or openly supported by many countries to gain their own benefits in this region. The international powers must stop interfering in the democratic process and for that to happen, our own government, people and media need to be equally strong.

Politicians may have learned lessons from their past mistakes and are more mature politically. Consensus politics seem to be emerging in the country. In the past, the constant infighting amongst political parties had often led to interference and take-over by the armed forces.

Now a culture of reconciliation, accommodation, and dialogue is emerging. The ideological polarization is diminishing. After the general elections of February 2008, four major political parties, i.e., Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP), PML – Nawaz (PML-N), Awami National Party (ANP), Jamiat-ulUlema-i-Islam – Fazalur Rahman (JUI-Fl and MuttahidaQaumi Movement (MQM) have joined hands to govern the country and re-establish the supremacy of the Parliament in accordance with the Constitution of 1973.

Our youth constitute 30% of the society they are representative of a new generation. Their participation may ensure structural improvements in the national paradigm. It has been witnessed that during the Pakistan movement youth played a vital role in opinion formation and mass awareness and so is the time now. There is a need to guide our youth to take responsibility for our tomorrow.

To sum up, it is the political leadership that can ensure the permanence of democratic governance. The prospects are, however, not as dismal as sometimes portrayed. Already, the literacy rate in Pakistan has increased to more than fifty-five percent. Efforts are afoot to improve the standard of higher education. Economic growth and industrialization have given birth to a vocal urban society and middle class, which is growing. and gradually lessening the influence of the feudal class.

The vibrant electronic and print media is playing an effective role in constructive criticism of the government and in educating the masses. Elections are being held regularly, representative political leadership and political parties are getting stronger and a peaceful mode of transfer of power is becoming the norm. The bureaucracy (both civil and military), though still powerful, may retreat gradually and submit to the people’s power and will and concede to democratic governance. The democratic process is progressing and, hopefully, will be obstructed and derailed, as in the past.

Expected question about this Essay:

• Why has democracy failed in Pakistan?
• What practical measures do you suggest for strengthening democracy in Pakistan?

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A Short Essay: Democracy in Pakistan

Pakistan ranks 104 th in the Democracy Index of 2021 (compared to 105 th in 2020). Its democracy score is only 4.31 . It implies that there is no true democracy in Pakistan. Rather it has a hybrid regime. Norway has the highest score on this index(9.75). On the poverty index, we can see that Norway is once again at the top. It implies that it has the least amount of poverty. So, democracy and less poverty are directly proportional. Uncertain political conditions reduce foreign investment which creates inflation. Ultimately, the country becomes the victim of poverty.

A country having a better ranking in the Democratic index will be having a better ranking in the poverty reduction index. So there is a connection in both and we clearly obtain result that democracy is a solution for poverty reduction in a nation. Robert petric

Introduction

Democratic governance means a government system in which all the people of a country can vote to elect their representatives. The government in turn runs the country according to the mandate given by the people.

A controlled democracy existed in the 1950s, and a simple democracy did so in the 1960s. A socialist democracy existed in the 1970s, a guided democracy existed in the 1980s, and a sham democracy existed in the 1990s. India and Pakistan, two gained independence in 1947. They had the same constitution, the Act of India 1935 . However, governance was the issue. Unlike India, Pakistan experienced an alternative system of government; civil and martial administration.

Pakistan saw several pitfalls. But, now Pakistan is convinced that strengthening democracy in Pakistan can be shaped with hard work. It can be done by the supremacy of the constitution, independence of the judiciary, and rule of law.

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Causes of Failure of Democracy in Pakistan

There are a number of following factors responsible for the failure of democracy in Pakistan.

1. Institutional Imbalance

Since the creation of Pakistan, it is experiencing institutional imbalance. Its roots go back to the British period. Pakistan’s institutional imbalance is due to civil and military bureaucracies and non-democratic parties. Besides, weak political institutions are also causing an imbalance in Pakistan.

Pakistan always lacked a system that could hold free and fair elections. Free and fair elections should be based on a universal franchise. If there was such a system, it could provide a conducive environment for democracy to grow.

2. Intervention of Military

The democratic failure in Pakistan left so much gap to give an opportunity to the military to fulfill that gap. Formal involvement of the military in civilian matters began in 1953. They intervened to contain the riots between Sunnis and Ahmedis. But, in 1958 military intervention resulted in the martial law period.

From 1958 to 1969, Field Marshal Ayub Khan ruled Pakistan. Generals Yahya Khan from 1969 to 1971, Zia-ul-Haq from 1977 to 1989, and Pervez Musharraf from 1999 to 2008 ruled Pakistan. All martial law rulers banned political parties during their regime periods. Moreover, even constitutional abolitions and desired amendments have been there relentlessly.

3. Evasion of Land Reforms

The greatest factor responsible for the failure of democracy in Pakistan is the evasion of land reforms in Pakistan. Feudal hold has increased since its creation. Supreme bureaucracy and feudalism are the two main consequences of the evasion of land reforms.

4. Lack of Vision in Politicians

Lack of vision and lack of competence in leaders is being seen in Pakistan. Pakistan’s conservative clerics and leaders have concocted theology with democratic culture. They have not even established the correct system according to religion. Moreover, they didn’t want the development of modern times.

5. Manipulated Election Process

“Free and fair elections” is one of the necessary elements of democracy. Democratic government is actually the most popular government which can only be achieved by free and fair elections. Only free and fair elections guarantee the genuine representation of people in Parliament. Furthermore, only elections are the source of peaceful regime change. People create a nuisance if they can’t represent their needs and desires.

In this regard, Pakistan has a disappointing image. All general elections except 2006 and 1971 , have been manipulated in different ways. Some of them were manipulated during the pre-phase of elections and some were manipulated during elections. Besides, some of them were manipulated in the post-phase of elections.

6. External Threats & Internal threats

Since the creation of Pakistan, it is facing huge threats from everywhere. Some of the threats are from strong neighbors and the remaining are from extremist Pakistanis. Both threats, whether it is external or internal make it compulsory for the armed forces to become involved in civilian matters. Subsequently, this involvement weakens democratic decision-making.

7. Corruption

Corruption is rampant in Pakistan and pushing our nation to a dead end. It includes the misappropriation of public funds, debts, nepotism, bad debts, misuse of power, and favoritism. The corrupt mafia has blocked the development of Pakistan. Subsequently, people have lost their trust in democratic government. Besides, corruption poses a great threat to Pakistan’s development in the future.

8. Sectarianism

Sectarianism is engulfing Pakistan since 1947. The adoption of religion as a guiding principle in the constitution is causing uncertainty in Pakistan. Basically, it is due to two major sects inhabiting Pakistan i.e. Sunnis and Shias.

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Way Forward

Recommendations for political parties:.

• Political parties should develop well-defined people-friendly ideologies.
• They should expand their organizational network.
• All political parties should have an outlook on democracy as a culture, rather than a process.
• They should train their staff for imparting democratic education.
• They should counter the supremacy of non-political institutions.

Recommendations for State

• First of all, the state should make sure of the supremacy of constitutions.
• There should be immediate steps taken to abolish feudalism in Pakistan.
• Some new laws should be introduced to ensure free and fair elections in order to prevent rigging.
• An independent judiciary should be ensured to implement the rule of law.
• Moreover, there is a dire need for civil-military cooperation in Pakistan. it should be ensured.

