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Biology - Free Essay Examples And Topic Ideas

Biology is the study of living organisms and their interactions with one another and their environments. Essays could explore significant discoveries in biology, discuss the ethical implications of biological research, or delve into the interdisciplinary aspects of biology in addressing complex environmental and health challenges. A substantial compilation of free essay instances related to Biology you can find in Papersowl database. You can use our samples for inspiration to write your own essay, research paper, or just to explore a new topic for yourself.

Biology Explored: the Dynamic Duo of Mitosis and Meiosis

In the complex and fascinating field of biology, it is crucial to have a comprehensive understanding of the processes that govern cellular division. Mitosis and meiosis, two fundamental mechanisms of cellular division, are often juxtaposed owing to their distinct functionalities and characteristics. Upon examination of these ecological processes, it becomes evident that each one assumes a crucial function in the interdependence of life, including the growth of an individual organism and the long-term viability of whole species. Mitosis is a […]

Biology’s Role: Shaping Lives and our World

Biology's Insight: Medicine, Food, and Human Health Biology is the study of living things. So, if humans want to find out everything that god has created for us, we need to study biology. One of the examples of something that we use every day is medicine. A lot of medicines have plants and a bunch of other living things in the ingredients. And without medicine, most of the human population would probably die of disease. A lot of foods are […]

What is Photosynthesis?

Photosynthesis is the process that transforms organisms from light energy into chemical energy. In order for photosynthesis to take place, it needs these three things: Water, carbon dioxide, and sunlight. As humans, in order to live plants, must take in gases. Plants are known as ""autotrophs, which means organisms that can make their own food. The process of photosynthesis was created and developed Jan Ingenhousz, a British physician and scientist. Joseph Priestley was another scientist who contributed to the discovery […]

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Biology and Signaling Alterations in AD

The Rho-associated coiled-coil containing kinases (ROCKs) are ubiquitously expressed serine/threonine kinases that are downstream effectors of the RhoA GTPase (Ishizaki et al., 1996b; Leung et al., 1996a; Leung et al., 1995a; Matsui et al., 1996a; Nakagawa et al., 1996a; Schackmann et al., 2011). ROCKs are key regulators of the actomyosin cytoskeleton dynamics, as well as neuronal morphology and synaptic plasticity (Schubert and Dotti, 2007). The two ROCK homologs (ROCK1 and ROCK2) share high homology in their kinase domains (92%) and […]

Effect of Exercise on the Rate of Respiration and the Heart Rate

How does increase the number of jumping jacks affect the rate of respiration and the heart rate per minute in teenagers aged 17-18? Background Information: Different types of activity will have a different effect on the rate of respiration as well as the heart rate because of certain factors. These include the level of intensity and difficulty of the exercise, as well as determining whether it is an aerobic or anaerobic activity. Aerobic respiration requires the presence of oxygen. (Haldane, […]

Photosynthesis Vs. Cellular Respiration the Major Processess in a Global Balance

There are two key processes that occur in nature to obtain energy, they are photosynthesis and cellular respiration. The derivative of the word photosynthesis is the process in which energy of sunlight is converted by plants to store chemical energy in carbohydrate bonds. Photosynthesis is known to be performed by plants, as is cellular respiration. Cellular respiration is organisms obtaining energy from a conversation that releases energy when oxygen is present. These two processes work together hand in hand as […]

Process of Photosynthesis

Presentation Photosynthesis, process by which green plants and certain different living beings utilize the vitality of light to change over carbon dioxide and water into the basic sugar glucose. In this manner, photosynthesis gives the fundamental vitality source to basically all life forms. A critical result of photosynthesis is oxygen, on which most living beings depend. Photosynthesis happens in green plants, ocean growth, green growth, and certain microscopic organisms. These living beings are veritable sugar plants, creating a huge number […]

Photosynthesis Virtual Lab

Hypothesis: all of the colors in the light spectrum are most effective in the growth process of photosynthesis except for green. We tested our hypothesis by plugging in the different colors as well as the different types of plants into the simulation. After running the simulation we gathered the info of the averages in lengths of the plants after 30 days. The variables we controlled in this experiment were the pot, type of soil, location, and amount of water given. […]

Why is Photosynthesis Important?

"Photosynthesis is an important process which allows organisms to produce food without the intervention of any other organisms. This specialized reaction, occurring only in autotrophs, has several key features that are fundamental for understanding the process as a whole. Factors of where the process takes place, the reactants and products of the reactions, and what happens in the process are all important elements in the success of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplast, an organelle found only in plant cells. […]

DNA and Mutations

Occurrence of mutation. Mutation is the process that produces a gene or a chromosome set different from the wild type. For instance this allows us to measure the frequency of mutation occurance.a cell caring mutation can be used as probes to disassemble the constituent parts of a biological function and to examine their workings and interrelations.For a recessive mutation to give rise to a mutant phenotype in a diploid organism both alleles must carry the mutation but one copy of […]

Idea of Photosynthesis by Jan Ingenhousz

To begin, the idea of photosynthesis was created by, according to Encyclopaedia Britannica, ""A Dutch scientist, Jan Ingenhousz. (Ingenhousz 1.) He was born in the Netherlands on December 8, 1730. Ingenhousz, is most known for his discovery of photosynthesis. According, to Encyclopedia Britannica, ""Ingenhousz discovered that light is necessary for photosynthesis, only the green parts of the plant perform photosynthesis, and all living parts of the plant can potentially damage the air."" (Ingenhousz 1.) Photosynthesis occurs in two steps inside […]

Sustainability in Architecture

Sustainability in architecture is a concept that has been spread across the United States of America for decades now. For some time now the public has acknowledged that if we don't take care of the world we live in then soon it will be gone. The first signs that warned the people in urban areas were not only the in your face issue of global warming but also the increase in the price of energy. Building and business owners found […]

Sustainability Policy

1.Introduction The Sustainability Policy defines the overall Sustainability Practices for (ORGANISATION), as per the ORGANISATION Sustainability Framework. The purpose of this policy is to support ORGANISATION in becoming the most sustainable transport provider in the Middle East. ORGANISATION's Policy is aligned with the relevant local and national strategic directions of the UAE. The ORGANISATION Sustainability Framework follows a continual improvement management approach (Plan-Do-Check-Act) to ensure continuous improvement. It includes establishing reference to the ORGANISATION Sustainability Framework, the related KPIs, and […]

Exploring the Intricacies of Genetics through DNA

Introduction The hereditary molecule that is tasked with carrying genetic instructions that are used in all living things in development, growth, reproduction and functioning is referred to as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). DNA molecules consist of two strands which are bipolar and are mostly coiled near to one another to form a spiral. This strands are referred to as polynucleotides simply because they are made of small units known as nucleotides. The information of the DNA is stored in this nucleotides. […]

The Case for Urban Agriculture as a Driver of Environmental Sustainability

Abstract As a result of the growing global population, many cities around the world are experiencing rapid urbanization. With that comes a growing demand for food and increasing challenges in food production. One solution increasing in popularity is urban agriculture (UA), simply defined as the production of food in an urban environment. UA can operate on different scales (micro, meso, and macro) have various objectives (recreational, subsistence, or commercial), and take place across landscapes in the form of backyard gardens, […]

Sustainability and Social Responsibility in Companies and People

Social responsibility is the belief that businesses have an obligation to balance profit-making practices with activities that benefit their community. This is also referred to as corporate social responsibility (CSR). Sustainability is the ability to supply necessities for the population without compromising the availability of the resources for those in the future. Throughout this essay, the popularity of sustainability and social responsibility in corporate companies will be examined and explained. In addition, the demographics, including race and religion, of CSR […]

Photosynthesis and Energy

Energy is very important and plays a substantial role in life itself, but where does energy come from, and how does energy work? Of course, the answer is simple: photosynthesis. With this reading, you will learn what photosynthesis is, how it works, the energy it creates, and how energy is stored and used. Finally, you will learn about different types of energy and the benefits those energy sources have. The process of photosynthesis begins when a plant receives carbon dioxide […]

The Significance of Homeostasis to the Human Body

This paper explores the main significances of homeostasis to the human body. The body's substantial reason for the production of homeostasis is to maintain a constant internal environment making sure the body is stable and is functioning properly. The body maintains homeostasis for various distinctive aspects such as temperature and the ions in your blood for it to continue on being stable. In the human body, homeostasis includes the control of blood glucose concentration, body temperature, and water levels. The […]

Climate Change and Genetically Modified Food

Social issues are the factors that affect how human beings live. One of the most prominent social issues in the twenty first century is climate change and genetically modified food. The two issues are somewhat related since climate change has changed weather patterns, forcing human beings to change their farming methods one way to adapt to climate change has been genetically modified food. Both climate change and genetically modified food have subject to rigorous debate and there lacks consensus regarding […]

Photosynthesis in Living Leaves

Abstract The rate of photosynthesis can be measured by examining the amount of reactants and the buildup of products. Oxygen is a product of photosynthesis and is stored in the spongy mesophyll. This gives the organism the ability to float. In this experiment, oxygen is taken out of the spongy mesophyll. The leaves are then placed into the bicarbonate solution with soapy water. The spongy mesophyll fills with the solution, causing the leaves to sink. A light source was placed […]

Hardy Weinberg Lab Analysis

How does migration affect the allele frequency of the dominant allele? A genetic population can be described as the sum of allelic frequencies of all genes that are represented in the population. This implies that for an evolution of a species to take place a change in the gene frequency has to take place. This can be influenced by some factors like the fitness of organisms, fertility or even the viability of the organisms. When the fitness of an organism […]

Sustainability in Artisanal Mining: the Role of Major Stakeholders

The Case of Ghana: An Introduction to Mining. Mining can be traced back in history when its activities were informal and unregulated. Today, the formal mining industry can be said to be a 'child' of an informal mining sector whose contribution to the development of mining cannot be overemphasized. Some countries, like Canada, the United States, Australia, and others, in the course of developing their mining sectors, formalized their artisanal gold mining industry through the provision of services such as […]

Sustainability, Starting with Businesses

Sustainability is the ball to the Earths chain, it is something that we need to help humanity, along with every other creature on this planet, survive and also protect the Earth. Sustainability is where Humans can sustain themselves without harming the planet, or at least have the biggest effect on the planet than Earth herself. There are ways that we, as a whole, can change to help reduce the carbon footprint that we so greatly have increased over the years. […]

Sustainability in Water Supply

The theory of water's origin may be debated, but the versatility of water is recognized as vital to human life. Innumerable theories have been proposed about how water was acquired on the earth's surface over the last 4.6 billion years (Robert, "The Origin of Water on Earth," 2001). The significance of water extends beyond everyday survival, serving as an environmental lifeline for numerous species and habitats. Water provides humans with the opportunity to maintain balanced health, support agricultural labor, and […]

The Sustainability of Bottled Water

Water is a valuable resource that all living things including human beings require in order to survive. It is believed that the realities of the environment will soon hit us to an extent of making us change the behavior regarding the costly use of resources (Earle, 2009). The changes are most likely going to affect the manner in which we use water and hence cause alterations both in quantity and water usage. Privatization of water resources as well as selling […]

What is Sustainability in Business?

The first aspect business looks when thinking about sustainability is the operational aspect and saving cost as it is easy to measure.Most of the resource we are using are non-renewable resources,from our energy need to the consumption of oil.But all these resources are bound to get over in the future.There is a term called peak oil,after which production of oil reduces due to reduce reserves.There is already an alert for helium gas which is used in many areas like filling […]

Factors Influencing Sustainability of Electronic Manufacturing Company in Laguna

The 5S program is a technique originated in Japan and was introduced by Takashi Osada in 1980. 5S is consist of five phases from Japanese words: Seiri (sort), Seiton (set in order), Seiso (shine), Seiketso (standardize) and Shitsuke (sustain). 5S is a step by step process of housekeeping to achieve a safe, clean and organized environment in the work area involving the employees with a commitment to sincerely implement and practice housekeeping. When the workplace is unorganized and dirty, the […]

Energy Efficiency of Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is the process in which plants use the energy from the sunlight to make glucose (a type of sugar), which they then use as food. The equation for photosynthesis is: 6CO2 (carbon dioxide) +6H2O (water) -->(Sunlight) C6H12O6 (glucose) +6O2 (oxygen). Plants, algae, and cyanobacteria are photosynthetic organisms. In plants and algae, light is absorbed by chlorophyll—a molecule present in the cytoplasmic organelle called the chloroplast. Chlorophyll has a porphyrin ring with a magnesium cofactor at its center. Plants have […]

Effects of Sweet Cassava Polysaccharide

The study I researched was the ""Effects of sweet cassava polysaccharide extracts on endurance exercise in rats. Sweet cassava is a major carbohydrate in many countries and it contains monosaccharides and polysaccharides. It was found that high-carbohydrate foods could increase muscle glycogen content, which can allow one to exercise for a longer time and not tire as quickly. The aim of the study was to examine the effects of the sweet cassava polysaccharides (SCP) on exercise performance in rats. The […]

Sustainability Community Engagement and Diversity Inclusion Review BA

Introduction: Southern Company is an energy holding company that produces and sells electricity through various southern power subsidiaries. It's headquarters is located in Atlanta, GA and the company has been a part of the Fortune 500 list for 24 years. It's current rank is 126, up 19 spots from its ranking in 2017. The CEO is Thomas A. Fanning and he is in charge of 31,344 employees. Southern Company operates 11 regulated utilities serving an estimated 9 million people in […]

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Writing an Essay About Biology

Biology, a core STEM subject in college, is widely recognized by students for its difficulty, stemming from its vast scope and the intricate details of living organisms and ecosystems. This complexity often leads to struggles, as students grapple with understanding concepts ranging from molecular biology to large-scale ecological interactions. However, there is a solution to these academic challenges: Papersowl, an educational platform, provides essential support for students facing difficulties in biology. Papersowl helps students navigate through the complexities, offering tailored biology homework help that enables them to understand, engage with, and excel in this demanding yet fascinating field of study.

