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Free Online Plagiarism Checker

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This is weighted average of all matches in your text. For example, if half of your paper is 100% plagiarized, your score would be 50%

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How to avoid plagiarism?

Proper citation style.

Avoid plagiarism by always listing the source and formatting it correctly when you are note-taking. Take care of the proper formatting and citation style when using content from outside sources.

Write on your own

Avoid borrowing and overusing large pieces of the content from outside sources, especially from Wikipedia. Write your own thoughts and use sources only to support your opinion (remember to cite it though!).

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Plagiarism Checker Review

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Online Plagiarism Checker For Students

Writing an academic paper can be challenging when you’re not sure if it’s original enough to pass a plagiarism check. Of course, students take information from various sites before writing their own text. Sometimes, it just so happens that certain parts are very similar to your resources, making your professor think that you’ve just copied work from somewhere. That’s why it’s crucial for any modern college or university student to ensure that their work has 100% original content to maintain academic integrity.

Luckily, a free plagiarism checker online can solve this issue quickly and easily. Many professional writing services use a plagiarism checker for research paper. However, students sometimes forget that they should too. But with so many options that pop up when you ask Google to “check my paper for plagiarism”, how do you choose the right one for detection? We’ve got the solution in the form of PapersOwl’s free plagiarism checker tool! Our simple tool makes it convenient to check any writing task without having to spend a dime. It works quickly and highly accurately, ensuring that you get the top grade you deserve. So, if you want to check plagiarism online before turning your task in, head over to our website and get started!

Accurate Check for Plagiarism with Percentage

Many students wishing to produce original content aren’t quite sure how to get an exact percentage of plagiarised text in their work. This percentage is important since many universities have a certain limit of non-unique words you can have in your essay for it to be considered okay. If your plagiarism search doesn’t give you the exact percentage, you can’t be sure if your assignment will go through or not.

When using a free plagiarism tool, it’s essential to have this data provided to you. Only when you have it can you decide which parts to change and which ones to chuck out to achieve your desired results. Plagiarized content is a big issue in modern educational institutions, so getting reliable and trustworthy results is vital. This is the most essential requirement when you check plagiarism.

PapersOwl’s plagiarism detection tool gives you all the information you need to fix plagiarized content. Whether you’ve fallen victim to accidental plagiarism or have tried to make your life easier by copying some text from different sources, you’ll get an accurate percentage with our plagiarism checker online. If you’re wondering how to check paper for plagiarism, it’s nothing complicated at all! Simply visit our site, paste your whole essay into the relevant text box or upload the text file, click on Check For Plagiarism, and you’ll get accurate plagiarism results in a matter of seconds. You’ll see the problematic parts with plagiarism detected highlighted, with links to where similar content exists. Our service with plagiarism detector will also give you the option to check my paper for plagiarism and then to hire a professional writer to fix your task quickly if you’re busy with other things!

The Fastest Plagiarism Checker Online

Gaining insight into duplicate content only works if you get your results quickly. There are so many free plagiarism software online that promise to do the job for you. However, a lot of them are clunky, slow, and inaccurate. How can you produce original work without similarity detection you can trust?

PapersOwl stands out in this regard because it will detect plagiarism in seconds. This is a plagiarism scanner that’s able to perform a Swift Check to give you a uniqueness check right there and then. It also conducts a Deep Search, going through millions of sources on the internet to check for plagiarism. A document of about 1500 words takes only about 10 seconds to get processed! You get a clear plagiarism score of how much text is plagiarized and how much is original. All the sources that your essay matches are listed based on how much similarity there is in your academic writing. And on top of that, you get a handy Make It Unique button that’ll take you to an order page where you can ask our expert writers to rewrite your work and make it 100% unique.

All of this is done almost instantly, allowing students to continue working on their assignments without missing a beat. Not every plagiarism detection software works this quickly, making ours the best one you’ll ever use.

Plagiarism Checker Helps Boost Your Grade

A lot of students make the mistake of considering their papers automatically free from plagiarism. After all, they’ve written it themselves, so how could it be problematic? What they don’t realize is that it’s very easy to borrow some information mistakenly. Turning such a paper in can cause multiple problems, as your professor might think you haven’t done the work at all.

That is why you should always use a plagiarism scanner to test for plagiarized content in your college papers. Our online plagiarism checker for students is designed for this exact purpose. A simple, free plagiarism check could help you check plagiarism, fix any mistakes you see, and submit high-quality text that no one will question.

Our plagiarism detector has a lot going for it. It makes plagiarism detection easier than ever before. Unlike copying and pasting each passage individually into Google, simply upload the whole file into our plagiarism checker free for students, and you don’t have to do anything else. All the matches are highlighted so you know what to change.

The plagiarism test will give you a uniqueness percentage too. This will help you figure out where you stand and how much time you need to adjust anything if required. So, using our copyright checker online free to check your writing is essential. This way, you’ll submit the task only when you’re sure it meets the level of uniqueness required by your school. As a result, your grades will drastically improve when you check for plagiarism.

Benefits of Free Plagiarism Checker for Students

Our professional online plagiarism checker work offers too many benefits to ignore. With our plagiarism detector, you can enjoy highly accurate results as a comprehensive report. The plagiarism checker for students is designed to help you achieve 100% uniqueness without hassle. Here are the key advantages you can enjoy when you check plagiarism free with our plagiarism detection tool:

It’s completely free! We know you are on a tight budget and should be able to check your paper for plagiarism without worrying about payments, so we’ve made the best similarity checker free for all!

Our software detects plagiarism swiftly. It’ll show you detailed results in as little as 10 seconds so you can continue working immediately.

The report from our plagiarism tool gives you access to all the links from where it has detected similarities in your work. You can head to the relevant sites and see which information you must rewrite to improve your results.

Our best free plagiarism checker doesn’t require any skills and presents its services in a simple-to-use interface that anyone can use.

The plagiarism test allows you to get professional help with your work if you’re short on time. Simply ask one of our writers to rewrite the problematic parts of your text and enjoy top grades.

With PapersOwl plagiarism detector, there’s no need to search the internet for an accurate tool. We have many satisfied students worldwide who can vouch for our plagiarism-checking services. Give our online plagiarism checker free tries as often as you want and see how easy it is to produce original essays without spending a penny!

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How Does Plagiarism Checker Work?

• If you already have a completed text, all you need is just to copy-paste the whole thing in the special box of the chosen plagiarism tool or website, choose suitable settings (if any), then press “check for plagiarism”. It is quite simple and takes just a few moments.
• Once you have pressed “check for plagiarism”, the system will analyze your text and compare it with different sources to find similarities. As a rule, the duration depends on the text’s length. A standard free online plagiarism checker with percentage can give you the result within five minutes or less.
• When the system finishes the work you will be transmitted to the reporting page – it contains the comprehensive report on your work, a percentage of its uniqueness, and a list of sources on which similarities were detected. Often, such tools also highlight the overlaps that were found.

As you can see, it is simple. However, for the best and reliable result you have to be careful. There are tons of programs and online tools that can be used but keep in mind that many of them work differently and not all are good for you. To be confident in the truthfulness of the received result, you need to select the best plagiarism checker because only a professional and high-quality software can detect all similarities and give you a reasoned assessment.

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Advantages Of Plagiarism Checker By PapersOwl

Why choose us? Our service offers a professional online plagiarism checker with report that will provide you with a comprehensive report to make you confident in the 100% uniqueness of your paper. Our free plagiarism checker for students guarantees the best check and here are the key advantages of using our tool that prove this:

You don’t need to pay anything to check your paper for plagiarism because we know the value of original and unique works.

One of the main benefits of our antiplagiat checker online is that it works so fast that you will not even have enough time to make yourself a cup of coffee while it analyzes your text, and it is safe!

We use the latest and the best algorithms and software in order to provide you with an advanced check and help you receive the high-quality papers.

It is simple in use and won’t take much time!

Many students have already confirmed that our free tool is a great and convenient feature that helped them detect and fix errors that could lead to a failure. With us, you will no longer need to look for a different scanner!

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Plagiarism Checker FAQ

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Personalized Writing Help When You Need it

Unintentional plagiarism, grammar mistakes, and uncited sources  can turn what you thought was a good paper into a poor one. When you’re writing a paper the last thing you want is for your message to get lost due to incorrect punctuation or confusing sentence structure. You know that the great ideas in your head would make for a standout paper, if only you could get them written clearly on the page. If this struggle sounds familiar, you’re not alone.

Great ideas may be an essential part of high-quality writing, but they’re not the only component. Excellent papers and essays clearly express strong ideas with good grammar, proper punctuation, spot-on spelling, and thorough, careful citations. While this may sound like a lot, your teachers and professors are grading you on your skills as both a writer and a researcher, which means your assignments will require an ethical and attentive approach. Luckily, there is no shortage of available tools to help you along your way.

You could use a plagiarism checker free, though, these tools often lack grammatical support. Given the high stakes and rigorous requirements, the aid of a plagiarism checker without the needed support of a grammar checker could mean the difference between an “A” paper and a “C” or even “D” paper.

Thankfully, the EasyBib Plus plagiarism tool provides all-in-one support to cover all your bases. Our premium essay checker is convenient, easy to use, and includes access to a grammar and spell checker, plus a plagiarism checker. With a single scan, you’ll receive personalized feedback to help identify potentially missing citations and help improve your sentence structure, punctuation, grammar, and more.

Not sure if that noun is spelled correctly, or if the preposition at the end of your sentence is grammatically correct? The EasyBib Plus plagiarism tool is your one-stop shop to help check plagiarism, get grammatical suggestions, correct spelling and punctuation errors, and help create polished papers you can be proud to turn in. And, we haven’t told you the best part yet: you can try our tool free and scan your work for grammar suggestions right now!

Access all the tools today!

A Grammar Check for Peace of Mind

You know that grammar plays a significant role in your assignments. Not only does it factor into your overall grade, but without clear and precise language, your ideas can lose their impact or might even be misunderstood entirely. Still, with so many different parts of speech and rules to learn and apply, it’s not uncommon to get them mixed up and find yourself questioning your knowledge now and again:

Can you use an adverb to modify a noun? (No. You need an adjective for that.)

Well, can you use it to modify a pronoun ? (Still no.)

What do they modify, then? (Almost everything else. Fun, right?)

Ugh. (That was an interjection .)

Does this have to be so difficult? (Nope!)

Scanning your paper with the EasyBib Plus writing tool delivers more than the basic punctuation and spell check functions that come standard in word processing programs. You’ll receive immediate, targeted feedback that can help improve the sentence structure and style of your writing. Not only can this help ensure that you don’t lose points off your grade for grammatical errors such as mismatched verb tense, but it can also help to clarify your meaning and strengthen your arguments by eliminating confusing punctuation and run-on sentences that confuse readers.

Reviewing your work to correct errors and refine the flow of your writing is a critical part of the revision process for novices and novelists alike. Even the most conscientious of wordsmiths might make mistakes, such as using a conjunctive adverb in place of a coordinating conjunction or pairing a plural determiner with an uncountable word. They likely appreciate a subscription-based or free grammar check as much as a beginning writer. That’s why the EasyBib Plus writing tool is designed for all writers, from students who are still learning the fundamentals to published professionals who get paid by the word.