Recommendations for Youth

• Youth is an indispensable role in democracy. They should register their votes and take an active part in elections.
• They should join political parties after education.
• All youth members should participate in the election considering it a responsibility.
• They should be aware of political parties and institutions in Pakistan

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Challenges to Democracy in Pakistan | For CSS & PMS Aspirants

• Rukhsana Khalid
• January 8, 2021
• Daily Write-Ups , Featured , Opinions
• 37478 Views

Written by Rukhsana Khalid

Democracy in the land of pure is in jeopardy. Inheriting it as a political ideology but failing to put it in practice, wholeheartedly, has created problems for its essence and the state.

It is generally considered that many attempts have been made to weaken democracy since the inception of Pakistan. Military overstepping, for instance, and the misuse of constitutional powers has derailed it. There are several challenges that democracy face now.

One key challenge to democracy in Pakistan is dynastic politics. After the 1970s, it overshadows the political system of Pakistan. Although it is an essential feature, elections do not by themselves produce democracy. Since they have no say in the process; illiterate voters only go to vote along ethnic lines that promise them for food and shelter. Also, before 2018, there were only two dynastic political parties which form the majority in the parliament, thus have played musical chairs so far.

Beyond dynastic politics, excessive interference of non-civilian institutions in government affairs has weakened democracy. Landlords have occupied power corridors since the inception of Pakistan; however, being least educated, they failed to provide a national level civilian political leadership. It Provides loopholes to powerful institutions to take over the government. Thus, blocking the way of democracy.

Another challenge to democracy is the Islamization of Politics. Islam itself is not a threat to democracy, for it is the people who project their vested interests by giving the public the Lolipop of religion. By doing so, they could gather the support of masses, which help to prolong their rule in power. For it is illiterate, the public falls prey to tactics of politicians that democracy is anti-Islamic. It does not only harm democracy but also hampers the socio-economic growth of the country.

Moreover, the phenomenon of political polarization drags democracy to the brink of failure. It permanently divides society into segments, as they are illiterate, and cannot build a rational opinion, people advocate for their leaders blindly. At upper-level political heads remain busy in leg pulling of each other, leaving no stone unturned to stop the process of healthy debate which is the beauty of democracy, rather than working for the state’s welfare. Giving ideological refuge to their interests, politicians play with sentiments of the public. As a result, it harms national integration and gives rise to populist leaders that mar the smooth working of democracy.

To conclude, throughout the history of Pakistan, although marred by hitches, still, democracy survived. Its longevity can be increased further by taking some appropriate measures. At the societal level, public awareness should be increased to ensure the participation of all in the democratic process. It would also help people build a rational opinion about the performance of its rulers rather than blindly following them. At the upper level, political heads should co-operate with each other to avoid political polarization. It would not only strengthen democracy but also put country on the way of prosperity and stability.

About the writer:

Miss Rukhsana Khalid is one of the bonafide students of Sir Syed Kazim Ali . – one of the distinguished Grammarian in the world. Under his supervision, she is enrolled in course of Online Creative English Writing and learning Basic to Advanced Grammar. Primarily, she is an engineer and loves to write articles and blogs on various topics- Current Affairs, Pakistan Affairs, International Relations, and Beauty. In case of any query, please reach her at [email protected]

Name of the Student: Miss Rukhsana Khalid Qualifications: B.Sc Chemical Engineering Total Articles/Blogs: 2 English Coach: Sir Syed Kazim Ali Course Taken: Creative English Writing & Article Writing

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Democracy in Pakistan Essay with Quotations

by Pakiology | May 24, 2024 | Essay | 1 comment

Explore the evolution, challenges, and progress of democracy in Pakistan in this in-depth essay . Gain insights into the nation’s rich history, the influence of the military, the pervasive issue of corruption, and the role of civil society in shaping Pakistan’s democratic landscape.

Title: The Evolution of Democracy in Pakistan: Challenges, Progress, and Prospects for the Future

Introduction.

Pakistan, a country characterized by its rich and diverse history, has embarked on a tumultuous journey in pursuit of democracy. Overcoming numerous obstacles, its citizens have tenaciously defended their democratic rights and worked diligently to forge a more equitable society. In this comprehensive essay, we delve into the current state of democracy in Pakistan, recognizing its historical context, addressing the persistent challenges it confronts, highlighting the progress made, and considering the prospects for the future.

The Historical Landscape

Democracy, at its core, is a system of government grounded in the principle of representation, allowing citizens to actively participate in decision-making processes that impact their lives. Regrettably, the implementation of democracy in Pakistan has been marred by a series of military coups and periods of martial law, intermittently disrupting its democratic trajectory. Despite these adversities, Pakistan now operates as a federal parliamentary republic with a president and prime minister at the helm.

The Military’s Influence: A Persistent Challenge

A major impediment to democracy in Pakistan has been the enduring influence of the military on the political landscape. Pakistan’s history is replete with instances of military interventions in civilian governance, including several coups and martial law declarations. This persistent interference not only undermines democratic principles but also erodes public trust in the democratic system. Additionally, intelligence agencies have faced accusations of wielding substantial influence in the political sphere, further eroding democratic institutions and processes.

Corruption as a Hindrance: A Deep-Seated Issue

Another significant challenge is the pervasiveness of corruption within Pakistan. Corruption has become deeply ingrained in the country, with numerous politicians and government officials implicated in embezzlement and bribery. This deeply rooted issue corrodes the legitimacy of the democratic process and erodes public trust in the government. The adverse effects of corruption are most acutely felt by marginalized communities, who suffer from a lack of essential public services and resources.

The Resilience of Democratic Aspirations: Signs of Progress

Despite these formidable challenges, the citizens of Pakistan persistently strive to defend their democratic rights and fortify democratic institutions. In recent years, the country has seen a notable rise in the number of civil society organizations dedicated to advocating for transparency, accountability, and the promotion of awareness regarding democratic rights and freedoms. Additionally, the media has played a pivotal role in promoting democratic values and holding the government accountable for its actions.

The Role of Civil Society

Civil society organizations have emerged as vital agents of change in Pakistan’s democratic landscape. They tirelessly work to bridge the gap between the government and the governed, acting as watchdogs for accountability and transparency. Through advocacy, awareness campaigns, and public mobilization, these organizations have managed to shine a spotlight on the pressing issues of democracy and governance in Pakistan. Their activities range from monitoring elections to exposing corruption and advocating for the rule of law.

Media as the Fourth Estate

The media in Pakistan has undergone a transformational journey, evolving into a vibrant fourth estate that plays a crucial role in promoting democratic values. While media outlets often grapple with challenges such as censorship and intimidation, they continue to serve as a check on government power and a forum for diverse voices. Investigative journalism has uncovered corruption scandals, challenged authoritarianism, and provided a platform for citizens to engage in political discourse.

In conclusion, democracy in Pakistan remains an imperfect yet indispensable system, despite the numerous setbacks and challenges it has encountered. The people of Pakistan ardently safeguard their democratic rights, and the fortification of democratic institutions and processes is pivotal for the nation’s future. The enduring challenges posed by military influence, corruption, and public mistrust can only be surmounted through persistent efforts and sustained citizen engagement in the democratic process. As Pakistan continues its journey towards a more robust democracy, the world watches with hope and anticipation, recognizing the nation’s potential to overcome its challenges and achieve democratic excellence. The path may be long and arduous, but the resilience and determination of Pakistan’s people offer a promising outlook for the future of democracy in the country.

