who ever invented homework

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The Homework Dilemma: Who Invented Homework?

The inventor of homework may be unknown, but its evolution reflects contributions from educators, philosophers, and students. Homework reinforces learning, fosters discipline, and prepares students for the future, spanning from ancient civilizations to modern education. Ongoing debates probe its balance, efficacy, equity, and accessibility, prompting innovative alternatives like project-based and personalized learning. As education evolves, the enigma of homework endures.

Table of Contents

Who Invented Homework?

While historical records don’t provide a definitive answer regarding the inventor of homework in the modern sense, two prominent figures, Roberto Nevelis of Venice and Horace Mann, are often linked to the concept’s early development.

Roberto Nevelis of Venice: A Mythical Innovator?

Roberto Nevelis, a Venetian educator from the 16th century, is frequently credited with the invention of homework. The story goes that Nevelis assigned tasks to his students outside regular classroom hours to reinforce their learning—a practice that aligns with the essence of homework. However, the historical evidence supporting Nevelis as the inventor of homework is rather elusive, leaving room for skepticism.

While Nevelis’s role remains somewhat mythical, his association with homework highlights the early recognition of the concept’s educational value.

Horace Mann: Shaping the American Educational Landscape

Horace Mann, often regarded as the “Father of American Education,” made significant contributions to the American public school system in the 19th century. Though he may not have single-handedly invented homework, his educational reforms played a crucial role in its widespread adoption.

Mann’s vision for education emphasized discipline and rigor, which included assigning tasks to be completed outside of the classroom. While he did not create homework in the traditional sense, his influence on the American education system paved the way for its integration.

The invention of homework was driven by several educational objectives. It aimed to reinforce classroom learning, ensuring knowledge retention and skill development. Homework also served as a means to promote self-discipline and responsibility among students, fostering valuable study habits and time management skills.

Why Was Homework Invented?

The invention of homework was not a random educational practice but rather a deliberate strategy with several essential objectives in mind.

Reinforcing Classroom Learning

Foremost among these objectives was the need to reinforce classroom learning. When students leave the classroom, the goal is for them to retain and apply the knowledge they have acquired during their lessons. Homework emerged as a powerful tool for achieving this goal. It provided students with a structured platform to revisit the day’s lessons, practice what they had learned, and solidify their understanding.

Homework assignments often mirrored classroom activities, allowing students to extend their learning beyond the confines of school hours. Through the repetition of exercises and tasks related to the curriculum, students could deepen their comprehension and mastery of various subjects.

Fostering Self-Discipline and Responsibility

Another significant objective behind the creation of homework was the promotion of self-discipline and responsibility among students. Education has always been about more than just the acquisition of knowledge; it also involves the development of life skills and habits that prepare individuals for future challenges.

By assigning tasks to be completed independently at home, educators aimed to instill valuable study habits and time management skills. Students were expected to take ownership of their learning, manage their time effectively, and meet deadlines—a set of skills that have enduring relevance in contemporary education and beyond.

Homework encouraged students to become proactive in their educational journey. It taught them the importance of accountability and the satisfaction of completing tasks on their own. These life skills would prove invaluable in their future endeavors, both academically and in the broader context of their lives.

When Was Homework Invented?

The roots of homework stretch deep into the annals of history, tracing its origins to ancient civilizations and early educational practices. While it has undergone significant evolution over the centuries, the concept of extending learning beyond the classroom has always been an integral part of education.

Earliest Origins of Homework and Early Educational Practices

The idea of homework, in its most rudimentary form, can be traced back to the earliest human civilizations. In ancient Egypt , for instance, students were tasked with hieroglyphic writing exercises. These exercises served as a precursor to modern homework, as they required students to practice and reinforce their understanding of written language—an essential skill for communication and record-keeping in that era.

In ancient Greece , luminaries like Plato and Aristotle advocated for the use of written exercises as a tool for intellectual development. They recognized the value of practice in enhancing one’s knowledge and skills, laying the foundation for a more systematic approach to homework.

