essay on ground water

Essay on Importance Of Groundwater

Students are often asked to write an essay on Importance Of Groundwater in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

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100 Words Essay on Importance Of Groundwater

What is groundwater.

Groundwater is water found under the ground in the cracks and spaces in soil, sand, and rocks. It is stored in and moves through geologic formations of soil, sand, and rocks called aquifers.

Groundwater as a Water Source

Groundwater is a key source of water for drinking and farming. Many towns and cities get their drinking water from it. Farmers use it to grow crops and feed animals. Without it, our taps would run dry and food would be scarce.

Groundwater and Nature

Groundwater is also crucial for nature. It keeps rivers and lakes full, supports plants, and helps animals survive. It plays a big part in keeping the environment healthy.

Groundwater Challenges

Groundwater can get polluted, and it’s hard to clean. We must keep it clean because cleaning it is difficult and expensive. Also, if we use too much, there might not be enough in the future.

Protecting Groundwater

We must protect groundwater by using it wisely and keeping it clean. This means not wasting water and stopping harmful chemicals from getting into the ground. It’s important for our health and the planet.

250 Words Essay on Importance Of Groundwater

Groundwater is the water that soaks into the ground and collects in spaces between rocks and soil. It is a hidden treasure that helps keep our rivers, lakes, and wells filled with water. Imagine it as a giant underground lake that we can’t see.

Drinking and Cooking

One of the main uses of groundwater is for drinking. Many towns and cities get their water from wells that pull groundwater up to the surface. This water is often clean and safe to drink. It’s also used for cooking and cleaning in homes.

Farming Needs

Farmers rely on groundwater to water their crops. When it doesn’t rain much, they use pumps to bring groundwater to the surface. This helps plants grow and provides food for us to eat.

Keeping Rivers Flowing

Groundwater is important for rivers and lakes. During dry times, groundwater seeps out and keeps these bodies of water from drying up. This is good for the fish and animals that need rivers and lakes to live.

Problems When It’s Gone

If we use too much groundwater, we can face big problems. Wells can run dry, and land can sink if too much water is taken out. Also, if we pollute the ground, the groundwater can become dirty and unsafe.

It’s important to use groundwater wisely and keep it clean. We can save it by using less water in our daily lives and making sure we don’t pollute the land. Groundwater is a precious resource that we need to take care of for ourselves and future generations.

500 Words Essay on Importance Of Groundwater

What is groundwater.

Groundwater is water that is found under the ground in spaces between sand, soil, and rocks. It is stored in and moves slowly through layers of soil, sand, and rocks called aquifers. Imagine it like a hidden treasure of water, which is very important for our daily life.

Drinking Water Source

One of the main reasons groundwater is so important is that many people around the world get their drinking water from it. In some places, there are no rivers or lakes, so the only choice for water is from the ground. This water is often clean and safe to drink because the soil acts like a filter, cleaning the water as it moves through it.

Farming and Food

Farmers need water to grow crops and feed animals. Groundwater is used to water plants when there isn’t enough rain. Without groundwater, we might not have enough food to eat. It helps plants grow, which in turn gives food to animals and people.

Nature’s Balance

Groundwater is also important for the environment. It keeps the ground wet, which is important for plants to grow. It also feeds rivers and lakes, which are homes for fish and other wildlife. Without groundwater, these places could dry up and the living things that need them could die.

Keeps Us Safe During Droughts

Sometimes, it doesn’t rain for a long time. This is called a drought. During a drought, rivers and lakes can dry up. But if we have groundwater, we can still have water. It’s like a backup supply that helps us when there’s no rain.

Problems with Using Too Much Groundwater

Even though groundwater is very useful, we have to be careful. If we take too much water from the ground, there can be problems. The ground might sink if there’s not enough water to hold it up. Wells can run dry, and there might not be enough water for people, farms, and animals. We need to use groundwater wisely and make sure there’s enough for the future.

Keeping Groundwater Clean

It’s important to keep groundwater clean. If it gets dirty from things like chemicals or waste, it can be harmful to drink and can hurt animals and plants. Cleaning dirty groundwater is very hard and expensive, so we must protect it from getting dirty in the first place.

Groundwater is like a secret underground treasure that we all depend on. It gives us water to drink, helps farmers grow food, keeps nature healthy, and is a safe backup when there’s no rain. We must take care of it so that it stays clean and available for us and for future generations. Remember, every drop of water is precious, and groundwater is a big part of that precious water.