Biology essays require a deep understanding of the natural world and an ability to convey complex biological processes and theories effectively. Here’s a guide to help you craft a comprehensive and insightful essay on a biology topic:

Understanding the Essay Topic

Begin by thoroughly understanding the specific biology topic you're dealing with. Biology encompasses a vast array of subjects, from molecular biology and genetics to ecology and evolution. Identify whether your essay should explore a specific biological process, discuss a theoretical aspect, analyze a biological problem, or evaluate the impact of a biological study.

Conducting In-Depth Research

Research is a critical component of a biology essay. Utilize reputable sources such as academic journals, biology textbooks, and scientific publications. Look for current research findings, experiments, and case studies that align with your topic. Taking detailed notes on relevant biological processes, findings, and theories is essential.

Developing a Clear Thesis Statement

Your thesis statement should succinctly convey the main argument or purpose of your essay. This might be an assertion about a biological principle, the significance of a research finding, or an argument concerning environmental policies. Make sure your thesis is specific, focused, and directly related to the biology topic you are discussing.

Planning the Essay Structure

Organize your essay logically and coherently. Start with an introduction that introduces the topic and presents your thesis statement. In the body, structure your main points into separate paragraphs, each focusing on a specific aspect or argument. Support your points with examples, scientific data, and explanations. Conclude by summarizing your main arguments and restating your thesis in the context of the information presented.

Writing the Essay

Use clear and precise language. Biology can involve complex terminology and concepts, so it's important to explain them clearly. Avoid unnecessary jargon, but when specific terms are required, define them to ensure clarity. Present your arguments logically, backing them with evidence from your research. Be analytical and critical, especially when discussing biological models, theories, or controversies.

Incorporating Scientific Data and Examples

Biology essays often include scientific data, diagrams, and graphs. Ensure that these elements are accurately presented and relevant to your argument. Use real-world examples and case studies to illustrate your points and demonstrate how they apply to your thesis.

Citing Your Sources

Proper citation is crucial in a biology essay, especially when referring to data, theories, or experiments from other researchers. Use an appropriate citation style (such as APA, MLA, or Chicago) and consistently cite all your sources, including figures and diagrams.

Editing and Proofreading

Review your essay for clarity, coherence, and logical flow. Check for accuracy in your biological descriptions and ensure that your analysis is comprehensive. Proofread for grammar, spelling, and formatting errors. Having someone else read your essay can be helpful, as they might catch mistakes or unclear sections you overlooked.

Writing an essay about biology involves understanding complex life sciences concepts and effectively communicating them in a structured and insightful manner. By methodically researching your topic, organizing your essay logically, and presenting your arguments with clarity and precision, you can create a compelling biology essay that showcases your understanding and insights into this diverse and fascinating field.

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Mastering A Level Biology Essays: Smart Tips and Unbeatable Examples

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Introduction

A Level Biology is a challenging but rewarding course that covers a wide range of topics, from DNA and genetic inheritance to ecosystems and biodiversity. The key to success in this subject lies in understanding and applying the core principles of Biology and expressing your understanding in well-structured, coherent essays. In this article, we will provide you with some essential tips for writing outstanding A Level Biology essays, as well as presenting clear examples to help you master the essay-writing process.

• Understand the essay question

The first and most important step in writing an A Level Biology essay is to clearly understand the question. Break down the question into its key terms and implications, and ensure you comprehend what the examiner is asking you to discuss. Make a note of any key words or phrases that should feature in your essay, as these will help you structure your response and ensure you cover all the necessary points.

• Plan your essay

Before you begin writing your essay, take the time to plan your response. Create an outline that maps out the main points you want to make, as well as the order in which you will discuss them. This will enable you to develop a logical and coherent argument that addresses all the key aspects of the question.

• Include an engaging introduction

An effective introduction is crucial to grabbing the reader’s attention and setting the tone for your essay. Begin with a general statement that links to the essay question, and then narrow down your focus to present your main argument or line of inquiry. Finish your introduction with a clear thesis statement, which outlines the central points you will cover in your essay, demonstrating a solid understanding of the topic.

Example: The discovery of DNA and the subsequent advancements in genetic research have proven instrumental in understanding the role of genetics ininheritance of traits and diseases. This essay will discuss the role of genetic inheritance in the development of several human diseases, namely: Cystic Fibrosis, Huntington’s disease, and Alzheimer’s disease, as well as the ethical implications surrounding genetic testing and treatment.

• Use specific examples to support your arguments

In A Level Biology essays, it is essential to provide examples that demonstrate your understanding of the material and support your claims. Try to include a range of examples from different areas of the subject to show that you have a comprehensive and in-depth understanding of the course material.

Example: Cystic Fibrosis is an example of a genetic disorder caused by a mutation in the CFTR gene, which results in thick and sticky mucus production in affected individuals. This condition can lead to respiratory and digestive complications, illustrating the significant impact of genetic inheritance on an individual’s health.

• Synthesize information from multiple sources

To demonstrate a high level of understanding, A Level Biology essays should integrate information from various sources, such as class notes, textbooks, and scientific articles. Be sure to support your ideas with specific references to the source material, and use your own words to explain the concepts in a clear and concise manner.

• Address counterarguments and controversies

In any scientific field, there are often debates and controversies surrounding key concepts and theories. To show a comprehensive grasp of the subject matter, be sure to address counterarguments and discuss opposing viewpoints in your essay.

Example: While genetic testing for diseases such as Huntington’s has the potential to provide valuable information for individuals at risk, there are ethical concerns about the potential misuse of genetic information by employers, insurance companies, and even government entities. Weighing the benefits of genetic testing and treatment against these ethical concerns is an ongoing debate within the scientific community.

• Write a strong conclusion

To wrap up your essay, restate your main argument and summarize the key points you have made. Provide a clear and concise conclusion that demonstrates the significance of your argument and its implications for the broader field of Biology.

Example: In conclusion, the role of genetic inheritance in human diseases, as illustrated by Cystic Fibrosis, Huntington’s disease, and Alzheimer’s disease, underscores the immense potential of genetic research to improve our understanding of human health. However, as we continue to advance our knowledge and develop new treatments and testing methods, it is crucial that we remain conscious of the ethical implications that come with such advancements in order to protect individuals’ rights and liberties.

• Proofread and edit your essay

Finally, make sure you thoroughly proofread and edit your essay to correct any grammar, spelling, or punctuation errors, and to ensure that your argument flows smoothly and logically. Consider asking a friend or peer to review your essay and provide feedback – a fresh perspective can help you identify areas for improvement that you may have overlooked.

In summary, mastering A Level Biology essays involves understanding the essay question, planning a clear and logical response, using specific examples and evidence, synthesizing information from multiple sources, addressing counterarguments and controversies, and crafting a compelling introduction and conclusion. By following these steps and using the examples provided, you will be well on your way to delivering high-quality, insightful essays that demonstrate an excellent understanding of the complex and fascinating world of Biology.

Good luck, and happy essay writing!

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Free Biology Essay Examples & Writing Tips

Don’t know what to write about in your essay on biology? Looking for good biology essay examples for inspiration? This article has all you need!

A biology essay is a type of academic paper that focuses on a particular topic of biology. It can discuss animal life, cycles in biology, or a botanic subject. You will need to demonstrate your critical thinking skills and provide relevant evidence to support your perspective.

On this page, you will find examples of biology essays. You will also find here tips and topics prepared by our experts . They can assist you in nailing your short or extended essay.

Areas of Research for Biology Essays

If you’ve been assigned to write a biology essay, you probably know which area of research you have to choose. However, it might be beneficial to explore other available scopes. It’s useful for both interdisciplinary study and the cases when you are free to pick your area of research. In this section, let’s figure out what you can study in biology.

Here are biological areas of research you should be familiar with:

• Cancer Biology studies this type of disease to prevent, detect, diagnose and cure it. The ultimate goal of such biologists is to eliminate cancer.
• Cell Biology is a branch that studies the structure, function, and behavior of cells. Here, biologists study healthy and sick cells to produce vaccines, medication, etc.
• Biochemistry is an application of chemistry to the study of biological processes on cell and molecular levels. It is a cross-discipline between chemistry and biology. The focus is on the chemical processes of living organisms.
• Computation Biology is a study of biological data that develops algorithms and models to understand biological systems. Here, scientists either work for institutions or research for private enterprises.
• Genetics is an area that focuses on the study of genes and genetic variations for health benefits. It looks at the way DNA affects certain diseases.
• Human Disease is an area within which scientists study different diseases. The field covers cancer, developmental disorders, disease genes, etc.
• Immunology is a branch of biology that focuses on immunity. Immunologists look at the way the body responds to viruses as a way to protect the organism.
• Microbiology studies all living organisms that are too small for our eye to see. It includes bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other microorganisms.
• Neurobiology is the study of the nervous system. Biologists examine the way the brain works and look into brain illnesses.
• Stem Cell and Developmental Biology seeks to examine how the processes behind stem cell’s ability transform cells. The biologists in this area use the power of stem cells to model human illnesses.

Essay on Biology: Writing Tips

Want to know how to start a biology essay? Wondering about the best way to write your essay on biology? Then check out the following tips.

When you’re writing about biology, pay attention to the following features:

• Introduction . Just as in any other form of academic writing, the first section of your paper introduces the subject. Here, explain why your ideas are relevant to biology as a science.
• Thesis Statement. The final one or two sentences of the first paragraph should include your original hypothesis and experiment. You will be proving them in the main body. You do not have to include the results as the reader will encounter them later. If you’re struggling with this part, try our thesis generator .
• Main Body. In this part, write about all the experiments in detail. Often, teachers require to include visual aid to prove your point. For Zoology, Anatomy, Botany, it is pretty easy to find some photos and illustrations.
• Conclusion. Here, restate your thesis. Reemphasize the most critical aspects described in the main body. You can do it by using our summarizing tool . The goal of this last paragraph is to leave an everlasting impression on the reader.

Thank you for reading our article. We hope you found it helpful. Share it with your class peers who also study biology. Additionally, have a look at the biological essay examples below.

812 Best Essay Examples on Biology

Grass and its importance, the benefits of animals to humans essay.

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Biology of Grasses: Description and Importance

The effect of temperature on amylase activity.

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Ubiquity of Microorganisms

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Effects of Vinegar on the Germination Rate of Mung Beans Seeds

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Anaerobic Respiration and Its Applications

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Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological System Theory

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Seed Germination Experiment: Results and Discussion

Mung seed germination patterns under varying ph values, browning reactions explained, dark or light skin: advantages and disadvantages, botany and taxonomy of the onion.

• Words: 2414

Mitosis and Meiosis in Onion Root Tip

• Words: 1691

Strawberries History

• Words: 1484

Pets and people

Nanobiotechnology, its advantages and disadvantages, substrate concentration and rate of enzyme reactions.

• Words: 1730

Aspects, Importance and Issues of Biodiversity

Similarities and differences of photosynthesis and cellular respiration, seed germination and osmosis.

• Words: 1127

Transpiration Process in Plants

The c-fern plant laboratory experiment.

• Words: 1101

Lemon, Its Origin and Production

• Words: 1115

Osmosis Through a Potato Slice Dipped in Solutions of Varying Concentrations

• Words: 1075

Description of Mitosis and Meiosis

Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells: key differences, importance of the brain in human body, dugesia, a planarian with its peculiar characteristics.

• Words: 3207

Microbiology: Zygomycota, Ascomycota and Basidiomycota

Characteristics of adult development.

• Words: 1311

Vitamin A: Description and Usage

Mitosis in onion root and whitefish blastula, ethnobotanical uses of plants.

• Words: 1938

Vaquita – Endangered Species

• Words: 1367

Cell Organelles, Their Functions, and Disease

• Words: 1195

Rabbit Muscular System Dissection Report

The insect effect on human life, wildlife management and extinction prevention in australia.

• Words: 2902

Biochemistry Dogmas and Their Impacts on Biotechnology

A study of the brine shrimps and their natural environment.

• Words: 1937

Olfactics and Its Importance for Living Beings

• Words: 1446

The Thermoregulation Is and Its Importance

Responsible house plant keeping.

• Words: 2262

Corn Plant’s Developmental Stages

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration, common biochemical cycles, basic and applied biology: key differences, the human family tree development, is earthworm beneficial or harmful to humans, the characteristics and importance of nervous system.

