program using assignment statement in java

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Posted on Apr 24

Assignment Statements and Assignment Expressions

An assignment statement designates a value for a variable. An assignment statement can be used as an expression in Java. After a variable is declared, you can assign a value to it by using an assignment statement . In Java, the equal sign ( = ) is used as the assignment operator. The syntax for assignment statements is as follows:

An expression represents a computation involving values, variables, and operators that, taking them together, evaluates to a value. For example, consider the following code:

You can use a variable in an expression. A variable can also be used in both sides of the = operator. For example,

In this assignment statement, the result of x + 1 is assigned to x . If x is 1 before the statement is executed, then it becomes 2 after the statement is executed. To assign a value to a variable, you must place the variable name to the left of the assignment operator. Thus, the following statement is wrong:

In mathematics, x = 2 * x + 1 denotes an equation. However, in Java, x = 2 * x + 1 is an assignment statement that evaluates the expression 2 * x + 1 and assigns the result to x .

In Java, an assignment statement is essentially an expression that evaluates to the value to be assigned to the variable on the left side of the assignment operator. For this reason, an assignment statement is also known as an assignment expression . For example, the following statement is correct:

which is equivalent to

If a value is assigned to multiple variables, you can use this syntax:

In an assignment statement, the data type of the variable on the left must be compatible with the data type of the value on the right. For example, int x = 1.0 would be illegal, because the data type of x is int . You cannot assign a double value ( 1.0 ) to an int variable without using type casting.

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Assignment Operator in Java with Example

Assignment operator is one of the simplest and most used operator in java programming language. As the name itself suggests, the assignment operator is used to assign value inside a variable. In java we can divide assignment operator in two types :

• Assignment operator or simple assignment operator
• Compound assignment operators

What is assignment operator in java

The = operator in java is known as assignment or simple assignment operator. It assigns the value on its right side to the operand(variable) on its left side. For example :

The left-hand side of an assignment operator must be a variable while the right side of it should be a value which can be in the form of a constant value, a variable name, an expression, a method call returning a compatible value or a combination of these.

The value at right side of assignment operator must be compatible with the data type of left side variable, otherwise compiler will throw compilation error. Following are incorrect assignment :

Another important thing about assignment operator is that, it is evaluated from right to left . If there is an expression at right side of assignment operator, it is evaluated first then the resulted value is assigned in left side variable.

Here in statement int x = a + b + c; the expression a + b + c is evaluated first, then the resulted value( 60 ) is assigned into x . Similarly in statement a = b = c , first the value of c which is 30 is assigned into b and then the value of b which is now 30 is assigned into a .

The variable at left side of an assignment operator can also be a non-primitive variable. For example if we have a class MyFirstProgram , we can assign object of MyFirstProgram class using = operator in MyFirstProgram type variable.

Is == an assignment operator ?

No , it's not an assignment operator, it's a relational operator used to compare two values.

Is assignment operator a binary operator

Yes , as it requires two operands.

Assignment operator program in Java

a = 2 b = 2 c = 4 d = 4 e = false

Java compound assignment operators

The assignment operator can be mixed or compound with other operators like addition, subtraction, multiplication etc. We call such assignment operators as compound assignment operator. For example :

Here the statement a += 10; is the short version of a = a + 10; the operator += is basically addition compound assignment operator. Similarly b *= 5; is short version of b = b * 5; the operator *= is multiplication compound assignment operator. The compound assignment can be in more complex form as well, like below :

List of all assignment operators in Java

The table below shows the list of all possible assignment(simple and compound) operators in java. Consider a is an integer variable for this table.

How many assignment operators are there in Java ?

Including simple and compound assignment we have total 12 assignment operators in java as given in above table.

What is shorthand operator in Java ?

Shorthand operators are nothing new they are just a shorter way to write something that is already available in java language. For example the code a += 5 is shorter way to write a = a + 5 , so += is a shorthand operator. In java all the compound assignment operator(given above) and the increment/decrement operators are basically shorthand operators.

Compound assignment operator program in Java

a = 20 b = 80 c = 30 s = 64 s2 = 110 b2 = 15

What is the difference between += and =+ in Java?

An expression a += 1 will result as a = a + 1 while the expression a =+ 1 will result as a = +1 . The correct compound statement is += , not =+ , so do not use the later one.

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Expressions and Assignment Statements ¶

In this lesson, you will learn about assignment statements and expressions that contain math operators and variables.

Assignment Statements ¶

Remember that a variable holds a value that can change or vary. Assignment statements initialize or change the value stored in a variable using the assignment operator = . An assignment statement always has a single variable on the left hand side of the = sign. The value of the expression on the right hand side of the = sign (which can contain math operators and other variables) is copied into the memory location of the variable on the left hand side.

Figure 1: Assignment Statement (variable = expression) ¶

Instead of saying equals for the = operator in an assignment statement, say “gets” or “is assigned” to remember that the variable on the left hand side gets or is assigned the value on the right. In the figure above, score is assigned the value of 10 times points (which is another variable) plus 5.

The following video by Dr. Colleen Lewis shows how variables can change values in memory using assignment statements.

As we saw in the video, we can set one variable to a copy of the value of another variable like y = x;. This won’t change the value of the variable that you are copying from.

Run the code in the VariableAssignment class and see how the values of the variables change.

The CalculateMoney program is supposed to figure out the total money value given the number of dimes, quarters and nickels. There is an error in the calculation of the total. Fix the error to compute the correct amount. The SalaryExample program is supposed to calculate and print the total pay given the weekly salary and the number of weeks worked. Use string concatenation with the totalPay variable to produce the output Total Pay = $3000 . Don’t hardcode the number 3000 in your print statement.

Incrementing the value of a variable ¶

If you use a variable to keep score you would probably increment it (add one to the current value) whenever score should go up. You can do this by setting the variable to the current value of the variable plus one (score = score + 1) as shown below. The formula looks a little crazy in math class, but it makes sense in coding because the variable on the left is set to the value of the arithmetic expression on the right. So, the score variable is set to the previous value of score + 1.

Run the code in UpdateScore and see how the score value changes.

1-4-3: What is the value of b after the following code executes?