Quotes Related to Democracy

Here are a few quotes related to democracy and its challenges in Pakistan:

“A society that puts equality before freedom will get neither. A society that puts freedom before equality will get a high degree of both.” – Milton Friedman, Economist

“The greatest threat to democracy is not the enemies from without, but the enemies from within.” – Thomas Jefferson, Third President of the United States

“I believe that the real solution to the problems facing Pakistan lies in true democracy and the rule of law.” – Imran Khan, Former Prime Minister of Pakistan

“The price of freedom is eternal vigilance.” – John Philpot Curran, Irish Orator and Statesman.

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Sir you have used a lot of bitter words in this essay which are enough to awake a nation.😭😭😭😭 But It’s reality I think inshallah one day we will achieve that original democracy which will prevent our basic rights and our motherland…..

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Democracy Has Failed to Deliver in Pakistan! (Essay for CSS)

Democracy Has Failed to Deliver in Pakistan!

“Why democratic System is Weak in Pakistan: Causes and Solutions”

Pakistan has been in quest for stable democratic system from its very inception. The process of its democratization has been slow and passive. Its nature has remained fragile. It has been showing high vulnerability towards non democratic interventions. Besides, it has been easily falling prey to non-civilian forces. As a result, Pakistan has been continuously failing to offer what a democracy promises. Such pathetic scenario has various reasons behind it at all three levels: State, government and society.

This Essay attempts to pin point and analyze the reasons behind such fragile and weak nature of democracy in Pakistan and extends recommendations along with identifying various means and players especially youth for strengthening democratic process in Pakistan to make it promising and delivering.

Introduction. – From very its start, Pakistan has choiced democratic form of government for itself. Its founders had ardently supported and emphasized for democratic system that could ideally permeate the governance structure and body politic of Pakistan; Quaid Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah’s speech at the Staff College on June 14, 1948 is the witness of his staunch support for democracy as corresponding structure for the polity of Pakistan to make it people friendly and welfare state. However, it is another fact that Quaid Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah himself laid the foundation of non-democratic trends through centralizing structure of Muslim League, dissolving non democratically Sindh Assembly and Ministry of Khan Sahab in NWFP in 1948. Despite all this, what he choiced and dreamt for Pakistan about system is undoubtedly democracy? But unfortunately being constitutionally a democratic country, Pakistan entirely fails to offer what constitutional democracies offer viz, sovereign parliament, free, fair and regular elections, supremacy of constitution, independent Judiciary, rule of law, civilian control over the armed forces, political life free from military involvement, safety to minority rights, provision of basic human needs and guarantee of freedoms of movement, expression, association and assembly .Contrary to dreams ,hopes and promises ,What Pakistan offers is the chequered history of democracy and unstable democratic process. Ironically, the country’s constitution has been abrogated twice (1958 and 1969) and suspended thrice (1977, 1999 and 2007) .More than half of its political life has been encroached by military generals. Five elected governments have been removed by army. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, the founder of political vibrancy, mass based politics and giver of Atomic power to Pakistan was ruthlessly executed through judicial murder. Ex-prime ministers, and Nawaz Sharif and Benazir Bhutto were exiled. Causes: Nothing exists without any reason in universe; creation of everything carries reason with itself. More ever, According to principle of “Cause and Effect” unless the root causes of any problem are not accurately identified and thoroughly diagnosed, problem can’t be solved on sustainable basis. Therefore, let’s find and discuss the causes behind such weak, vulnerable and dented face and status of democracy in Pakistan and try to reach at workable solutions.

Colonial Inheritances and Institutional Imbalance

From time of its very creation, Pakistan has been experiencing institutional imbalance. Its roots go back to British period. Pakistan inherited administrative, political and legal legacies of British period .From political and administrative legacies point of view, Pakistan inherited high institutional imbalance characterized with strong and organized civil and military bureaucracies, weak1 Political institutions and non-democratic political parties. As a result, it lacked strong, dynamic and sustainable political institutions which could hold regular elections based on universal franchise, could build trust of masses into democracy, could protect democratic process against constitutional transgression and could provide a conducive environment for democracy to flourish and could correspond to desires and aspirations of masses. Muslim League which is credited to creation of Pakistan was a movement not a well-structured and deeply rooted political entity2 that could offer post partition program, could counter the power of army and bureaucracy and could offer corresponding structure to desires and needs of masses after the partition. Besides, League was non democratic in its nature led by elitists3.Consequently, It could not produce first line as well second line leadership embedded with love for democratic norms and values in particular and overall democratic culture in general .In this backdrop, administrative supremacy coupled with absence of elections based on universal franchise4 in particular and lack of democratic culture and process in general facilitated bureaucrats to rein the country from 1947 to 1958. Their periods is characterized with dummy and rubber stamped parliaments, abrupt and non-democratic dissolutions of assemblies, political intrigues, bickering and quarrelling, inefficiency, abrupt and fast changes of regimes.

Frequent intervention of Non civilian forces into political domain

Failure of bureaucratic regimes created space for army which was more organized than even civilian bureaucracies to intervene into political domain of country .formal involvement of army into civilian matters begun from martial law in Lahore in 1953 to control the riots between Ahmedis and Sunnies. Thereafter from 1958 army has ruled the country with short sighs, as short as of new born baby, of so called democratic regimes. Field Marshal law Ayub Khan ruled the country from 1958 to 1969, General Yahya Khan from 1969 to 1971, General Zia from 1977 to 1989, General Pervez Musharraf from 1999 to 2008. All four military regimes have remained characterized with impositions of Martial Law, ban on political parties, censorship on media, dissolution of assemblies and abrogation or suspension of constitutions. Thus, they destroyed political institutions and frustrated the forces viz media, political parties that support and channelize consolidation of democracy.

Weak Party System

One among the major forces which counter the military interventions into political domain and extra constitutional steps are genuine political parties with mass based support. But unfortunately Pakistan has been lacking strong and efficient party system which is very vital ingredient of Democracy. Democracy can neither exist nor can consolidate its process without strong, vibrant, vigilant and efficient political parties. Political parties play indispensable role in strengthening democracy in various ways. Parties translate various values and aspects of democracy into reality; they work to institutionalize the diversity of opinions, the beauty of democracy; translate ideological strength of masses into organizational shape; work as channel to elect representatives; serve as mean whereby power is peacefully transformed; serve as platform to mobilize, sensitize and educate public and stand as bridge between public and government. In order to do all these tasks in letter and spirit, Political parties need to be systematically networked, deeply rooted into masses and internally democratic and operationally efficient, immune to internal divisions, sustaining worst times and outliving the death of its founder(s). But, unfortunately Party system in Pakistan has remained very weak. Resultantly, it has created space for nonpolitical forces to emerge into political arena. It is proven fact that, apart from other reasons behind the overt and covert rule of dictators in Pakistan, absence of strong party system has remained one of the potent causes. Such non democratic orientation of political parties has weakened the culture of competition, bred nepotism and created incompetency which has obstructed the democratic process of parties’ aswell country.