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Groundwater: Making the invisible visible in 2022 and beyond

UNESCO, together with its centre, the International Groundwater Resources Assessment Centre (IGRAC), has led the World Water Day 2022 campaign on “Groundwater: Making the invisible visible” on behalf of UN-Water; the campaign will remain active throughout the year. UNESCO will coordinate the organization and will participate in a series of key events related to groundwater, aimed at conveying a message about the importance of these hidden resources to the UN 2023 Water Conference.

World Water Day

22 march 2022.

Since its inception in 1975, the UNESCO Intergovernmental Hydrological Programme (IHP) has provided a substantial contribution to the improved knowledge of groundwater and aquifers worldwide. UNESCO, together with its category 2 centre, IGRAC, has led the U N World Water Day 2022 campaign on “Groundwater: Making the invisible visible” on behalf of UN-Water. The UN World Water Development Report (WWDR) 2022 , prepared by the UNESCO's World Water Assessment Programme (WWAP), and published by UNESCO on behalf of UN-Water and its partners, was this year devoted to the topic, providing the most up-to-date knowledge on groundwater.

• More information

World Water Forum

21-26 march 2022, dakar, senegal.

The  World Water Forum  is the largest international event dedicated to water, bringing together NGOs, the private sector, governments and international organizations. It is organized by the Forum’s respective host country and the World Water Council, with IHP, the intergovernmental platform for water within the UN system, also taking an important role. The Forum aims to raise awareness among decision-makers and the public at large on water issues and to generate action, thus improving access to water supply and sanitation. It also reports on the progress taken towards meeting the UN Sustainable Development Goals.

Within the framework of the 9th World Water Forum, UNESCO and IGRAC took the lead in the celebration of the World Water Day (22 March 2022) on the theme, “Groundwater: Making the invisible visible”, and organized the following sessions:

• Check all the events UNESCO organized by or with participation of UNESCO during the 9th World Water Forum

Groundwater, Key for Sustainable Development Goals

18-20 may 2022.

The main objectives of the May 2022 International Conference “ Groundwater, key to the Sustainable Development Goals ” are to :

• Examine the overall relationships between water-related Sustainable Development Goals', their stakeholders and groundwater
• Share knowledge, experiences, findings and good practices on the groundwater resources in sustainable development issues
• Elaborate recommendations to ensure the best integration of groundwater resources into the SDGs

The conference is co-organized by the French Chapter of the International Association of Hydrogeologists (CFH-AIH), UNESCO’s Intergovernmental Hydrological Programme (UNESCO IHP), and the French Water Partnership (FWP), under the patronage of the French National Commission for UNESCO and with the support of the French Ministry of the Ecological Transition, the Seine-Normandy Water Agency, and Sorbonne University.

Dushanbe High-level Water Conference

6-9 june 2022.

The Second Dushanbe Water Action Decade Conference, organized by the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan with the support of the United Nations and other partners, will focus on how governments, the United Nations and its entities, other international and regional organizations, international financial institutions, the private sector, civil society organizations, academia, communities, local governments and other stakeholders can catalyze water action and partnerships to contribute to the implementation of water-related goals and targets of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, the Paris Climate Agreement, the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, the Addis Ababa Action Agenda on Financing for Development and the New Urban Agenda at all levels, while supporting the global response to the COVID-19 crisis.

The Conference will be held on 6-9 June 2022 at Kokhi Somon, Dushanbe, Republic of Tajikistan. The Conference program includes opening and closing ceremonies, a plenary session, several thematic and interactive panels, special forums for regional and major groups, as well as side events.

World Water Week

23 august-1 september 2022, on-line and stockholm, sweden.

World Water Week is the leading annual event on global water issues, organized by Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI) since 1991. Together with organizations from all sectors and all regions of the world, SIWI seeks solutions to the world’s greatest water-related challenges. In 2022, the UNESCO Intergovernmental Hydrological Programme (IHP), as Key Collaborating Partner, will join efforts with the World Water Week 2022 to highlight the importance of groundwater resources for human and ecosystems and jointly contribute to improve knowledge and capacity to accelerate the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goal 6 on water and sanitation (SDG 6) for a water secure world.