• Words: 1705

Climate Change and Threat to Animals

Understanding the effects of quantity of light on plants growth.

• Words: 1089

Life in the Bottom of the Ocean and Its Protection

• Words: 1529

Pollutants Effects on Cellular Respiration Rate

• Words: 1434

Archaea and Bacteria Prokaryotes Dichotomous Keys

Different ecosystems and living things, molecular biology. production of pet28b and egfp clones.

• Words: 4609

Biology: Analysis of Egg Experiment

Nervous system: the main functions, biology lab report: biodiversity study of lichens, microbial growth and effect of ph on it.

• Words: 1330

Homeostasis and Regulation in the Human Body

Ubiquity of bacteria: laboratory activity.

• Words: 1496

The Integumentary and the Skeleton System

• Words: 1100

Digestion, Absorption and Assembly of Proteins

• Words: 1456

Co-Evolution: Angiosperms and Pollinating Animals

Consequences of orange juice on the germination of mung bean seeds, photosynthesis as a biological process, forensic procedures: hairs and fibres.

• Words: 2067

Microbiological Methods for Assessing Soil Quality

• Words: 3861

Telescope and Microscope Discovery Combo

• Words: 1932

The Function and Structures of the Human Heart

Anaerobic capacity: power endurance and fatigue index, invertase enzyme: description and role.

• Words: 1151

The Digestive System in the Human Body

Falling in love as part of natural selection.

• Words: 1085

Operant and Respondent Conditioning

Non-trophic interaction in marine species, digestive journey of cheeseburger, environmental microbiology overview.

• Words: 3298

Natural Sciences. The Phenol Red Broth Test Experiment

• Words: 1156

The Brain: Structure and Functions

The process of a prenatal child’s development, plant growth and development with music, reproductive isolation and its potential effects, marine life in united arab emirates.

• Words: 1474

Cane Toad: Introduction and Threat

• Words: 1018

History Of Biotechnology

• Words: 1908

Earth Atmospheric Evolution

• Words: 1719

Whether or Not Human Cloning Should Be Allowed

• Words: 1350

Yeast and the Fermentation Process

Lipids: fatty acids and glycerols, the effect of different shampoos on the bacteria growth.

• Words: 1737

Psychophysics: Definition & Fundamentals

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Evolution of Predator and Prey Pairings

History of potatoes, their vatiety, and popularity.

• Words: 1233

Epithelial Tissue: Structure and Functions

The importance of sleeping and dreaming, case study: human body water balance, membrane hands-on laboratory report.

• Words: 1176

Researching the Physiology of the Eye

• Words: 1122

DNA Barcoding Sequence Analysis of Unknown Plant

• Words: 1315

The Kingdom Fungi: The Structure, Characteristics

The anatomy and physiology of the nervous system of a rat.

• Words: 1612

Plant Resource Allocation: Materials and Methods

• Words: 1182

How SCOBY Changes Its Environment: Lab Experiment

• Words: 1214

Microbiology and Its Role in Healthcare

Cell counting and measurement under magnification.

• Words: 1641

Microbiological Studies, Applications, and Current Discoveries

Brine shrimp habitat, the genus rosa’s adaptation to the environment.

• Words: 1144

The DNA Extraction Procedure: Scientific Experiment

A peptic ulcer: medical analysis.

• Words: 1185

Soil Impact on the Growth of Plants

• Words: 1227

A Study of “Escherichia Coli”

Vertical stratification, introduction to the nervous system, planting bamboo: the role of photosynthesis, paired box 6 (pax6) analysis.

• Words: 1249

Essays About Biology: Top 5 Best Examples and 6 Prompts

Writing essays about biology can be difficult because it’s composed of many subtopics. Check out this article for our top essay examples and writing prompts.

Biology came from the Greek words “bios” (life) and “logos” (study). It’s why biology is the study of life or living organisms. Aside from being a natural science, it also has consolidated themes, such as cells making all organisms. Because it’s a broad topic, biology is divided into specialized fields such as botany, genetics, zoology, microbiology, medicine, and ecology. 

Biologists consider living beings’ origin, evolution, growth, function, structure, and distribution. It’s a comprehensive subject, so there are many things you can write about in your essay. However, at the same time, you might find it challenging to focus on just one area. 

Below are examples to give you an idea of how to write your essays about biology:

1. Essay About Biology by Kelli Wilkins

2. my interests in biology by anonymous on essaywriting.expert, 3. essay on the importance of study of biology by akhila mol, 4. what biology means to me by anonymous on studymode.com, 5. how my biology teacher changed my perspective of learning the subject by sankalan bhattacharya, 1. biology in my everyday life, 2. something i realized because of biology, 3. my memorable biology class experience, 4. genetics’ role in people’s diseases, 5. my experience during the pandemic, 6. biology and health.

“Studying Biology is important for a number of reasons, but in particular because it is used in every field. If we did not have a good understanding of Biology then nobody would be able to understand how bodies work, and how life on earth functions.”

Wilkins shares her desire to study anatomy, a branch of biology, and expounds on what makes biology an essential field. Because biology lets people know more about the world, she digs into why she’s interested in anatomy, specifically to find ways to cure illnesses and develop technologies to discover new treatments. She ends her essay by relating biology to the existence of doctors and hospitals. 

“It is known that education plays an important role in the life of any individual. It gives an opportunity to develop personality and gain specific skills, to get profound knowledge and experience in order to apply them practically in the future. As for me, my major goal is to study Biology in order to get appropriate knowledge and skills required for my future profession.”

The author shares why they want to study biology, referring to the human body as the “perfect machine” and curious about how it performs each of its systems’ functions. The writer also mentions how biology is critical to their future profession. They aim to help people with their health problems and relay their desire to research the brain to find more data on it. 

“The study of biology owes great significance in human life, because man for its day-to-day requirements is dependent on plants and animals either directly or indirectly.”

Mol lists seven reasons why humans need biology in their daily lives. Her list includes health, diseases, agriculture, horticulture, food, animal breeding, and entertainment. She expounds on each point and how they affect a man during his time on Earth. She explains each relationship in a simple manner that’s easy to understand for the readers.

“Without biology, we would have no idea about an organism’s makeup, or the most basic unit of life, a cell… Biology influences me in many ways. Biology influences me by teaching me why to take care of the environment, why I am to take care of my body, and by giving me a better overall view of all scientific areas of study.”

In this short essay, the writer lists down reasons why biology is essential. These reasons include taking care of the environment, one’s body, and others. The author also expounds on their reasons by presenting facts supporting biology’s importance to the world and human lives.

“He told that the syllabus may be a good way to prepare for an exam but our knowledge should not be limited to any syllabus and the questions that were asked in the examination were related to the topic only. He told that if we try to know things in detail and understand them properly then the interest in the subject will develop, otherwise, students will not treat the subject as a subject of their choice. 

Bhattacharya shares his experience with a teacher with a unique teaching style. His Biology teacher from Class 7, before the era of the internet, don’t just carry one book to get all his lessons from. Instead, he has a notebook with the collated information from many books to teach his class. 

Bhattacharya’s teacher taught them things that were not in the curriculum, even if following the curriculum would give him higher points in his evaluation. He only wanted his students to learn more and share with them why learning differs from just knowing. 

Do you want to be sure you have an excellent essay? See our round-up of the best essay writing apps to help you check your output.

6 Prompts for Essays About Biology

You don’t have to be a biology student to write an essay about the subject. If you’re looking for easy prompts to write about, here are some to get you started:

If mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell, who is the powerhouse of your classroom? Your home? Relate a biology topic to a similar structure in your life, then explain why you think they are the same. 

For instance, you can compare your mother to mitochondria which generate the energy needed to power a cell. The cell being you. You can say that she gives you energy every day by being there and supporting you in whatever way she can. This prompt bodes for a creative and intriguing essay.

Relay a lesson you learned from biology and how it perfectly explained something you were once hesitant about. Such as being insecure about your big ears – only to know from a biology trivia that ears never stop growing. You can then share how this help lessen your insecurity because you now know large ears are normal. 

Do you have a memory you won’t forget that happened during biology class? Narrate this story and explain why it’s something that left an impression on you. To give you an idea, you can talk about the first time you dissected an animal, where you first realized how complex organisms are and that they are made of many systems to function, no matter how small.

Gene action and heredity are evolving. If you have a genetic illness or know someone who has it, you can share your experience. Then explain what your genes have to do with the disease. Is it something you got from your parents? Did they inherit it from your grandparents? Finally, you can add what your parents’ and grandparents’ lives were like because of the disease.

Virology, another branch of biology, studies viruses and viral diseases. A recent example is the coronavirus pandemic, where more people realized the importance of knowing a virus’ origin, structure, and how they work. Write an essay where you explain how the pandemic operates, such as why people should wear masks, social distance, etc.

For this essay, you can write about how biology helps you care for your health. For example, you can include how biology helped doctors give you the appropriate diagnosis, how you had the opportunity to have the proper treatment, etc. 

If you want to write on a related topic, here are essay topics about nature you can consider for your next essay. 

Maria Caballero is a freelance writer who has been writing since high school. She believes that to be a writer doesn't only refer to excellent syntax and semantics but also knowing how to weave words together to communicate to any reader effectively.

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KCSE 2023 Biology Essay Questions and Answers (KCSE 2023 Prediction Questions)

Here are KCSES 2022/2023 Biology Essay Questions and Answers (KCSE 2022 Prediction Questions). Content: 31 pages with 60 questions and answers.

BIOLOGY (231/2) Revision Questions (Essays): Expected Responses

Q1. Explain the various ways in which a typical cell is adapted to its functions

   Has a cell membrane; with pores; that regulates substances entering and leaving the cell; cytoplasm; contain sugars and salts; for maintaining its osmotic pressure; also has a liquid medium; for all biochemical reactions; nucleus; contain chromosomes having hereditary material; and controls all the activities of the cell; ribosomes; are sites for protein synthesis; golgi bodies/apparatus; for secretion of hormones and enzymes; formation of lysosomes; lysosomes; contain lytic enzymes for breaking down worn-out organelles; secretory vesicles; formed from golgi apparatus for secreting substances; smooth endoplasmic reticulum; synthesizes and transports lipids; rough endoplasmic reticulum; transport proteins; nucleolus; controls the activities of the nucleus; produces ribosomes; mitochondria; form sites for energy production; centrioles; formation of cilia and flagella; forms spindle fibres used in cell division; plant sap vacuoles; store salts and other dissolved substances; controls osmotic pressure and turgidity of cells; food vacuoles involved in digestion of engulfed food; chloroplasts; form sites for photosynthesis in plant cells;  Max. 20 mks

Q2. Explain how the various specialized cells are modified to carry out their functions in plants and animals

   Animal cells: Sperm cell; has acrosome containing lytic enzymes; that digest the egg membranes for penetration during fertilization; has a long tail; containing numerous mitochondria; to generate maximum energy for propulsion/swimming in the vaginal fluid after ejaculation; Red blood cells; are flattened, circular/spherical biconcave in shape; to increase the surface area for packaging of haemoglobin; has haemoglobin; that combines with respiratory gases; for transport to and from body tissues; White blood cells; are amoeboid in shape hence able to change shape; to engulf pathogens through phagocytosis; lymphocytes produce antibodies to fight pathogens; Nerve cell; has extensions/dentrites; to receive and send information for sensation; Ciliated epithelial cells; have cilia for propulsion of mucus that traps dust and micro-organisms in the respiratory tract; Muscle cells; elongated, striated and contractile; to bring about movement; Plant cells: Guard cells; bean-shaped; to regulate the size of the stomata allowing gaseous exchange; and control water loss; has chloroplasts with chlorophyll; for photosynthesis; Root hair cell; elongated; thin-walled; with dense cytoplasm for absorption of water and mineral salts; Epidermal cell; thin; for protection of inner tissues from mechanical and micro-organism attack; Palisade cell; contains numerous chloroplasts with chlorophyll; for photosynthesis; elongated; to increase surface area for trapping maximum amounts of light energy; Meristematic cell; thin-walled; with dense cytoplasm; for primary and secondary growth; Max. 20 mks

Q3. Describe how the mammalian body protects itself against infections

   Pathogenic microbes are found on the skin, respiratory tract, mouth, vagina and the intestinal tract; the skin; has a keratinised and waterproof cornified outer layer; that provides a mechanical barrier to microbes/prevents entry of microbes; sebaceous gland; produces sebum; which has antiseptic properties; the respiratory tract; produce mucus secretions that trap dust; cilia sweep/waft/propel the microbes to the pharynx for swallowing or to be coughed out; reflex actions of coughing/sneezing/vomiting help remove foreign materials from the respiratory tract/digestive tract; lysozymes/enzymes in saliva/nasal secretions/tears; digest walls of bacteria destroying them; gastric secretions such as hydrochloric acid lowers the pH in the stomach killing micro-organisms; clotting of blood; prevents entry of microbes after damage of blood vessels; phagocytosis; by phagocytes engulf and destroy microbes and other foreign bodies; lymphocytes are stimulated to produce antibodies; by proteins present in microbes protecting the body; antibodies destroy/kill micro-organisms through various ways: agglutinins; bind to pathogens making them clump together; killing them; Lysins; bind to pathogens and make them burst or disintegrate; opsonins; bind to pathogens making them easily recognized hence be engulfed/destroyed by other lymphocytes; anti-toxins; bind and neutralize toxins produced by micro-organisms; vagina is acidic; hence making it not conducive for growth and reproduction of micro-organisms; Max: 20 mks

Q4. How are the leaves of higher plants adapted to their functions?