The EasyBib Plus writing tool provides quick, targeted feedback that you can use to help improve your writing immediately. Also, our free resource library is available 24/7, just like the rest of our tools, to help you brush up on the areas that challenge you the most (Conjunctive what? Uncountable who?) That means you can continue to sharpen your skills and improve your writing over time, which will help make finishing your next project easier.

Ready to give your paper a boost? Sign up for EasyBib Plus or scan a paper right now for a free spell check—it’s easy!Just upload or copy and paste your paper to the online grammar check tool and, in a matter of seconds, you’ll be able to receive up to 5 feedback cards so you can begin polishing your draft.

To learn more about proofreading tools, you can find more info here. Or, for more tips on grammar, punctuation, and style, check out this useful reference .

Why is Grammar So Important, Anyway?

Why is grammar important? As long as others know what you mean, does it really matter if you use proper grammar? These are age-old questions, but the answers remain unchanged. Grammar is important for many reasons:

Communication:  Communication is about more than merely listening and talking. We communicate in myriad ways: with our voices, our mannerisms, our facial expressions, our actions, and frequently, our written words. Written communication is just as important as all the other ways we broadcast our thoughts and feelings. Unlike our other communication methods, though, written communication leaves a record. While most of us relax our style when talking to or texting friends, the fact remains that more formal venues require a more formal tone. Proper spelling, grammar, and punctuation are a necessary element of professional and academic writing, so running your work through a spelling and grammar check before you submit it is an absolute must.

Clarity:  Expressing your thoughts, ideas, and opinions is an uphill battle when you communicate them with less-than-stellar punctuation, spelling, and grammar. A missing or misplaced comma, for example, can entirely change your meaning:

• Call me Ishmael = My name is Ishmael.
• Call me, Ishmael = I want Ishmael to call me.

Spelling errors can result in similarly muddled meaning:

• Her shoes perfectly complemented her dress. = Her shoes and dress go well together.
• Her shoes perfectly complimented her dress. = Her shoes can both speak and engage in flattery.

Grammar deficiencies such as a dangling modifier yield similarly confusing results:

• I saw the girl’s purple backpack in the library. = The purple backpack belonging to the girl is in the library; I saw it.
• I saw the purple girl’s backpack in the library. = You know the girl who mysteriously turned purple? I saw her backpack in the library. This week has not been easy on her.

Credibility: Establishing your credibility is critical whether you’re writing for school or business. Proving that you can reliably communicate using proper grammar is essential to establishing and maintaining the trust of your teachers, professors, readers, customers, and colleagues.

To learn even more about the importance of English grammar in writing, check here .

What Happens After I Upload My Paper?

Once you upload a paper, the EasyBib Plus grammar checker scans your text and highlights grammar issues within your document so you can see it in context. For users running a grammar check and spell check using the grammar check free tool, up to the first 5 issues are shown. For subscription subscribers, all of the areas that require your review will be highlighted once the scan is complete.

No matter which version of the tool you’re using, your feedback will include detailed explanations so you can understand why the text was flagged. Other highlighted areas will include examples of how the issues can be fixed. Some will include a detailed explanation as to why the issue was flagged. This personalized feedback allows you to make an educated decision about whether to edit your text or dismiss the suggestion, so you’re always in control of your final draft.

Subscription users also have the plagiarism checker at their disposal when scanning their papers for style and grammar suggestions. Just as with our other writing tools, when you use the tool to check plagiarism, changes are never made without your review, so you are always in the driver’s seat. You can review each highlighted area as well as the sources of matching text and will always be given a choice to either accept or ignore both citation and grammar suggestions.

Whether you are a student or a professional, the EasyBib Plus tools are powerful allies that can help you improve your paper, establish credibility as a writer, and maintain an ethical writing process.

Try our checker free for 3 days to see what you think*. Trust us; you’ll wonder how you got along so far without it!

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Check for Unintentional Plagiarism

Persistent use of the best grammar checker and spell checker you can find will help to shape up the style and substance of your composition. However, to ensure the integrity of your work and root out unintentional instances of academic dishonesty, you’ll also need to incorporate a subscription-based or free plagiarism checker for students.

The ability to scan your paper and check plagiarism and grammar before submitting your work is an invaluable tool for students. It’s so valuable, in fact, that students are not the only ones who consistently use this type of software.

Many teachers and professors use a service to ensure that student papers are original and include properly formatted and sourced citations for all reference materials. For some, this may be a consistent element of their grading process, while others may utilize one only when they feel there is a reason to do so.

What Exactly Does a Plagiarism Checker Do?

If you’ve used an online plagiarism checker before, you may be familiar with the process that these tools employ. For those who have never used one, it can be helpful to understand how these tools work and what you should expect as a result of using one.

The most basic free tools will scan your paper and provide you with a percentage that indicates how much of your work is original. This feature can be useful to a point, as some instructors and institutions set a percentage for the amount of similar text that is considered acceptable. This policy does not mean that they are lenient about academic dishonesty but, instead, that they recognize that similar or even matching word choice is not always an indicator of copying.

However, some schools do not tolerate any form of incremental plagiarism, period. In these institutions, “check paper for plagiarism” is likely a standard action when grading all papers.

With a free plagiarism checker, the percentage of word-for-word plagiarism in your text may be the only feedback you receive. Moreover, some of these providers may wade in unethical waters, and offer essay writing services in conjunction with their checking services. This is why many students and teachers prefer subscription-based checkers that focus on integrity, such as the EasyBib writing tools.

With our premium tools, you get more than just supporting proof that your paper is original and in your own words. Your writing is scanned for potentially matching text and areas that needs your attention is highlighted. We’ll provide you with the source of the matching text so you can review it and decide how to proceed. If you agree that a citation is needed, our citation tools and resources will provide you with the information you need to help format and insert the new sources in your text as well as your works cited page.

How Does the EasyBib Plus Online Plagiarism Checker Work?

The EasyBib Plus writing tool provides an all-in-one spell check, grammar review, and plagiarism checker that not only helps you with the paper you’re writing now but enables you to gain new knowledge and improve your writing for the future, too.

Our essay checker searches online for phrases, sentences, or passages that are similar to those in your paper. If it returns matching text, this may indicate that you have passages that are missing citations.

Just as with many checkers, our tool will tell you how many instances of matching text it finds in your paper. Our plagiarism tool is designed to do more than most free tools, however.

When a portion of your paper is flagged for review, we provide you with the source that it matches. As with our online spell check tool, you have the power to review each area and choose how to proceed. If you decide to cite the flagged text, you can review the suggested source and access our citation tools to help create a proper citation and start building a bibliography for your paper. Or, you may determine that no citation is needed, in which case it’s simple to dismiss the suggestion and continue to the next section.

If you’re unsure about how to proceed, our library of resources can help you learn more and make an educated decision. In this way, you gain more than just the ability to correct your work; over time, you can learn how to avoid plagiarism altogether.

Reasons Your Teacher May Run Your Paper Through a Plagiarism Detector

As stated previously, your teachers and professors grade papers with a fixed process that includes “check paper for plagiarism” as a standard, across-the-board action. Others may check for plagiarism only when they feel there is cause to do so. There are a few red flags that may stand out to them while reviewing a paper that would lead to their running a plagiarism check, including:

Style/Voice:  Most teachers are familiar with the style and voice that you use in your writing. While most will hope that the feedback they provide when grading your work will help you to improve problem areas over time, a paper or essay that has a dramatically different style or voice than the work you’ve previously submitted can be a red flag.

Inconsistency:  Changes in the font, font size, formality, formatting, and more may indicate that portions of a paper have been copied and pasted. If these inconsistent passages are not presented as quotations or don’t include citations, this may further indicate to your teacher that there’s plagiarism in the paper.

Old References:  Part of a well-researched paper is verifying the legitimacy and relevance of your sources. While some older references may be acceptable depending on the topic, if all of your sources are outdated, it may lead your teacher to believe that you’ve recycled your own work or someone else’s.

Looking for a checker to try? With EasyBib Plus you get unlimited checks to give you peace of mind when turning in your papers!

What is Plagiarism?

If you’re looking for a free online plagiarism checker , you’re already aware that it’s not something you want to be found in your papers. However, you may still be wondering: what does plagiarism mean? It’s a reasonable question and one that merits exploring. After all, some of the actions and circumstances that fall within the plagiarism definition come as a surprise to those who only learn that they’ve committed them after it’s too late.

So what is plagiarism? To define plagiarism in the most basic sense, you might say that it is taking someone else’s ideas and words and passing them off as your own.

If your goal is avoiding plagiarism entirely, you’ll need to go beyond the basics to thoroughly define plagiarism, recognize it, and keep clear of it. Some examples of plagiarism that students find surprising include forgotten citations, poor paraphrasing, and re-submitting your own work in whole or in part for more than one assignment. This useful article provides more help in recognizing and understanding the different forms that academic dishonesty can take.

Of course, using your own words and ideas does not count as plagiarism, nor does using common knowledge . Basically, common knowledge is information that is well known by the average person. Examples of common knowledge:

• there are 12 months in a year
• the freezing point of Celsius is zero degrees
• Socrates was a Greek philosopher

So should you only include your original thoughts and common knowledge in your papers? Of course not! Research-based assignments are meant to demonstrate your skills as a researcher, after all, as well as your ability to build upon the work of others to formulate new ideas. To avoid accidentally committing an act that falls within the plagiarism definition when you’re using another person’s words or ideas, though, you need to give them proper credit. This means you’ll need to clearly identify direct quotations or properly paraphrase them when including them in your paper.

Regardless of your approach, you’ll also need to cite your sources according to the style your professor specifies. Generally, you will use MLA format for the arts and humanities and APA format for the sciences, but it’s always best to check with your instructor when you’re unsure.

If you know what style to use but still aren’t sure how to create your citations, don’t fret! Our library of resources includes free guides to help you learn about various styles so you can properly structure and place them. And our premium tools not only help you check grammar, spelling, and originality in your papers, but subscribers also enjoy access to our citation creation tools!

What are the Different Types of Plagiarism?

In addition to the question “what is plagiarism,” you may also be wondering, “why do students plagiarize?” While some students do intentionally plagiarize because they believe they can pass off someone else’s work as their own to avoid spending time on their assignments, many others do so accidentally. They may not understand how broad the plagiarism definition is or they haven’t learned how to research and cite their sources properly. That is why it is vital to recognize plagiarism in all of its forms if you wish to ensure the integrity of your work.

Examples of plagiarism & How to prevent it

Direct plagiarism:

Intentionally copying another person’s work without including a citation that gives credit to the source. When most students are asked to identify potential plagiarism examples and behaviors, this direct and deliberate act is what they think of first.

• Prevention: If you use an idea or quote from another source, cite it in the text. Make it clear that it was not your own words. 

Incremental plagiarism:

Copying parts of another person’s work, such as phrases, sentences, or paragraphs without crediting the source. When deciding which tools to use to check a paper for plagiarism , instructors often seek out those that will identify incremental forms as well as instances of direct copying and similar phrasing.