• It sets the value for the variable on the left to the value from evaluating the right side. What is 5 * 2?
• Correct. 5 * 2 is 10.

1-4-4: What are the values of x, y, and z after the following code executes?

• x = 0, y = 1, z = 2
• These are the initial values in the variable, but the values are changed.
• x = 1, y = 2, z = 3
• x changes to y's initial value, y's value is doubled, and z is set to 3
• x = 2, y = 2, z = 3
• Remember that the equal sign doesn't mean that the two sides are equal. It sets the value for the variable on the left to the value from evaluating the right side.
• x = 1, y = 0, z = 3

Operators ¶

Java uses the standard mathematical operators for addition ( + ), subtraction ( - ), multiplication ( * ), and division ( / ). Arithmetic expressions can be of type int or double. An arithmetic operation that uses two int values will evaluate to an int value. An arithmetic operation that uses at least one double value will evaluate to a double value. (You may have noticed that + was also used to put text together in the input program above – more on this when we talk about strings.)

Java uses the operator == to test if the value on the left is equal to the value on the right and != to test if two items are not equal. Don’t get one equal sign = confused with two equal signs == ! They mean different things in Java. One equal sign is used to assign a value to a variable. Two equal signs are used to test a variable to see if it is a certain value and that returns true or false as you’ll see below. Use == and != only with int values and not doubles because double values are an approximation and 3.3333 will not equal 3.3334 even though they are very close.

Run the code in OperatorExample to see all the operators in action. Do all of those operators do what you expected? What about 2 / 3 ? Isn’t surprising that it prints 0 ? See the note below.

When Java sees you doing integer division (or any operation with integers) it assumes you want an integer result so it throws away anything after the decimal point in the answer, essentially rounding down the answer to a whole number. If you need a double answer, you should make at least one of the values in the expression a double like 2.0.

With division, another thing to watch out for is dividing by 0. An attempt to divide an integer by zero will result in an ArithmeticException error message. Try it in one of the active code windows above.

Operators can be used to create compound expressions with more than one operator. You can either use a literal value which is a fixed value like 2, or variables in them. When compound expressions are evaluated, operator precedence rules are used, so that *, /, and % are done before + and -. However, anything in parentheses is done first. It doesn’t hurt to put in extra parentheses if you are unsure as to what will be done first.

Open the TestCompound.java file, try to guess what it will print out and then run it to see if you are right. Remember to consider operator precedence .

1-4-5: Consider the following code segment. Be careful about integer division.

What is printed when the code segment is executed?

• 0.666666666666667
• Don't forget that division and multiplication will be done first due to operator precedence.
• Yes, this is equivalent to (5 + ((a/b)*c) - 1).
• Don't forget that division and multiplication will be done first due to operator precedence, and that an int/int gives an int result where it is rounded down to the nearest int.

1-4-6: Consider the following code segment.

What is the value of the expression?

• Dividing an integer by an integer results in an integer
• Correct. Dividing an integer by an integer results in an integer
• The value 5.5 will be rounded down to 5

1-4-7: Consider the following code segment.

• Correct. Dividing a double by an integer results in a double
• Dividing a double by an integer results in a double

1-4-8: Consider the following code segment.

• Correct. Dividing an integer by an double results in a double
• Dividing an integer by an double results in a double

The Modulo Operator ¶

The percent sign operator ( % ) is the mod (modulo) or remainder operator. The mod operator ( x % y ) returns the remainder after you divide x (first number) by y (second number) so 5 % 2 will return 1 since 2 goes into 5 two times with a remainder of 1. Remember long division when you had to specify how many times one number went into another evenly and the remainder? That remainder is what is returned by the modulo operator.

Figure 2: Long division showing the whole number result and the remainder ¶

In ModExample program, try to guess what it will print out and then run it to see if you are right.

The result of x % y when x is smaller than y is always x . The value y can’t go into x at all (goes in 0 times), since x is smaller than y , so the result is just x . So if you see 2 % 3 the result is 2 .

1-4-10: What is the result of 158 % 10?

• This would be the result of 158 divided by 10. modulo gives you the remainder.
• modulo gives you the remainder after the division.
• When you divide 158 by 10 you get a remainder of 8.

1-4-11: What is the result of 3 % 8?

• 8 goes into 3 no times so the remainder is 3. The remainder of a smaller number divided by a larger number is always the smaller number!
• This would be the remainder if the question was 8 % 3 but here we are asking for the reminder after we divide 3 by 8.
• What is the remainder after you divide 3 by 8?

FlowCharting ¶

Assume you have 16 pieces of pizza and 5 people. If everyone gets the same number of slices, how many slices does each person get? Are there any leftover pieces?

In industry, a flowchart is used to describe a process through symbols and text. A flowchart usually does not show variable declarations, but it can show assignment statements (drawn as rectangle) and output statements (drawn as rhomboid).

The flowchart in figure 3 shows a process to compute the fair distribution of pizza slices among a number of people. The process relies on integer division to determine slices per person, and the mod operator to determine remaining slices.

Figure 3: Example Flow Chart ¶

A flowchart shows pseudo-code, which is like Java but not exactly the same. Syntactic details like semi-colons are omitted, and input and output is described in abstract terms.

Complete the program PizzaCalculator based on the process shown in the Figure 3 flowchart. Note the first line of code declares all 4 variables as type int. Add assignment statements and print statements to compute and print the slices per person and leftover slices. Use System.out.println for output.

Storing User Input in Variables ¶

Variables are a powerful abstraction in programming because the same algorithm can be used with different input values saved in variables.

Figure 4: Program input and output ¶

A Java program can ask the user to type in one or more values. The Java class Scanner is used to read from the keyboard input stream, which is referenced by System.in . Normally the keyboard input is typed into a console window, but since this is running in a browser you will type in a small textbox window displayed below the code. The code String name = scan.nextLine() gets the string value you enter as program input and then stores the value in a variable.

Run the NameReader program a few times, typing in a different name. The code works for any name: behold, the power of variables!

The Scanner class has several useful methods for reading user input. A token is a sequence of characters separated by white space.

Run the AgeReader program to read in an integer from the input stream. You can type a different integer value in the input window shown below the code.