    Broad and flattened lamina; to increase surface area; for absorption of light; thin blade; to reduce distance for diffusion of gases and penetration of light waves; transparent epidermis and cuticle; to allow light to penetrate to tissues; cuticle layer absent on stomata; to allow for gaseous exchange; one-cell thick epidermal layer; to reduce the distance over which sunlight penetrates; palisade cells have numerous chloroplasts containing chlorophyll; to trap maximum amounts of light energy; have stomata on the epidermis; to allow for gaseous exchange; and control of water loss through transpiration; palisade layer have elongated cells located at right angles to the leaf surface; for maximum absorption of light energy; spongy mesophyll; consists of spherical and loosely-packed cells; to create air spaces; which communicate with the atmosphere through stomata; for purposes of gaseous exchange and control of water loss; veins have conducting tissues: xylem; for movement of water and dissolved mineral salts; phloem; for translocation of manufactured food; Max. 20 mks

Q5.  Explain how the various teeth adapt mammals for nutrition

   Incisor; sharp; chisel-shaped; for biting; and cutting food; one root for support in the jaw bone; Canines; long; sharp; pointed; for holding prey; piercing; and tearing flesh from prey; single root; for support in the jaw bone; Premolars; large/wide; to increase surface area for grinding food; highly cusped; to increase surface area for grinding food; two roots; for firm support/anchorage in the jaw bone; molars; large/wide; to increase surface area for grinding food; highly cusped; to increase surface area for grinding food; Max. 20 mks

Q6. Describe what happens to a meal of oily beans and maize from the time of ingestion up to the time of absorption

   In the mouth; starch in maize; is digested by salivary amylase/ptyalin/diastase into maltose; food is chewed and mixed by teeth and the tongue; rolled into boluses by peristalsis; it enters into the stomach via the cardiac sphincter; in the stomach, gastric juice containing pepsinogen that is activated to pepsin; digests proteins in the beans; into shorter peptides; food is churned and allowed into the duodenum; via the pyloric sphincter muscle; in the duodenum; bile juice secreted by the gall bladder; emulsifies the oils in the beans into tiny oil droplets; pancreatic juice; secreted by the pancrease; contains pancreatic amylase; that digests starch to maltose; pancreatic lipase; that digests the oil in the beans to fatty acids and glycerol; trypsin; digests proteins into shorter peptides;  food enters into the ileum; where succus entericus is secreted; it contains maltase enzyme; that digests the maltose into glucose; that is absorbed; peptidase; digests peptides into amino acids; lipase digests the remaining lipids (oil) into fatty acids and glycerol; which is absorbed through the lacteals of the villi; Max. 20 mks

Q7. How are the small intestines in mammals adapted to their functions?

Small intestines consists of the duodenum and the ileum; most digestion of food occurs in the duodenum; bile from the gall bladder of the liver is secreted through the bile ducts; and it is used to emulsify fats/break fat particles into tiny droplets; to increase the surface area for enzyme action; the pancreas secretes pancreatic juice to the duodenum; the juice contains pancreatic amylase; that helps to breakdown the remaining starch into maltose; trypsin; (that is secreted in its inactive form, trypsinogen , and activated by enterokinase enzyme); hydrolyses proteins into shorter peptides; pancreatic lipase; converts lipids into fatty acids and glycerol; sodium hydrogen carbonate is also produced; to neutralize the acidic chyme from the stomach; and provide a suitable alkaline medium for pancreatic and other intestinal enzymes; the ileum is long; and narrow; to increase the surface area for complete digestion of food; and maximum absorption of digested food; highly-coiled; to reduce speed of food flow; for maximum digestion; and absorption; presence of villi; and microvilli; to increase surface area; for maximum absorption; dense network of capillaries; to transport blood; for efficient transport of absorbed food; presence of lacteals in the villi; for absorption of fatty acids and glycerol molecules; presence of enzymes: Lipase; for digestion of lipids into fatty acids and glycerol; maltase; for digestion of maltose to glucose molecules; peptidase; for breakdown of peptides into amino acids; sucrase; for digestion of sucrose into glucose and fructose; lactase; for digestion of lactose into glucose and galactose; goblet cells; produce mucus; to lubricate the walls of the ileum; for smooth flow of food; coats the walls of ileum to prevent digestion by peptidase enzyme; Max. 20 mks

Q8. Outline and explain the various homeostatic functions of the liver in mammals

   Deamination; process of removal of an amino group from an amino acid molecule; the process gets rid of excess amino acids in the body; as the body is not able to store them; the amino group enters the ornithine cycle; where it is combined with carbon (IV) oxideto form urea; which is excreted in urine through the kidney; Heat production; many metabolic activities take place in the liver; releasing heat energy; that is distributed by the blood to other parts of the body; this helps in thermoregulation; Storage of vitamins and mineral salts; Vitamins A, B, D, E and K; are stored in the liver; worn-out red blood cells, are broken down to yield iron; which is stored in the liver in form of ferritin; this is used later in case of shortage; Formation of red blood cells; occurs in the liver of the foetus; the liver also breaks down old/exhausted red blood cells; leading to formation of more in the bone marrow to replace the worn-out cells; to enhance oxygen and carbon (IV) oxide distribution; Regulation of blood sugar level; liver cells convert excess glucose into glycogen and fats under the influence of insulin hormone; the stored glycogen is however converted back to glucose; when glucose levels are low; by the liver cells; under the influence of glucagon hormone; Regulation of plasma proteins; plasma proteins such as prothrombin and fibrinogen are manufactured in the liver using the amino acids found in the liver; they play a major role in blood clotting; that prevents excessive blood loss and infection at the injured area; other plasma proteins produced by the liver such as serum and albumen; contribute to the maintenance of osmotic pressure in the body; non-essential amino acids are also synthesized by the liver; for use by the body; Storage of blood; the liver is highly vascularised; hence it is capable of holding a large volume of blood when the blood vessels dilate during hot conditions; when the temperatures are low, the blood vessels constrict under the influence of the endocrine and nervous systems; hence less blood is stored in the liver; this contributes to thermoregulation; Detoxification; this is the process where harmful compounds such as drugs and poisons; are converted to less toxic compounds in the liver; toxicity is caused by medication, drugs and microorganisms; the toxic compounds are later excreted in urine; detoxification prevents the accumulation of toxins in body cells; which could lead to death or malfunctioning of the body cells; Max. 20 mks

Q9. Explain why the following conditions are necessary for photosynthesis

• Carbon (IV) Oxide

Required in the dark stage of photosynthesis; it combines with the hydrogen ion from the light stage; to form glucose, proteins and lipids; low concentrations reduces the rate of production of energy and food; while high concentrations leads to an increase in the amount of energy and food formed;

It is used to break down water molecules (through photolysis); into hydrogen ions, oxygen and energy; the energy and hydrogen ions formed are used in the dark stage;

• Chlorophyll

Green pigment that traps light energy from the sun; that is used in photolysis of water molecules;

• Suitable temperature and pH

Temperature affects the enzymes involved in photosynthesis; suitable/optimum temperatures activate enzymes; for maximum production of food; while extremely low temperatures inactivate enzymes; leading to less or no production of food; high temperatures denature enzymes; stopping the process of photosynthesis; photosynthetic enzymes work well in low pH; so the rate is high; while higher pH reduces enzyme activity; lowering the rate of photosynthesis;

Forms a medium for the chemical reactions; it is split to yield hydrogen ions, oxygen and energy for use in the dark stage; solvent for the materials used in photosynthesis; Max. 20 mks

Q10. How is the ileum adapted to its functions?

      Long; and narrow; to increase the surface area for complete digestion of food; and maximum absorption of digested food; highly-coiled; to reduce speed of food flow; for maximum digestion; and absorption; presence of villi; and microvilli; to increase surface area; for maximum absorption; dense network of capillaries; to transport blood; for efficient transport of absorbed food; presence of lacteals; for absorption of fatty acids and glycerol molecules; presence of enzymes: Lipase; for digestion of lipids into fatty acids and glycerol; maltase; for digestion of maltose to glucose molecules; peptidase; for breakdown of peptides into amino acids; sucrase; for digestion of sucrose into glucose and fructose; lactase; for digestion of lactose into glucose and galactose; goblet cells; produce mucus; to lubricate the walls of the ileum; for smooth flow of food; coats the walls of ileum to prevent digestion by peptidase enzyme; Max. 20 mks

Q11. a) What is homeostasis?

         (Mechanisms of) control and maintenance of a constant internal environment regardless of the external conditions; 2 mks

• b) Name any three factors that must be maintained constant in mammalian bodies

          Temperature; Water; Salt or ion content; Carbon (IV) oxide; Glucose; amino acids; Max. 3 mks

• c) Explain how endotherms respond to heat and cold conditions in their environment

         Heat/hot conditions: Increased sweating; to lose heat through latent heat of vaporization; dilation of arterioles under the skin; to bring more blood to the skin surface to lose heat to the atmosphere; decreased body metabolism; to reduce heat generation; erector pili muscles relax; making hair follicles to relax hence hair lies flat on skin, no air is trapped; to lose heat; slow/reduced muscular activity due to slow metabolism; to reduce heat production; panting to expose tongue and mouth; to release heat; moving to shades to avoid direct heat; aestivation; to escape the extreme heat; flapping of ears to create currents to carry away heat; Cold conditions: stamping of feet; to generate heat; basking in the sun to gain heat directly; less production of sweat; to reduce water loss through latent heat of vaporization; vasoconstriction of arterioles; hence less blood flow to the skin surface to reduce heat loss; increased metabolism through release of more thyroxine hormone; to generate heat; erector pili muscles contract; pulling hair follicles hence hair is raised; to trap a layer of moist air; to prevent heat loss; shivering/rapid contraction of muscles; to yield heat to warm body; Max. 15 mks

Q12. Describe the route taken by water from the soil up to the evaporating surface of a plant

      Water is drawn into the root hair cells by osmosis; due to the presence of dissolved substances in the cell sap of root hairs, the concentration of cell sap is greater than that of the surrounding solution in the soil/concentration gradient; this exerts a higher osmotic pressure, thus drawing the water molecules across the cell wall and cell membrane into the root hair cells; more water drawn into the root hair cells dilutes the cell sap; making it less concentrated than that in the adjacent cortex cell of the root; due to osmotic gradient, water moves from the adjacent cells to the next by osmosis; until it enters the xylem vessels located in the center of the root; the xylem vessels of the root then conduct the water up into the xylem vessels in the stem into the leaves; there is a force in the roots which pushes water up the stem; this force is known as root pressure; and can be considerably high in some plants; energy from the endodermal cells of the root is responsible for driving this force; in the xylem vessels, water would rise up by capillarity; to some extent because the vessels are narrower and there is  a high attractive force between the water molecules and the cell walls; the cohesive; and adhesive forces are important in the maintenance of a continuous and uninterrupted water column in the xylem vessels up the tree to the leaves; water vaporizes from the spongy mesophyll cells; their cell sap becomes concentrated than the adjacent cells. This increases the osmotic pressure of the spongy mesophyll cells; as a result of this, water flows into the cell from other surrounding cell, which in turn takes in water from xylem vessels within the leaf veins; this creates a pull/suction force that pulls a stream of water from xylem vessels in the stem and roots. This force, known as transpiration pull; helps in maintaining a continuous column of water from the roots to the leaves; water flows from the midrib into leaf veins from where it enters leaf cells; from the mesophyll cells, it enters the airspaces; then the substomatal air chambers; from where it evaporates through the stomata; to the atmosphere; Max. 20 mks

Q13. How is the mammalian heart adapted to its functions?