Non Democratic Social structure

The nature and structure of society translates itself into nature and structure of political institutions. Political institutions don’t emerge in vaccum; they are expression of social institutions. Political and societal compositions interplay and influence each another. That is why; it is said that democracy is not external but internal Phenomenon6. You cannot plant it like an artificial tree but can set up it through a particular process of democratization. Social structure of Pakistan is by and large feudal. From very its pre partition time , Two forces viz British rulers and Muslim Lesage, ironically who claimed and still claims champion of democracy ,have supported consolidation of feudal structure in the regions which constitute present Pakistan Feudalism and democracy are two quite controversial norms: Feudalism is driven by principles of one person show, oppression, bondage, slavery. Whereas democracy is driven by principles of participation, peace, equality, pluralism and freedom. Owing to this, the nature of parliaments and political parties has remained non democratic in Pakistan. Pakistan has been remaining at the mercy of either these feudal politicians or military generals. One among the reasons which has made India to emerge as democratic polity is that it has abolished feudalism from very its inception. But Muslim League perpetuated and consolidated this system because it was party of feudal itself where as Congress owing to its class question orientation has been anti feudalism. Post partition history of Pakistan is marked with some initiatives taken for land reforms to loose the grip of feudalism. Ayub then President and Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto then prime introduced the reforms. But the reforms introduced by both were ineffective, secondary in their nature and devoid of genuine intent Such feudal structure of society of Pakistan has been obstructing democratic process into various ways. It has translated non democratic trends into political culture. Secondly, it has impeded development of participatory culture. Thirdly, it has formed elitist orientations of politics. Fourthly, it has impeded Bourgeoisie middle class which is support mechanism to democracy .Lastly; it has been obstructing free and independent choice of public in elections which is basic and indispensable component of free elections.

Manipulation of election process.

Free and fair elections are major component of representative democracy. For democracy is, in one way, name of popular government which is not possible without free and fair process of election that guarantees genuine representation of masses in Parliament. Besides, Elections are the source of peaceful regime change. People resort to violent means of change if elections can’t represent their aspirations, needs, and fails to offer them due and fair space. In this regard, Pakistan has dismal image to show. All the general elections except of 1971 and 2006 to some extent, have been manipulated in one or other way either at pre, during or post phase of the elections. The manipulation has been worstly demonstrated into form of political victimization, gerrymandering, stuffed ballot boxes, intimidation of polling staff, pressurizing masses, use of state assets and violating rule of Election commission set for the election. Consequently, elections could not have been instrumental to determine the will of the people and have eroded trust of masses in democracy. If election could have proven to be instrumental in representing genuine will of people, the elected representatives must have elevated dignity of parliament, worked for strengthening of democracy and for welfare of masses whereby developing their trust in democracy.

Solutions/Recommendations

The problem of democracy is solvable in Pakistan, if genuine steps are taken with cohesive and integrated approach. Let me extend few suggestions for strengthening democratic system, process and culture in Pakistan.

• Feudalism should be immediately abolished to enable elections genuine instrumental of people’s wishes; to create participatory culture; to develop democratic values and to transform social stagnancies into dynamism which all together help consolidation of democratic process.
• Judiciary should be made Independent so as to enable it to ensure implementation of rule of law; to undo and stop all legal and constitutional transgressions.
• Parliament should be made sovereign. A specific channel should be launched in parliament that air proceedings to make masses aware of what is going into it. It will make legislatures serious and responsible in their conduct and will push them to chalk out people friendly policies which in turn will make governance efficient and will build trust of masses in democracy. In this way, space and need of call to army to intervene in political domain will dwindle largely.
• Supremacy of constitution should be ensured. Article six9 should be practiced in letter and spirit to check all constitutional abrogation which has been by and large affecting democratic process in Pakistan.
• Free and fair election should be ensured through independent Election Commission in order to prevent the rigging.
• Democracy education should be incorporated in the syllabus at all levels of education to promote and create democratic values, norms and practices in youth in particular and in masses in general.
• Political party rules 2002 should be strictly implemented in order to help democratic structure and conduct of political parties.
• Funds should be allocated on the basis of membership to political parties in order to strengthen them to work effectively for democracy.

For Political parties:

• Political Parties should develop well defined people friendly ideology, expand their organizational network, perform structurally and operationally democratic, develop strong coordination between their lower and higher tires , train their staff and impart democratic education to masse to give outlook of political entities which could generate the atmosphere of democracy within and outside of them, counter the supremacy of non-political institutions ,Counter the constitutional transgression through public support mustered by restoring their trust in political parties.

For Civil Society Organizations.

Civil society organization should

• Impart democracy education to general masses, youth, political workers media persons and writers ;
• enhance capacity of political parties and other stake holders in order to make them vigilant, vibrant and responsive towards question and issue of democracy;
• impart liberal ,progressive and political education to masses in order to create political society to create conducive atmosphere for democracy;
• lobby with the lawmakers to pursue them to take concrete initiatives for consolidation of democracy such as incorporation of democracy education in syllabus, allocation of funds for political parties etc;
• launch advocacy programs to highlight non democratic trends and actions;
• launch capacity building programs for youth to inculcate love for politics and democracy into them

Youth is the most significant part of any human society. They have played indispensible role in emancipation of human being .With fresh and hot blood, youth is always inclined towards activism, dynamism, change, and novelty. Populations of Pakistan constitute almost 35 percent of youth. Therefore, they also share the onus of enhancing democracy in Pakistan. Their indifferent attitude towards democracy in particular and towards politics in general will counter product rather produce constructively for consolidation of democracy. Therefore, youth of Pakistan should

• Join political parties after academic education because what execute plans for democracy most effectively are political parties;
• Should raise the issue and question of democracy in print and electronic media;
• Impart democracy education into their constituencies;
• Register their votes and take active part in election process;
• Join national and international youth organizations which work for democracy.

Short analysis reveals that Pakistan has been badly experiencing chequered history of democracy. Weak political institutions, frequent military interventions, frequent dissolution of civilian governments, Engineered and flawed election process, weak party system, lack of constitutionalism and lack of rule of laws has been obstructing way for promotion of genuine democracy in Pakistan which would be characterized with sovereign parliament, free, fair and regular elections, supremacy of constitution, independent Judiciary, rule of law, civilian control over the armed forces, political life free from military involvement, safety to minority rights, provision of basic human needs and guarantee of freedom of movement, expression, association and assembly. In this backdrop, Onus lies on State institutions, political parties, civil society organizations and youth to play part of their role as enumerated in recommendations given above to create space for democracy to entrench itself firmly in Pakistan as it could be delivering and substantial.

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Tuesday 3 October 2017

Democracy in pakistan essay outline for css and other tests.

Democracy in Pakistan

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Polarized politics: the issues and challenges of democracy in Pakistan: CSS ESSAY 2020

Table of Contents

Thesis statement

The polarized politics in Pakistan pose significant challenges to democracy, impacting governance, stability, and societal cohesion.

Introduction

Democracy has had a tumultuous journey in Pakistan since its inception in 1947. The country has witnessed periods of military rule, political instability, and a deeply polarized political landscape. The polarization in Pakistani politics poses significant challenges to the functioning of democracy, affecting governance, stability, and societal cohesion. This essay aims to explore the complexities of polarized politics in Pakistan, identify its challenges to democracy, and propose potential solutions for fostering reconciliation and democratic consolidation.

Exposition: Understanding Polarized Politics in Pakistan

To comprehend the dynamics of polarized politics, it is essential to define and explain its concept. Polarized politics refers to a deeply divided political environment where competing political factions hold extreme and divergent ideologies. In Pakistan, this polarization is rooted in historical and socio-cultural factors, as well as regional and ethnic divisions. It is often fueled by religious, sectarian, and linguistic differences, exacerbating the challenges faced by democracy in the country.