A rhomboid (slanted rectangle) is used in a flowchart to depict data flowing into and out of a program. The previous flowchart in Figure 3 used a rhomboid to indicate program output. A rhomboid is also used to denote reading a value from the input stream.

Figure 5: Flow Chart Reading User Input ¶

Figure 5 contains an updated version of the pizza calculator process. The first two steps have been altered to initialize the pizzaSlices and numPeople variables by reading two values from the input stream. In Java this will be done using a Scanner object and reading from System.in.

Complete the PizzaCalculatorInput program based on the process shown in the Figure 5 flowchart. The program should scan two integer values to initialize pizzaSlices and numPeople. Run the program a few times to experiment with different values for input. What happens if you enter 0 for the number of people? The program will bomb due to division by zero! We will see how to prevent this in a later lesson.

The SumInput program reads two integer values from the input stream and attempts to print the sum. Unfortunately there is a problem with the last line of code that prints the sum.

Run the program and look at the result. When the input is 5 and 7 , the output is Sum is 57 . Both of the + operators in the print statement are performing string concatenation. While the first + operator should perform string concatenation, the second + operator should perform addition. You can force the second + operator to perform addition by putting the arithmetic expression in parentheses ( num1 + num2 ) .

More information on using the Scanner class can be found here https://www.w3schools.com/java/java_user_input.asp

Programming Challenge : Dog Years ¶

In this programming challenge, you will calculate your age, and your pet’s age from your birthdates, and your pet’s age in dog years. In the DogAgeChallenge` program, type in the current year, the year you were born, the year your dog or cat was born (if you don’t have one, make one up!) in the variables below. Then write formulas in assignment statements to calculate how old you are, how old your dog or cat is, and how old they are in dog years which is 7 times a human year. Finally, print it all out.

Arithmetic expressions include expressions of type int and double.

The arithmetic operators consist of +, -, * , /, and % (modulo for the remainder in division).

An arithmetic operation that uses two int values will evaluate to an int value. With integer division, any decimal part in the result will be thrown away, essentially rounding down the answer to a whole number.

An arithmetic operation that uses at least one double value will evaluate to a double value.

Operators can be used to construct compound expressions.

During evaluation, operands are associated with operators according to operator precedence to determine how they are grouped. (*, /, % have precedence over + and -, unless parentheses are used to group those.)

An attempt to divide an integer by zero will result in an ArithmeticException to occur.

The assignment operator (=) allows a program to initialize or change the value stored in a variable. The value of the expression on the right is stored in the variable on the left.

During execution, expressions are evaluated to produce a single value.

The value of an expression has a type based on the evaluation of the expression.

The Java Tutorials have been written for JDK 8. Examples and practices described in this page don't take advantage of improvements introduced in later releases and might use technology no longer available. See Java Language Changes for a summary of updated language features in Java SE 9 and subsequent releases. See JDK Release Notes for information about new features, enhancements, and removed or deprecated options for all JDK releases.

Expressions, Statements, and Blocks

Now that you understand variables and operators, it's time to learn about expressions , statements , and blocks . Operators may be used in building expressions, which compute values; expressions are the core components of statements; statements may be grouped into blocks.

Expressions

An expression is a construct made up of variables, operators, and method invocations, which are constructed according to the syntax of the language, that evaluates to a single value. You've already seen examples of expressions, illustrated in bold below:

The data type of the value returned by an expression depends on the elements used in the expression. The expression cadence = 0 returns an int because the assignment operator returns a value of the same data type as its left-hand operand; in this case, cadence is an int . As you can see from the other expressions, an expression can return other types of values as well, such as boolean or String .

The Java programming language allows you to construct compound expressions from various smaller expressions as long as the data type required by one part of the expression matches the data type of the other. Here's an example of a compound expression:

In this particular example, the order in which the expression is evaluated is unimportant because the result of multiplication is independent of order; the outcome is always the same, no matter in which order you apply the multiplications. However, this is not true of all expressions. For example, the following expression gives different results, depending on whether you perform the addition or the division operation first:

You can specify exactly how an expression will be evaluated using balanced parenthesis: ( and ). For example, to make the previous expression unambiguous, you could write the following:

If you don't explicitly indicate the order for the operations to be performed, the order is determined by the precedence assigned to the operators in use within the expression. Operators that have a higher precedence get evaluated first. For example, the division operator has a higher precedence than does the addition operator. Therefore, the following two statements are equivalent:

When writing compound expressions, be explicit and indicate with parentheses which operators should be evaluated first. This practice makes code easier to read and to maintain.

Statements are roughly equivalent to sentences in natural languages. A statement forms a complete unit of execution. The following types of expressions can be made into a statement by terminating the expression with a semicolon ( ; ).

• Assignment expressions
• Any use of ++ or --
• Method invocations
• Object creation expressions

Such statements are called expression statements . Here are some examples of expression statements.

In addition to expression statements, there are two other kinds of statements: declaration statements and control flow statements . A declaration statement declares a variable. You've seen many examples of declaration statements already:

Finally, control flow statements regulate the order in which statements get executed. You'll learn about control flow statements in the next section, Control Flow Statements

A block is a group of zero or more statements between balanced braces and can be used anywhere a single statement is allowed. The following example, BlockDemo , illustrates the use of blocks:

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Java provides many types of operators to perform a variety of calculations and functions, such as logical , arithmetic , relational , and others. With so many operators to choose from, it helps to group them based on the type of functionality they provide. This programming tutorial will focus on Java’s numerous a ssignment operators.

Before we begin, however, you may want to bookmark our other tutorials on Java operators, which include:

• Arithmetic Operators
• Comparison Operators
• Conditional Operators
• Logical Operators
• Bitwise and Shift Operators

Assignment Operators in Java

As the name conveys, assignment operators are used to assign values to a variable using the following syntax:

The left side operand of the assignment operator must be a variable, whereas the right side operand of the assignment operator may be a literal value or another variable. Moreover, the value or variable on the right side must be of the same data type of the operand on the left side. Otherwise, the compiler will raise an error. Assignment operators have a right to left associativity in that the value given on the right-hand side of the operator is assigned to the variable on the left. Therefore, the right-hand side variable must be declared before assignment.

You can learn more about variables in our programming tutorial: Working with Java Variables .