UN-Water Summit on Groundwater

7-8 december 2022, unesco headquarters, paris, france.

The UN-Water Summit on Groundwater organized by UNESCO and its International Groundwater Resources Assessment Centre (IGRAC) will take place in 7-8 December 2022 at UNESCO HQ, Paris, and is planned as a hybrid meeting with the most possible on-site presence. The 6 December will be a Pre-Summit day, devoted to side events only .

The Summit aims to make groundwater more visible in order to better manage and protect it. It will bring attention to groundwater at the highest international level and will use the World Water Development Report 2022 as a baseline and the SDG 6 Global Acceleration Framework as a guideline to define actions towards more responsible and sustainable use and protection of this vital natural resource.

The summit will unify the statements from all major groundwater-related events in 2022 in one comprehensive groundwater message for the UN Water Conference 2023.

Other events

• The 12th International Hydrogeological Conference: "Groundwater resources in an ever-changing environment" Nicosia, Cyprus, 20-22 March 2022
• Eurokarst 2022  Malaga, Spain, 22-24 June 2022
•  Side event of the High-level Political Forum (HLPF) : “Climate impacts from cryosphere to groundwater”  New York, July 2022
• XXII Brazilian Groundwater Congress "Groundwater: Invisible, Indivisible and Indispensable”  São Paulo, Brazil, 2-5 August 2022
• Presentation of the 2023 World Water Day and World Toilet Day World Water Week, Stockholm, 28 August
• 77th United Nations General Assembly: Debate of the Legal Committee on “The Law of Transboundary Aquifers”  19 October 2022
• 49th IAH Congress "Groundwater Sustainability and Poverty Reduction "   Wuhan, China, 18-23 September 2022
• UN Climate Change Conference 2022 (UNFCCC COP 27) 7-18 November 2022
• World Toilet Day 2022  19 November 2022

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Essays on Groundwater

2015, San Francisco Estuary and Watershed Science

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A growing population and an increased demand for water resources have resulted in a global trend of groundwater depletion. Arid and semi-arid climates are particularly susceptible, often relying on groundwater to support large population centers or irrigated agriculture in the absence of sufficient surface water resources. In an effort to increase the security of groundwater resources, managed aquifer recharge (MAR) programs have been developed and implemented globally. MAR is the approach of intentionally harvesting and infiltrating water to recharge depleted aquifer storage. California is a prime example of this growing problem, with three cities that have over a million residents and an agricultural industry that was valued at 47 billion dollars in 2015. The present-day groundwater overdraft of over 100 km3 (since 1962) indicates a clear disparity between surface water supply and water demand within the state. In the face of groundwater overdraft and the anticipated effects of climate change, many new MAR projects are being constructed or investigated throughout California, adding to those that have existed for decades. Some common MAR types utilized in California include injection wells, infiltration basins (also known as spreading basins, percolation basins, or recharge basins), and low-impact development. An emerging MAR type that is actively being investigated is the winter flooding of agricultural fields using existing irrigation infrastructure and excess surface water resources, known as agricultural MAR. California therefore provides an excellent case study to look at the historical use and performance of MAR, ongoing and emerging challenges, novel MAR applications, and the potential for expansion of MAR. Effective MAR projects are an essential tool for increasing groundwater security, both in California and on a global scale. This chapter aims to provide an overview of the most common MAR types and applications within the State of California and neighboring semi-arid regions.

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United States also has been facing severe water crisis. There are hundreds of cities and towns in US that are at severe risk of sudden and severe shortage. Water scarcity is in fact ranked as a major threat to national security alongside terrorism by the U.S. Office of the Director of National Intelligence. California's rivers, groundwater provides about a third to half of the state's water supply and it has been a leader in many types of environmental management, but groundwater has been an exception to that rule. The crisis has been blamed on climate factors but deep insights shows that it is more due to shortcomings of governance and policy actions. Absence of timely statewide framework for managing this resource would put the danger the rights of future generations. Apart from recent legislative action more concrete actions at policy levels, more judicious use of water and actions to conserve resources is the only hope for California's long-term water security and sustainability.

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Groundwater essay.

This Groundwater Essay example is published for educational and informational purposes only. If you need a custom essay or research paper on this topic, please use our writing services. EssayEmpire.com offers reliable custom essay writing services that can help you to receive high grades and impress your professors with the quality of each essay or research paper you hand in.