Challenges to Democracy in Pakistan

The challenges posed by polarized politics in Pakistan are multifaceted and have far-reaching implications for democratic governance. Firstly, the weakening of democratic institutions due to inefficiency and corruption undermines the trust of the citizens in the system. The lack of transparency and accountability erodes public confidence in elected representatives and hampers the effective functioning of democracy.

Ethnic and religious divisions further exacerbate the challenges. Sectarianism and religious extremism have perpetuated violence and intolerance, leading to societal fragmentation. Regional disparities and ethnic tensions add another layer of complexity to the political landscape, impeding the formation of a cohesive national identity and hindering efforts to build consensus on key issues.

The role of the military in politics has also been a significant challenge for democracy in Pakistan. Frequent military interventions disrupt democratic processes, leading to political instability and a cycle of power struggles. The influence of the military on governance and policymaking creates a power imbalance and undermines the democratic principles of civilian control and oversight.

Impact on Governance and Development

The polarization of politics has a detrimental impact on governance and development in Pakistan. Policy gridlock and hindered decision-making are prominent consequences of the deep divisions between political factions. The focus on short-term political gains often takes precedence over long-term planning and development strategies, resulting in a lack of coherent policies and delayed implementation of critical reforms.

Economically, the impact of polarized politics is significant. The uncertainty and instability arising from political polarization deter both local and foreign investment. The lack of investor confidence hinders economic growth, job creation, and poverty alleviation efforts. Moreover, the absence of consensus on economic policies further hampers sustainable development and prevents the realization of the country’s full potential.

Socially, the implications of polarization are profound. Divisions along political, ethnic, and religious lines create an atmosphere of hostility and distrust among different segments of society. This fragmentation weakens social cohesion and inhibits collective action towards common goals, such as education, healthcare, and social welfare. Building a cohesive society that respects diversity and promotes inclusivity becomes a considerable challenge in such an environment.

Argumentation: Addressing Polarized Politics for Strengthening Democracy

Despite the complex challenges posed by polarized politics, there are ways to address these issues and strengthen democracy in Pakistan. Firstly, promoting inclusive governance and power-sharing mechanisms can help bridge the gaps between different political factions. By ensuring representation and participation of diverse groups, political decisions can reflect the interests and aspirations of a wider range of citizens, fostering a sense of ownership and inclusivity.

Strengthening democratic institutions and processes is another crucial aspect of mitigating polarization. Efforts should be made to enhance the transparency, accountability, and efficiency of government institutions. This includes electoral reforms, judicial independence, and bureaucratic reforms to reduce corruption and improve service delivery. Strengthening the rule of law and ensuring equal access to justice can build trust in the democratic system.

Fostering inter-party dialogue and consensus-building is vital to overcome political polarization. Political leaders and parties should engage in constructive and respectful dialogue to find common ground on key issues. This requires a willingness to set aside personal and partisan interests for the greater good of the nation. Mediation and conflict resolution mechanisms can play a pivotal role in facilitating such dialogues and fostering a culture of compromise and cooperation.

Civil society participation and engagement are essential for democratic consolidation. NGOs, advocacy groups, and grassroots organizations can provide platforms for citizen participation, civic education, and community empowerment. They can amplify the voices of marginalized groups and contribute to the development of a more inclusive and participatory democracy.

Enhancing media freedom and responsible journalism is crucial in combating polarization. A free and independent media can play a significant role in promoting unbiased reporting, fact-checking, and providing a platform for diverse perspectives. Journalists and media professionals have a responsibility to uphold ethical standards, present balanced narratives, and contribute to informed public discourse.

Description: Successful Examples and Case Studies

Several countries have grappled with political polarization and managed to overcome its challenges. For example, post-apartheid South Africa embarked on a truth and reconciliation process to heal the wounds of a divided society. This initiative aimed at acknowledging past injustices, promoting dialogue, and fostering reconciliation among different racial and ethnic groups. The South African experience demonstrates the power of dialogue, forgiveness, and collective healing in overcoming polarization and building a more inclusive democracy.

Similarly, countries like Finland and Canada have implemented policies and programs that emphasize social cohesion, equality, and inclusivity. These nations have recognized the importance of addressing societal divisions through educational reforms, intercultural dialogue, and proactive measures to bridge gaps between different communities. Their experiences highlight the significance of social integration and building shared values as foundations for a robust and cohesive democracy.

Narration: The Path to Reconciliation and Democratic Consolidation

To embark on the path to reconciliation and democratic consolidation, Pakistan must take certain steps. Firstly, reducing polarization requires a commitment from political leaders to prioritize national interest over personal gains. They must engage in constructive dialogue, demonstrate willingness to compromise, and embrace inclusivity as a core value.

Inclusive political participation is essential to ensure that diverse voices are represented and heard. This includes women, youth, religious and ethnic minorities, and marginalized communities. Empowering these groups through political representation, affirmative action, and access to education can foster social cohesion and strengthen democracy.

Cultivating a culture of tolerance and respect is crucial. This involves promoting intercultural and interfaith dialogue, encouraging empathy, and addressing prejudices and biases. Educational institutions play a pivotal role in promoting democratic values, critical thinking, and respect for diversity. Integrating civic education into the curriculum can nurture an informed and engaged citizenry committed to democratic principles.

The challenges of polarized politics in Pakistan are significant and impact the functioning of democracy, governance, and societal harmony. However, through inclusive governance, strengthening democratic institutions, fostering dialogue, and promoting social cohesion, it is possible to overcome these challenges and consolidate democracy. The path to reconciliation and democratic consolidation requires collective efforts, commitment to the principles of democracy, and a shared vision of a united and prosperous Pakistan. By addressing the issues of polarization, Pakistan can pave the way for a more inclusive, stable, and resilient democracy that serves the interests of all its citizens

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4. Polarized politics: the issues and challenges of democracy in Pakistan. 2020

Polarized politics: the issues and challenges of democracy in Pakistan. 2020

Introduction

Pakistan has been struggling with polarized politics since its inception in 1947. The country’s political landscape is characterized by a deep divide between the ruling elite and the opposition parties. Polarization has resulted in political instability, weak democratic institutions, and social unrest. This essay discusses the issues and challenges of democracy in Pakistan and how polarized politics is hindering the country’s democratic progress.

Background of Polarized Politics in Pakistan

Pakistan’s political polarization has its roots in the country’s history. The country’s political landscape is dominated by a few political families, and political power is concentrated in the hands of a small group of elites. The political elites have used their power to maintain their grip on the country’s resources and institutions, perpetuating a cycle of corruption and nepotism.

The military has also played a significant role in Pakistan’s polarized politics. The country has been under military rule for a significant portion of its history, and the military has often intervened in the country’s political affairs. Military interventions have weakened democratic institutions and hindered the development of a strong and independent civil society.

Issues of Polarized Politics in Pakistan

Polarized politics has resulted in several issues that have hindered Pakistan’s democratic progress. Firstly, polarization has led to a lack of consensus on critical issues, resulting in weak policymaking and implementation. The ruling elite and the opposition parties are often at loggerheads, resulting in a stalemate on important policy decisions.

Secondly, polarization has led to political instability, which has had a significant impact on the country’s economic development. Investors are often reluctant to invest in a politically unstable environment, resulting in a lack of economic growth and job opportunities.