Types of Assignment Operators in Java

Java assignment operators are classified into two types: simple and compound .

The Simple assignment operator is the equals ( = ) sign, which is the most straightforward of the bunch. It simply assigns the value or variable on the right to the variable on the left.

Compound operators are comprised of both an arithmetic, bitwise, or shift operator in addition to the equals ( = ) sign.

Equals Operator (=) Java Example

First, let’s learn to use the one-and-only simple assignment operator – the Equals ( = ) operator – with the help of a Java program. It includes two assignments: a literal value to num1 and the num1 variable to num2 , after which both are printed to the console to show that the values have been assigned to the numbers:

The += Operator Java Example

A compound of the + and = operators, the += adds the current value of the variable on the left to the value on the right before assigning the result to the operand on the left. Here is some sample code to demonstrate how to use the += operator in Java:

The -= Operator Java Example

Made up of the – and = operators, the -= first subtracts the variable’s value on the right from the current value of the variable on the left before assigning the result to the operand on the left. We can see it at work below in the following code example showing how to decrement in Java using the -= operator:

The *= Operator Java Example

This Java operator is comprised of the * and = operators. It operates by multiplying the current value of the variable on the left to the value on the right and then assigning the result to the operand on the left. Here’s a program that shows the *= operator in action:

The /= Operator Java Example

A combination of the / and = operators, the /= Operator divides the current value of the variable on the left by the value on the right and then assigns the quotient to the operand on the left. Here is some example code showing how to use the  /= operator in Java:

%= Operator Java Example

The %= operator includes both the % and = operators. As seen in the program below, it divides the current value of the variable on the left by the value on the right and then assigns the remainder to the operand on the left:

Compound Bitwise and Shift Operators in Java

The Bitwise and Shift Operators that we just recently covered can also be utilized in compound form as seen in the list below:

• &= – Compound bitwise Assignment operator.
• ^= – Compound bitwise ^ assignment operator.
• >>= – Compound right shift assignment operator.
• >>>= – Compound right shift filled 0 assignment operator.
• <<= – Compound left shift assignment operator.

The following program demonstrates the working of all the Compound Bitwise and Shift Operators :

Final Thoughts on Java Assignment Operators

This programming tutorial presented an overview of Java’s simple and compound assignment Operators. An essential building block to any programming language, developers would be unable to store any data in their programs without them. Though not quite as indispensable as the equals operator, compound operators are great time savers, allowing you to perform arithmetic and bitwise operations and assignment in a single line of code.

Read more Java programming tutorials and guides to software development .

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Expressions, Statements and Blocks

Expressions.

An expression is a construct made up of variables, operators, and method invocations, which are constructed according to the syntax of the language, that evaluates to a single value. You have already seen examples of expressions, illustrated in code below:

The data type of the value returned by an expression depends on the elements used in the expression. The expression cadence = 0 returns an int because the assignment operator returns a value of the same data type as its left-hand operand; in this case, cadence is an int . As you can see from the other expressions, an expression can return other types of values as well, such as boolean or String .

The Java programming language allows you to construct compound expressions from various smaller expressions as long as the data type required by one part of the expression matches the data type of the other. Here is an example of a compound expression:

In this particular example, the order in which the expression is evaluated is unimportant because the result of multiplication is independent of order; the outcome is always the same, no matter in which order you apply the multiplications. However, this is not true of all expressions. For example, the following expression gives different results, depending on whether you perform the addition or the division operation first:

You can specify exactly how an expression will be evaluated using balanced parenthesis: ( and ) . For example, to make the previous expression unambiguous, you could write the following:

If you don't explicitly indicate the order for the operations to be performed, the order is determined by the precedence assigned to the operators in use within the expression. Operators that have a higher precedence get evaluated first. For example, the division operator has a higher precedence than does the addition operator. Therefore, the following two statements are equivalent:

When writing compound expressions, be explicit and indicate with parentheses which operators should be evaluated first. This practice makes code easier to read and to maintain.

Floating Point Arithmetic

Floating point arithmetic is a special world in which common operations may behave unexpectedly. Consider the following code.

You would probably expect that it prints true . Due to the way floating point addition is conducted and rounded, it prints false .

Presenting how floating point arithmetic is implemented in Java is beyond the scope of this tutorial. If you need to learn more on this topic, you may watch the following vide.

Statements are roughly equivalent to sentences in natural languages. A statement forms a complete unit of execution. The following types of expressions can be made into a statement by terminating the expression with a semicolon ( ; ).

• Assignment expressions
• Any use of ++ or --
• Method invocations
• Object creation expressions
• Such statements are called expression statements. Here are some examples of expression statements.

In addition to expression statements, there are two other kinds of statements: declaration statements and control flow statements. A declaration statement declares a variable. You have seen many examples of declaration statements already:

Finally, control flow statements regulate the order in which statements get executed. You will learn about control flow statements in the next section, Control Flow Statements.

A block is a group of zero or more statements between balanced braces and can be used anywhere a single statement is allowed. The following example, BlockDemo , illustrates the use of blocks:

In this tutorial

Last update: September 22, 2021

• Table of Contents
• Course Home
• Assignments
• Peer Instruction (Instructor)
• Peer Instruction (Student)
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• Scratch ActiveCode
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• Instructors Guide
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• 1.1 Preface
• 1.2 Why Programming? Why Java?
• 1.3 Variables and Data Types
• 1.4 Expressions and Assignment Statements
• 1.5 Compound Assignment Operators
• 1.6 Casting and Ranges of Variables
• 1.7 Java Development Environments (optional)
• 1.8 Unit 1 Summary
• 1.9 Unit 1 Mixed Up Code Practice
• 1.10 Unit 1 Coding Practice
• 1.11 Multiple Choice Exercises
• 1.12 Lesson Workspace
• 1.4. Expressions and Assignment Statements" data-toggle="tooltip">
• 1.6. Casting and Ranges of Variables' data-toggle="tooltip" >

1.5. Compound Assignment Operators ¶

Compound assignment operators are shortcuts that do a math operation and assignment in one step. For example, x += 1 adds 1 to x and assigns the sum to x. It is the same as x = x + 1 . This pattern is possible with any operator put in front of the = sign, as seen below.