The ancient Romans also played a pivotal role in the early development of homework. Young Roman students were expected to complete assignments at home, with a particular focus on subjects like mathematics and literature. These assignments were designed to consolidate their classroom learning, emphasizing the importance of practice in mastering various disciplines.

READ MORE: Who Invented Math? The History of Mathematics

The practice of assigning work to be done outside of regular school hours continued to evolve through various historical periods. As societies advanced, so did the complexity and diversity of homework tasks, reflecting the changing needs and priorities of education.

The Influence of Educational Philosophers

While the roots of homework extend to ancient times, the ideas of renowned educational philosophers in later centuries further contributed to its development. John Locke, an influential thinker of the Enlightenment era, believed in a gradual and cumulative approach to learning. He emphasized the importance of students revisiting topics through repetition and practice, a concept that aligns with the principles of homework.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau, another prominent philosopher, stressed the significance of self-directed learning. Rousseau’s ideas encouraged the development of independent study habits and a personalized approach to education—a philosophy that resonates with modern concepts of homework.

Homework in the American Public School System

The American public school system has played a pivotal role in the widespread adoption and popularization of homework. To understand the significance of homework in modern education, it’s essential to delve into its history and evolution within the United States.

History and Evolution of Homework in the United States

The late 19th century marked a significant turning point for homework in the United States. During this period, influenced by educational reforms and the growing need for standardized curricula, homework assignments began to gain prominence in American schools.

Educational reformers and policymakers recognized the value of homework as a tool for reinforcing classroom learning. They believed that assigning tasks for students to complete outside of regular school hours would help ensure that knowledge was retained and skills were honed. This approach aligned with the broader trends in education at the time, which aimed to provide a more structured and systematic approach to learning.

As the American public school system continued to evolve, homework assignments became a common practice in classrooms across the nation. The standardization of curricula and the formalization of education contributed to the integration of homework into the learning process. This marked a significant departure from earlier educational practices, reflecting a shift toward more structured and comprehensive learning experiences.

The incorporation of homework into the American education system not only reinforced classroom learning but also fostered self-discipline and responsibility among students. It encouraged them to take ownership of their educational journey and develop valuable study habits and time management skills—a legacy that continues to influence modern pedagogy.

Controversies Around Homework

Despite its longstanding presence in education, homework has not been immune to controversy and debate. While many view it as a valuable educational tool, others question its effectiveness and impact on students’ well-being.

The Homework Debate

One of the central controversies revolves around the amount of homework assigned to students. Critics argue that excessive homework loads can lead to stress, sleep deprivation, and a lack of free time for students. The debate often centers on striking the right balance between homework and other aspects of a student’s life, including extracurricular activities, family time, and rest.

Homework’s Efficacy

Another contentious issue pertains to the efficacy of homework in enhancing learning outcomes. Some studies suggest that moderate amounts of homework can reinforce classroom learning and improve academic performance. However, others question whether all homework assignments contribute equally to learning or whether some may be more beneficial than others. The effectiveness of homework can vary depending on factors such as the student’s grade level, the subject matter, and the quality of the assignment.

Equity and Accessibility

Homework can also raise concerns related to equity and accessibility. Students from disadvantaged backgrounds may have limited access to resources and support at home, potentially putting them at a disadvantage when it comes to completing homework assignments. This disparity has prompted discussions about the role of homework in perpetuating educational inequalities and how schools can address these disparities.

Alternative Approaches to Learning

In response to the controversies surrounding homework, educators and researchers have explored alternative approaches to learning. These approaches aim to strike a balance between reinforcing classroom learning and promoting holistic student well-being. Some alternatives include:

Project-Based Learning

Project-based learning emphasizes hands-on, collaborative projects that allow students to apply their knowledge to real-world problems. This approach shifts the focus from traditional homework assignments to engaging, practical learning experiences.