• Prevention : Decide to either directly quote the phrases or sentences you want to use, or write a good paraphrase. In both cases, be sure to add a citation. Using a plagiarism checker could also help you identify problematic passages.

Self-plagiarism:

Academic self-plagiarism occurs when a student submits the same paper or parts of a paper for more than one assignment. When your instructors are grading your papers, they’re assessing your research and writing skills in the present. When you submit work that you completed in the past, they are both unable to evaluate your current skills and unaware that you haven’t completed the assignment.

• Prevention: Write a new paper for each assignment you’re assigned. If you feel strongly that your past work could enhance your new paper, speak to your instructor and ask for permission first.

Misleading citations:

Including a citation for a quote or idea that misrepresents the source material. This can occur if a student does not understand the reference they are citing; if a student includes a citation for a disreputable source; or the source material simply does not align with the idea or argument that the student has attributed to it.

• Prevention: Carefully review your assignment to understand it. As you research, take the time to evaluate each source notes . Remember, it’s better to have quality citations over an abundance of citations.

Invented sources:

If a reference in a student’s bibliography is found not to exist, it is considered an invented source. This may occur if a student couldn’t find a reputable source to back their argument, or if they needed to include additional references to meet the requirements of the assignment and chose to take an unethical shortcut rather than completing the required amount of research. No matter the reason, this behavior ultimately hurts them in the long run. Not only will they fail to gain the experience they need to conduct research in the future properly, but they’ll also experience significant consequences if they’re caught.

• Prevention: Set aside time to do proper research so you can find enough sources. Start creating a list of sources as you’re researching and take good notes. This will help you keep track of your sources so none are forgotten. If you do end up forgetting where a quote came from, a paper checker could help you pinpoint the original source. 

Patchwriting/Spinning:

Patchwriting is often confused with paraphrasing, but there’s a significant difference. When you paraphrase, you demonstrate that you understand the topic well enough to restate it in your own words. When you patchwrite or spin, it is more akin to a word-swapping game; there’s no need to understand the subject, merely to have access to a thesaurus so you can substitute enough synonyms to mask the source material. This can be intentional, but it may also be a result of having a poor understanding of how to paraphrase.

• Prevention: Using your own words, write down the key points of the phrase or idea, and put them together in a sentence. Be sure to include a citation as well. 

A good way to test if you’re patchwriting or paraphrasing is to remove your sources from view. If you can write about what you’ve read without looking at the source material, you likely understand it well enough to paraphrase it. If you have to review the source material with each new sentence or consult a thesaurus while writing about it (except when you’re adding direct quotations), you may be spinning your sources instead of paraphrasing them.

Academic Integrity Policies and Statements

If you’re still uncertain about what counts as plagiarism, look for your school’s/ organization’s policies on academic integrity and plagiarism. The policies of academic institutions usually cover what is considered plagiarism, the consequences of committing it, and how to avoid it. One great example is Purdue University’s Academic Integrity statement .

What are the Consequences of Plagiarism?

No matter the setting, plagiarism is not taken lightly, and the consequences can be significant. For a good reason, too! Whether in an academic or professional setting, the plagiarism consequences reflect the seriousness of the act, which is ultimately a form of theft that hurts everyone involved.

Just as with the theft of a tangible object, there can be legal punishments for plagiarism. It is, after all, a form of copyright infringement in many instances. A quick search for plagiarism articles will reveal that professional instances of intellectual theft have resulted in civil lawsuits and can even be criminally prosecuted under rare circumstances. In addition to the possible legal consequences, professionals may lose their jobs or have to start over in a new field after their acts of fraud are uncovered.

As a student, you’re likely to wonder what happens if you plagiarize in college or high school. While there will almost always be consequences for this behavior, there is no one-size-fits-all plagiarism sentence. Depending on the circumstances, academic dishonesty could result in outcomes such as:

• You might get a zero for the assignment in which the infringement occurred.
• You may receive a failing grade for the class. If it is a required course, this could leave you without enough credits to move on to the next level until you can repeat it and, in some instances, postpone graduation.
• You may be expelled from your school or university.

The academic dishonesty may be noted on your transcript, which can lead to you not getting into your preferred college, graduate school, or Ph.D. program in the future.

Nobody wants to be known as a fraud or to have a reputation for dishonesty follow them through their career. And, given the consequences that can extend beyond just their reputation, it’s no wonder that professional and academic writers who wish to avoid them take the time to understand the complete definition of plagiarism and run their work through a plagiarism checker before sending it out into the world.

Even the vigilant can fall prey to inferior tools, unfortunately. Before selecting a plagiarism checker, you should understand how they work and what they can (and cannot) detect.

How We Check for Plagiarism

When exploring how to check for plagiarism, most students and professionals conclude that including a checking tool in their revision process is not only helpful but necessary. When you consider the Herculean task of checking each line of your paper against the text of each of your resources, the benefits of a checker are clear. Moreover, this manual approach would only alert you to matching text in the sources you’re aware of, after all, and leaves the sources you haven’t reviewed untouched.

But, hang on. Why would sources you haven’t reviewed factor into your review? The answer to this lies in the plagiarism definition you learned above. What is plagiarism? It’s presenting someone else’s work or ideas as your own, intentionally or otherwise. It is not uncommon to uncover an idea while you’re researching a topic and later misremember it as your own. This might even occur years after you originally came across it.

You might wonder: how can plagiarism be avoided if you have to account for the source of every thought you include in your work? A few exceptions minimize the scope of this. Common knowledge about your topic does not need to be supported by a citation, nor does knowledge that you gained through your personal experience. Using a subscription-based or free plagiarism checker will help you locate any passages that may fall into these categories so you can review them and decide for yourself whether a citation is needed.

EasyBib Plus writing tools provide easy, convenient, and reliable support to help you find potentially missed citations and can help you improve your paper into a high-quality paper with integrity. Simply upload your paper, select the checker, then sit back and relax as the site scans your document. In mere moments, we’ll search the web for passages of similar text and highlight duplicate content for your review.

Regardless of the tools you use to help you revise and polish your work, it’s ultimately your responsibility to ensure that you’re writing and submitting ethical work. That’s why our tools go beyond the basics and require your participation. The tool never automatically makes changes to your paper, but only flags sections that may need your attention and provides you with the matching source so you can to make an educated decision.

If you find that a citation is needed, our citation tools can help you create properly formatted citations and develop a complete bibliography. And, if you review the passage and determine that the match is coincidental, you can dismiss the alert and move on to the next.

Seamless Citation Creation

Professional writers and students alike can find creating citations incredibly confusing. Nevertheless, they are an integral part of a well-written and researched paper and a requirement in almost all academic settings. But, have you ever wondered why they are so important? Citations really do have a purpose—other than driving us crazy— that make it necessary always to cite our sources.

We cite our sources for a few important reasons:

We need to give credit where credit is due. When you use a quote from someone else’s work, you need to give credit for using their words and ideas. Research is often based on the works and ideas of others. However, to include the words and ideas of another without giving them proper credit is to plagiarize, even if the act was unintentional.

In addition, showing that you’ve done proper research by including in text & parenthetical citations and a comprehensive list of sources to back up your arguments gives your work a layer of credibility that can help you earn the trust of your reader or teacher.

Readers can find the sources you used.  When you’re writing high school or undergraduate papers, your only readers may be your instructors and peers. However, including citations at every level of writing helps to ensure that anyone who reads your work can access your sources to check their accuracy, learn more about your topic, and further their own research.

Sources can take your research and learning to the next level, too. When you are conducting research on a topic, checking the works cited or annotated bibliographies prepared by your sources can lead you down new avenues in your research to further develop your ideas and help you write your papers.

Correctly utilizing citations gives strength to your thoughts and opinions. Understanding the value of citations does not, unfortunately, make them any easier to create. We know how confusing it can be, but don’t throw in the towel on learning how to cite websites in MLA , create your APA citation website references, or format your works cited —this is where we come in!

While a free online plagiarism detector may tell you how much of your work is unoriginal and may even identify the passages that meet their plagiarize definition, a premium EasyBib Plus plagiarism checker account also gives you access to our powerful citation resources and generator so you can:

Scan your papers with the plagiarism tool to check for plagiarism-free work before you submit.

Review flagged passages to determine if they meet the plagiarism definition and create unlimited citations in APA format and MLA format for anything fitting the plagiarism meaning. Need more styles ? Check out our regular citation generator for thousands of choices and free resources to help you learn how to create an APA parenthetical citation , APA book citation , APA works cited , and so much more!

Build a full bibliography for your paper right along with your parenthetical or in-text citations, which can save you hours of work along the way compared to manually creating and formatting them.

How Else Do We Help You Improve Your Paper?

The EasyBib Plus plagiarism detector helps you check your content or paper for text that may be missing a citation—which may fall within the definition of plagiarism—to help ensure you don’t accidentally plagiarize. It also includes grammar check and spelling check tools to help identify errors and suggest grammatical tweaks that could help to elevate the level of your writing.

Running a plagiarism check couldn’t be easier! Just upload your paper to the online proofreader, and in a few moments we’ll have your writing and citing suggestions. And, there’s no need to worry about your paper after it’s been scanned.

Run a Grammar and Spell Check for Free!

There’s no denying that your schoolwork can be challenging at times, and your assignments can lead to some late nights even when you’ve started them early. The last thing you want is to submit assignments that don’t reflect your best effort, but it can occasionally be quite the juggling act to get everything done on time.

Why not let our plagiarism checker free up space on your calendar by helping you revise your papers quickly and efficiently? The EasyBib Plus paper checker is your one-stop shop to check for plagiarism, create citations, spot spelling mistakes, and receive feedback on your grammar and style.

When you proofread and do a manual spelling check on work that you’ve written, you’re more likely to overlook mistakes. This is even more likely if you’re pressed for time or trying to complete several different assignments at once. There are tricks to help minimize this, such as reading your work aloud to identify poor grammar or reading each sentence backward to find spelling errors. When time is of the essence, though, these solutions aren’t the most convenient or useful options. That’s why many students seek the assistance of online tools that will run a grammar and plagiarism check on their work.

Are you asking yourself, “ How do I check my grammar online ?” We’ve got the perfect checker for you! Our advanced tools help you find and correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation mistakes. Our targeted feedback and free writing and citing resources help you learn as you go to improve your writing over time.

The best part? You can use our grammar and writing tools any time of the day, any day of the year for! Looking to try it? Just upload or copy and paste your text into our online proofreader for a free grammar check with up to 5 suggestions, or sign up for EasyBib Plus today! EasyBib Plus gives you use of the plagiarism checker and unlimited access to suggestions that can help improve your spelling, sentence structure, punctuation, writing style, and grammar.

Published February 3, 2019. Updated April 9, 2020.

Written and edited by Michele Kirschenbaum and Melissa DeVrieze Meyer . Michele is a school library media specialist and the in-house librarian at EasyBib. You can find her here on Twitter. Melissa is a professional writer and editor based in New Jersey. She writes for academic brands and independent publishers about writing, grammar, and literature, and creates study and curriculum materials for ESL learners. You can find her on Twitter .