The most common shortcut operator ++ , the plus-plus or increment operator, is used to add 1 to the current value; x++ is the same as x += 1 and the same as x = x + 1 . It is a shortcut that is used a lot in loops. If you’ve heard of the programming language C++, the ++ in C++ is an inside joke that C has been incremented or improved to create C++. The -- decrement operator is used to subtract 1 from the current value: y-- is the same as y = y - 1 . These are the only two double operators; this shortcut pattern does not exist with other operators. Run the following code to see these shortcut operators in action!

Run the code below to see what the ++ and shorcut operators do. Use the Codelens to trace through the code and observe how the variable values change. Try creating more compound assignment statements with shortcut operators and guess what they would print out before running the code.

1-5-2: What are the values of x, y, and z after the following code executes?

• x = -1, y = 1, z = 4
• This code subtracts one from x, adds one to y, and then sets z to to the value in z plus the current value of y.
• x = -1, y = 2, z = 3
• x = -1, y = 2, z = 2
• x = -1, y = 2, z = 4

1-5-3: What are the values of x, y, and z after the following code executes?

• x = 6, y = 2.5, z = 2
• This code sets x to z * 2 (4), y to y divided by 2 (5 / 2 = 2) and z = to z + 1 (2 + 1 = 3).
• x = 4, y = 2.5, z = 2
• x = 6, y = 2, z = 3
• x = 4, y = 2.5, z = 3
• x = 4, y = 2, z = 3

1.5.1. Code Tracing Challenge and Operators Maze ¶

Code Tracing is a technique used to simulate by hand a dry run through the code or pseudocode as if you are the computer executing the code. Tracing can be used for debugging or proving that your program runs correctly or for figuring out what the code actually does.

Trace tables can be used to track the values of variables as they change throughout a program. To trace through code, write down a variable in each column or row in a table and keep track of its value throughout the program. Some trace tables also keep track of the output and the line number you are currently tracing.

For example, given the following code:

The corresponding trace table looks like this:

Alternatively, we can show a compressed trace by listing the sequence of values assigned to each variable as the program executes. You might want to cross off the previous value when you assign a new value to a variable. The last value listed is the variable’s final value.

Use paper and pencil to trace through the following program to determine the values of the variables at the end. Be careful, % is the remainder operator, not division.

The final value for x is

The final value for y is

The final value for z is

1.5.2. Prefix versus Postfix Operator ¶

What do you think is printed when the following code is executed? Try to guess the output before running the code. You might be surprised at the result. Click on CodeLens to step through the execution. Notice that the second println prints the original value 7 even though the memory location for variable count is updated to the value 8.

The code System.out.println(count++) adds one to the variable after the value is printed. Try changing the code to ++count and run it again. This will result in one being added to the variable before its value is printed. When the ++ operator is placed before the variable, it is called prefix increment. When it is placed after, it is called postfix increment.

• System.out.println(score++);
• Print the value 5, then assign score the value 6.
• System.out.println(score--);
• Print the value 5, then assign score the value 4.
• System.out.println(++score);
• Assign score the value 6, then print the value 6.
• System.out.println(--score);
• Assign score the value 4, then print the value 4.

When you are new to programming, it is advisable to avoid mixing unary operators ++ and -- with assignment or print statements. Try to perform the increment or decrement operation on a separate line of code from assignment or printing.

For example, instead of writing x=y++; or System.out.println(z--); the code below makes it clear that the increment of y happens after the assignment to x , and that the value of z is printed before it is decremented.

• System.out.println(score); score++;
• System.out.println(score); score--;
• score++; System.out.println(score);
• score--; System.out.println(score);

1.5.3. Summary ¶

Compound assignment operators (+=, -=, *=, /=, %=) can be used in place of the assignment operator.

The increment operator (++) and decrement operator (–) are used to add 1 or subtract 1 from the stored value of a variable. The new value is assigned to the variable.

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Java Program to Make a Simple Calculator Using switch...case

To understand this example, you should have the knowledge of the following Java programming topics:

• Java Scanner Class

Example: Simple Calculator using Java switch Statement

Here, we have used the Scanner class to take 3 inputs from the user.

• operator - specifies the operation to be performed
• number1/number2 - operands to perform operation on

Since the operator matches the case '*' , so the corresponding codes are executed.

These statements compute the product of two numbers and print the output. Finally, the break statement ends the switch statement.

Similarly, for different operators, different cases are executed.

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CSIT213 polymorphism and JavaFX