Thirdly, polarized politics has weakened Pakistan’s democratic institutions. The country’s judiciary, media, and civil society are often influenced by political polarization, which has resulted in a lack of independence and impartiality. The erosion of these institutions’ independence has resulted in a weak system of checks and balances, which is essential for the functioning of a strong democracy.

Challenges of Democracy in Pakistan

Pakistan’s democracy faces several challenges that have hindered its progress. Firstly, the country’s weak democratic institutions have resulted in a lack of accountability and transparency. Corruption and nepotism are widespread, and the country’s institutions lack the capacity to hold those in power accountable.

Secondly, the military’s intervention in politics has weakened democratic institutions and hindered the development of a strong and independent civil society. The military has often played a role in installing and removing governments, resulting in political instability and weak democratic institutions.

Thirdly, the lack of political will to address the country’s challenges has hindered Pakistan’s democratic progress. The ruling elite is often more focused on maintaining their power and wealth than addressing the country’s critical issues.

Overcoming the Challenges of Democracy in Pakistan

To overcome the challenges of democracy in Pakistan, several steps need to be taken. Firstly, there is a need to strengthen democratic institutions and ensure their independence and impartiality. The judiciary, media, and civil society should be free from political interference and have the capacity to hold those in power accountable.

Secondly, there is a need to address the country’s critical issues, such as corruption, poverty, and terrorism. The ruling elite needs to prioritize these issues and develop policies to address them. Political will is crucial in addressing these issues and moving towards a more inclusive and prosperous Pakistan.

Thirdly, there is a need to reduce polarization in politics. The ruling elite and the opposition parties need to engage in constructive dialogue and find common ground on critical issues. Political polarization has resulted in weak policymaking and political instability, hindering Pakistan’s democratic progress.

Pakistan’s democracy faces significant challenges, and polarized politics has hindered its progress. Political polarization has resulted in weak democratic institutions, political.

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By Mohammad Ali

Mr. Ali, a journalist and writer who focuses on right-wing efforts to transform India into a Hindu nation, wrote from Delhi.

I used to answer the phone with “Salam.” Not anymore. I don’t want people to know I’m a Muslim.

There is little that would identify me as Muslim to begin with, aside from my name. I don’t wear a skullcap, and in public I avoid wearing the loosefitting Pathani kurta and peppering my speech with Urdu words, all of which are identity markers for Indian Muslims. But in the India of Prime Minister Narendra Modi, you can’t take any chances.

For 10 years, Mr. Modi’s Hindu-chauvinist government has vilified the nation’s 200 million Muslims as dangerous undesirables. Recently, he took that rhetoric to a new low during the six weeks of voting in India’s national elections — which are widely expected to win him a third consecutive five-year term — directly referring to Muslims as “infiltrators” in a country that he and his followers seek to turn into a pure Hindu state.

As offensive as that was, it is sadly familiar to Indian Muslims like me who — after a decade of denigration, violence and murder — live in daily fear of being identified and attacked, forcing us into self-denial to protect ourselves.

India is home to one of the world’s largest Muslim populations. Islam came here around 1,300 years ago, and Indian Muslims descend from natives of this land who converted to Islam centuries ago. Many Indian Muslims fought against British colonization, and millions rejected the 1947 partition of the country into a predominantly Hindu India and a mostly Muslim Pakistan. India is our home, and people like me are proud patriots.

But Mr. Modi’s Hindu nationalism has made us the targets in what might be the largest radicalization of people on the planet. Its seeds were planted with the founding in 1925 of Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, a right-wing Hindu organization that sought the establishment of a fully Hindu state in India and was inspired by the European fascism of that era. When Mr. Modi’s Bharatiya Janata Party — a political offshoot of Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh — won elections in 2014 and he became prime minister, he and his followers saw it as the civilizational moment that Hindus had been waiting for. Mr. Modi was the god-king who would free Hindu civilization from centuries of domination, first by a series of Muslim rulers culminating with the Mughal empire that ruled India for around three centuries and then by the British colonizers who followed.

Islamophobia isn’t new to India, and Muslims also faced prejudice and recurring violence during the generations in which the liberal upper-caste Hindu elite dominated the nation’s secular democratic politics. But under Mr. Modi’s right-wing leadership, hatred of Muslims has effectively become state policy. India is now a country where police have been accused of standing by as Hindus attack Muslims , where the killers of religious minorities go unpunished and where Hindu extremists openly call for the genocide of Muslims.

Protest, and you run the risk of having a Hindu mob unleashed on you. That’s what happened after Mr. Modi’s government in 2019 pushed through a citizenship law that discriminates against Muslims and his party promised to expel “infiltrators” from the country. When Indian Muslims protested, one of Mr. Modi’s supporters responded with a provocative speech that is blamed for sparking deadly clashes between Hindus and Muslims in Delhi in February 2020. Police were accused of looking the other way as Muslims had their shops destroyed, were assaulted and were even killed.

Bulldozers have become a symbol of this state terrorism — rolled out at right-wing rallies, tattooed on the arms of Modi supporters and featured in Hindu nationalist songs — because of their use in areas governed by the Bharatiya Janata Party to illegally knock down the homes and businesses of Muslims who dare to speak up. Some states have essentially made Muslim-Hindu relationships illegal, based on an absurd Hindu conspiracy theory that Muslim men are seducing Hindu women as part of a long-term plan to turn India into a Muslim nation.

The liberal Hindu elite, instead of acknowledging its role in enabling the sentiments on which Mr. Modi has capitalized, has done little to help, other than to ineffectually express nostalgia for a lost Hindu tolerance. And there is little that Indian Muslims can do within the political system: Although the Muslim share of India’s population has slowly grown to 14 percent, the percentage of Parliament members who are Muslim has declined to less than 5 percent today, compared with 9 percent in the early 1980s.

The Indian Muslim response to our subjugation has largely been a deafening silence. Many of us are simply unwilling to speak out against the Modi’s government bitter bargain: that for us to exist as Indian citizens, we must meekly accept historical revisionism, dehumanization and demonization.

This debasement, and the knowledge that you are essentially outside the protection of the law, kills something inside you. You take precautions to protect yourself. My mother no longer packs mutton for me to take back to Delhi after I visit her, as she used to. She’s afraid it will be mistaken for beef: Dozens of Muslims have reportedly been killed or assaulted by Hindu mobs on suspicion of killing cows — which are sacred to Hindus — or for eating or possessing beef . Muslim parents now routinely repeat a litany of don’ts to their children: Don’t appear Muslim in public, don’t reveal your name, don’t enter Hindu areas or travel alone and don’t get pulled into any potential confrontation.

While we caution one another to blend in, it’s difficult to reconcile with the whole thing. Each of us has something embedded in our sense of self and expression that is particularly painful to erase. And the sort of physical markers we are trying to hide are not even wholly specific to Muslims in India. My cousin likes to wear his Pathani kurta, but so do many Hindus. My youngest sister prefers to keep her head covered, but so do many Hindu women, although not with a hijab. I’m attached to using certain Urdu words that have long been a feature of India’s syncretic culture and have been used widely by Hindus, too.

Self-denial leads to deep frustration. Now during gatherings with friends and family, we avoid politics; discussing the elephant in the room only reminds us of our helplessness. The cumulative weight of all this has created a mental health crisis of fear and depression among Muslims. Yet because of a desperate shortage of mental health professionals in India and a limited understanding of our new reality by many non-Muslim therapists, many Muslims are left to cope on their own.