Visit our EasyBib Twitter feed to discover more citing tips, fun grammar facts, and the latest product updates.

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Optimizing the Originality Report

Using Turnitin.com most effectively requires some preparation and planning on the part of the instructor, and is most successful when used to teach students correct uses of sources rather than being used surreptitiously for surveillance of students’ work. The following information can help instructors maximize the effectiveness of Turnitin for both evaluating results of an Originality Report and minimizing occurrences of plagiarism.

Summary of Steps

• Include a  statement of Academic Integrity in your syllabus.
• Announce that Turnitin will be used  in your course for all students.
• Discuss the use of Turnitin and the  consequences of plagiarism  with your students.
• Provide  instructions to students  in uploading papers.
• Understand how the  Originality Report  functions and evaluate each paper marked with a high similarity score manually.
• Additional suggestions to  reduce plagiarism.
• Final Policy Notes  and Policy Notes

1. Syllabus Statement on Academic Dishonesty

Senate Policy 43-00  (Syllabus) requires instructors to provide  a statement on academic integrity within a syllabus.  This statement reminds students that the university considers academic integrity to be a serious educational issue.

Your college or department may have a statement they want instructors to use. See  Penn State Policy Links on Plagiarism  for links to information for individual colleges and campuses.

2. Announce that Turnitin will be used in your course for all students.

Whether you use Turnitin as a detection tool, a teaching tool, or both, it’s a good idea to place a statement in your syllabus to notify students of your intent to use Turnitin.com in your course and how the results will be used in determining grades. Following is a suggested statement:

In this course we will be using a tool, Turnitin, to confirm that you have used sources accurately in your papers. You will retain all copyright use of this paper ( http://turnitin.com/en_us/privacy-center/copyright-protection ). If you have any questions about how to cite your sources, please review the materials available on the following pages: University Libraries Plagiarism and You iStudy module on Academic Integrity, Plagiarism and Copyright Plagiarism Tutorial for Students page Students are responsible for ensuring that their work is consistent with Penn State’s expectations about academic integrity. Additional information about the Turnitin plagiarism prevention tool is available on the  Turnitin site  and on the  Student Paper Upload into Turnitin  page.

3. Discuss the use of Turnitin and the consequences of plagiarism with your students

Giving students information about what plagiarism is and how to prevent it can help prevent cases of “accidental plagiarism” including inappropriate paraphrase and mistaking information requiring citation for “common knowledge”.

The resources on the  Plagiarism Resources and Links  page points to information for both students and faculty.

4. Provide instructions to students in uploading papers

Probably the simplest method to add student papers to the Turnitin database is to have students do the uploading into your Turnitin course space.

Detailed student instructions are available in  Upload Instruction Information for Students . Should any students have a problem with having their work submitted to Turnitin, their concerns should be addressed by the instructor on an individual basis.

Other options for adding students are listed on the  FAQ page. Note:  If a student submits a paper, the teacher can allow the student to view the report; if the instructor makes the submission, the report is not available to the student.

5. Understand the Originality Report

How the originality report works.

Text in paper submitted to Turinitin are compared to sources within the Turnitin.com database. This database includes other course papers submitted to Turnitin.com as well as a large store of content available on the Internet and material from other sources.

The Originality Report flags passages similar to text in another source, but it does not mark it as plagiarized or plagiarized. The higher the percentage, the more text similar to another paper Turnitin has identified. Note that for the reasons listed below a high percentage score is not “proof” of plagiarism.  Faculty must evaluate passages individually to make a more accurate determination that a case of plagiarism may have occurred.

Quotations and Originality Report

It’s important to note that  properly quoted and cited text will be included in the report.  For this reason alone, all papers should be reviewed. If an assignment relies on quoting from outside sources, a paper could include multiple text matches and still not be plagiarized. An additional benefit of Turnitin is that instructors can evaluate the quality of a citation. Note:  An instructor should determine what the score of an acceptable assignment would look like ahead of time. One option would be to submit a test paper of a good assignment.

False Positives

A false positive, that is a paper with a high similarity score that is not the result of a student committing plagiarism, can occur for the following reasons.

• If a rough draft is stored in the Turnitin repository, you may get a false positive for a final draft.
• If a student submits a paper to Turnitin.com independently of the course to check for plagiarism, the version uploaded for the course will be a “copy.”
• It is possible  your student is being plagiarized.  The Originality Report identifies matches, but does not necessarily identify which is the “copy” and which is the “original.”
• A student could be expanding previous research for a new assignment, but copying text from the original research.

False Negatives

A false negative, that is a paper with a low similarity score, but actually plagiarized or incorporating some other form of academic dishonesty can occur when the source is not in Turinitin. For instance this can happen if:

• The student dishonestly “commissions” the paper from another student or a custom paper writing source.
• The source is a rare resource, especially a print resource.
• The source is from an electronic Library database not included in the Turnitin.com database.

Note that in both instances, an instructor may suspect plagiarism because the writing style is  different from what is seen before.  This type of academic dishonesty is one reason that it is advised that instructors collect research notes, drafts or early bibliographies in the paper writing process so that there is more documentation of the process.

6. Additional suggestions to reduce plagiarism

In addition to using Turnitin.com to review final assignments, you may want to consider these strategies to reduce plagiarism.

• Develop more unique assignments.  Examples of generic term paper assignments are easily found, but assignments which are more focused or more customized have fewer sources which can be copied. Meeting with students about topics can also help motivate students.
• Require drafts, preliminary bibliographies, study notes. These preliminary steps can help students maintain a proper timeline and also show where a problem could be occurring.
• Elaborate on the difference between collaboration and academic dishonesty. The prevalence of group work in the modern academic environment can create ambiguities for some assignments. Explain what students must each submit and what is acceptable collaboration.

Read more on the  Plagiarism Guide.

7. Final Policy Notes

If you believe a student has committed plagiarism or another infraction of the University’s Code of Conduct related to Academic Dishonesty,  you should schedule a time to meet with the student,  review the information that has lead you to believe that a violation occurred, and provide the student with the opportunity to respond to the allegation.

If after this meeting you still believe the student is responsible for a case of plagiarism, follow the guidelines that have been established for reporting an Academic Integrity violation which are outlined in  G-9 Academic Integrity . More information on the procedures can be found through your College/Campus Academic Integrity Committee.

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Plagiarism Checker by Quetext

Free plagiarism checker: how it works, enter text into plagiarism detection tool.

We make it simple. Just copy and paste all content from your document into our plagiarism checker and hit the ‘Check Plagiarism’ button to get started.

Evaluate text for plagiarism

Our plagiarism detection tool uses DeepSearch™ Technology to identify any content throughout your document that might be plagiarized. We identify plagiarized content by running the text through three steps:

• 1.) Contextual Analysis
• 2.) Fuzzy Matching
• 3.) Conditional Scoring

Accurate plagiarism results

After evaluating the text against billions of internet sources, you will be provided with a plagiarism score showing the percentage of text that is an exact or near-match to existing text online.

Resolve plagiarism risk and use citations

Our ColorGrade™ feedback feature highlights exact matches vs. near-exact or “fuzzy” matches with corresponding colors. From there, you can resolve plagiarism issues by deleting or altering the at-risk copy. Or, you can use our handy “Cite Source” feature to generate citations in MLA, APA, and Chicago formats and insert the citations directly into your document.

Plagiarism Checker Benefits

Whether producing original content or verifying that of others, there’s a lot to gain from using a plagiarism checker. Accurate, automatic detection of duplicate content facilitates the copy-checking process for teachers, students, content writers, and more. Results showing the exact percentage of plagiarized content allows users to see exactly how much text has been copied and where they need to re-word.

For Teachers

Before homework can be graded for quality, it must first be confirmed as original. Our easy-to-use tool arms teachers with a simple, effective way to verify and grade students’ work. Educators at all levels can benefit from ensuring academic integrity through a comprehensive plagiarism check. From K-12, all the way through higher education, teachers are faced with the task of verifying the originality of the work of dozens, if not hundreds, of students each year. Automating this process frees teachers up to focus on the quality of work, rather than be bogged down by its originality.

For Students

While the prevalence of academic plagiarism is on the rise, much of it is arguably unintentional. A simple, yet accurate and comprehensive, plagiarism checker offers students peace of mind when submitting written content for grading. It is much easier to do a quick check for potential plagiarism before submission rather than convince a teacher after the fact that your academic integrity is not in question. And Quetext even takes checking for plagiarism a step further, helping students identify and cite the source itself with our built-in citation generator.

For Copywriters

Plagiarism risk is not restricted to academia. Anyone tasked with writing for an individual or business has an ethical and legal responsibility to produce original content. On top of that, content writers are often tasked with producing content on topics outside of their wheelhouse, leaving them reliant on the work of others for their research. Our plagiarism checker gives content writers a quick and easy method to prevent copyright infringement. Checking even lengthy pieces of writing takes only a few minutes, keeping companies’ public content in check and writers’ integrity intact.

Types of Plagiarism

It’s important to understand that plagiarism expands far beyond just copying someone else’s work word-for-word. There are several different types of plagiarism that should be avoided.

Self-Plagiarism

Many believe that, as long as they produced the work at some point in the past, they can include it in future pieces. However, even if you were the original author, that original work must be cited in order to not be flagged as plagiarism. Treat your past self as a totally separate author; be sure to include all relevant citations and quotations, the same as you would for any other source.

Patchwork Plagiarism

Patchwork plagiarism is the act of piecing together a "patchwork" of existing content to form something new. Assembling unoriginal content in this manner often involves some paraphrasing, with only slight changes. This type of plagiarism can be tricky and can certainly occur unintentionally, especially in academia. Since academic writing is largely based on the research of others, a well-meaning student can inadvertently end up plagiarizing.

Mosaic Plagiarism

Mosaic plagiarism is synonymous with patchwork plagiarism. It describes the process of loosely rearranging or restating another's work without issuing proper credit. It can occur accidentally or intentionally. For authors, mosaic plagiarism endangers their academic integrity or reputation as a writer. For those checking content originality, such as teachers, mosaic plagiarism can easily appear to be original content, which can make mosaic plagiarism especially difficult to detect manually.

Accidental Plagiarism

Plagiarism doesn’t have to be intentional to still be considered plagiarism — even in early academia, where students are just learning how to properly cite others’ work. While there may be no ill intent from the student, most schools have policies explicitly treating accidental plagiarism the same as intentional plagiarism. Students are expected to know how to properly issue credit to other authors. Similarly, content writers risk damage to their reputation if they produce plagiarized content, regardless of intent.

Plagiarism Checker FAQ

What is plagiarism.

Plagiarism is representing someone else’s work as your own. In educational contexts, there are differing definitions of plagiarism depending on the institution. Plagiarism is considered a violation of academic integrity and a breach of journalistic ethics.

What percentage of a paper can be plagiarized (or copied) and still be considered unique?

Generally speaking, similar or exact copies of another source should be kept under 15% for the total text of the article/paper/essay. As a best practice, citations should be used whenever using another source word-for-word.