School of Computing and Information Technology  University of Wollongong  Session: Autumn 2024  CSIT213 Autumn Session 2024  Assignment 3  Published on 05 May 2024 Due: Saturday 01 June, 11:30 pm  Total Marks: 15 marks  Scope  This assignment is related to the UML classes diagrams, Java classes definitions and implementations,  polymorphism, collectors, file input/output, and JavaFX.  Please read very carefully the information listed below.  General Java coding requirements:   Create your programs with good programming style and form using proper blank spaces, indentation, and braces to make your code easy to read and understand.  Create identifiers with sensible names.  Add proper comments to describe your code segments where they are necessary for readers to understand what your code intends to achieve.  Logical structures and statements are properly used for specific purposes.  Read the assignment specification carefully, and make sure that you follow the direction in this assignment. In every assignment source file that you will submit on this subject, you must put the following information in the header of your program: /*------------------------------------------------------  My name:  My student number:  My course code: CSIT213  My email address:  Assignment number: 3  -------------------------------------------------------*/ A submission procedure is explained at the end of the specification.  It is recommended to solve the problems before attending the laboratory classes in order to efficiently use  supervised laboratory time.  A submission marked by Moodle as Late is treated as a late submission no matter how many seconds it is  late.  A policy regarding late submissions is included in the subject outline.  A submission of compressed files (zipped, gzipped, rared, tared, 7-zipped, lhzed, … etc) is not allowed. The  compressed files will not be evaluated.  An implementation that does not compile due to one or more syntactical or processing errors scores no marks.  It is expected that all tasks included in Assignment 3 will be solved individually without any cooperation  from the other students. If you have any doubts, questions, etc. please consult your lecturer or tutor during  lab classes or office hours. Plagiarism will result in a FAIL grade being recorded for the assessment task.   Tasks  In this assignment, you are required to design and implement a Department Employee and Project (DEP)  System in Java. This system helps a company to manage employees and projects.    Implementation    The DEP system helps a company to manage departments, employees, projects and developers work on  projects. The system load data of departments, employees, projects, and works-on from the text files when  the program starts. Then the application shows a Graphic User Interface (GUI) so that a user can choose  what to do.    The UML class diagram of DEP is given below. You can add new classes, methods and attributes in the UML  class diagram but CANNOT modify or delete any existing classes, attributes, and methods. Your java  implementation must be consistent with the UML class diagram.        First, we define an interface class DataIO in a file DataIO.java that only consists of three abstract  methods: dataInput(Scanner), dataOutput(Formatter) and toString().   Define a superclass Employee and two sub-classes Admin and Developer in a file Employee.java. The  class Employee implements the interface DataIO. Two sub-classes override the methods defined in the  interface DataIO.    Define a class Department in a file Department.java that implements the methods of the interface  DataIO.    Define a class Project in a file Project.java that implements the method of the interface DataIO.    Define a class WorksOn in a file WorksOn.java that implements the methods of the interface DataIO.    The DEP class is defined in a file DEP.java that contains ArrayList containers containing objects of  Department, Employee, Project and WorksOn.    The DEP application initially loads data of departments, employees, projects, and works-on from the text  files departments.txt, employees.txt, projects.txt and workson.txt and stores them in  the containers by calling the methods loadDepartments(), loadEmployees(), loadProjects() and  loadWorksOn(), then the application shows the GUI, handles the events from the user.    The format of a file departments.txt contains data like    1, SALES, 110, 1234.00, 02/01/2012  2, ACCOUNTING, 120, 5566789.50, 30/10/2010  3, GAMES, 150, 100000.00, 01/03/2008    Each row is a record of a department. It contains a department number, name, manager number, budgets and  manager start date. Each field is separated by a comma (,) and a space ( ).    The format of a file employees.txt contains data like    A, 600, Willy, 01/01/1988, 41 Station Street Wollongong NSW 2500, M, 250.5, 0, 9, Cook Read  D, 700, Zhi, 12/09/1999, 112 Smith Street Windang NSW 2525, M, 80.2, 600, 9, C++ Java Python  D, 800, Mary, 03/10/2000, 26 Gibsons Road Figtree NSW 2525, F, 50.0, 700, 9, Java Python SQL    Each row is a record of an employee. The first character is the type of employee. The letter D means it is a  Developer record. The letter A means it is an Admin record. Each field is separated by a comma (,) and a  space ( ).   An admin record contains an employee number, name, date of birth, address, gender, salary, supervisor  number, department number, and skills.  A developer record contains an employee number, name, date of birth, address, gender, salary, supervisor  number, department number, and programming languages.    The format of a file projects.txt contains data like    1001, Computation, Microsoft, 8, 25000  1002, Study methods, Education committee, 3, 15000    Each row is a record of a project. A project record contains a project number, title, sponsor, department  number and budget. Each field is separated by a comma (,) and a space ( ).    The format of a file workson.txt contains data like    800, 1001, 10  510, 1001, 15    A works-on record consists of an employee (developer) number, a project number, and the hours.    Hint: You can open a text file, and then call the method  useDelimiter(", |\r\n|\n")  of a Scanner object before getting input data from a text file.    The detailed requests     You shall update the UML class diagram by adding new classes, methods, and attributes. Please make  sure your implementation is consistent with your UML class diagram.   The DEP class shall contain JavaFX components, such as Label, TextField, Button, ListView, etc.  With the GUI, a user can interact with the applications.   After initialization, the applicant shows lists of department numbers, employee numbers, project  numbers, works on information, and the pie chart of department budgets.   If a user clicks an item in a list, the details of the item are displayed in the text fields below that list.   If a user clicks a button Add, the application validates the developer and the project that selected  from the lists. If the developer hasn’t worked on the project, then pop up a dialog to get the hours,  and add the new works-on in the container workson and the list of workson in the GUI.  Display the validate messages in a text field of message.  If a user clicks a button Delete, the application pops up a confirmation dialog and deletes the  selected works-on record if it is confirmed.  If a user clicks a button Save, the application saves the works-on information from the container  workson to a text file workson.txt and display a message about how many records have been  saved.   The system shall be able to handle the exceptions during the interaction between the user and the  system. The exceptions may include invalid information when loading departments, employees,  projects and workson.      See the Processing examples below for more details.      Testing files    Download files departments.txt, employees.txt, projects.txt and workson.txt  from the Moodle site.      Compilation and testing    Compile your program by using the javac command.  javac --module-path "the-path-of-javafx-lib" --add-modules  javafx.controls DEP.java    Process your program by using the java command.  java --module-path "the-path-of-javafx-lib" --add-modules  javafx.controls DEP    The path of JavaFX lib is the path where you have installed the JavaFX library (.jar files). For example,  If a JavaFX library path is C:\MyApps\javafx-sdk-20.0.1\lib, then replace "the-path-ofjavafx-lib" with "C:\MyApps\javafx-sdk-20.0.1\lib".    Test your program for all the events. See the examples of the processing results below for more details.    Note: Some important data, such as selected items, messages are emphasized in red rectangles of the screen  shots.   Processing examples    When the application starts, it loads data and stores them into the containers, then shows lists of  departments, employees, projects, works-on and the pie chart of department budgets like the GUI below.    If a user clicks an item of a list, the application displays the details of the item below the list.      If a user clicks a button Add, the application validates the employee, project and works on information.    If a developer, project and works-on are valid, the application pops a dialog to get hours, and add the new  works-on to the list and the container workson.     If a user clicks a button Delete, the application pops a dialog to confirm the deletion, then delete the  selected works-on data from both container workson and the list of works-on.   If a user clicks a button Save, the application saves the works-on records into a file workson.txt and  display message such as 7 workson records are saved.     Deliverables  (1) UML class diagram (1 mark): Use the UMLet application tool to draw the class diagram. The class  diagram shall   contains at least the classes mentioned above.   contains the class name, fields, and methods definitions for each class.   use correct and sufficient UML notations.   specify the associations between classes.   specify the multiplicities for both sides of the associations.    Remember to use the CSIT213 palette!    Use the option File‐>Export as… to export a class diagram into a file in BMP format. Do not delete an  exported file. You will use it as one of the solutions for your task.  Insert the BMP files into a Word file assignment3Report.docx.    (2) Implementation (12 marks): Implement the application according to the UML class diagrams and the  processing examples described above. The program shall   be consistent with the UML class diagrams.   follow the conventions for naming all classes, variables, and methods.   provide sufficient comments.   use proper blank spaces, indentation, and braces to make your code easy to read and understand.   follow the specified implementation requests.   be able to show the GUI and handle all events that required.    (3) Compilation and test (2 marks): Compilation and test your Java program by using the command line  interface.   Please carefully compile your program. Make sure your program can pass the compilation by using  the javac command.   Test your program by using the java command.  Test your program for all the activities. See the examples of the processing results above for more  details.   Please do not define the package in your program (a special alert for students who use IDE to  complete the assignment).  Copy and paste the compilation and testing results into the Word file assignment3Report.docx.  When ready convert the Word file assignment3Report.docx into a pdf file  assignment3Report.pdf.   Submission  Note that you have only one submission. So, make absolutely sure that you submit the correct files with the  correct contents and correct types. No other submission is possible!    Submit the files DEP.java, DataIO.java, Department.java, Employee.java,  Project.java, WorksOn.java, and assignment3Report.pdf through Moodle in the  following way:  (1) Access Moodle at http://moodle.uowplatform.edu.au/  (2) To login use a Login link located in the right upper corner of the Web page or in the middle of the  bottom of the Web page  (3) When logged select a site CSIT213 (S223) Java Programming  (4) Scroll down to a section Assignments and submission  (5) Click on a link Assignment 3 submission  (6) Click on the button Add Submission  (7) Upload a file DEP.java into an area You can drag and drop files here to add  them. You can also use a link Add…  (8) Repeat step (7) for the files DataIO.java, Department.java, Employee.java,  Project.java, WorksOn.java and assignment3Report.pdf.  (9) Click on the checkbox with a text attached: By checking this box, I confirm that  this submission is my own work, … in order to confirm the authorship of your submission  (10) Click on a button Save changes  WX：codinghelp