I was hesitant to write this essay. I am not supposed to protest, to speak up. When I sometimes do, posting online about it, the typical response is, “Go to Pakistan.” But why would I leave? I am an Indian. I was born here, as were my ancestors who opposed the religious basis of the partition with Pakistan and believed in the Indian ideals of secular democracy.

But many Muslims have fled over the years, emigrating to Australia, Canada, Britain, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, Malaysia or elsewhere because of the worsening political climate. Many who can’t afford to emigrate are moving out of the predominantly Hindu or mixed neighborhoods where they lived for decades, to poorer Muslim areas for safety. Two of my Muslim friends and I used to own apartments in a suburban area near New Delhi where many upper-caste Hindus lived. But in 2020, after the discriminatory citizenship law was passed, a Hindu mob charged through the neighborhood baying for Muslim blood. My two friends soon moved out. I kept my apartment, but in the elevator one evening in 2022, I overheard two men discussing how many katua (a derogatory term for Muslims that refers to circumcision) lived in the area. I moved out the next day. Sadly, Hindu friends and colleagues of mine also have become colder and more distant and are dropping out of contact.

On June 1, India’s voting period comes to a close. It looms as a day of dread for Muslims like me. According to most projections, it will be another victory for Mr. Modi — and further validation of mob rule and the debasement of 200 million Muslims by a hubristic Hindu majority.

Mohammad Ali (@hindureporter) is an independent journalist and writer who divides his time between New York and India. He is writing a book on growing up in India as Narendra Modi and his party have sought to transform India into a Hindu nation.

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CSS Exam Pakistan 2024

The Central Superior Services (CSS) exam is a competitive exam conducted by the Federal Public Service Commission (FPSC) in Pakistan. It is considered one of the most prestigious exams in Pakistan as it provides an opportunity to join the civil service of Pakistan in various groups and services.

The CSS exam is conducted every year under the authority of the Pakistan government and is open to all Pakistani citizens who have completed their bachelor’s degree. The exam is known for its high difficulty level, and candidates are tested in various subjects, including general knowledge, current affairs, Pakistan Affairs, English, mathematics, and essay writing. Successful candidates are then able to apply for various civil service positions in Pakistan, including Islamabad, Punjab, Sindh, Baluchistan, and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The CSS exam is seen as a crucial step towards building a career in the civil service of Pakistan

Table of Contents

ELIGIBILITY :

Nationality:.

• You must be a citizen of Pakistan or a person deriving nationality from the State of Jammu and Kashmir or Gilgit-Baltistan.
• You must be between the ages of 21 and 30 years on December 31st of the year preceding the exam. (e.g., For the 2024 exam, you must be born between January 1, 1994, and December 31, 2003).
• Government employees
• Candidates from specific regions or recognized tribes

Educational Qualification:

• You must possess a Bachelor’s Degree (or equivalent) from a recognized university in Pakistan or abroad.
• The minimum passing requirement is typically 45% marks (or equivalent grade) in your bachelor’s program.

Preliminary Test (MPT)

The CSS exam in Pakistan requires a qualifying Preliminary Test (MPT). This 200-minute, 200-mark MCQ test is held annually and determines who can take the written exam. You need 33% to pass, and there’s no limit on attempts. Applications are online only with a fee. Results are posted online, not mailed. Eligibility for the written exam is separate and required to qualify, regardless of MPT performance.

CSS Exam – Detail of Written Exam

A candidate has to appear in the following four parts of CSS Exam:

• Written Test

Medical Test

Psychological test, css compulsory and optional subjects fo r written examination (1200marks).

• The written exam consists of twelve (12) papers. Out of which six (6) are compulsory papers and the remaining six (6) are optional papers. Each paper has 100 marks.
• The written exam carries 1200 marks in total. Out of which, 600 marks are for compulsory papers and 600 marks are for optional papers.
• Time allowed for each paper is 3 Hours.
• Each paper has Part-I (Objective part) and Part-II (Subjective part). Part-I is attempted on a separate sheet which collected back after 30 minutes.
• Qualifying marks for the compulsory paper is 40% and for the optional paper is 33%.
• Optional papers are to be selected from the groups of subjects in the list according to the rules specified for them by FPSC.

Compulsory Subjects

• All subjects are compulsory for all candidates.
• Each subject has a separate paper and is graded out of 100 marks.
• The total marks for compulsory subjects are 600.

OPTIONALSUBJECTS (600MARKS)

The minimum standard of optional subjects will be that of an honor’s degree of a university in Pakistan. The candidates are required to select optional subjects carrying a total of 600 marks from the following groups as per rules given in column-1 below:

Group-1  One subject carrying 200 marks

Group-2  One subject carrying 200 marks or 2 Subjects carrying 100 Marks

Group-3  One subject carrying 100 marks

Group-4  One subject carrying 100 marks

Group-5  One subject carrying 100 marks

Group-6  One subject carrying 100 marks

Group-7  One subject carrying 100 marks

Purpose: The medical test assesses a candidate’s physical and mental fitness for the demands of civil service.

Eligibility: Only candidates who qualify for the written exam are called for the medical test.

Conducted by: A medical board constituted by the Federal Public Service Commission (FPSC).

Documents Required: Fresh reports for various tests like Serum Lipid Profile, Blood CP, LFTs, ESR, Urine RE, Chest X-ray (or Ultrasound abdomen for pregnant women), and a fresh eye prescription.

The psychological test is a crucial element, but it’s more about showcasing your true self and suitability for the role than scoring high.

• Purpose: Assesses your personality, aptitude, and suitability for the civil service.
• Not separately scored: Doesn’t contribute directly to your final score.
• Impacts interview: Performance influences your score in the interview portion (300 marks).
• No preparation required: Be yourself and answer honestly.
• Activities involved: May include written tests, group discussions, and interviews with psychologists.
• Restricted information: Specific details about the test format and content are not publicly available.

Viva Voce test (interview)

• Purpose: Assess suitability for civil service.
• Marks: 300 (separate from written exam).
• Minimum Passing Score: 100 (failing this results in failing the entire CSS exam).
• Content: Questions on general knowledge, moral & ethical qualities, intelligence, potential for leadership, analytical skills, and career aspirations.
• Additional Factors: Interviewers consider your academic record, extracurricular activities, and overall personality.
• Preparation Tips: Research current affairs, practice answering interview questions, and be prepared to discuss your career goals.

FPSC CSS Date Sheet 2024 for Written Exam

FPSC CSS Date Sheet for Written Exam of Competitive Examination CSS 2024 has been announced by Federal Public Service Commission. Check the latest update about CSS 2024 by FPSC. Check Date Sheet for CSS Written Papers to be held in February 2024. CSS Exams 2024 are starting on 29 February 2024 and will end on 08 March 2024.

PROCEDURE TO APPLY:

(a) Deposit examination fee @ Rs.2200/-on or before 8th January, 2024 in the nearest Government treasury/State Bank of Pakistan/National Bank of Pakistan under the account head “C02101-Organs of State Exam fee (FPSC Receipt through Challan form available on website.

(b) Submit online application to FPSC on or before 8th January, 2024 available at FPSC website. Choose optional subjects in terms of Appendix-I of CSS CE Rules, 2019. Choose Examination Centre carefully. Subsequent changes in optional subjects and Examination Centre may not be allowed.