What’s the difference between deliberate and accidental plagiarism?

Deliberate plagiarism is purposely copying works from books, articles, webpages, or someone else’s paper and representing it as your original work. Alternatively, accidental plagiarism occurs in a few different ways:

• Incorrectly citing another person’s works
• Failing to paraphrase another person’s works - even when citing it correctly
• Reusing your own previous papers and inadvertently representing it as a new idea

What are the consequences of plagiarism?

The consequences for plagiarizing another person’s works vary. But broadly speaking, the types of consequences can be grouped by person and profession.

Plagiarism consequences for students

Maintaining academic integrity is a top priority for every educational institution. As already mentioned, ignorance of how to properly cite sources is not an excuse for plagiarism. It is the student’s responsibility to ensure they are submitting work that has not been plagiarized.

Failure to do so can result in disciplinary action, including an automatic failed grade, removal from a class, or expulsion from a school or university. Students who are allowed to continue at their institution following an act of plagiarism may encounter mistrust and additional scrutiny from teachers and instructors.

Plagiarism consequences for copywriters

Copywriters stake their reputation (and by extension, that of their client or company) on their writing. All copywriters must produce completely original content for their clients.

The consequences for plagiarism here are clear: Copywriters who plagiarize the content of others will quickly find it difficult to obtain paying assignments. Similar to academic situations, it is the copywriter’s own responsibility to ensure that their content is 100% original.

Plagiarism consequences for journalists

Journalists are held to exceptionally high standards of integrity in their writing. A journalist who produces plagiarized content jeopardizes the trust of their readers and publishers. Plagiarism can instantly reduce a journalist’s career by a large margin. The ethical and legal standards issued to journalists are clear: Produce original, well-cited content or find another field.

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Check for missing citations quickly and easily with originality reports

Originality reports use the power of Google Search to help students properly integrate external inspiration into their writing – while making it easy for instructors to check for potential plagiarism.

Help teachers quickly assess authenticity

Compare student work against hundreds of billions of web pages and over 40 million books with a single click

Highlight potential plagiarism and link to external sources within your grading interface

Get answers quickly and avoid manually searching for web matches

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The Best Plagiarism Checker

For the modern age, writing platforms have evolved. it’s time your plagiarism checker did too., trusted by industry leaders.

The Most Accurate Plagiarism Checker Available: Advanced, Comprehensive and Precise.

Plagiarism today isn’t the verbatim copy and paste of yesteryear. Plagiarism has evolved to be more nuanced, more subtle and more advanced.

With the sheer amounts of data being published every second of every day, it was time to create a plagiarism checker tool that could not only keep pace with today’s content needs, but also root out potentially plagiarized work with greater accuracy and confidence.

Uphold Content Integrity, Authenticity and Originality. Make Sure Your Ideas Stay Yours.

• Enhanced Accuracy - Originality.AI’s plagiarism check  tool uses advanced machine learning for more precise plagiarism checks.
• Scans in Seconds - Our intelligent plagiarism checker scans vast content databases, highlighting and fetching matches in seconds.
• User-Friendly Interface - Identify plagiarized content in seconds with our user-centered design. Built for ease of use and accessibility on any device.
• Content Authenticity - Tailored to recognize even advanced instances of plagiarism including patchwork plagiarism, unintentional plagiarism, mosaic plagiarism and more.

The Most Complete Plagiarism Report Available Online

Our comprehensive online plagiarism checker not only flags duplicate content as it detects plagiarism. It also provides matching URLs, quotes, paraphrasing and more in one detailed, easy-to-read plagiarism report. Whether you’re concerned with accidental plagiarism or worried about self plagiarism, you can now check plagiarism with certainty and efficiency with our plagiarism checker.

How Does Originality.AI’s Plagiarism Check Compare to Other Plagiarism Tools?

• Scan It All - From research papers to search engines, our robust plagiarism detection tool uncovers potential plagiarism with customizable deep scan levels.
• Check Plagiarism Instantly - Traditional free plagiarism scanners can’t spot subtle instances like patchwork plagiarism, paraphrasing and more, but Originality.AI can 
• Maintain Content Credibility - Whether you’re checking student writing or upholding journalistic ethics, spotting writing issues before they turn into academic probation (or worse) is crucial to maintaining content integrity.

Detect Plagiarism and Duplicate Content with Features You’ll Rely On Again and Again

Shareable Plagiarism Reports

Share your plagiarism report to prove that your writing is authentic, or showcase your strict adherence to journalistic ethics or academic integrity with shareable plagiarism reports.

Paraphrasing detection

Advanced machine learning and plagiarism check algorithms highlight even subtle instances of plagiarism like patchwork plagiarism, paraphrasing and more.

Multilanguage capabilities

Scan non-English text and compare it to a host of foreign language, literature and journal databases for greater certainty of originality across language

Detailed scan histoy

View previous scans and their results to compare plagiarism reports, check for duplicate content and see both highlighted passages and their plagiarism score.

Upload, Import, Paste and Check

Add your written content your way! Simply upload a document, import existing content, add a webpage URL or copy and paste.

Always up to date

We’re always a step ahead of new developments in AI, machine learning and NLP, so you can be confident that your plagiarism checker is always up-to-date.

Customers Love Originality.ai

After testing a number of AI content detection tools, I have found Originality.ai to be one of the best on the market . And now with the ability to detect paraphrased AI content, Orignality.ai is even more powerful. It’s basically my go-to detection tool at this point.

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At Clicking Publish, producing original, high-quality content is essential to our success. To maintain these standards, it's important that we verify the work from freelancers and outsourced writers. Originality.ai makes this process easy for us by providing a simple and efficient tool that ensures the content we receive meets our expectations.

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Frequently Asked Questions

Our internally built artificial intelligence uses supervised learning with multiple models including a modified BERT & Roberta model to predict if it is Human or AI written content. Our AI has been provided with millions of records both AI and Human text then trained to tell the difference between the two.

Google along with other search engines has made it clear that “Using automation - including AI - to generate content with the primary purpose of manipulating ranking in search results is a violation of our Spam Policies”.

Additionally we found that Google Adsense can identify AI generated text and rejected a website because of AI generated text ( study ).

Yes, we provide two opportunities to try our AI content detectors capabilities for free. You can can use our Free AI Detector at the top of this page or you can also signup and receive 50 free credits within our app.

Yes, Chat GPT generated content along with most LLM’s (Bard, Claude 2, Llama 2 etc) can be detected at a high rate of accuracy. They are not perfect and do have some false-positives. An AI detector does “work” depending on the level of accuracy, precision and recall you require.

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Read an originality report on your work

If your teacher turned on originality reports for an assignment, you can run up to 3 reports to check your work for uncited content and unintentional plagiarism. The reports compare your Google Docs or Slides file against webpages and books on the internet. If you have a Workspace Enterprise for Education account, your file is also compared to other student work submitted in your domain.

Originality reports are only available for Workspace for Education accounts set to English, French, Indonesian, Italian, Norwegian, Portuguese, Spanish, and Swedish.

Open a report

• Go to classroom.google.com and click a class.

• To run a new originality report, on the right, click  Run .
• To open an existing originality report, on the right, click  View originality report .

Review flagged passages

To review flagged passages in the originality report:

• Click Web matches .

• (Optional) To see the match for a specific passage, in the document, click a highlighted passage.

View number or percentage of flagged passages

You can use the percentage of flagged content to review how much source material you used. For example, if your report shows 5% flagged content, it means 5% of your document matches source material that wasn’t cited or quoted.

To switch views between the number of flagged passages and the percentage of flagged content, click Count or  % .

Edit your work

To edit your work, at the bottom of the originality report, click Edit .

 Any edits you make don't show in the report until you run a new one.

Print or save the report

• Save as a PDF
• Save to your Google Drive
• Print the report

Related topics

• Originality reports and privacy
• How an originality report is created
• Run an originality report on your work 

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• View & Interpret the Originality Report

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The Assignment Inbox

Access the Originality Report

Analyse the originality report (feedback studio interface), viewing similarity matches via match overview, viewing sources via all sources view.

• Excluding Quotes, bibliography & Small Matches

Generating a New Similarity Report

Excluding sources.

There are 3 formats for the Originality Report, each of them has t he same options:

• Feedback Studio 
• Document Viewer 
• Text only 

Digital Receipt

Digital Receipt: This automatically appears on-screen after a successful submission to Turnitin. The digital receipt is also emailed to the student. If a digital receipt is not received at any point, then the paper was not successfully submitted to Turnitin.

To access the originality report, please do the following:  

1. click on the name of the class from your home page..

2. By clicking View under the Actions column, this will direct you to the Assignment Inbox.

3.​Click on the percentage score under the Similarity  heading.

Feedback Studio Interface

Turnitin does not tell Instructors whether a paper has or has not been plagiarized. Originality Reports are just useful tools to help instructors locate potential sources of plagiarism, or text which may have been incorrectly cited. The percentage indicates the overall similarity based on how much matching text was found between the submitted file & Turnitin databases, it is ranging between 0% to 100% as shown in the photo below.

The higher the similarity score, the greater the amount of similar text came up in the Originality Report. the highlighted text in your document is color coded and numbered to match the sources on the right.

The "Match Overview" is a list of sources color coded and ordered from highest to lowest  that have the greatest matches with the submitted paper on the right sidebar. E ach highlighted & numbered  text on the left, is referred to on the "Match Overview" box on the right sidebar.

1. To view the Match Overview, click the red similarity score from the similarity toolbar. 

2. All matches are displayed within the  Match Overview   panel. A list of matches will be displayed in descending order.

3. To access each match in more detail, click the arrow to the right of each similarity percentage. The match breakdown will display all sources identified for each match.

4.  To view the sources on-paper, either click on any source in the Match Overview , a pop up box  will appear on the paper, telling the source that matched the text or click  t he number located left of the highlighted text.   To read the full source text, click the book icon in the top right-hand corner of the box, the full source will appear on the right side panel. You can also access this source using the URL by clicking the source hyperlink in either the source box or side panel.

In the All Sources vi ew, you can see all the matches found including those appeared in the Match Overview between the paper and Turnitin repositories sorted by highest percentage match .

To view all sources, click the All sources   icon from the similarity toolbar.

• All sources are displayed in a descending order within the  All Sources  side panel.

• Click on each match in the All Sources side panel, a new on-paper source box will appear.

Filtering the Originality Report

Excluding quotes .

Supported formats for quotations that Turnitin will recognise them:

• Block indentation: an indented block of text or   paragraph indentations in a Microsoft Word® document.

Supported marks:

Unsupported format:

• Using single quotation marks like this ('...')

Excluding bibliography

Turnitin will detect the following keywords and disregard any matches after any of them:

• reference list
• reference cited
• references cited
• reference and note
• reference and notes
• references and note
• references and notes
• references and further reading
• resources directory
• bibliography
• bibliographic Information
• works cited
• literature cited

Excluding small matches

You can exclude sources that are below either a word count or a percentage.