Groundwater is u nderground water found in the pore spaces and cracks of soil, sand, and rock. The source of all groundwater is precipitation, either through direct percolation into the earth’s surface, or through replenishment from local surface water including lakes, ponds, wetlands or rivers. Sometimes groundwater also flows into surface water through a process called baseflow. The process of groundwater replenishment is termed recharge .

Groundwater is stored in and moves at varying speeds through aquifers. An aquifer is a water-bearing geologic formation that can store and yield usable amounts of water, and consist of permeable layers of soil, sand, gravel or fractured rock such as granite or limestone. They are classified according to type, areal extent, thickness, yield, and direction of groundwater movement. There are two types of aquifers: consolidated rock and unconsolidated rock. Consolidated rock aquifers are composed of limestone, sandstone or other rock. Some, such as granite, are almost impervious and yield very little water, while others, such as limestone, are very porous and can yield vast amounts of water. Unconsolidated rock aquifers are composed of granular materials such as sand and gravel and typically yield larger amounts of water.

Aquifers are also confined or unconfined. Unconfined aquifers are typically located near the land surface, are composed of permeable materials such as sand or gravel, and recharge quickly, making them susceptible to contamination. The area of the aquifer that is filled with water is termed the saturation ( or saturated) zone ; the top of the saturation zone in an unconfined aquifer is termed the water table or phreatic surface , where water pressure equals atmospheric pressure. The area between the saturation zone and the land surface is the vadose zone.

Confined or artesian aquifers are typically located at greater depths and below impermeable layers such as rock or clay. They are typified by little or no recharge. For this reason, they often contain what is termed fossil or geologic water, and are thus susceptible to mining. Groundwater mining occurs either when groundwater extraction exceeds recharge (as in unconfined aquifers) or when groundwater will not be recharged naturally as in most confined aquifers. Artificial recharge is also possible either through the direct injection of water into the subsurface as in California or through directed rainwater recharge as is increasingly common in northern India.

Contrary to popular myth, groundwater does not flow in rivers or channels beneath the earth’s surface. The one exception is with Karst topography. Karst (an area of Slovenia) topography is where the solution of limestone, dolomite, gypsum, or marble, creates very erodable areas on the land surface or underground. It is possible for water to flow through the underground caverns created through this process. Karst is found in the U.S. states of Florida, Texas, and Kentucky, and in China, Slovenia, and Turkey.

Groundwater flows through aquifers toward lower elevations through the force of gravity. In confined aquifers, however, groundwater can flow up gradients, causing artesian conditions, where groundwater flows to the surface due to pressure created through the confined character of the aquifer. This occurs along the foothills of the Rocky Mountains in the United States, but is also common in other areas.

The largest aquifer in the United States is the Ogallala Aquifer (also called the High Plains Aquifer). It is an unconfined aquifer located in the states of South Dakota, Wyoming, Nebraska, Kansas, Colorado, Oklahoma, Texas, and New Mexico. The thickness of this aquifer ranges from 1 (0.3 meters) to 1300 feet (396 meters) and covers an area of 175,000 square miles (453,250 square kilometers). The Ogallala is used mostly for irrigation, especially in the Southern High Plains, but also supplies water to many cities. It irrigates 20 percent of total irrigated area in the United States, or 11,000 square miles (28,490 square kilometers), with a yearly discharge of 12 billion cubic meters of water. It has been heavily mined in Texas, with smaller declines occurring in other states. The future viability of the Ogallala is threatened due to overdraft.

In many parts of the world, including parts of the United States, Europe, Australia, Southwest Asia (i.e., the Middle East), Mexico, China, and India, groundwater is overexploited, with extraction surpassing recharge. This is of serious concern as groundwater is highly relied upon throughout the world. For example, it provides 51 percent of all drinking water in the United States, and in India supplies 70 percent of irrigation water and 80 percent of its domestic water. The largest user of groundwater in the world is irrigation. The advantages of groundwater over surface water for drinking and irrigation purposes are many: it is reliable in dry seasons and during droughts; it is cheaper to develop, since when unpolluted it requires less treatment than surface water and can be tapped by individuals, decentralizing costs to individuals; and it can be tapped when and where needed, such as at the household level, reducing expansion (of capacity) and conveyance costs.