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Python Tutorial | Learn Python Programming

This Programming Language Python Tutorial is very well suited for beginners and also for experienced programmers. This specially designed free Python tutorial will help you learn Python programming most efficiently, with all topics from basics to advanced (like Web-scraping, Django, Learning, etc.) with examples.

What is Python?

Python is a high-level, general-purpose, and very popular programming language. Python programming language (latest Python 3) is being used in web development, and Machine Learning applications, along with all cutting-edge technology in Software Industry. Python language is being used by almost all tech-giant companies like – Google, Amazon, Facebook, Instagram, Dropbox, Uber… etc.

Writing your first Python Program to Learn Python Programming

There are two ways you can execute your Python program:

• First, we write a program in a file and run it one time.
• Second, run a code line by line.

Here we provided the latest Python 3 version compiler where you can edit and compile your written code directly with just one click of the RUN Button. So test yourself with Python first exercises.

Let us now see what will you learn in this Python Tutorial, in detail:

The first and foremost step to get started with Python tutorial is to setup Python in your system.

Below are the steps based your system requirements:

Setting up Python

• Download and Install Python 3 Latest Version
• How to set up Command Prompt for Python in Windows10
• Setup Python VS Code or PyCharm
• Creating Python Virtual Environment in Windows and Linux

Note: Python 3.13 is the latest version of Python, but Python 3.12 is the latest stable version.

Now let us deep dive into the basics and components to learn Python Programming:

Getting Started with Python Programming

Welcome to the Python tutorial section! Here, we’ll cover the essential elements you need to kickstart your journey in Python programming. From syntax and keywords to comments, variables, and indentation, we’ll explore the foundational concepts that underpin Python development.

• Learn Python Basics
• Keywords in Python
• Comments in Python
• Learn Python Variables
• Learn Python Data Types
• Indentation and why is it important in Python

Learn Python Input/Output

In this segment, we delve into the fundamental aspects of handling input and output operations in Python, crucial for interacting with users and processing data effectively. From mastering the versatile print() function to exploring advanced formatting techniques and efficient methods for receiving user input, this section equips you with the necessary skills to harness Python’s power in handling data streams seamlessly.

• Python print() function
• f-string in Python
• Print without newline in Python
• Python | end parameter in print()
• Python | sep parameter in print()
• Python | Output Formatting
• Taking Input in Python
• Taking Multiple Inputs from users in Python

Python Data Types

Python offers, enabling you to manipulate and manage data with precision and flexibility. Additionally, we’ll delve into the dynamic world of data conversion with casting, and then move on to explore the versatile collections Python provides, including lists, tuples, sets, dictionaries, and arrays.

By the end of this section, you’ll not only grasp the essence of Python’s data types but also wield them proficiently to tackle a wide array of programming challenges with confidence.

• Python List
• Python Tuples
• Python Sets
• Python Dictionary
• Python Arrays
• Type Casting

Python Operators

From performing basic arithmetic operations to evaluating complex logical expressions, we’ll cover it all. We’ll delve into comparison operators for making decisions based on conditions, and then explore bitwise operators for low-level manipulation of binary data. Additionally, we’ll unravel the intricacies of assignment operators for efficient variable assignment and updating. Lastly, we’ll demystify membership and identity operators, such as in and is, enabling you to test for membership in collections and compare object identities with confidence.

• Arithmetic operators
• Comparison Operators
• Logical Operators
• Bitwise Operators
• Assignment Operators
• Membership & Identity Operators | Python “in”, and “is” operator

Python Conditional Statement

These statements are pivotal in programming, enabling dynamic decision-making and code branching. In this section of Python Tutorial, we’ll explore Python’s conditional logic, from basic if…else statements to nested conditions and the concise ternary operator. We’ll also introduce the powerful match case statement, new in Python 3.10. By the end, you’ll master these constructs, empowering you to write clear, efficient code that responds intelligently to various scenarios. Let’s dive in and unlock the potential of Python’s conditional statements.