To exclude different types of text from the similarity report:

• Click the Filter icon from the similarity toolbar. 
• Click the relevant check boxes next to the Exclude Quotes & Exclude Bibliography  or Enter a  certain number of words, or a certain percentage of sources under the Exclude small matches.
• Click  Apply Changes  to confirm this change.
• A recalculation to the overall similarity score will happen.

it is sometimes beneficial to generate a new Similarity Report for a student submission at a later date to see if there are any new matching sources, or to ensure that it checks against later submissions made by other students or other classes.

Note:   your previous similarity report will be overwritten

1. Click the Filter icon from the similarity toolbar. 

2. Click the New Report button at the bottom  to generate a new report.

Excluding sources via match overview

1. Click the red similarity score from the similarity toolbar.

2. To access each match in more detail, click the arrow next to the relevant similarity percentage.

3. At the bottom of the Match Breakdown  panel, click the Exclude Sources button

4. Select the source(s)you would like to exclude from the report, and click the Exclude button.

5. This will recalculate the similarity score.

Excluding sources via all sources

1. Click the All Sources icon from the similarity toolbar.

2. Click the  Exclude Sources  button at the bottom.

3. Select the sources that you would like to exclude from the report.

4.Click the Exclude button.

Viewing excluded sources

1. To view sources that have been excluded from the similarity report, click the exclude icon from the similarity toolbar.

2. You will find a list of excluded sources, select the relevant sources & click either the Restore button to restore only some of the excluded sources or the Restore All button to restore the excluded sources in the list.

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Using our plagiarism checker is simple and free, so you don't have to waste time manually checking your work or worry about paying for a service. With just a few clicks, you can have peace of mind knowing that your work is completely original and that you won't be penalized for any unintentional plagiarism.

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Are there consequences for using free plagiarism checkers?

Plagiarism is the act of copying someone else's work without proper attribution, whether intentional or not. Failing to acknowledge the author's work or presenting it as one's own is considered plagiarism. Even minor paraphrasing can result in lower grades and other severe consequences, such as expulsion from school or even damaging one's professional reputation.

It is crucial to understand the principles of academic integrity and honesty and to always check your work for plagiarism. This is especially important for students working on dissertations, theses, or other significant academic projects that require original research.

In addition to the ethical considerations, there are legal consequences for plagiarism. In some cases, it may even lead to litigation. Therefore, it is essential to be mindful of plagiarism and avoid it at all costs.

To avoid unintentional plagiarism, one should learn how to properly cite and reference sources, paraphrase effectively, and avoid copying and pasting. It is also important to use plagiarism checker tools to ensure the originality and uniqueness of one's work.

In summary, plagiarism is a serious offense that can have far-reaching consequences. It is crucial to understand its implications, adhere to academic integrity principles, and always check your work for plagiarism to avoid any negative consequences.

To further ensure your academic integrity, familiarizing yourself with different ways to avoid plagiarism can significantly enhance the originality of your work.

How does the online plagiarism checker function?

3-step plagiarism checker

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To check for plagiarism in a completed text, simply copy and paste it into the designated box on a plagiarism tool or website, select appropriate settings (if needed), and click "check for plagiarism". The process is quick and easy, taking only a few moments.

Wait for the scan

After clicking on "check for plagiarism", the system will scan your text and compare it with various sources to detect similarities. Typically, the time required depends on the length of the text. It only takes five minutes or less for our plagiarism checker to deliver percentage-based results.

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After the system completes the analysis, you will be directed to the reporting page. Here you will receive the general report on your work, including the uniqueness percentage and a list of sources where similarities were detected. On top of that, it also highlights any overlaps found.

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Understanding the Similarity Report: Student guide | New experience

Student guide explaining how to interpret and use information included on the Turnitin Similarity Report.

This student-focused guide explains features and important information included on the Turnitin Similarity Report, as well as guidance for using the information from that report to inform changes to student work and discussions with educators. Educators can access similar information on the educator-focused Understanding the Similarity Report: Educator guide | New experience . Download this file to display and/or print the guide in a .pdf format.

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Home » Home » Crafting an Essay in APA Style: A Comprehensive Guide

Crafting an Essay in APA Style: A Comprehensive Guide

By Space Coast Daily  //  May 22, 2024

In the realm of academic writing, mastering various styles of organization and formatting is imperative for achieving excellence. Each style brings its own unique characteristics, demanding meticulous attention to detail.

Through this guide, students will gain a deep understanding of how to effectively navigate the intricacies of writing in APA format, ensuring originality and adherence to scholarly standards.

Deciphering APA Format for Essays

The American Psychological Association (APA) introduced its distinctive style for formatting articles and academic papers, laying out its foundations in the seminal Publication Manual first published in 1929. Since then, the APA standards have evolved, culminating in the current 7th edition, which serves as the definitive guide for disciplines ranging from Psychology to Education and beyond. APA style has become ubiquitous, particularly in medical journals, educational literature, and related fields, reflecting its broad applicability and influence.

Navigating the Nuances of APA Format

The 7th edition of APA standards offers comprehensive guidance on various facets of academic writing, including:

• Margin and spacing protocols
• Structural organization of content
• Implementation of author-date citation
• Compilation of a meticulously curated reference list

Embracing the Essence of APA Style

Mastering APA format entails adhering to a set of rigorous guidelines, such as utilizing Times New Roman as the standard font, maintaining uniform one-inch margins or larger, and ensuring consistent double-spacing throughout the document. Moreover, punctilious attention to punctuation rules is paramount, necessitating continuous reference to the latest edition of the APA Manual for accurate formatting.

Demystifying APA Outline Format

A standard APA essay encompasses a multifaceted structure, comprising essential components such as:

• Concluding remarks

While each element is indispensable, their content may vary depending on the subject matter, disciplinary norms, or institutional requirements, thereby fostering a dynamic and adaptable approach to academic writing.

Essential Elements of the Cover Page

The cover page serves as the gateway to the essay, encapsulating vital information including the page header, title, author’s name, and institutional affiliation. Adhering to departmental guidelines and referencing sample cover pages, if available, is instrumental in ensuring compliance with requisite standards.

Optimizing Page Header Formatting

The page header, restricted to 50 characters including spaces, should be meticulously aligned, with the page number elegantly positioned on the right-hand side of each page, thereby imbuing the document with a sense of coherence and professionalism.

Harnessing the Power of Headings and Subheadings

Headings serve as navigational signposts, facilitating the seamless segmentation of content and enhancing readability. APA essay headings are categorized into five distinct levels, each characterized by specific formatting guidelines delineated in the APA instructions, thereby fostering clarity and coherence in scholarly discourse.

Unveiling the Significance of the Abstract

The abstract constitutes a concise synopsis of the essay, encapsulating its core tenets, research methodology, and key findings within a succinct word limit, typically comprising approximately 200 words or 10% of the total word count, thereby providing readers with a succinct yet comprehensive overview of the paper’s central themes and contributions to scholarship.

Structuring the Essay Body for Optimal Impact

Adhering to APA guidelines for body paragraphs entails meticulous attention to detail, encompassing proper indentation, section headers, and pagination, thereby fostering coherence and clarity in scholarly discourse. Moreover, adherence to prescribed formatting conventions ensures that the essay exudes professionalism and rigor, thereby enhancing its credibility and scholarly appeal.

Navigating the Terrain of Tables and Figures

Tables and figures serve as invaluable aids in elucidating complex concepts and enhancing comprehension, provided they are seamlessly integrated into the text and imbued with substantive relevance. Accordingly, tables and figures should be formatted with precision and clarity, with clear numbering, titles, and relevance to the overarching narrative, thereby enhancing the essay’s efficacy as a vehicle for scholarly communication and knowledge dissemination.

Unlocking the Secrets of Successful Writing in APA Format

To optimize the efficacy and impact of the essay, consider the following tips:

• Familiarize yourself with the latest edition of the APA Manual or relevant guidelines.
• Craft a meticulously detailed cover page that adheres to prescribed formatting standards.
• Employ hierarchical headings to delineate the structure of the essay and enhance readability.
• Integrate quotations judiciously, adhering to APA formatting guidelines and ensuring seamless integration into the broader narrative.
• Compile the reference list meticulously, adhering to standard conventions and arranging sources alphabetically by authors’ last names.
• Proofread the entire document rigorously, correcting errors in spelling, grammar, punctuation, and formatting to ensure maximal clarity and professionalism.
• Seek feedback from peers or mentors to identify and address any weaknesses in the content or structure of the essay, thereby fostering continuous improvement and refinement in scholarly discourse.

By embracing these strategies and guidelines, writers can navigate the intricacies of APA format with confidence and precision, thereby enhancing the efficacy and impact of their scholarly contributions. For additional support and guidance, consider utilizing resources such as Aithor, our college essay generator , to streamline the writing process and optimize scholarly output.

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Pride Ozymandias Grade 9 essay

Subject: English

Age range: 14-16

Resource type: Assessment and revision

Last updated

23 May 2024

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The PDF file consists of a 30/30 marked comparative essay assessment in timed conditions with an introduction of the relevant context of Ozymandias and My Last Duchess to achieve top marks in AO3. Has an in-depth sophisticated analysis for key, judicious quotes, an examination of the form and structure in a high level of detail to achieve the top grades. I had wrote the essay during my GCSEs as a main revision tool to practice my timings and was recommended to share my notes because of its high level quality and originality. In the end, I achieved a Grade 9 in both Literautre and Language. The first page is a typed up version and the second page is my actual wrote up response.

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Interpreting the Similarity Report

Though we're known for scanning submissions for plagiarism, Turnitin actually does not check for plagiarism in your work. What we actually do is check your submissions against our database, and if there are instances where your writing is similar to, or matches against, one of our sources, we will flag this for your instructor to review. Our database includes billions of web pages: both current and archived content from the internet, a repository of works other students have submitted to Turnitin in the past, and a collection of documents, which comprises thousands of periodicals, journals, and publications.

It is perfectly natural for an assignment to match against some of our database. If you've used quotes and referenced correctly, there will be instances where we will find a match and that is totally OK! The similarity score simply highlights any matching areas in your paper so your instructor can use this as an investigative tool to determine if the match is or is not acceptable.

Similarity Reports provide a summary of matching or highly similar text found in a submitted paper. When a Similarity Report is available for viewing, a similarity score percentage will be made available. Similarity Reports that have not yet finished generating are represented by a grayed out icon in the Similarity column. Reports that are not available may not have generated yet, or assignment settings may be delaying the generation of the report.

Overwritten or resubmitted papers may not generate a new Similarity Report for a full 24 hours. This delay is automatic and allows resubmissions to correctly generate without matching to the previous draft.

The color of the report icon indicates the similarity score of the paper, based on the amount of matching or similar text that was uncovered. The percentage range is 0% to 100%. The possible similarity ranges are:

• Blue: No matching text
• Green: One word to 24% matching text
• Yellow: 25-49% matching text
• Orange: 50-74% matching text
• Red: 75-100% matching text

Students, be sure to consult your instructor's syllabus, contact them directly, or review your institution's overarching policies on what counts as an acceptable similarity score before you submit a paper. Every school, instructor, or assignment could very well have a different amount of matching text that is considered acceptable.