There are several concerns, however, with this massive reliance on groundwater. The first is overexploitation. Second, groundwater is very susceptible to contamination. Contamination is both humaninduced (anthropogenic) and due to naturally occurring minerals. Anthropogenic causes of groundwater contamination include gasoline, oil, road salts, storage tanks, septic systems, hazardous waste sites, landfills, and industrial chemicals. One gallon of gasoline (3.8 liters) can contaminate one million gallons (3.8 million liters) of groundwater, making it unsuitable for drinking purposes. Furthermore, it is estimated that over 10 million underground storage tanks and over 20,000 abandoned hazardous waste sites exist in the United States. Naturally occurring sources of contamination include arsenic and fluoride. Arsenic contamination is a major source of groundwater contamination in the Ganges Plain of Bangladesh and northern India. As groundwater is withdrawn, naturally occurring mineral concentrations can increase, making groundwater unfit for human consumption or for irrigation. Third, saltwater intrusion may occur in coastal areas as groundwater withdrawal alters normal groundwater flow, inducing seawater to flow into nonsaline aquifers. Fourth, excessive groundwater withdrawal can cause the land surface to subside as it has in Mexico City, and in New Orleans, Louisiana, and Las Vegas, Nevada. Fifth, in many areas excessive groundwater withdrawal is substantially reducing baseflow to wetland and riparian areas, adversely impacting riverine and riparian species of flora and fauna. This has sparked fierce debate in the Platte River and the Ogallala Aquifer system in Nebraska, and also in the Edward’s Aquifer and San Antonio River system in Texas. And finally, these issues all lead to the matter of groundwater governance.

Governance of Groundwater

The greatest challenge for the 21st century facing groundwater is one of governance. When the first laws were created for water use, surface and groundwater were thought to be distinct. Historically, therefore, laws governing the use of surface and groundwater have treated these two separately, even though they are connected. This, in part, has led to a confusing set of legal institutions governing groundwater. Further complicating water law is the lack of legal standing for nonhuman uses, such as in-stream flow needs of fish and other flora and fauna.

Multiple formal and informal institutional arrangements have evolved for the management of groundwater. In the United States, groundwater regulation is the domain of individual states. Regulatory and rights structures vary by state, with much of groundwater management resting with local institutions as in Nebraska and Texas. There are four categories of groundwater rights in the United States. States east of the 100th meridian follow the Doctrine of Riparian Rights, while those west of the 100th follow the Colorado Doctrine (strict Prior Appropriation) as practiced in New Mexico; the California Doctrine (Correlative Rights Principle – a combination of riparian rights and prior appropriation) as practiced in California and Nebraska; or Absolute Ownership, as practiced in Texas.

The Colorado Doctrine of strict prior appropriation allows a landowner to use water based on historical precedent: “first in time, first in right.” The amount of water provided with a water right is based on the amount of water historically diverted and put to beneficial use: “use it or lose it.”

The California Doctrine applies the concept of “reasonable and beneficial use.” The appropriative right/use must be deemed economically beneficial; otherwise, a riparian user has the right to co-opt its use. For example, a rancher using water to irrigate alfalfa could lose their right to water if an industry could produce more capital with it. This differs from strict prior appropriation in that it distinguishes by use, where as strict prior appropriation does not.

Groundwater rights in Texas are based on absolute ownership and the “right of capture.” Under absolute ownership, the “landowner owns everything on his or her property from the land surface, up to the heavens, and down to the center of the Earth.” In theory, there are no limitations on pumping for the current or future based on current or past use, and it is legal to sell groundwater. In Texas, local institutions have formed for the management of groundwater. The High Plains Water Conservation District Number 1 (HPUWCD) is one such local organization. Comparisons of the New Mexico state centered model with the Texas self-organized model of groundwater management indicate that statemanaged groundwater usage is not superior to self-organized local management of the HPUWCD.

The most recent iteration of the debate surrounding the governance of groundwater boils down to essentially whether it is a public or a private good. Historically, water has been thought of as a public good, held in the public trust, for the use of all people for consumption, sanitation, aesthetic values, and environmental protection. Viewed as a private good, water can be developed, used, traded, and sold for economic productivity and financial gain. It is this latter view that is gaining currency around the world.