Heart is enclosed in a pericardial membrane/pericardium; that produces a fluid; to lubricate it; the membrane also keeps the heart in position; It is covered in a fatty layer; that acts as a shock absorber; made up of cardiac muscles; which are interconnected/interacted hence contract and relax without fatigue or nervous stimulation/myogenic; for continuous pumping of blood throughout the lifespan of the animal; the muscles are supplied by nutrients and oxygen; by the coronary arteries; and the coronary veins take away wastes and carbon (IV) oxide; heart is divided into 4 chambers; for efficient double circulation/ avoid mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood/carry large volume of blood; has interventricular septum; to separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood; ventricles are thick/muscular; to generate high pressure to pump blood out of the heart; left ventricle has thick muscles/more muscular; to pump blood to all body tissues; heart has bicuspid; and tricuspid valves; to prevent back flow of blood to left auricle; and right auricle respectively; valves have tendinous cords/valve tendons; to prevent them from turning inside out; semi lunar valves located at the beginning of major arteries; prevent backflow of blood into the ventricles; has sino-artrio node located in the muscles of the right auricle; to initiate heart beat/contractions of heart muscles/cardiac muscles, rate of heart beat is controlled by nerves; vagus nerve; slows down heartbeat; while sympathetic nerve; speeds up the heartbeat; has aorta; to transport oxygenated blood to all body parts; has pulmonary artery; that transports deoxygenated blood from right ventricles to lungs for oxygenation; has pulmonary vein; that transports oxygenated blood from lungs to the left ventricles; for distribution to all body parts; has the venacava; that  receives deoxygenated blood from all body parts to right ventricles; Max. 20 mks

Q14. Describe double circulation in mammals

 Deoxygenated blood from body tissues (except lungs); enters the heart via the right auricle; through the venacava; it flows to the right ventricle; via the tricuspid valve; the right ventricle contracts; pumping blood; via the semi lunar valves; through the pulmonary artery; to the lungs for oxygenation; the oxygenated blood from the lungs; flow through the pulmonary vein; to the left auricle; via the bicuspid valve; to the left ventricle; the left ventricle contracts; pumping blood via the semi lunar valves; through the aorta; to the rest of the body tissues; Max. 20 mks

Q15. Describe the process of urine formation in the mammalian kidneys

      The afferent arteriole which is a branch of the renal artery supplies blood to the glomerulus; the afferent arteriole has a wider lumen/diameter than the efferent arteriole; which takes away blood from the glomerulus; the differences in the diameter of the afferent and the afferent vessels causes high pressure; leading to ultrafiltration of blood; the walls of the blood capillaries are one-cell thick; hence glucose, amino acids, vitamins, hormones, salts, creatine, urea and water filter into the Bowman’s capsule; to form glomerular filtrate; white blood cells, red blood cells, plasma proteins such as globulin and platelets are too large to pass through the capillary wall; hence remain in the blood capillaries; useful substances in the human body are selectively reabsorbed; back into the blood stream at the proximal convoluted tubule; the tubule is highly coiled; to increase the surface area for reabsorption of the substances; the useful substances include amino acids, glucose, vitamins, hormones, sodium chloride and water; many mitochondria found at the proximal convoluted tubule; provide energy for reabsorption of these substances against a concentration gradient; the glomerular filtrate flows into the descending and the ascending limb of the loop of Henle; blood in the capillaries and the glomerular filtrate in the loop of Henle move in opposite directions/counter-current flow; this provides a steep concentration gradient that leads to maximum absorption of water through osmosis; sodium chloride is actively absorbed from the ascending limb into the blood capillaries; under the influence of aldosterone hormone; the glomerular filtrate flows into the collecting tubule from where, more water is reabsorbed into the blood stream; antidiuretic hormone influences the amount of water to be reabsorbed depending on the osmotic pressure of the blood; the glomerular filtrate from several collecting tubules now referred to as urine; is emptied into the collecting duct; the urine passes through pyramid, pelvis and ureter into the bladder; where it is stored for some time. The sphincter on the urethra relaxes to allow urine to be released from the body; Max. 20 mks

Q16. Explain the role of the following hormones during homeostasis

• Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Secreted by the (posterior lobe/end) pituitary gland; in response to an increase in the osmotic pressure of blood; the hormone stimulates the distal convoluted tubules and the collecting ducts; to increase their permeability to water; this increases the reabsorption of water into the bloodstream; concentrated and less urine is excreted; when the osmotic pressure decreases, less or no hormone is produced; hence the tubules become impermeable to water; less water is reabsorbed into the bloodstream; hence more dilute urine is excreted; fluctuations in the osmotic pressure is detected by the hypothalamus;

Secreted by the pancrease; in response to a rise in blood sugar level; it stimulates liver cells to convert the excess glucose into glycogen and fats for storage in the liver and muscle cells; increases the oxidation of glucose in respiration to yield water energy and carbon (IV) oxide/increases metabolism in the body; this leads to a fall in blood glucose to normal level;

Secreted by the pancrease; in response to a decline in blood glucose level; it stimulates liver cells to convert the stored glycogen and fats back to glucose; stimulates the conversion of amino acids to glucose; and stops the oxidation of glucose in the body cells; the glucose formed is released to the bloodsteream causing a rise of blood glucose level to normal; Max. 20 mks

Q17. a) Distinguish between Diabetes mellitus and Diabetes insipidus

            Diabetes mellitus is a condition/disease caused by failure of the pancrease to produce adequate insulin hormone; leading to excess glucose levels in the body some of which is released in urine while diabetes insipidus is a condition caused by failure/inability of the kidney tubules to control the amount of water in urine as a result of a defect in production of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) leading to production of more dilute urine; Max. 2 mks

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How To Write An A Level Biology Essay

Table of Contents:

The ultimate guide to writing AQA A-level biology essay . The ultimate guide to writing AQA A-level biology essay If you want an additional validation of your competencies in biology, you have probably thought about passing the A level in AQA.

Disclaimer: the preparation for the certification and its successful completion will not take a week of your time. Your knowledge in biology must be comprehensive and systemized. It means that you have to be familiar with the matter and learn it in accordance with the program you passed.

• Think in different disciplines
• Try to minimize research at the time you write the essay
• Do not experiment in the representation
• Keep your thinking healthy

Video advice: 25/25 bio essay

What an A-level essay means

If you want an additional validation of your competencies in biology, you have probably thought about passing the A level in AQA. The first thing you need to do is realize that it only sounds complicated and tough, while the examination itself is not that scary if you are a decent student. The process of passing the assessment includes an examination and a written assignment- namely an essay-and now we will tell you everything you need to know about it.

Free Biology Essay Examples & Topic Ideas

Stuck with your biology paper? Check our 100% free biology essay, research paper examples. Find inspiration and ideas ➜ Best topics ➜ Daily updates.

If you’ve been allotted to write a biology essay, you most likely know the specific area of research you need to choose. However, it may be advantageous to understand more about other available scopes. It’s helpful for interdisciplinary study and also the cases when you’re liberated to pick your neighborhood of research. Within this section, let’s evaluate which one can learn in biology.

Areas of Research for Biology Essays

At one point in your academic career, you have to learn how to write an essay. It is an effective and fast way to evaluate students’ ideas, understanding of the subject, and fluency of their scientific writing. Most instructors will use this method even if you study precise sciences such as physics, math, and biology. Here, we consider the latter in detail. A biology essay, in a nutshell, is a type of academic paper that focuses on a particular topic of biology. It can discuss animal life, cycles in biology, or a botanic subject. Similarly to any academic essay, you are expected to demonstrate your critical thinking skills. You’ll have to provide relevant evidence to support your perspective. On this page, you will encounter biology essay examples. They can assist you in nailing down a similar school or college assignment. Yet, first of all, look at our tips prepared by our experts.

Biology essay plans Flashcards – Start studying Biology essay plans. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools.

AP Biology Essay Writing and Quantitative Skills

This one-week course will introduce students who have completed one year of Honors Biology with the skills and techniques required to write cogent, directed essay responses for the College Board AP Biology essay exam. In addition to helping improve AP scores to enable students to skip entry level college Biology courses, this course will provide a life skill of scientific writing that will help students throughout their careers. They will be trained to read and analyze data, make claims, report their findings, and justify their arguments while writing about scientific ideas. Prerequisites: Honors Biology with a grade of A- or higher or specific recommendation of the teacher of this course This is a non-credit 1-week course Session: Session 1B: 6/08/20 – 6/12/20 (12:15 p.m. – 4:15 p.m.) (EST)

That one-week course will introduce students who’ve completed twelve months of Honors Biology using the skills and methods needed to create cogent, directed essay responses for that College Board AP Biology essay exam. Additionally to helping improve AP scores to allow students to skip basic level college Biology courses, this program will give you a existence skill of scientific writing that can help students in their careers. They’ll be educated to read and evaluate data, claim, report their findings, and justify their arguments while covering scientific ideas. Prerequisites: Honors Biology having a grade of the- or greater or specific recommendation from the teacher of the courseThis is really a non-credit 1-week courseSession:Session 3B: 8/01/22 – 8/05/22 (3:00 p. m. – 7:00 p. m.

Video advice: How to SMASH the AQA A LEVEL BIOLOGY ESSAY?

HEY EVERYONE! We are coming to you guys this week with a video on THE BIOLOGY ESSAY! For a-level AQA biology we had to do a 25 marker essay at the end of paper 3, and having achieved 23/25 we would like to provide you guys with the tips and tricks needed to also achieve a great mark!!

How to Write a Biology Essay: Simple Guide

What is a biology essay? What is the Biology Essays structure? Read here for how to write a Biology Essay. Contact us for essay writing services.

Write a powerful conclusion which will leave an effect around the audience. Should you stick to the outline you have utilized in your essay, you’ll be able to create a good landing for the essay. Many good essays happen to be destroyed by bad conclusions. Be cautious about how exactly you are writing these conclusions.

Choosing a topic

Every time you write a biology essay, you get a chance to fully understand forms that are complex in life. This translates that you have an opportunity to understand plants as well as animals found within the ecosystem. Biology assignments help a student to d n extensive research and acquire knowledge that concerns different components of nature. Biology essays also equip people with the knowledge of how jot take care of themselves as well as getting a full understanding of the relationship between the world and the humans. Every pertinent issue that relates to biology can be answered using a biology essay. When writing this essay, one is supposed to make the world as professional as possible throughout the primary writing process. Biology essay topics must be detailed so that they can be distinguished from other types of papers.

Coming up with an awesome essay goes beyond just having great writing skills. There are relevant factors you ought to put into consideration before writing your paper. This article outlines great and useful biology essay tips that will help you put together an essay worth an excellent score. Select a topic you’re.

The first step towards scoring an attractive grade in your essay is selecting an appropriate topic. On this note, ensure that you are well familiar with a topic before you decide to run with it. On this note, take time to research on the availability of data and information on a given topic before deciding to write about it.

Another essential factor to consider is ensuring that your topic is specific in the niche and will be interesting for your target audience. You should ask yourself, does the topic present a specific objective? If the answer is no, then you need to narrow down the subject matter of the topic. It goes without saying that topics give a reader a first impression regarding the essay. Therefore, ensure that your essay is interesting, not one that will put your reader off at first glance.

How to Write a Biology Essay – Sooner or later, every student will have to write an essay. Why is that so? Because essays allow students to express their ideas in a written form that can be easily evaluated by an instructor. https…

Essay writing helps students to develop their critical thinking and writing skills by forcing them to write down their thoughts in a coherent, logical manner. Being able to do this is critical if you want to be successful in college. However, if you doubt your ability to do this, you can catch online academic writing services like EssayOnTime.

AQA Paper 3 Extended Essay: Tips, Mark-schemes and Past Essay Titles

Tips on how to answer the AQA A-level Biology Extended Essay. Please share and like.

I’ve been dealing with some tutees to enhance their method of the AQA Paper 3 Extended Essay – here really are a couple of tips, and every one of the essay titles (and markschemes) since 2007. A Couple of Points Elevated Through The Exam Boards FeedbackThe essay is made to assess regardless of whether you may bring together material from a variety of topics as one example of and explain an essential concept or idea. The essay isn’t just a memory test of the items students knows – it’s also an evaluation of when they have been some knowledge of what they’ve learnt and may apply the things they know. The essay is marked utilizing a amounts of response system. The requirements for scientific content, breadth, relevance and scientific terminology are actually within each level. It’s a synoptic exercise – you’re needed to recall appropriate factual material from various areas of the specs (AO1), you need to identify a fundamental theme or idea within an essay title – it will likely be a ‘big idea’, not really a minor subject. You have to select 5 or 6 different examples which you can use as one example of the theme or idea.

Video advice: How to get TOP MARKS in a biology essay: AQA A-level 25 mark essay on paper 3

Learn how to write the 25 mark essay on the AQA A-level paper 3. I fully explain the mark scheme, how to analyse the titles, how to structure your paragraphs and how to write a top plan for success. I model the plan for ‘The Importance of Diffusion’ 2017 title.

How long should a biology A level essay be?

Remember students should include five/six topics in the essay and the essay should take about 40 minutes to write .

How do you write a biology essay example?

The key aspects of writing a good biology essay are:

• Choose a specific topic to write about.
• Clearly state your position.
• Demonstrate the validity of your argument by using facts to support it.

How do you structure a level biology?

Does ocr a level biology have an essay.

OCR Biology (H420 or H422) has no essays .

How long should a 25 Mark essay be?

Generally the essay should consist of an introduction, three paragraphs containing three different points and a conclusion. Typically this would take up 3-5 pages of A4 lined paper.

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240 Interesting Biology Topics for Essays & Research Papers

Biology is often called the science of life . From bacteria to whales, biologists study all kinds of organisms. Have you ever wondered why bees dance? Or how can chickens be the closest modern relatives to dinosaurs? The buzzing world is full of complex wonders like these. That’s why it’s so easy to find a biology research topic of your liking.

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If you need to craft a biology essay, this article is for you. Here you can learn about research areas and fields in biology. Besides, you will find 220 interesting biology topics to write about. Read on to refresh your knowledge of microbiology, epidemiology, and more.

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🔝 Top 10 Biology Research Topics

📚 areas of research in biology, ⭐ top 10 interesting biology topics for essays, 🍎 biological topics for high school.