Flipped Classrooms

Flipped classrooms reverse the traditional teaching model. Students learn new material at home through video lectures or readings and then use class time for interactive discussions and activities. This approach reduces the need for traditional homework while promoting active learning.

Personalized Learning

Personalized learning tailors instruction to individual students’ needs, allowing them to progress at their own pace. This approach minimizes the need for one-size-fits-all homework assignments and instead focuses on targeted learning experiences.

The Ongoing Conversation

The controversies surrounding homework highlight the need for an ongoing conversation about its role in education. Striking the right balance between reinforcing learning and addressing students’ well-being remains a complex challenge. As educators, parents, and researchers continue to explore innovative approaches to learning, the role of homework in the modern educational landscape continues to evolve. Ultimately, the goal is to provide students with the most effective and equitable learning experiences possible.

Unpacking the Homework Enigma

Homework, without a single inventor, has evolved through educators, philosophers, and students. It reinforces learning, fosters discipline and prepares students. From ancient times to modern education, it upholds timeless values. Yet, controversies arise—debates on balance, efficacy, equity, and accessibility persist. Innovative alternatives like project-based and personalized learning emerge. Homework’s role evolves with education.

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Who Invented Homework? A Big Question Answered with Facts

Crystal Bourque

Delving into the intriguing history of education, one of the most pondered questions arises: Who invented homework?

Love it or hate it, homework is part of student life.

But what’s the purpose of completing these tasks and assignments? And who would create an education system that makes students complete work outside the classroom?

This post contains everything you’ve ever wanted to know about homework. So keep reading! You’ll discover the answer to the big question: who invented homework?

Who Invented Homework?

The myth of roberto nevilis: who is he, the origins of homework, a history of homework in the united states, 5 facts about homework, types of homework.

• What’s the Purpose of Homework? 
• Homework Pros
• Homework Cons

When, How, and Why was Homework Invented?

Daniel Jedzura/Shutterstock.com

To ensure we cover the basics (and more), let’s explore when, how, and why was homework invented.

As a bonus, we’ll also cover who invented homework. So get ready because the answer might surprise you!

It’s challenging to pinpoint the exact person responsible for the invention of homework.

For example, Medieval Monks would work on memorization and practice singing. Ancient philosophers would read and develop their teachings outside the classroom. While this might not sound like homework in the traditional form we know today, one could argue that these methods helped to form the basic structure and format.

So let’s turn to recorded history to try and identify who invented homework and when homework was invented.

Pliny the Younger

Credit: laphamsquarterly.org

Mention of homework appears in the writings of Pliny the Younger, meaning we can trace the term ‘homework’ back to ancient Rome. Pliny the Younger (61—112 CE) was an oratory teacher, and often told his students to practice their public speaking outside class.

Pliny believed that the repetition and practice of speech would help students gain confidence in their speaking abilities.

Johann Gottlieb Fichte

Credit: inlibris.com

Before the idea of homework came to the United States, Germany’s newly formed nation-state had been giving students homework for years.

The roots of homework extend to ancient times, but it wasn’t until German Philosopher Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762—1814) helped to develop the Volksschulen (People’s Schools) that homework became mandatory.

Fichte believed that the state needed to hold power over individuals to create a unified Germany. A way to assert control over people meant that students attending the Volksshulen were required to complete assignments at home on their own time.

As a result, some people credit Fichte for being the inventor of homework.

Horace Mann

Credit: commons.wikimedia.org

The idea of homework spread across Europe throughout the 19th century.

So who created homework in the United States?

The history of education and homework now moves to Horace Mann (1796—1859), an American educational reformer, spent some time in Prussia. There, he learned more about Germany’s Volksshulen, forms of education , and homework practices.

Mann liked what he saw and brought this system back to America. As a result, homework rapidly became a common factor in students’ lives across the country.

Credit: medium.com

If you’ve ever felt curious about who invented homework, a quick online search might direct you to a man named Roberto Nevilis, a teacher in Venice, Italy.