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Masha Gessen Joins The Times as an Opinion Columnist

With deep reporting, excellent prose and unending resolve, Masha is a must-read on many global issues. Read more in this note from Kathleen Kingsbury.

There are few greater authorities on the planet on the rise of authoritarianism than Masha Gessen. Through their deep reporting, excellent prose and unending resolve, Masha has established themselves as a must-read on their homeland of Russia, President Vladimir Putin, Eastern Europe and the war in Ukraine. They’ve also demonstrated over and over that this considerable expertise extends much further, whether to questions of civil rights, history, politics, philosophy, gender or the Middle East. All of which is why The Times is so lucky that Masha will soon be our newest Opinion columnist.

Masha, who will be writing under the byline M. Gessen, was born in Moscow and immigrated to the United States with their family at the age of 14. They got their start in journalism in the gay press (as it was then called), editing and reporting on AIDS. In 1991 they returned to the Soviet Union as a reporter, first for U.S. magazines and then also for Russian ones. They served as a special correspondent for The New Republic, a contributing editor to Wired and the Moscow bureau chief for U.S. News and World Report. They also wrote for and edited several Russian magazines and, famously, got fired as the editor of Vokrug Sveta, the country’s biggest popular-science magazine, for refusing to send a reporter to cover Mr. Putin’s hang gliding with Siberian cranes.

After 22 years in Russia, Masha returned to the United States in December 2013, after the Kremlin’s campaign against L.G.B.T.Q. people threatened their family. Masha began contributing regularly to The New York Times in 2011 as an author on the Latitude blog and later as a contributing Opinion writer. In 2017, they left to join The New Yorker as a staff writer.

Masha has written 11 books of nonfiction. Their 2017 book, “The Future Is History: How Totalitarianism Reclaimed Russia,” won the National Book Award and a number of other honors. Their other books include the 2012 international best seller “The Man Without a Face: The Unlikely Rise of Vladimir Putin” and “Surviving Autocracy,” published in 2020. Masha has won a Nieman fellowship, an Andrew Carnegie fellowship, a Guggenheim fellowship, the Hannah Arendt prize for political thinking and many other honors. Most recently, they received the George Polk Award for “In the Shadow of the Holocaust,” an essay published in The New Yorker.

If all that weren’t enough, Masha has taught at Amherst College and Bard College and is currently a distinguished professor at the Craig Newmark Graduate School of Journalism at the City University of New York.

In 2022, when the full-scale invasion of Ukraine forced virtually all Russian independent media to go into exile, Masha proposed an emergency effort to safeguard the archives of those outlets. The idea became the Russian Independent Media Archive, a joint project of Bard College and PEN America, and Masha continues to serve as an adviser to it. In just two years, the project has developed a tool kit for protecting and making usable media that has been shuttered, persecuted or taken off the web. A Guatemalan Independent Media Archive is in the early stages of development; many others will surely follow.

I take deep pride in the work of our Opinion columnists and the close relationship between our readers and this brilliant roster of writers. It’s a special bond of trust that brings people back time and again to our Opinion report to think together about global crises, American politics, the biggest questions facing society and more. I’m so excited that our readers will get to experience Masha’s intelligence, originality and empathy in our pages and that we are welcoming such a formidable journalist to a long tradition of great Opinion columnists.

Please join me in welcoming Masha to Times Opinion.

Explore Further

Elias isquith joins times opinion, michal leibowitz returns to times opinion, kami rieck joins times opinion.

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Margaret Cavendish Society Conference: FAME "Absence and Death are Much Alike"

Call for Papers

The International Margaret Cavendish Society biannual conference will be held on the 12th and 13th of December, 2024, at Universidad de Sevilla (Spain).

FAME: “Absence and Death are much alike”

Fame is a report that travells far, and Many times lives long, and The older it groweth, The more it florishes, and is The more particularly a mans own…

The Worlds Olio (1655)

[W]ho knows but after my honourable burial, I might have a glorious resurrection in following ages, since time brings strange and unusual things to passe.

The Physical and Philosophical Opinions (1655)

Early forms of human symbolic communication testify to pre-literate notions of fame, which Homer metaphorised in Mount Ossa, while Virgil, in the Aeneid , posited "no evil faster than [fame].” Plato and Aristotle took fame seriously as the pursuit of honour and glory, while the Stoics tended to view it as a by-product of living in harmony with nature and virtue. As a result, during the classical revival of the Renaissance, the concept of fame was often associated with notions of honour, virtue, and achievement. Petrarch's sonnets and Shakespeare's plays concretized the humanist tradition of seeking immortality through renowned literary works. We might even turn to the University of Seville’s emblem, which features a coronary statue of Fame as “public messenger.”

Across her career, Cavendish was obsessed with fame. While she was critical of the pursuit of fame for its own sake, and expressed reservations about the vanity, wealth, or false learning that might lead to “bastard fame,” she nonetheless devoted her writing career to the pursuit of a “true fame” that might be earned through virtue, originality, wit, and wisdom. She also recognized, as an early female author and iconoclast, that fame was her only avenue to a more sympathetic future audience. Indeed, her work abounds in haunting expressions of her desire for longevity. As she frequently expounded, she sought to climb “Fames Tower” and “Live in Many Brains.” Now, in 2024, the world is finally listening. 

Cavendish offers a unique opportunity to discuss fame, its impact on individuals and societies, and its continuities with concepts of immortality. More broadly, she offers valuable insights into the human condition and the power of public perception. Of course, the trope of fame continues to resonate today, as we explore the human complexities of ambition, desire, vanity, and identity.

We warmly invite papers from any discipline that touch—explicitly or implicitly—on the topic of fame, as we meet in Seville to discuss Cavendish in 2024. We especially encourage papers from postgraduate students and scholars not adequately represented in the academy. The event will be held in person, although online options might be available (TBA). Topics might include, but are not limited to:

-         Cavendish and fame in literature (poetry, fiction, biography, literary history and literary theory).

-         Cavendish and fame in philosophy.

-         Cavendish and fame in herstory/women’s studies.

-         Cavendish and fame as it relates to queer theory.

-         Cavendish and theology, especially notions of the afterlife.

-         Cavendish, fame, and biography.

-         Cavendish and fame in the fine arts.

-         Cavendish and fame as it relates to the history of science/intellectual history.

-         Cavendish and fame in early modern society, or her growing stature in contemporary pop culture.

-         Cavendish and fame in communication.

-         Cavendish, fame, and ethics.

Please send an abstract of no more than 250 words and a brief (100-word) bio to the Conference Committee by July 15, 2024.

For any questions, or for more information, please contact the team at [email protected] .

We look forward to hosting you in Seville!

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Can Originalism Be Moral?

 Professor of law at the Boalt Hall School of Law at the University of California, Berkeley

Key Takeaways

Originalism can be moral even if some individual provisions, as originally understood, fail to pass universal tests for morality.

What matters is not the morality of the individual rules, but the morality of the system that makes those rules possible.

The lesson of the American experience is that the Constitution and originalism are moral because they create the Union that makes liberty possible.

Select a Section 1 /0

John G. Malcolm. Welcome, everybody, to The Heritage Foundation, and thank you for joining us for the third annual Edwin Meese III Originalism Lecture, which will be delivered tonight by my good friend, Professor John Yoo.

This lecture honors former U. S. Attorney General Ed Meese, who, through a series of speeches in 1985 and 1986, was instrumental in sparking a revolution in the law by reinvigorating what he called a jurisprudence of original intention. This, of course, should not have been revolutionary at all since judges prior to the Progressive Era had long practiced originalism. But times had certainly changed—that is, until Ed Meese came along.

Look how far we have come since then. A solid majority of Justices on the Supreme Court today are self-professed originalists, and during her confirmation hearing, Justice Elena Kagan went so far as to say today, “we are all originalists.” REF I am delighted that the man who sparked this revolution, Ed Meese, is here with us this evening.

Tonight, John Yoo will speak about originalism. John is the Emanuel Heller Professor of Law at the University of California at Berkeley, where he also directs the Public Law and Policy Program and the Korea Law Center. He’s also a visiting scholar at the American Enterprise Institute and a visiting fellow at the Hoover Institution.

John began his legal career by clerking for two legal giants, Judge Laurence Silberman on the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals and Justice Clarence Thomas on the Supreme Court. He’s written over 100 articles and several books, including his latest one, which he co-authored with Robert Delahunty, The Politically Incorrect Guide to the Supreme Court . REF

John also served as a Deputy Assistant Attorney General in the Justice Department’s Office of Legal Counsel and as General Counsel to the U. S. Senate Judiciary Committee. Please join me in welcoming John Yoo.

John G. Malcolm is Vice President of the Institute for Constitutional Government, Director of the Edwin Meese III Center for Legal and Judicial Studies and the B. Kenneth Simon Center for American Studies, and Gilbertson Lindberg Senior Legal Fellow at The Heritage Foundation.

John Yoo. Thanks, John, for that introduction. It’s really great to be here. I’m reminded of the last time I spoke at Heritage in a presidential election year back in 2016. I landed in Washington shortly after the election. I hailed a cab and asked the driver to take me to the Trump transition headquarters. He delivered me here instead. I see that times haven’t changed.

I’m honored to deliver a lecture named after my role model and friend, General Meese. One thing that is sometimes obscured in General Meese’s biography is that he is one of our proudest graduates at Berkeley Law School and a recipient of the school’s Alumni Award, which was given to him by former Dean Chris Edley.

I’m not sure our current Dean Erwin Chemerinsky would have given him the same award, but not for want of trying. Before COVID, Berkeley co-sponsored a conference with Heritage on criminal procedure and invited General Meese to speak. Dean Chemerinsky got up, welcomed everybody, and then proceeded with a 10-minute attack on the Roberts Court for its criminal procedure decisions.

General Meese got up next. Without making any welcoming remarks, General Meese turned to Dean Chemerinsky and said: “Erwin, the Warren Court is over.” He then proceeded with a 10-minute, point-by-point rebuttal, leaving no doubt that the Court had come to its senses on criminal procedure. It was a wonderful event and not the first time that General Meese had to take a law school dean to school.

The subject of my talk is originalism, a subject that has achieved its high stature in academic discourse thanks to General Meese. I think he was the last of what I would call the “intellectual” Attorneys General. Today, when we think about Attorneys General, we don’t think about their ideas: We instead think about how many people they put in jail. Our Attorneys General today are home secretaries and interior ministers. In contrast, General Meese hearkened back to the original Attorneys General who were advisors to the government about the Constitution and its meaning. His speech on originalism was part of that great effort, along with his unceasing efforts to get constitutionalists appointed to the Supreme Court and the lower courts.

After General Meese delivered his famous speech on originalism, REF citations to The Federalist Papers in Supreme Court opinions went up 600 percent. That almost matches the growth of the federal deficit.

A Crisis of Originalism

I intend my remarks to respond to what I call a crisis of originalism. On one hand, originalism is at the height of its acceptance in the bar and on the courts. Perhaps a majority of the Justices of the Supreme Court, or maybe even a super-majority, identify as originalists or at least strive toward originalism.