• 🦠 Microbiology Topics
• 💀 Anatomy & Human Biology
• 🔬 Cell & Molecular Biology
• ♻️ Environmental Biology
• 🐬 Marine Biology
• 🌻 Plant Biology
• 🧬 Evolutionary Biology
• 👶🧑 Developmental Biology
• 😷 Epidemiology & Population Topics in Biology
• 📜 History of Biology

🔍 References

• Are viruses alive?
• How do emotions work?
• What is the role of hormones?
• Ways to recover endangered species
• Are allergies a sign of immune disorder?
• What is the function of chromosomes?
• Robert Hooke’s contribution to biology
• The difference between Darwinism and evolution
• The process of bacterial invasion of the body
• Ways to strengthen the human immune system

Biologists operate on a vast scale. Naturally, there are plenty of research areas. Let’s sort them out:

• Microbiology. Microbiologists examine minute organisms. Many of them, such as viruses, can cause infectious diseases. Because of this, microbiology is strongly linked with immunology.
• Anatomy. Anatomical research focuses on the structure of tissues and organs.
• Cell and molecular biology. Cells are the basis for every living being. The key topic in this area is the molecular organization of cells.
• Environmental biology. Our environment needs support, and environmental biologists provide it. They study ecosystems to find out how humans affect nature. Scientists in this area also observe how organisms react to their surroundings.
• Marine biology. This branch is concerned with life in the deep seas. Oceanography is a crucial part of marine biology.

• Botany. This study is also called plant biology. It studies the properties of organisms that need sun and water to survive. Common categories of plants include trees, shrubs, and flowers.
• Evolutionary biology. All that lives is always evolving. Organisms create, merge, and delete genes. Evolutionary biologists monitor these changes.
• Developmental biology. Research in this area includes studying tissue regeneration and cell growth.
• Epidemiology. Epidemiologists investigate diseases and health conditions. Key questions include: Where does a disease originate from? How does it transmit? What risks are there?

With this overview in mind, you’re ready to choose an interesting biological topic.

• 4 types of biotechnology
• Main branches of biochemistry
• Pros and cons of gene therapy
• Exobiology vs. astrobiology
• Biological functions of the DNA
• Levels of biological organization
• Properties of the phylogenetic tree
• Classification of invertebrate animals
• History of modern light microscopes
• The early modern period of plant systematics

From peas to platypuses: high school biology covers a wide range of topics. In your biology essay, you’ll have the chance to familiarize yourself with any of them. Your options are almost endless! Consult our list of 20 popular ideas to get your research started:

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• Compare the types of cell reproduction. 
• How did Gregor Mendel discover heredity? 
• Cell structure: prokaryotes vs. eukaryotes. 
• Enzymes : what do we need them for? 
• Explain how photosynthesis converts CO2 into O2. 
• How does the human metabolism work? 
• What are the differences between mitosis and meiosis?
• How do you predict the probability of inheriting a gene? 
• Describe the structure of DNA.  
• What is PCR used for? 
• Biotechnology: the mechanisms behind cloning. 
• Survival of the fittest: what does natural selection mean? 
• Discuss the latest evidence for Darwin’s theory of evolution. 
• The tree of life: how does this concept depict the relationships between species? 
• What kind of strategies do organisms use to get nutrition? 
• Dinosaurs and their modern relatives: what do we know about them? 
• How does our nervous system transport information? 
• Explain the mechanisms behind the carbon cycle. 
• Examine the human impact on biodiversity . 
• What factors regulate population dynamics? 

🦠 Microbiology Research Topics for Students

The world of microbiology consists of tiny organisms. Researchers study microbes and other simple life forms such as bacteria and fungi. This way, they aim to solve environmental as well as medical issues.

• How do microbes develop resistance? 
• Give an overview of our immune system’s defense mechanisms. 
• Contrast the types of microbiomes. 
• What are the industrial applications for microbiology ? 
• How do you degrade soil pollutants using microbes? 
• Investigate examples of agents that kill bacteria. 
• What makes yeast versatile? 
• The differences between virions and viroids. 
• What are acellular agents? 
• Give an overview of the biochemical properties of fungi. 
• What are possible causes for asthma? 
• The relationship between stress and our immune system’s performance. 
• How do vaccines work? 
• Examine the structure of archaeal genes. 
• Why is microbial diversity important? 

• How do microbes contribute to an ecosystem? 
• The role of microbes in food contamination. 
• How do bacteria turn milk into yogurt? 
• Applications of microbial biotechnology. 
• Describe the four groups of protozoa. 

💀 Anatomy & Human Biology Topics

Human biology studies people as single organisms and in the context of populations. Two of its essential parts are anatomy and anthropology. The latter studies the evolution of humankind. The former is more concerned with body structure. Combine all three subjects to gain a 360° view of humanity!

• Describe the functions of the respiratory system.  
• What happens to your body if you’re anemic? 
• Outline the history of the human population. 
• How does medical anthropology help us understand health? 
• Reading bones: what types of information can osteologists gather? 
• Biomechanics: what makes humans move? 
• Compare the proposed effects of various current trends in nutrition . 
• Explore the psychological factors that influence one’s health. 
• How does your brain control your behavior? 
• Synapses: structure and mechanisms. 
• Explain how kidneys filter blood. 
• What regulates muscle contraction ? 
• Discuss the new reproductive technologies from an anthropological perspective. 
• Describe the structure of a skeletal muscle fiber. 
• The cerebral cortex: what does it do? 
• Brain, hormones, and emotions. 
• Functions of the sodium-potassium pump. 
• Examine what blood consists of. 
• What happens when your heart skips a beat? 
• Is the growth in the human population out of control? 

🔬 Cell & Molecular Biology Research Topics

Your body’s fundamental structure is made up of cells. Their properties are in the center of interest for cell biologists. They investigate a cell’s life cycle and its vital functions. On a molecular level, this includes the role of chemical processes in cell activity.

• How does cancer affect the body’s cell growth? 
• The protein paradox: what is the right amount of protein? 
• How do cells heal bones? 
• The ethics of stem cell research . 
• Investigate the communication methods between cells. 
• Explore the link between the environment and our DNA. 
• Current trends in molecular biochemistry. 
• Telomerase: will it ever be possible to reverse aging processes? 
• What do we know about axon guidance? 
• Where does our brain keep the memories? 
• Why do cells become sticky? 
• High-resolution microscopy: ways to advance molecular research. 
• How do cilia move cells? 

• Treating glaucoma: is surgery always necessary? 
• The role of microtubules in the nervous system. 
• Diffusion: means of transport within cells. 
• What does the central dogma of molecular biology state? 
• Trace the steps of DNA translation. 
• Why do cells need to eat their dead counterparts? 
• How does protein biosynthesis work? 

♻️ Environmental Biology Topics to Research

Environmental biologists ensure our harmonic coexistence with nature. They are also in charge of monitoring wastewater disposal and pollution levels. This branch is closely related to ecology.

• Discuss the importance of light in different bodies of water. 
• Aftermath of building the Hetch Hetchy valley dam. 
• The devastating impact of deforestation in the Amazon. 
• Analyze the consequences of desertification. 
• How do genetically modified insects influence the environment? 
• What would happen if all the bees die? 
• Compare several methods of wastewater disposal. 
• What were the ecological effects of Indonesia’s Mega Rice Project? 
• The Great Pacific Garbage Patch: will we ever get rid of it? 
• How do worms indicate the state of an ecosystem? 
• Why is it important to conserve biodiversity? 
• DDT: how did it affect wildlife in the US? 
• What causes toxic algae bloom? 
• Compare the adverse health effects of common contaminants in the air. 
• The Aral Sea: how did it disappear? 
• How do genetically engineered crops impact the environment? 
• Indoor air pollution: causes and risks. 
• The pros and cons of using natural gas . 
• Trace the ecological footprint of cotton production. 
• What are the ways to ensure food security without harming the environment? 

🐬 Marine Biology Topics for a Paper

Fun fact: the vast majority of our oceans are still unobserved. Research in marine biology encompasses all organisms living close to or under water. Do you want to participate in uncovering the mysteries of the deep sea? This section is for you!

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• How does luminescence in marine vertebrae work? 
• Dolphins: how do they communicate? 
• The impact of military sonar on whales. 
• What makes the Galapagos Islands so unique? 
• Compare different camouflage techniques of marine animals. 
• How do aquatic organisms live together in coral reefs? 
• Causes of high mercury concentrations in fish. 
• Investigate the impact of overfishing in China. 
• Explain how rising sea temperatures affect marine life. 
• Contrast the survival strategies of various penguin species. 
• The ethics of seafood farms. 
• Examine bacteria’s contribution to biological processes in the sea. 
• What are the types of invasive species? 
• The contribution of birds to a stable marine ecosystem. 
• Identify the biggest threats to marine biodiversity. 
• Inspect the predatory behavior of starfish. 
• How do corals form? 
• The importance of phyto- and zooplankton to ponds. 
• Whales: how did they evolve? 
• What are the four types of oceanography ? 

🌻 Plant Biology Research Topics

Plant biology, you guessed it, investigates plants. These green organisms are incredibly versatile. From redwood trees to algae, plants come in all sizes and shapes. Scientists use botanical knowledge to improve our food and medicine supplies. They also help to conserve forests, parks, and wilderness areas.

• What causes diseases in plants? 
• What are the benefits of studying algae ? 
• Recently, scientists engineered a plant to glow by itself. How does it work? 
• What makes some plants toxic? 

• Compare various defense mechanisms of flowers. 
• Deciduous trees: what are the advantages of leaf loss? 
• How do Butterworts acquire nutrition? 
• Carnivorous plants: methods of luring prey. 
• Types of negative feedback in plants. 
• Give examples of thigmotropism. How does it work? 
• What problems are associated with the definition of kingdoms? 
• Investigate the anatomical structure of plant roots. 
• Phytohormones: how do they influence plant growth? 
• Plants and music: does sound have any measurable effects on plant development? 
• How do plants produce starch? 
• Why do weeds grow excessively? 
• Investigate plant disease management and intervention. 
• Industrial applications of synthesized plant mechanisms. 
• Cacti: how do they survive in the desert? 
• Examine the biological properties of medicinal herbs. 

🧬 Hot Topics in Evolutionary Biology to Write About

Evolutionary biologists observe change in all living organisms. If you want to know why life on Earth is so versatile, evolutionary biology has the answer. Research areas cover ecology and genetics, as well as paleontology.

• How does stabilizing selection ensure the same phenotype for a species during evolution? 
• Discuss Tinbergen’s four questions. 
• What are the benefits of sexual reproduction ? 
• Cancer: why does it persist? 
• Society and evolution: are they connected? 
• Southeast Asia and the limited occurrence of the alcohol dehydrogenase gene. 
• Is there a scientific reason to divide humans into races? 
• Track the evolution of aging throughout human history. 
• How does speciation work? 
• Genetic drift and its effects on variation. 
• Describe problems concerning the Modern Synthesis. 
• Selective sweeps: how likely are they to cause disease? 
• What does the Red Queen hypothesis state? 
• How do you determine age in herbaceous plants? 
• Life history theory: how does a species’ life history influence its evolution? 
• What are the ways for a species to achieve its maximum fitness? 
• How did the bees learn to communicate information by dancing? 
• Investigate the evolution of stamina in animal locomotion. 
• How does an animal’s physiology adapt to its geographic range? 
• Compare the evolutionary process of endotherms and ectotherms. 

👶🧑 Developmental Biology Research Topics

When animals and plants grow, their features change. It’s no surprise: every living being starts as a single cell. It’s a long way from there to a fully formed organism! Developmental biologists track this process at different levels.

• Why are men more likely to be colorblind than women? 
• What is phylogenetic niche conservatism? 
• Identify origins of congenital disorders. 
• What causes birds to become territorial? 
• Explain the two types of developmental mechanisms. 
• Why does getting older make humans more susceptible to cancer? 
• Homeotic genes: how do they influence the development of body structures? 
• Describe the advantages of apoptosis. 
• What causes polycephaly? 
• How do stem cells differentiate? 
• Investigate regeneration in hydra. 
• Mechanisms of metamorphosis in frogs. 
• What happened during the Cambrian explosion? 
• How do plants produce new structures? 
• Examine the process of neurulation in fish. 
• What are the types of deformations found in plants? 
• Describe the ABC model of flower development. 
• Why are zebrafish good model systems for developmental studies? 
• Search for the origins of the vertebrate body plan. 
• What does the concept of morphogen gradient say about the fate of cells? 

😷 Epidemiology & Population Topics in Biology

Investigating health-related events is a part of epidemiologic research. The goal is to find out what causes diseases in a specific population. Epidemiology analyzes other health issues such as natural disasters and injuries. Population biology focuses on the interaction between populations and their environment.

• How does evolutionary game theory describe the development of a population? 
• When is a strategy evolutionarily stable? 
• How does phenotypic variety in plants help manage disease? 
• What diseases are caused by heavy metal pollution? 