As the story goes, Nevilis invented homework in 1905 (or 1095) to punish students who didn’t demonstrate a good understanding of the lessons taught during class.

This teaching technique supposedly spread to the rest of Europe before reaching North America.

Unfortunately, there’s little truth to this story. If you dig a little deeper, you’ll find that these online sources lack credible sources to back up this myth as fact.

In 1905, the Roman Empire turned its attention to the First Crusade. No one had time to spare on formalizing education, and classrooms didn’t even exist. So how could Nevilis spread the idea of homework when education remained so informal?

And when you jump to 1901, you’ll discover that the government of California passed a law banning homework for children under fifteen. Nevilis couldn’t have invented homework in 1905 if this law had already reached the United States in 1901.

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When it comes to the origins of homework, looking at the past shows us that there isn’t one person who created homework. Instead, examining the facts shows us that several people helped to bring the idea of homework into Europe and then the United States.

In addition, the idea of homework extends beyond what historians have discovered. After all, the concept of learning the necessary skills human beings need to survive has existed since the dawn of man.

More than 100 years have come and gone since Horace Mann introduced homework to the school system in the United States.

Therefore, it’s not strange to think that the concept of homework has changed, along with our people and culture.

In short, homework hasn’t always been considered acceptable. Let’s dive into the history or background of homework to learn why.

Homework is Banned! (The 1900s)

Important publications of the time, including the Ladies’ Home Journal and The New York Times, published articles on the negative impacts homework had on American children’s health and well-being.

As a result, California banned homework for children under fifteen in 1901. This law, however, changed again about a decade later (1917).

Children Needed at Home (The 1930s)

Formed in 1923, The American Child Health Association (ACHA) aimed to decrease the infant mortality rate and better support the health and development of the American child.

By the 1930s, ACHA deemed homework a form of child labor. Since the government recently passed laws against child labor , it became difficult to justify homework assignments. College students, however, could still receive homework tasks as part of their formal schooling.

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A Shift in Ideas (The 1940s—1950s)

During the early to mid-1900s, the United States entered the Progressive Era. As a result, the country reformed its public education system to help improve students’ learning.

Homework became a part of everyday life again. However, this time, the reformed curriculum required teachers to make the assignments more personal.

As a result, American students would write essays on summer vacations and winter breaks, participate in ‘show and tell,’ and more.

These types of assignments still exist today!

Homework Today (The 2000s)

The focus of American education shifted again when the US Department of Education was founded in 1979, aiming to uplevel education in the country by, among other things, prohibiting discrimination ensuring equal access, and highlighting important educational issues.

In 2022, the controversial nature of homework in public schools and formal education is once again a hot topic of discussion in many classrooms.

According to one study , more than 60% of college and high school students deal with mental health issues like depression and anxiety due to homework. In addition, the large number of assignments given to students takes away the time students spend on other interests and hobbies. Homework also negatively impacts sleep.

As a result, some schools have implemented a ban or limit on the amount of homework assigned to students.

Test your knowledge and check out these other facts about homework:

• Horace Mann is also known as the ‘father’ of the modern school system and the educational process that we know today (read more about Who Invented School ).
• With a bit of practice, homework can improve oratory and writing skills. Both are important in a student’s life at all stages.
• Homework can replace studying. Completing regular assignments reduces the time needed to prepare for tests.
• Homework is here to stay. It doesn’t look like teachers will stop assigning homework any time soon. However, the type and quantity of homework given seem to be shifting to accommodate the modern student’s needs.
• The optimal length of time students should spend on homework is one to two hours. Students who spent one to two hours on homework per day scored higher test results.
•   So, while completing assignments outside of school hours may be beneficial, spending, for example, a day on homework is not ideal.

Explore how the Findmykids app can complement your child’s school routine. With features designed to ensure their safety and provide peace of mind, it’s a valuable tool for parents looking to stay connected with their children throughout the day. Download now and stay informed about your child’s whereabouts during their academic journey.