• Python If else
• Nested if statement
• Python if-elif-else Ladder
• Python If Else on One Line
• Ternary Condition in Python
• Match Case Statement

Python Loops

Here, we’ll explore Python’s loop constructs, including the for and while loops, along with essential loop control statements like break, continue, and pass. Additionally, we’ll uncover the concise elegance of list and dictionary comprehensions for efficient data manipulation. By mastering these loop techniques, you’ll streamline your code for improved readability and performance.

• Loop control statements (break, continue, pass)
• Python List Comprehension
• Python Dictionary Comprehension

Python Functions

Functions are the backbone of organized and efficient code in Python. Here, we’ll explore their syntax, parameter handling, return values, and variable scope. From basic concepts to advanced techniques like closures and decorators. Along the way, we’ll also introduce versatile functions like range(), and powerful tools such as *args and **kwargs for flexible parameter handling. Additionally, we’ll delve into functional programming with map, filter, and lambda functions.

• Python Function syntax
• Arguments and Return Values in Python Function
• Python Function Global and Local Scope Variables
• Use of pass Statement in Function
• Return statemen in Python Function
• Python range() function
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• Python closures
• Python ‘Self’ as Default Argument
• Decorators in Python
• Map Function
• Filter Function
• Reduce Function
• Lambda Function

Python OOPs Concepts

In this segment, we’ll explore the core principles of object-oriented programming (OOP) in Python. From encapsulation to inheritance, polymorphism, abstract classes, and iterators, we’ll cover the essential concepts that empower you to build modular, reusable, and scalable code.

• Python Classes and Objects
• Polymorphism
• Inheritance
• Encapsulation

Python Exception Handling

In this section of Python Tutorial, we’ll explore how Python deals with unexpected errors, enabling you to write robust and fault-tolerant code. We’ll cover file handling, including reading from and writing to files, before diving into exception handling with try and except blocks. You’ll also learn about user-defined exceptions and Python’s built-in exception types.

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• Python Read Files
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• Exception handling
• User defined Exception
• Built-in Exception
• Try and Except in Python

Python Packages or Libraries

The biggest strength of Python is a huge collection of standard libraries which can be used for the following:

• Built-in Modules in Python
• Python DSA Libraries
• Machine Learning
• Python GUI Libraries
• Web Scraping Pakages
• Game Development Packages
• Web Frameworks like, Django , Flask
• Image processing (like OpenCV , Pillow )

Python Collections

Here, we’ll explore key data structures provided by Python’s collections module. From counting occurrences with Counters to efficient queue operations with Deque, we’ll cover it all. By mastering these collections, you’ll streamline your data management tasks in Python.

• OrderedDict
• Defaultdict

Python Database Handling

In this section you will learn how to access and work with MySQL and MongoDB databases

• Python MongoDB Tutorial
• Python MySQL Tutorial

Python vs. Other Programming Languages

Here’s a comparison of Python with the programming languages C, C++, and Java in a table format:

Let us now begin learning about various important steps required in this Python Tutorial.

Learn More About Python with Different Applications :

Python is a versatile and widely-used programming language with a vast ecosystem. Here are some areas where Python is commonly used:

• Web Development : Python is used to build web applications using frameworks like Django, Flask, and Pyramid. These frameworks provide tools and libraries for handling web requests, managing databases, and more.
• Data Science and Machine Learning : Python is popular in data science and machine learning due to libraries like NumPy, pandas, Matplotlib, and scikit-learn. These libraries provide tools for data manipulation, analysis, visualization, and machine learning algorithms.
• Artificial Intelligence and Natural Language Processing : Python is widely used in AI and NLP applications. Libraries like TensorFlow, Keras, PyTorch, and NLTK provide tools for building and training neural networks, processing natural language, and more.
• Game Development : Python can be used for game development using libraries like Pygame and Panda3D. These libraries provide tools for creating 2D and 3D games, handling graphics, and more.
• Desktop Applications : Python can be used to build desktop applications using libraries like Tkinter, PyQt, and wxPython. These libraries provide tools for creating graphical user interfaces (GUIs), handling user input, and more.
• Scripting and Automation : Python is commonly used for scripting and automation tasks due to its simplicity and readability. It can be used to automate repetitive tasks, manage files and directories, and more.
• Web Scraping and Crawling : Python is widely used for web scraping and crawling using libraries like BeautifulSoup and Scrapy. These libraries provide tools for extracting data from websites, parsing HTML and XML, and more.
• Education and Research : Python is commonly used in education and research due to its simplicity and readability. Many universities and research institutions use Python for teaching programming and conducting research in various fields.
• Community and Ecosystem : Python has a large and active community, which contributes to its ecosystem. There are many third-party libraries and frameworks available for various purposes, making Python a versatile language for many applications.
• Cross-Platform : Python is a cross-platform language, which means that Python code can run on different operating systems without modification. This makes it easy to develop and deploy Python applications on different platforms.

To achieve a solid understanding of Python, it’s very important to engage with Python quizzes and MCQs. These quizzes can enhance your ability to solve similar questions and improve your problem-solving skills.

Here are some quiz articles related to Python Tutorial:

• Python MCQs
• Python Sets Quiz
• Python List Quiz
• Python String Quiz
• Python Tuple Quiz
• Python Dictionary Quiz

Python Latest & Upcoming Features

Python recently release Python 3.12 in October 2023 and here in this section we have mentioned all the features that Python 3.12 offer. Along with this we have also mentioned the lasted trends.

• Security Fix: A critical security patch addressing potential vulnerabilities (details not publicly disclosed).
• SBOM (Software Bill of Materials) Documents: Availability of SBOM documents for CPython, improving transparency in the software supply chain.

Expected Upcoming Features of Python 3.13

• Pattern Matching (PEP 635): A powerful new syntax for pattern matching, potentially similar to features found in languages like Ruby. This could significantly improve code readability and maintainability.
• Union Typing Enhancements (PEP 647): Extending type annotations for unions, allowing for more precise type definitions and improved static type checking.
• Improved Exception Groups (PEP 653): A new mechanism for grouping related exceptions, making error handling more organized and user-friendly.

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