Under this second view, proponents follow the logic of Garret Harding that groundwater is an open access resource and is subject to the “Tragedy of the Commons.” They argue that private property rights over groundwater should be established yielding transferable or tradable rights that under the laws of supply and demand will inevitably move water toward the highest value uses, while preventing the problem of open access. But to think of groundwater or any resource as open access is to ignore that they are actually common pool resources and are subject to localized rules of use and institutions, which govern their use, distribution, and protection. Furthermore, it is problematic because uses such as irrigation will always have lower value added than industrial production, shifting water away from important primary commodity production. This would have drastic effects in developing countries such as India, where peasant producers rely on small plots of land and groundwater irrigation, the rights to which would probably be transferred to a higher economic use. Similarly, in a market-based system there is little incentive to protect stream flows or others’ property through reduced groundwater pumping. Groundwater is both a private and public resource. The solution is not, therefore, in either extreme but somewhere in the middle, taking into account local context and the local historical development of groundwater management expertise and institutions.

Bibliography:

• Brooks and J. Emel, The Llano Estacado of the U.S Southern High Plains: Environmental Transformation and the Prospect for Sustainability (United Nations University Press, 2000);
• Thomas Cech, Principles of Water Resources: History, Development, Management, and Policy (John Wiley & Sons, 2005);
• Rosegrant, X. Cai, et al., Global Water Outlook to 2025: Averting an Impending Crisis . (United Nations, 2002).
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May 10, 2024

Franklin Electric, in partnership with NGWA and Oklahoma State University, announced that applications are now being accepted for the 2024 NGWA University Franklin Electric Scholarship program .

These scholarships are given annually to five emerging groundwater industry professionals and provide critical continuing education in NGWA University’s comprehensive Drilling Basics Course. This year’s application window runs through September 1 and winners will be announced at Groundwater Week 2024 , December 10-12 in Las Vegas, Nevada.

The Franklin Electric scholarships are open to professionals currently employed in the groundwater industry. Scholarship recipients will be given access to several foundational groundwater courses: Groundwater 101, General Workplace Safety, Drill Rig Safety, Geology and Groundwater, Hydrogeology and Fluid Mechanics, and Rig Types and Well Design. The online training program, powered by Oklahoma State University, is designed specifically to improve the safety and skills of drilling industry members, and train the next generation of drillers to address the critical shortage of professionals in the industry.

“Part of our vision as a company is to help nurture and support those who wish to pursue and advance their careers in the groundwater industry,” said Andrew Schwarze, Franklin Electric senior business unit director, groundwater distribution. “By sponsoring these scholarships, we’re assuring tomorrow’s industry professionals gain skills that help them grow and solve new challenges.”

In addition to sponsoring the scholarships, Franklin Electric is a longtime supporter of NGWA. The company is a Platinum Founding Industry Partner of NGWA University’s Drilling Basics Course and a proud sponsor of the NGWA Learning Center that houses state-approved training for contractors, on-demand courses, member-exclusive webinars, and more.

Click here to fill out the 2024 NGWA University Franklin Electric Scholarship application .

Click here to learn more about NGWA University online training .

2023 First Author and Tinker Family BEG Publication Awards

Director Emeritus, Scott Tinker (far left) and Deputy Director of Energy, Mark Shuster (far right) present the $1000 prize for 2023 Publication of the Year to Drs. Iulia Olariu, Sahar Bakhshian, Alex Bump, Hailun Ni, and Seyyed Hosseini (from 2nd on the left to right).

Each year, the Bureau hosts a special dinner and awards ceremony to recognize first authors and co-authors of papers written by first author students whose work was published during the previous year. 

2023 First Author Award Highlights:

• 145 peer-reviewed Bureau papers were published in 2023, an almost 15% increase from the previous year.
• 75 Bureau authors were published last year, with 46 publications by first authors (listed at the end of this article).
• 10 first authors were honored this year for the first time.
• With 16 honors, Bob Loucks is the most recognized Bureau first author, having received the honor every year since the inaugural Awards in 2008.
• With 9 publications, Yangkang Chen wrote the most first authored papers.
• With 3 publications, Sergey Fomel coauthored the most student first authored papers.

The event also serves as the stage to announce the winners of the annual Tinker Family BEG Publication Award, presented to Bureau authors who published work that creates exceptional impact in the field or otherwise significantly benefits the Bureau scientific community.

The Bureau Publications Council solicits nominations for the award in early spring, and, by majority vote, makes a recommendation to the Director.