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The U.S. Department of Education provides teachers with plenty of information and resources to help students with homework.

In general, teachers give students homework that requires them to employ four strategies. The four types of homework types include:

• Practice: To help students master a specific skill, teachers will assign homework that requires them to repeat the particular skill. For example, students must solve a series of math problems.
• Preparation: This type of homework introduces students to the material they will learn in the future. An example of preparatory homework is assigning students a chapter to read before discussing the contents in class the next day.
• Extension: When a teacher wants to get students to apply what they’ve learned but create a challenge, this type of homework is assigned. It helps to boost problem-solving skills. For example, using a textbook to find the answer to a question gets students to problem-solve differently.
• Integration: To solidify the student learning experience , teachers will create a task that requires the use of many different skills. An example of integration is a book report. Completing integration homework assignments helps students learn how to be organized, plan, strategize, and solve problems on their own. Encouraging effective study habits is a key idea behind homework, too.

Ultimately, the type of homework students receive should have a purpose, be focused and clear, and challenge students to problem solve while integrating lessons learned.

What’s the Purpose of Homework?

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Homework aims to ensure individual students understand the information they learn in class. It also helps teachers to assess a student’s progress and identify strengths and weaknesses.

For example, school teachers use different types of homework like book reports, essays, math problems, and more to help students demonstrate their understanding of the lessons learned.

Does Homework Improve the Quality of Education?

Homework is a controversial topic today. Educators, parents, and even students often question whether homework is beneficial in improving the quality of education.

Let’s explore the pros and cons of homework to try and determine whether homework improves the quality of education in schools.

Homework Pros:

• Time Management Skills : Assigning homework with a due date helps students to develop a schedule to ensure they complete tasks on time. Personal responsibility amongst students is thereby promoted.
• More Time to Learn : Students encounter plenty of distractions at school. It’s also challenging for students to grasp the material in an hour or less. Assigning homework provides the student with the opportunity to understand the material.
• Improves Research Skills : Some homework assignments require students to seek out information. Through homework, students learn where to seek out good, reliable sources.

Homework Cons:

• Reduced Physical Activity : Homework requires students to sit at a desk for long periods. Lack of movement decreases the amount of physical activity, often because teachers assign students so much homework that they don’t have time for anything else. Time for students can get almost totally taken up with out-of-school assignments.
• Stuck on an Assignment: A student often gets stuck on an assignment. Whether they can’t find information or the correct solution, students often don’t have help from parents and require further support from a teacher. For underperforming students, especially, this can have a negative impact on their confidence and overall educational experience.
• Increases Stress : One of the results of getting stuck on an assignment is that it increases stress and anxiety. Too much homework hurts a child’s mental health, preventing them from learning and understanding the material.

Some research shows that homework doesn’t provide educational benefits or improve performance, and can lead to a decline in physical activities. These studies counter that the potential effectiveness of homework is undermined by its negative impact on students.

However, research also shows that homework benefits students—provided teachers don’t give them too much. Here’s a video from Duke Today that highlights a study on the very topic.

Homework Today

The question of “Who Invented Homework?” delves into the historical evolution of academic practices, shedding light on its significance in fostering responsibility among students and contributing to academic progress. While supported by education experts, homework’s role as a pivotal aspect of academic life remains a subject of debate, often criticized as a significant source of stress. Nonetheless, when balanced with extracurricular activities and integrated seamlessly into the learning process, homework continues to shape and refine students’ educational journeys.

Maybe one day, students won’t need to submit assignments or complete tasks at home. But until then, many students understand the benefits of completing homework as it helps them further their education and achieve future career goals.

Before you go, here’s one more question: how do you feel about homework? Do you think teachers assign too little or too much? Get involved and start a discussion in the comments!

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Who invented homework and why?