• How did the Coronavirus pandemic contribute to a rise in cases of domestic violence ? 
• Reasons for an increased rate of congenital disabilities in a specific area. 
• Asian carp: a harmful disruption of the marine population in American rivers. 
• Compare the three kinds of population distribution. 
• Examine the consequences of the 1783 Laki eruption. 
• Examine various policies to moderate population growth . 
• How do predator-prey dynamics work? 
• Avoidance mechanisms of resource competition. 
• Describe the three types of symbiotic relationships . 
• How does a species regulate its abundance? 
• What happens if the equilibrium state of a community is disturbed? 
• Factors that encourage human population growth. 
• Contrast the survivorship curves of humans, birds, and trees. 
• Obesity : causes and solutions. 
• Depression : how does it affect society? 
• The role of causal inference in epidemiological studies . 

Did Darwin Get It Right?

Essays on Games, Sex and Evolution

• © 1988
• John Maynard Smith

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Table of contents (28 chapters)

Front matter, science, ideology and myth, how to win the nobel prize, storming the fortress, symbolism and chance, science and the media, molecules are not enough, on human nature, the birth of sociobiology, models of cultural and genetic change, constraints on human behaviour, biology and the behaviour of man, boy or girl, genes and memes, natural selection of culture, did darwin get it right, palaeontology at the high table, current controversies in evolutionary biology.

• Charles Darwin
• evolutionary biology

About this book

Bibliographic information.

Book Title : Did Darwin Get It Right?

Book Subtitle : Essays on Games, Sex and Evolution

Authors : John Maynard Smith

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-7862-4

Publisher : Springer New York, NY

eBook Packages : Springer Book Archive

Copyright Information : John Maynard Smith 1988

Softcover ISBN : 978-0-412-03821-1 Published: 31 January 1998

eBook ISBN : 978-1-4684-7862-4 Published: 06 December 2012

Edition Number : 1

Number of Pages : 147

Topics : Evolutionary Biology

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160 Biology Essay Topics

For most science courses, assignments are generally lab-based and rarely require much writing. However, all of that changes in biology courses when detailed essays must be written to highlight a student’s understanding of the subject. These essays are highly technical, with specific comments required to meet the factual nature of the subject.

In addition to meeting the factual requirements needed to complete the assignment, biology essays must also be written in a writing style that is informative and authoritative rather than subjective and personal.

These detailed specifics of writing a biology essay can make completing the writing difficult from the very beginning. Fortunately, we’ve created this guide to help students learn how to write a biology essay. In addition, we’ve also included 160 biology essay topics to help inspire the creative writing process.

How to Write a Biology Essay?

Writing a biology essay starts with choosing a topic. If your teacher has not already assigned a specific topic, then students must choose one that is broad enough to find credible resources and specific enough that the research won’t overtake the writing process.

To select a suitable topic for a biology essay, consider the type of biology class you are taking, the current and previous chapters studied, and the overall context of the course. These factors will help you select a topic that is likely to be relevant to your teacher’s needs and to the passing of your course.

Once students have selected a suitable topic, it’s time to research credible resources that will support the subject. To do this successfully, students need to consider the following:

• What information is already known about this topic?
• What topics are related or similar to this topic?
• Who are credible authors that can explain this topic?
• What additional sources will provide me with the information needed to complete this assignment successfully?

For example, if you want to write a biology essay on protein synthesis and its regulation at the transcriptional level, research material would include books, articles, and other written works published by credible authors or publishers. While important, this material isn’t the only type of research that should be completed.

Students may also consider consulting medical and biology dictionaries, textbooks, online research databases such as PubMed or Medline, and professional organizations for biologists to find additional sources. Once the research has been completed, it’s time to create the first draft of the biology essay.

Biology Essay Introduction

Starting an essay is always the same. Students should open with a catchy hook statement that introduces an interesting fact, presents a unique perspective, or raises a thought-provoking question.

Once that sentence has been created, students can use the middle part of the introduction to introduce fundamental concepts and provide background details about the topic.

Once that information has been laid out, and the reader knows the necessary details to make the reading interesting and worthwhile, students should move into the final portion of the introduction that answers the question: WHY is this essay important? This question is answered in the form of a thesis statement that details the essay’s overall purpose.

Biology Essay Body Paragraphs

The body paragraphs of your essay will contain the bulk of your research. Be sure that each body paragraph meets the following requirements:

• One clear idea represented per paragraph or section
• Examples that back up the point of the paragraph
• A clear and logical flow between paragraphs with transition words

Make sure that the body paragraphs only contain information pertinent to the subject or topic. Avoid fluff or filler words and phrases that don’t add any substance or value to the writing.

The number of paragraphs in the body may vary depending on the assignment parameters and the essay style. For example, an essay with a 1000 word limit won’t have as many body paragraphs as an essay with a high word count.

Additionally, a compare and contrast essay that examines the similarities and differences between two or more biology concepts may have more body paragraphs than an argumentative essay.

Biology Essay Conclusion

The final section of a biology essay is the conclusion. In this section, students need to summarize the major points of the essay and the overall purpose for writing it. The thesis should also be re-stated to recap what has been learned from the writing.

In addition to these sentences, students should include a final remark about their research and findings. This might be a thought that ties into the intro or another interesting angle that presents a new way of looking at your topic.

Once the conclusion is completed, students should edit and review their work. Make sure that the essay is free of grammar and spelling mistakes before submitting it for grading.

When it comes to choosing a biology essay topic, it is not always as easy as it seems. For students looking for help with writing a biology essay, we have compiled a list of 160 biology essay topics that will hopefully give you some great ideas.

Biology Essay Topics About Animals

• What is the importance of bats in our ecosystem?
• What is the difference between a domesticated cat and a wildcat?
• How do animals adapt to their environments?
• What are the various types of symbiotic relationships found in nature?
• Which animals have been known to show altruism towards other species?
• What impact does human activity have on animal behavior?
• What are some of the advantages and disadvantages of zoos?
• How do animal brains work?
• What is an animal’s anatomical structure like?
• What are some symbiotic relationships between humans and animals?
• What is the difference between herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, and insectivores?
• Why are having pets important to humans?
• What are the positive and negative impacts of commercial farming on animals?
• Do you think it is acceptable to keep pets in zoos? Why or why not?
• What are some common misconceptions about cats, dogs, rodents, cows, sheep, horses, reptiles/fish/insects?
• How do animal bones support their body structure?
• What are the effects of humans on the natural habitats of animals?
• What are some ways in which animal anatomy is similar to human biology?
• What are some symbiotic relationships found in the animal kingdom?
• Can humans and animals communicate with each other?
• How do different types of animal cells function differently than human cells?
• Why do some animals see better in the dark?
• Explain the circulatory system of cold-blooded animals and how it differs from that of warm-blooded animals.
• What are some examples of mimicry in nature?

Biology Essay Topics About Cellular Biology

• How does cell theory apply to cellular biology?
• What is mitosis, and where does it take place?
• What are the different parts of a cell?
• What is a nucleolus?
• What are the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
• How do viruses affect our cells?
• How does photosynthesis work?
• Why is it important to study cellular biology as a foundation for other disciplines of biology?
• What are the functions of organelles in cells?
• What is anabolism and catabolism?
• How do plants use photosynthesis to produce sugar while animals break down food for energy?
• Describe the process of homeostasis and explain how the human body maintains its internal environment.
• What are the important parts of a cell?
• How do cells reproduce?
• What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?
• What is the importance of cellular research to humans?
• Explain mitochondria, chloroplasts, and vacuoles in plant cells.
• What are some of the problems with using stem cells in medical research?
• What are the differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms?
• How do humans reproduce sexually?
• Why is it different to clone plants than animals?
• What are some important functions of membranes in cells?
• What is the significance of mass spectrometry to molecular biology and genetics?
• How do viruses reproduce?
• What are mitochondria responsible for in eukaryotic cells?
• What is the difference between a plasmid and a virus?
• Do you think cloning animals should be allowed? Why or why not?
• What is a cell cycle?
• How do diseases affect the structure and function of cells?
• What are some ethical issues with genetic engineering?
• What is cell division, and how does it work?
• Where does meiosis occur in the body, and what does it accomplish?
• Explain the structure and function of ribosomes in eukaryotic cells.
• What is a cell membrane made up of, and what are its important structural components?
• How do antibiotics affect bacterial cells?
• Do you think cloning humans should be allowed? Why or why not?
• What makes up the cytoskeleton?
• How are molecular structures related to the functions of cells?
• What are some examples of biomolecules necessary for cell function and survival?
• What types of molecules make up an organism’s genome?

Biology Essay Topics About the Ecosystem

• What does the term food web mean?
• Why is it important to study population dynamics in an ecosystem?
• How do humans affect other species and their environments?
• How can we prevent and control invasive species, and why are they so dangerous?
• What effects does pollution have on animals and their habitats?
• How do global warming and climate change affect the ecosystem?
• What are the different types of animals found in ecosystems?
• What happens to an ecosystem when one species becomes extinct?
• What is the difference between biotic and abiotic components of an ecosystem?
• How do humans feed off other species to survive?
• Describe how the r-selected life strategy works.
• What are some examples of symbiosis found in nature?
• How does biodiversity affect the structure, function, and survival of ecosystems?
• How does the stability of an ecosystem depend on biodiversity?
• What are trophic levels, and how do they function to maintain the structure of ecosystems?
• Why are invasive species dangerous?
• How do global climate changes and human activities affect the biodiversity of ecosystems?
• What types of organisms thrive in wetlands?
• How do humans benefit from studying ecosystems?
• What ecosystems are best suited to rapid climate change?

Biology Essay Topics About Evolution

• Is evolution strictly a scientific theory, or is it also valid spiritually?
• Why is research about the evolution of life important to our understanding of the past?
• What are some examples of convergent evolution?
• How does natural selection contribute to evolution?
• Why is it important for people to understand evolution and its role in biology?
• What are some benefits that humans enjoy thanks to evolution?
• How do mass extinctions impact the evolution of different species?
• How does a mutation affect a population’s gene pool and diversity?
• Explain the core principles of Darwin’s theory of evolution.
• How does an organism’s ability to respond to environmental changes contribute to its rate of evolution?
• What is polyphyletic evolution?
• What are some examples of vestigial traits in humans and other species?
• How do eco-evolutionary dynamics play a role in evolution?
• Do you think that past mass extinction events had an impact on evolution? Why or why not?
• What are some benefits humans enjoy thanks to evolution by natural selection?
• How could modern-day diets affect the evolutionary growth of humans?
• What animals have had evolutionary changes based on threats to their diets?
• What evolutionary response makes for the best camouflage?
• What types of traits can be used to differentiate between closely related species?
• What are the main factors that prevent a population from evolving?
• How is artificial selection different from natural selection?
• Why do scientists still debate about evolutionary theory despite overwhelming evidence supporting it?
• What are some examples of convergent evolution in nature, and how do they function as an adaptation?
• Why is research about the evolution of life important to understanding the past?

Biology Essay Topics About Genetics

• What is genetic drift, and how can it lead to changes in a population over time?
• How do the different parts of DNA interact with each other?
• How are dominant and recessive traits identified?
• What are some examples of genetic disorders?
• What causes Down syndrome, and how is it diagnosed in children?
• How does natural selection act on mutations to create variation in a population?
• Can scientists use DNA testing to learn about our ancestors’ migratory patterns and where they lived?
• How can animal migration help us to better understand genetics?
• Define molecular genetics and explain how it relates to classical and Mendelian genetics.
• What is the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and why is it important in population genetics?
• Do you believe that scientists should clone human beings? Why or why not?
• Why are dominant traits sometimes called masking genes?
• Why is genetic diversity important for long-term species survival?
• How are epigenetic changes related to evolution?
• What is the difference between gene expression and gene activity with regards to genetics?
• How do developmental genes affect the appearance of an organism throughout its life cycle?
• How have animal and plant breeders used genetic engineering to produce certain types of hybrids?
• What are the ethical implications of human cloning?
• What are the latest technologies in genetic engineering?
• What new technologies are needed to make human cloning a reality?
• How are living organisms adapting to the presence of plastics in our environment?
• Why are some individuals resistant to certain genetically programmed diseases?
• What are three common misconceptions about genetic engineering?
• What is transgenic technology, and how can it be used for disease prevention or treatment?
• How do microorganisms impact human health and the environment?
• What are some examples of a genetically modified organism?
• How does natural selection impact microorganisms?
• What is DNA profiling, and how can it help to solve crimes or return missing persons to their families?
• Why do scientists need more research surrounding epigenetics before drawing conclusions on its effects on evolution?

Biology Essay Topics About the Human Body

• What is the purpose of skeletal and respiratory systems?
• How do hormones affect our body on a daily basis?
• How does the endocrine system work as part of an overall regulatory system in the human body?
• What are some different types of cells found in the human body?
• What are the differences between exocrine and endocrine glands?
• What are stem cells, and why are they important to biological research?
• How do muscles work together to create movement in our bodies?
• How do bones help us to maintain balance while walking, standing up straight, and running?
• What are some ways that human behavior can impact our bodies?
• How do foods with high sugar content affect the digestive system?
• What organs are no longer necessary in the human body, and why?
• What blood types offer better protection from the elements?
• What are mosquitoes attracted to some humans and not to others?
• What pheromones do humans give off?
• What are the different types of blood cells?
• How does healthy eating help to maintain digestive health?
• Why do some people get migraines that others don’t seem to be bothered by?
• What is the pH level of human blood, and how can it be carefully regulated?
• How does altitude affect respiration in humans?
• What is the most complicated system in the human body?
• Explain the biological purposes of “Fight or Flight.”
• What role does the immune system play in human health?
• What is the difference between human anatomy and physiology?