The 2024 Tinker Family BEG Publication Award winners were Alex Bump and coauthors Sahar Bakhshian, Hailun Ni, Susan Hovorka, Ilulia Olariu, Dallas Dunlap, Seyyed Hosseini , and Tip Meckel , for their timely and foundational work toward CO 2 storage security in the paper, “Rethinking geologic seals for permanent CO 2 sequestration” published in Greenhouse Gas Control .

Special thanks go to Jason Suarez and Stephanie Huntzis for organizing the event.

For more information about the research publications and the Bureau’s prolific authors, please see: https://www.beg.utexas.edu/publications/peer-reviewed-publications/ .

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The Ever-Resilient Pupfish Makes a Comeback in Death Valley

The spring population of the critically endangered species is at a 25-year high, a surprising rebound in a tiny desert cave.

By Alexander Nazaryan

When it comes to sheer resilience, few, if any, species can match the tiny Devils Hole pupfish.

Cyprinodon diabolis , as the species is known, has the most ruthlessly circumscribed natural habitat of any vertebrate: Devils Hole , an exceptionally deep, water-filled cave in a limestone formation in the unforgiving Nevada desert, where the fish mostly stay on a rock shelf little more than 200 square feet. Not only that, but the pupfish are believed to be one of the most inbred of all species , a lack of genetic variation that makes it difficult for the creatures to procreate and thrive.

And yet, improbably, Devils Hole pupfish are thriving. Late last month, the National Park Service announced that the spring population of the species had grown to 191 , the highest in 25 years, according to a count conducted twice a year by scuba divers. Because of seasonal fluctuations in food sources, fall counts tend to be higher, meaning that this year’s tally could be a watershed.

“If, this fall, we have over 300, I’ll be really ecstatic,” said Kevin Wilson, an aquatic ecologist at the National Park Service who has studied the Devils Hole pupfish for more than two decades. (Devils Hole is officially part of Death Valley National Park , most of which is in California.)

If the pupfish census does not seem especially impressive, consider that there were only 35 pupfish left in Devils Hole in 2013, prompting worries about extinction. For now, that danger has receded ever so slightly.

“This is a tremendous success story,” said Christopher Martin , an evolutionary biologist and pupfish expert at the University of California, Berkeley. “Ten years ago, we couldn’t have expected this level of success.”

Biologists have been feeding the pupfish frozen food to supplement their regular diet of algae since 2007. In 2019, the biologists finally arrived at the optimal formula of mysid shrimp, water fleas and blood worms. “This change in the supplemental food probably did enhance that increase in population numbers we’re seeing,” Dr. Wilson said.

Hurricane Hilary, which hit last summer, also helped. Even though the storm caused flooding and damage to the park , it benefited the pupfish living in Devils Hole by “adding nutrients that washed off the surrounding land surface in a fine layer of clay and silt,” according to the National Park Service.

The tiny pupfish, usually about an inch in size, is believed to have lived in Devils Hole for at least 10,000 years and probably much longer, Dr. Martin said. Its name alludes to a playful, puppylike disposition.

How the pupfish ended up in the Nevada desert is not known for certain. Much of Nevada was once underwater . The waters eventually receded, but somehow the pupfish found a refuge in the vast expanse of scrubland and sand.

To this day, no person is known to have completed an exploration of the lowest depths of Devils Hole, which is hundreds of feet deep. (A submersible would never fit into the narrow cavern, Dr. Wilson said.) In a notorious accident in 1965, two young men died during a dive in Devils Hole .

Not much for deepwater exploration, the pupfish stay at depths of 80 feet or less. There, the temperature is 93 degrees Fahrenheit, potentially even hotter near the surface.

Because the pupfish are effectively perched on a shallow underwater ledge, changes to the water table can harm prospects for survival. Dr. Wilson worries that the profusion of enormous solar panel farms in the surrounding desert could drastically increase water usage, damaging the delicate Amargosa River system . Mining is booming again in Nevada. Pahrump, a desert town near Ash Meadows, has seen its population explode .

“There’s increasing pressure on groundwater,” Dr. Wilson said. A well could inadvertently tap the Devils Hole aquifer, causing a drastic drop in the water level there.