(c) Duly signed hardcopy of online application along with original Treasury Receipt and attested copies of Matric certificate, Intermediate certificate, Graduation certificate, degrees, CNIC, domicile etc and four photographs must reach FPSC on or before 18th January, 2024. If hardcopy/documents reach to FPSC after 18th January, 2024 it would not be accepted and candidature will be rejected.

(d) Online Application, Challan Form, Rules & Syllabus for Written CSS Competitive Examination are available on FPSC Website https://www.fp.c.gov.pk

(e) Admission Certificates for CSS written examination shall be uploaded on website by 20th February, 2024 from where candidates may download the same. No separate intimation through post will be sent to candidates.

(f) All candidates are cautioned that they should prefer online submission of applications without waiting for the last date. FPSC shall not be responsible for any non-submission due to heavy load on website in the last hours. Likewise, submission of hardcopy of application along with requisite documents should be dispatched as early as possible in order to avoid possibility of rejection due to late receipt, in FPSC for any unexpected circumstances/delays in postage etc.

FAQ’s

What is the css exam.

The Central Superior Services (CSS) exam is a competitive examination to recruit officers for various civil service groups in Pakistan.

Who can appear for the CSS exam?

Pakistani citizens with a bachelor’s degree (or equivalent) from a recognized university can apply, subject to age limits and other eligibility criteria.

How often is the CSS exam held?

The CSS exam is typically held once a year.

What is the selection process for the CSS exam?

The selection process involves three stages: a Preliminary Test (MCQs), a written exam with multiple compulsory and optional subjects, and a final interview (Viva Voce).

What is the purpose of the MPT?

The MPT is a qualifying test to shortlist candidates for the written exam.

What is the format of the MPT?

It’s a 200-minute paper-based MCQ test with 200 marks.

What is the passing score for the MPT?

You need to score at least 33% (66 marks) to qualify for the written exam.

How many times can I take the MPT?

There is no limit on the number of attempts for the MPT.

What subjects are included in the written exam?

There are six compulsory subjects (English Essay, English Precis & Composition, General Science & Ability, Current Affairs, Pakistan Affairs, Islamic Studies/Ethics) and several optional subjects to choose from.

How many marks are allocated to each subject?

Each compulsory subject is worth 100 marks, and the total for compulsory subjects is 600. Optional subjects can vary in marks depending on the chosen subject.

How should I choose optional subjects?

Choose subjects that align with your academic background, interests, and career aspirations.

What is the time duration for each written paper?

Each written paper is typically three hours long.

What is the purpose of the Viva Voce?

The Viva Voce is an interview to assess a candidate’s suitability for the civil service.

How many marks are allocated to the Viva Voce?

The Viva Voce is worth 300 marks (separate from the written exam).

What is the minimum passing score for the Viva Voce?

You need to score at least 100 marks in the Viva Voce, otherwise you will fail the entire CSS exam.

What kind of questions are asked in the Viva Voce?

Expect questions on general knowledge, moral & ethical qualities, intelligence, potential for leadership, analytical skills, and career aspirations.

What is the age limit for appearing in the CSS exam?

The age limit varies depending on the category (e.g., 21-30 years for general candidates).

Can I apply for the CSS exam if I have a foreign degree?

Foreign degrees may be considered if recognized by the Higher Education Commission (HEC) of Pakistan.

What if I have a criminal record?

Candidates with a criminal record may be ineligible. Check official guidelines for details.

How do I apply for the CSS exam?

Applications are typically submitted online through the Federal Public Service Commission (FPSC) website.

What documents are required for the application?

Required documents may include educational certificates, transcripts, CNIC, passport-size photographs, etc.

Is there an application fee for the CSS exam?

Yes, there is an application fee (check FPSC website for current amount).

How important is current affairs knowledge for the CSS exam ?

Current affairs knowledge is crucial for several subjects.

What are some good resources for preparing for the CSS exam?

FPSC website, past papers, textbooks, online resources, and coaching academies (if applicable).

Should I focus on memorization or analytical skills for the CSS exam?

While memorization has a role, develop strong analytical and critical thinking skills to effectively analyze information and form well-reasoned arguments.

How can I improve my English language skills for the CSS exam?

Read extensively, practice writing essays and summaries, and consider taking English language proficiency tests.

What is the importance of time management during the written exam?

Effective time management is essential to complete all sections within the allotted time. Practice timed writing exercises.

What should I wear to the Viva Voce ?

Dress professionally and appropriately for a formal interview setting.

How can I overcome interview anxiety for the Viva Voce?

Practice mock interviews, research common interview questions, and prepare clear and concise answers.

What are some tips for making a good impression during the Viva Voce?

Maintain eye contact, project confidence, speak clearly, and demonstrate strong communication skills.

How are the CSS exam results announced?

Results are typically published on the FPSC website.

What happens if I pass the CSS exam?

Successful candidates will undergo medical and psychological assessments followed by a service allocation process.

What are the career prospects after passing the CSS exam?

Passing the CSS exam opens doors to prestigious careers in various government departments and ministries.

Is there a syllabus for the optional subjects in the CSS exam?

Yes, the FPSC website provides a detailed syllabus for each optional subject.

Can I repeat the CSS exam if I fail?

Yes, there is no limit on the number of attempts for the CSS exam, subject to age restrictions.

What are some tips for writing a strong essay in the CSS exam?

Choose a relevant topic, develop a clear thesis statement, structure your essay logically, use strong evidence and examples, and demonstrate proper grammar and vocabulary.

Are there any benefits for appearing in the CSS exam even if I don’t get selected?

The preparation process itself can enhance your knowledge, analytical skills, and overall confidence.

What are some recommended resources for studying Islamic Studies/Ethics for the CSS exam?

Consult FPSC curriculum guidelines and explore textbooks, online resources, and relevant courses.

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Tiananmen at 35—the ongoing struggle for human rights and democracy in china.

In 1989, citizens in China from all walks of life participated in demonstrations that swept throughout the country including in Beijing’s Tiananmen Square. The peaceful demonstrators of that year called upon the Chinese government to eliminate corruption, accelerate political reform, and protect human rights, particularly the freedom of expression—demands echoed during the “White Paper” protests that spread throughout China in 2022. The Chinese Communist’s Party’s violent suppression of the 1989 demonstrations, along with ongoing censorship of any public discussion of what happened in June of 1989, have had far-reaching consequences for Chinese society and U.S.-China relations. 

On the 35th anniversary of the Tiananmen Square Massacre, this hearing will review the legacy of the 1989 protests and look at how a new generation of advocates are seeking to both preserve the memory of Tiananmen and advocate for human rights and political reforms in the People’s Republic of China, despite increasing intimidation and censorship.  Witnesses will provide testimony about Hong Kong’s efforts to repress Tiananmen commemorations, discuss the impact of the “White Paper Movement” on a next generation of advocates, and provide details about the PRC’s transnational repression efforts targeting those advocating for greater freedoms in China.  

The hearing will be livestream on the CECC’s YouTube channel .

Witnesses: 

Fengsuo Zhou —Tiananmen student leader and Executive Director, Human Rights in China

Rowena He —Senior Research Fellow, University of Texas, Austin and author of Tiananmen Exiles: Voices for the Struggle for Democracy in China

Ruohui Yang —founder of the human rights and democracy organization Assembly of Citizens and student at Humber College, Canada

"Karin" (an alias) —White Paper Protest activist and student at Columbia University ( will appear in disguise )

More witnesses may be added

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