Choosing any of these 160 biology essay topics will help students craft an informative and authoritative essay that is sure to earn them a passing grade.

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Test It & Fix It KCSE Revision Biology - 3rd Edition

Here’s the fix for the best KCSE results! Test it & Fix it: KCSE Revision is a revision series that provides an in-depth coverage of the secondary syllabus. Developed by a team of ex ... Read More

Here’s the fix for the best KCSE results! Test it & Fix it: KCSE Revision is a revision series that provides an in-depth coverage of the secondary syllabus. Developed by a team of experienced authors, examiners and teachers, each book helps students, and especially candidates, revise what they have learnt and be confident as they face examinations. The books also help students to ... Read Less    Full Description

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Here’s the fix for the best KCSE results!

Test it & Fix it: KCSE Revision is a revision series that provides an in-depth coverage of the secondary syllabus. Developed by a team of experienced authors, examiners and teachers, each book helps students, and especially candidates, revise what they have learnt and be confident as they face examinations. The books also help students to identify any problems they may have in a subject and fix them.

Why Test it & Fix it?

• Test it & Fix it: KCSE Revision Biology provides:
• Guidelines to what is expected when answering biology examination questions
• Concise revision notes on the topics covered in the syllabus
• Continuous assessment test on each topic
• End term exams for each level of learning
• Model KCSE examination papers based on the most up-to-date examination techniques
• Answers for all the questions.

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• Test it & Fix it: KCSE Revision Mathematics
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Get It Right Biology Practical KCSE Revision

by P.M. Muchiri , J.W. Gitonga

This book comprehensively covers all the examinable areas of the KCSE Biology Paper 3 (Practical). It gives precise instructions on how to carry out the various practicals and the possible examination questions that can be derived from each of the practicals. 

The text is supported by professionally done full-colour photographs which are in line with the current trend in Biology Practical Examination. 

It is our belief that students of Biology will find this book a valuable companion and guide as they pursue their course. 

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A must have for all Biology teachers

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Darwin Get Right Essays ( 21 results)

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Did Darwin Get IT Right?; Essays On Games, Sex And Evolution (Penguin Science S.)

Smith, John Maynard

Published by PENGUIN BOOKS LTD, 1993

ISBN 10: 0140230130 ISBN 13: 9780140230130

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Paperback. Condition: Good. The book has been read but remains in clean condition. All pages are intact and the cover is intact. Some minor wear to the spine.

Did Darwin Get It Right?: Essays on Games, Sex and Evolution

Published by Springer, 1998

ISBN 10: 0412038218 ISBN 13: 9780412038211

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Soft cover. Condition: Fine. Dust Jacket Condition: Fine. Trade paperback reissue. Fine.

Did Darwin Get It Right? : Essays on Games, Sex and Evolution

Maynard Smith, John

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Did Darwin Get IT Right?; Essays On Games, Sex And Evolution (Penguin Science)

Published by Penguin, 1993

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Paperback. Condition: Used; Good. Dispatched, from the UK, within 48 hours of ordering. This book is in good condition but will show signs of previous ownership. Please expect some creasing to the spine and/or minor damage to the cover. Aged book. Tanned pages and age spots, however, this will not interfere with reading.

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Did Darwin get it right? : essays on games, sex and evolution / John Maynard Smith

Maynard Smith, John (1920-2004)

Published by London : Penguin, 1993

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Second Edition. Fine copy in the original stiff-card wrappers. Particularly and surprisingly well-preserved; tight, bright, clean and especially sharp-cornered. Series; Penguin science. Physical description; vi, 264 p. ; 20 cm. Notes; First published in the US by Chapman & Hall, 1989. Includes bibliographies and index. First published by Chapman & Hall, 1989. First published in the United States in 1989. Subjects; Evolution Controversial literature. Sex (Biology). Game theory. Biological Evolution. Sex. Game Theory. Evolution (Biology). Game theory. Sex (Biology). Evolution (Biology). Sex (Biology). Game theory. Evolution. Evolution (Biology). Sex (Biology). Game theory. Evolution. 1 Kg.

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Did Darwin Get It Right?; Essays On Games, Sex And Evolution (Penguin Science)

John Maynard Smith

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Soft cover. Condition: Very Good. 2nd printing 1993. Slight rubbing to edges otherwise in very good condition. Next day dispatch by Royal Mail in sturdy, recyclable packaging. 1000's of satisfied customers! Please contact us with any enquiries.

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Did Darwin Get IT Right?; Essays On Games, Sex And Evolution (Penguin Science S.) Smith, John Maynard

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Published by Springer, 1988

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DID DARWIN GET IT RIGHT?: ESSAYS

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Did Darwin Get it Right? : Essays on Games Sex and Evolution [Japanese Edition]

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Did Darwin Get It Right?: Essays on Games; Sex and Evolution

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Taschenbuch. Condition: Neu. Druck auf Anfrage Neuware - Printed after ordering - Now in paperback, Did Darwin Get It Right discusses some of the hottest issues in biology today. Its author, the eminently quotable John Maynard Smith, discusses such fascinating conundrums as how life began, whether the brain works like a computer, why most animals and plants reproduce sexually, and how social behavior evolved out of the context of natural selection--a process which would seem to favor selfishness. A humorous and insightful writer, John Maynard Smith has the special ability to convey the excitement of science, its complexity and fascination, without baffling or boring his readers. In these 28 brief and accessible essays, Maynard ranges widely over such issues as science and the media, the birth of sociobiology, the evolution of animal intelligence and the limitations of evolutionary theory. For his work on the evolution of sex, Smith won the Darwin medal from the Royal Society, and he has pioneered the application of game theory to animal behavior.

John Maynard-Smith

Published by Chapman and Hall, 1998

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Summer 2024 AQA A Level Biology Predicted Exam - Paper 1

Subject: Biology

Age range: 16+

Resource type: Assessment and revision

Last updated

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Back by popular demand for a third year! Our heads of department have once again been hard at work to create a series of predicted exams for Summer 2024!

These questions are completely original and have been designed from scratch. There has been no reuse of previous exam questions.

This is for the following paper: AQA A Level Biology Paper 1 (7402/1)

Our predicted paper follows the format of the true AQA A Level Biology Paper 1 closely. It is also the exact duration and mark-count, with questions of increasing difficulty. A mark scheme is also attached.

The paper covers the following specification points:

• 3.1.2 - Carbohydrates • 3.1.4 - Proteins • 3.1.5 - Nucleic acids are important information-carrying molecules • 3.2.1 - Cell structure • 3.2.3 - Transport across cell membranes • 3.3.4 - Mass transport • 3.4.2 - DNA and protein synthesis • 3.4.5 - Species and taxonomy • 3.4.6 - Biodiversity within a community • 3.4.7 - Investigating biodiversity

Disclaimer: This document was created by department heads with many years of experience teaching the AQA A Level Biology course. We cannot however guarantee that it is an accurate representation of the 2024 examinations and students should not treat it as such. Please use this as an aid, alongside other methods of revision.

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Summer 2024 AQA A Level Biology Predicted Exams - Papers 1-3

**Back by popular demand for a third year! Our heads of department have once again been hard at work to create a series of predicted exams for Summer 2024!** **Look no further, the complete set of AQA A Level Biology (7402) predicted exams. 3 full papers with mark schemes.** These questions are completely original and have been designed from scratch. There has been no reuse of previous exam questions. This is for the following papers: 7402/1, 7402/2 and 7402/3 For Paper 1: Our predicted paper follows the format of the true AQA A Level Biology Paper 1 closely. It is also the exact duration and mark-count, with questions of increasing difficulty. A mark scheme is also attached. The paper covers the following specification points: • 3.1.2 - Carbohydrates • 3.1.4 - Proteins • 3.1.5 - Nucleic acids are important information-carrying molecules • 3.2.1 - Cell structure • 3.2.3 - Transport across cell membranes • 3.3.4 - Mass transport • 3.4.2 - DNA and protein synthesis • 3.4.5 - Species and taxonomy • 3.4.6 - Biodiversity within a community • 3.4.7 - Investigating biodiversity For Paper 2: Our predicted paper follows the format of the true AQA A Level Biology Paper 2 closely. It is also the exact duration and mark-count, with questions of increasing difficulty. A mark scheme is also attached. The paper covers the following specification points: • 3.5.1 - Photosynthesis • 3.5.3 - Energy and ecosystems • 3.5.4 - Nutrient cycles • 3.6.1 - Stimuli, both internal and external, are detected and lead to a response • 3.6.2 - Nervous communication • 3.7.1 - Inheritance • 3.7.4 - Populations in ecosystems • 3.8.1 - Alteration of the sequence of bases in DNA can alter the structure of proteins • 3.8.4 - Recombinant DNA technology For Paper 3: Our predicted paper follows the format of the true AQA A Level Biology Paper 3 closely. It is also the exact duration and mark-count, with questions of increasing difficulty and the obligatory essay question. A mark scheme is also attached. The paper covers the following specification points: • 3.2.1 - Cell structure • 3.2.4 - Cell recognition and the immune system • 3.5.2 - Respiration • 3.6.4 - Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment • 3.7.2 - Populations • 3.7.4 - Evolution may lead to speciation • 3.8.2 - Gene expression is controlled by a number of features **Disclaimer: This document was created by department heads with many years of experience teaching the AQA A Level Biology course. We cannot however guarantee that it is an accurate representation of the 2024 examinations and students should not treat it as such. Please use this as an aid, alongside other methods of revision.**

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“There’s a movement in the environmental space to really merge sustainability work with social justice, equity, and inclusion,” said ShaSha Kingston, A24. Photo: Alonso Nichols

ShaSha Kingston’s Environmental Justice

With an eye toward inclusion, she helped create three new student programs for the Office of Sustainability

ShaSha Kingston, A24, helped the Office of Sustainability modernize its efforts on campus, supporting the creation of three new student-led programs. A biology, psychology, and environmental studies major, Kingston was recently honored with a Tufts 2024 Presidential Award for Civic Life.

Why does sustainability matter to you?

Through sustainability, I want to create a more just and equitable world, because marginalized groups are left out of environmental decision-making processes—and their communities are disproportionately impacted by pollution. Typically, marginalized communities are housed in proximity to waste facilities, which increases the health burden they face. They also have lower access to green spaces and fresh produce. It’s a very big social justice issue.

How did you become active in the Office of Sustainability?

I joined the office my first year as an Eco Rep and later became a coordinator of that program. But there was an internal push to see our programs grow and change in a way that met current needs. Our old programs were created in the early 2000s, mainly to talk about personal action, reducing waste, how to recycle, things like that. And that was fitting for the time; it was great. Now, there’s a movement in the environmental space to really merge sustainability work with social justice, equity, and inclusion.

What steps did you take?

I created an equity-justice working group to engage students to think about how the Office of Sustainability could better center these topics in student programming. 

I brought the conclusions from that working group to Ann Ward, the Office of Sustainability’s education and outreach specialist. At the end of my junior year, I brainstormed how new sustainability programs could work to address large-scale institutional change, community-building, and equity-justice, and how programs could be more inclusive. We concluded that three new programs, each with a different mission, hit at this sentiment. They launched in fall 2023.

Sustainable Spring is for first-years or those new to sustainability. This is a class that provides a “taster” of the sustainability work happening on- and off-campus. Each week, students are introduced to a different campus sustainability club or program, research project, or off-campus partner, and they learn about the work they do.

Sustainable Solutions Fellows is a research-focused program working to solve institutional sustainability problems. Students are paired with a faculty member, staff member, or community partner and given a sustainability-related issue to research. The research will help inform sustainability efforts and actions at Tufts moving forward. Right now, there are 10 Solutions fellows.

Sustainable CORE (Cultivating Our Resilient Environment) Fellows are the community-building wing of the programs. CORE fellows have the mission of building an inclusive culture of sustainability on campus through sustainable action, equity, and celebration. They were formerly known as eco-reps. This program now centers equity-justice and collaborative partnerships with on-campus student groups and off-campus community organizations. They run events, lead sustainability projects, and provide educational materials. This year, we have 16 CORE fellows.

I’m the TA for Sustainable Spring, I’m a Solutions fellow, and I’m the coordinator of the CORE fellows program.

Why does this work matter so much now?

Climate resiliency is important to me. With the changing climate, you’re already seeing impacts, even just in the Boston area, such as heat or flooding. Creating natural solutions to combat these issues, to adapt and to be resilient, is going to be important for human survival. 

How are you going to continue this work after graduation? 

I just accepted a position at Mystic River Watershed Association, a local environmental nonprofit that works at the intersection of environmental science, climate, and community resiliency. People are finally realizing that there’s an inherent marriage between social justice and environmental justice. To create a sustainable world for all of us, we have to address that connection and work toward inclusion to make sure that all people feel like they’re part of this movement.

Arielle Galinsky’s Treasury of Life Stories

April 30, 2024