Perhaps the greatest danger to the species is its lack of genetic diversity, which increases the incidence of harmful genetic mutations and thus makes it harder for the population to grow. In a classic Catch-22, the pupfish have only one way of inbreeding less: by growing their population.

To prepare for potential catastrophe, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has been breeding Devils Hole pupfish in captivity since 2013. Introducing bred pupfish into Devils Hole is unfeasible for a variety of reasons, but should something happen to the wild pupfish, the species will live on.

For now, however, the wild pupfish are hanging on in Devils Hole. Christopher Norment, a vertebrate ecologist and the author of “Relicts of a Beautiful Sea,” a book about Death Valley, said that although he was “somewhat jaundiced” about the long-term prospects of the Devils Hole pupfish, he was impressed by its tenacity.

“It’s the story of survival in the face of overwhelming odds,” he said.

Explore the Animal Kingdom

A selection of quirky, intriguing and surprising discoveries about animal life..

Indigenous rangers in Australia’s Western Desert got a rare close-up with the northern marsupial mole , which is tiny, light-colored and blind, and almost never comes to the surface.

For the first time, scientists observed an orangutan, a primate, in the wild treating a wound  with a plant that has medicinal properties.

A new study resets the timing for the emergence of bioluminescence back to millions  of years earlier than previously thought.

Scientists are making computer models to better understand how cicadas  emerge collectively after more than a decade underground .

New research questions the long-held theory that reintroduction of Yellowstone’s wolves caused a trophic cascade , spawning renewal of vegetation and spurring biodiversity.

To protect Australia’s iconic animals, scientists are experimenting with vaccine implants , probiotics, tree-planting drones and solar-powered tracking tags.

Essay on Water for Students and Children

500+ words essay on water.

Water is one of the most important substances for life on earth to function. It is equally important for humans as well as animals. Water does not merely help us survive, but it is significant for our day to day functioning. It has numerous uses when we come to think about it. Majority of our earth is covered with water itself, but, not all of it is safe for consumption. Therefore, it makes it essential for us to utilize this transparent substance chemical wisely. Moreover, if we look at the shortage of water happening in our country, it makes it all the more important to conserve it immediately.

Uses of Water

As we have already said that water has numerous uses, we will see where it is used. This part will most importantly help us realize the importance of water . It will make humans aware of what absence of water in the following areas can do to human life. As India’s main occupation is agriculture, water is exhaustively used here. Irrigation and cattle rearing requires a lot of water. Thus, a lot of farmers’ livelihood depends on it.

Further, industries use water for various purposes. It comes in handy when cooling, manufacturing and transporting several goods. For instance, thermal power plants consume quite a substantial amount of water for their running.

Furthermore, the domestic use of water cannot be left behind. In the day to day life of the common man, water plays a vital role. That is to say, from drinking water to washing utensils, we need water every step of the way.

After that, plants need water to survive and make food. It is one of the main elements which help them grow. Hence, water is extremely important for humans, animals, and plants to survive .

Get the huge list of more than 500 Essay Topics and Ideas

Do not Waste Water

While water is quite essential and yet so scarce, however, people fail to realize this fact. They waste water with little or no care for the results of this activity. There are various ways in which one can avoid wasting water . To begin with, all households must get their leaking taps checked. They should fix them immediately as every drop is precious.

Similarly, we must choose buckets instead of showers for bathing. This is a very debatable topic and it needs to be settled. Showers waste a lot of water, so people must prefer buckets. This particular habit is quite commonly found in most of the households. People do not turn off their taps while brushing their teeth and washing utensils. Always remember to keep the tap off when doing so.

In addition, encourage rainwater harvesting system in all homes. This can help conserve water like never before.

In short, water is essential for the survival of mankind. But, it is, unfortunately, being waster rapidly. Every citizen and government must come together to tackle this issue. Governments must ensure all areas get water equally. On the other hand, citizens must keep in mind to use it wisely and not waste it unnecessarily.

FAQs on Water

Q.1 State the importance of water.

A.1 Water is of the utmost importance for human and animal life. It gives us water to drink. It also comes in great use for farmers and industries. Even common man requires water for various purposes like drinking, cleaning, bathing and more.

Q.2 List the ways to avoid wastage of water.

A.2 Everyone must avoid wasting water. We can do so by fixing our leaking taps, avoiding showers for bathing, and turning off taps when brushing. Furthermore, we can adopt rainwater harvesting system to conserve water.

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