But at the same time, originalism is suffering from internal doubt. This doubt originates not from the 1619 Project or from others who regularly vilify our Founding Fathers and denounce originalism, but from the very conservative circles that gave originalism its first home. We stand now at the height of originalism’s victory, the fulfillment of General Meese’s wishes. But amid this apparent victory lies a furious debate among conservatives: Is originalism moral? And if not, is originalism a true victory for conservatives?

My very good friend Adrian Vermeule, who leads the intellectual project known as common good constitutionalism, would say no. To him, originalism is amoral. Vermeule proposes that the Constitution be interpreted not in accordance with its original meaning, but with an eye to policies that benefit the “common good.” Like Ronald Dworkin, Professor Vermeule defends “moral readings of the Constitution.” But unlike Dworkin, Vermeuele’s vision for a “moral reading” aligns with conservative principles.

Professor Vermeule is correct that originalism is not a moral theory. It doesn’t promote good or bad morality. And because originalism promises fidelity to the law, whether originalism leads to a “good” or “bad” result depends on the law. If the law is good, then originalism is good. If the law were bad, then maybe originalism would be bad too. Vermeule concludes, correctly, that originalism should be judged against an external moral theory.

What should that external moral theory be? Professor Randy Barnett, no stranger to Heritage, would say that originalism is justified by a libertarian notion of individual rights. Others, like Professor Hadley Arkes and his fellow travelers from the Claremont School (inspired by Claremont Graduate University Professor Harry Jaffa, the student of University of Chicago philosopher Leo Strauss) would say that natural law should guide our understanding of the Constitution when linguistic and moral gaps arise.

In contrast, Professor Joel Alicea of Catholic University Law School would say that the natural law itself requires that we accept the authoritative decisions of the leaders that the people have chosen within a system of popular sovereignty. Thus, he concludes, obeying the decisions of those leaders itself is moral because popular sovereignty in the U.S. context is consistent with the natural law.

These justifications appeal to various theorists, but they depend on a common assumption, one that is fundamental to any justification of originalism: that our Constitution and our country are different from other constitutions and other countries. Our Constitution is exceptional because our nation is exceptional. Our Constitution is moral, and hence originalism is moral, because the Founding created a nation whose existence and progress has produced good moral outcomes.

This is in contrast to other countries, where the people preceded the establishment of their constitutions or even their nations. Take France, for example. The French people existed long before the modern state of France came into being. The French people saw one constitution after another passed, enacted, thrown out, and replaced again. To them, as with most other countries, the constitution is just an instrument, no different from any other law. In a country like France, it might make sense to reject an understanding of the constitution as moral.

That’s why it’s no surprise that many critiques of originalism come from people who are enamored with the civil law system and European approaches to the law. The morality of constitutional law in Europe stems from the history and traditions that have existed from the time of the Roman Republic through the Catholic Church to the civil codes of today. That greater political context gives European legal systems their moral justification. Vermeule is surely right in arguing that European constitutional law must abide by the broader notions of the common good provided by that long history and thought.

But Americans are different. The United States is different. We were not a people before the Constitution. In fact, our Constitution created and defined the American nation rather than the other way around. And so if the Constitution itself is what creates our nation-state, which creates us as a nation, then it’s possible for the Constitution itself to be morally good (putting aside its outcomes in individual cases).

I’m an American exceptionalist. America is a force for good in the world, and it always has been. America is the best thing that has happened to the modern world.

Think about how different the world would be if we had never had our Revolution and Constitution, if we had remained an appendage of the British Empire. Imagine what the destiny of millions would have been if the United States had not intervened in World Wars I and II, protected Europe and Asia during the Cold War, and established the liberal international order after the disappearance of the Soviet Union.

Giving Effect to America’s Goodness

Indeed, the United States is and has been an incredible force for good. And if America is good, then the people and things that built America are good too. Originalism is what gives effect to that goodness. It teaches us to try to understand what the people who gave us the Constitution understood and to apply their wisdom to the circumstances of our times. Truly, it is the goodness of America that makes originalism moral.

This principle is separate from the specific provisions in the Constitution. Not only did the Constitution establish a new nation, but it also united a collection of states and societies with serious regional differences. Originalism is moral because it advances the Constitution’s fundamental purpose of creating the Union.

The North was industrial; the South was agrarian. The North was built on freedom; the South, unfortunately, on slavery. But they came together in the Revolution and the Constitution to found our nation. Although the North and South deeply distrusted each other, they foresaw the enormous public benefits of national unity.

Consider the free-market economy which the Constitution created. Consider the national defense against hostile invaders, the potential for westward expansion, and the ability to accept millions of hard-working immigrants longing for a better life. How did these brilliant features come together? They came together because of the Constitution: not because the Constitution provided a detailed answer to every question, but because it struck a careful balance of power between the North and the South so that they could both trust each other enough to join a single Union.

Today, we take their trust for granted, but their cooperation was miraculous. Before the North and South worked out a system, there was no Supreme Court. Nor was there any other enforcement authority. After independence was won, the North and the South lived in regional anarchy. They needed to come together to become one nation. And how did they do it? By writing a Constitution. The Founders understood that a written Constitution would promote trust: trust that people would keep their bargains and fulfill their promises about the sharing of power.

A similar problem arises in international relations. How do two countries make a treaty? How do they ever make an agreement with each other when there’s no international court with any real authority to enforce the terms?

International relations theory provides an answer: credible commitments. Each state must send signals to each other that it is trustworthy and that it’s not going to break its word, even if one side becomes much more powerful later. The best way for a party to prove that it will keep its word is to contribute to expensive institutions that will safeguard its obligations and protect against subversion of the agreement, and the most credible signal that the North and the South could have sent was to devise a written constitution with a Supreme Court that would enforce its terms.

Although there’s no way to test this theory perfectly, one way to understand it is to consider Dred Scott and the advent of the Civil War.

Chief Justice Roger Taney wrote for the Court in Dred Scott . His opinion seriously misconstrues the original understanding of the Constitution. It concludes that Congress cannot regulate slavery in the territories. The crux of his opinion was that slaves were property. Thus, their ownership and their movement could not be restricted by the federal government without violating the Takings Clause and the Due Process Clause. The natural consequence of this reasoning, as Lincoln understood, was that either all of America would tolerate slavery or none of it would. And Dred Scott ’s logic suggested that all of it would.

This interpretation contradicted the original meaning of the Constitution. But more fundamentally, it subverted the careful constitutional bargain crafted by the North and South. The two regions could no longer trust each other to obey the Constitution because the expensive safeguard the parties had established—the Supreme Court—surrendered its legitimacy with its erroneous decision. Dred Scott , by failing to honor and enforce the original terms of the deal embodied in the Constitution, left the North and South with no recourse but civil war.

So, can originalism be moral? Dred Scott shows that it can. When a constitution is as fundamental as ours is, a deviation from the Constitution amounts to a change in the basic rules of the game. When that change adversely affects a party who helped to form the agreement, the change subverts the entire purpose of the agreement and, in turn, the country that the agreement was made to establish.

This means that originalism can be moral even if some individual provisions, as originally understood, fail to pass everyone’s test for morality. What matters is not the morality of the individual rules, but the morality of the system that makes those rules possible. While I am in full agreement that our Constitution exists to protect the natural rights of the Declaration of Independence, that lofty purpose is not possible without the creation of the United States, which will then protect those natural rights.

Even if the common good is the metric, natural law thinkers understood that there must be an effective, viable government to protect the common good, and that’s not possible without a constitution.

Daniel Webster, one of our greatest Senators, captured this relationship between individual rights, natural rights, and freedom. In his famous speech on the Senate floor, Webster said: “Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable!” That’s the lesson of the American experience and why the Constitution and originalism are moral: because they create the Union that makes liberty possible.

John Yoo is the Emanuel Heller Professor of Law at the University of California at Berkeley.

Emanuel S. Heller Professor of Law, UC Berkeley School of Law and Fellow, American Enterprise Institute

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Internal Email Communications Benchmarks 2024 from PoliteMail

Email activity has jumped considerably in the post-pandemic period. Now, maintaining consistent and effective corporate communications among a remote or hybrid workforce can pose a significant challenge. Communicators must find a balance between keeping employees engaged and interested in routine corporate communications and ensuring the important messages stand out. Additionally, each industry faces unique challenges and limitations, and it is up to the communicator to craft messages that resonate with different employee groups, considering their unique needs, interests and preferences. And since email provides the most extensive reach of any corporate communications channel, the metrics matter.

In “Internal Email Communications Benchmarks 2024,” PoliteMail reports key metrics including attention rates, readership, clicks and engagement, to show how you can improve your reach and capture your entire distribution audience. In this report, you will understand:

• The open rate to achieve for your corporate internal communications.
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• Ways to measure results and grade your own communication performance.
• … and much more!

Download this free report today which includes data from 10 industry sectors and seven distribution list sizes. It explores the primary factors that impact reach and what to expect when you send a message.

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*Country United States Canada Mexico United Kingdom ----- Afghanistan Albania Algeria American Samoa Andorra Angola Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Armenia Aruba Australia Austria Azerbaijan Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bermuda Bhutan Bolivia Bonaire Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Bouvet Island (Bouvetoya) Brazil British Indian Ocean Territory (Chagos Archipelago) British Virgin Islands Brunei Darussalam Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Cape Verde Cayman Islands Central African Republic Chad Chile China Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Colombia Comoros Congo Congo Cook Islands Costa Rica Cote d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba Curaçao Cyprus Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Falkland Islands (Malvinas) Faroe Islands Fiji Finland France French Guiana French Polynesia French Southern Territories Gabon Gambia Georgia Georgia Germany Ghana Gibraltar Greece Greenland Grenada Guadeloupe Guam Guatemala Guernsey Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Haiti Heard Island and McDonald Islands Holy See (Vatican City State) Honduras Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Isle of Man Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jersey Jordan Kazakhstan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Korea Korea Kuwait Kyrgyz Republic Lao People's Democratic Republic Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macao Macedonia Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Marshall Islands Martinique Mauritania Mauritius Mayotte Micronesia Moldova Monaco Mongolia Montenegro Montserrat Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nauru Nepal Netherlands Netherlands Antilles New Caledonia New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Niue Norfolk Island Northern Mariana Islands Norway Oman Pakistan Palau Palestinian Territory Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Pitcairn Islands Poland Portugal Puerto Rico Qatar Reunion Romania Russian Federation Rwanda Saint Barthelemy Saint Helena Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa San Marino Sao Tome and Principe Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Sint Maarten (Netherlands) Slovakia (Slovak Republic) Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa South Georgia & S. Sandwich Islands Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Svalbard & Jan Mayen Islands Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Syrian Arab Republic Taiwan Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Timor-Leste Togo Tokelau Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkey Turkmenistan Turks and Caicos Islands Tuvalu U.S. Virgin Islands U.S. Minor Outlying Islands Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Venezuela Vietnam Wallis and Futuna Western Sahara Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe

*Number of Employees Less than 50 50-99 100-249 250-499 500-999 1,000-4,999 5,000-9,999 more than 10,000

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