The creation of homework can be traced back to the Ancient Roman Pliny the Younger, a teacher of oratory—he is generally credited as being the father of homework! Pliny the Younger asked his students to practice outside of class to help them build confidence in their speaking skills.

Who invented homework as a punishment?

There’s a myth that the Italian educator Roberto Nevilis first used homework as a means of punishing his students in the early 20th century—although this has now been widely discredited, and the story of the Italian teacher is regarded as a myth.

Why did homework stop being a punishment?

There are several reasons that homework ceased being a form of punishment. For example, the introduction of child labor laws in the early twentieth century meant that the California education department banned giving homework to children under the age of fifteen for a time. Further, throughout the 1940s and 1950s, there was a growing emphasis on enhancing students’ learning, making homework assignments more personal, and nurturing growth, rather than being used as a form of punishment.

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The Surprising History of Homework Reform

Really, kids, there was a time when lots of grownups thought homework was bad for you.

Homework causes a lot of fights. Between parents and kids, sure. But also, as education scholar Brian Gill and historian Steven Schlossman write, among U.S. educators. For more than a century, they’ve been debating how, and whether, kids should do schoolwork at home .

At the dawn of the twentieth century, homework meant memorizing lists of facts which could then be recited to the teacher the next day. The rising progressive education movement despised that approach. These educators advocated classrooms free from recitation. Instead, they wanted students to learn by doing. To most, homework had no place in this sort of system.

Through the middle of the century, Gill and Schlossman write, this seemed like common sense to most progressives. And they got their way in many schools—at least at the elementary level. Many districts abolished homework for K–6 classes, and almost all of them eliminated it for students below fourth grade.

By the 1950s, many educators roundly condemned drills, like practicing spelling words and arithmetic problems. In 1963, Helen Heffernan, chief of California’s Bureau of Elementary Education, definitively stated that “No teacher aware of recent theories could advocate such meaningless homework assignments as pages of repetitive computation in arithmetic. Such an assignment not only kills time but kills the child’s creative urge to intellectual activity.”

But, the authors note, not all reformers wanted to eliminate homework entirely. Some educators reconfigured the concept, suggesting supplemental reading or having students do projects based in their own interests. One teacher proposed “homework” consisting of after-school “field trips to the woods, factories, museums, libraries, art galleries.” In 1937, Carleton Washburne, an influential educator who was the superintendent of the Winnetka, Illinois, schools, proposed a homework regimen of “cooking and sewing…meal planning…budgeting, home repairs, interior decorating, and family relationships.”

Another reformer explained that “at first homework had as its purpose one thing—to prepare the next day’s lessons. Its purpose now is to prepare the children for fuller living through a new type of creative and recreational homework.”

That idea didn’t necessarily appeal to all educators. But moderation in the use of traditional homework became the norm.

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“Virtually all commentators on homework in the postwar years would have agreed with the sentiment expressed in the NEA Journal in 1952 that ‘it would be absurd to demand homework in the first grade or to denounce it as useless in the eighth grade and in high school,’” Gill and Schlossman write.

That remained more or less true until 1983, when publication of the landmark government report A Nation at Risk helped jump-start a conservative “back to basics” agenda, including an emphasis on drill-style homework. In the decades since, continuing “reforms” like high-stakes testing, the No Child Left Behind Act, and the Common Core standards have kept pressure on schools. Which is why twenty-first-century first graders get spelling words and pages of arithmetic.

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Homework is a part of life for children, parents, and educators. But who came up with the concept of homework? What happened to make it a standard in education? Here’s a quick rundown of homework’s history in the United States .

Homework’s Origins: Myth vs. History

Who was the first person to invent homework? We may never know for sure. Its history has been shaped by a variety of persons and events. Let’s start with two of its key influencers.

The Dubious Roberto Nevelis of Venice

Homework is typically credited to Roberto Nevelis of Venice, Italy, who invented it in 1095—or 1905, depending on your sources. However, upon closer examination, he appears to be more of an internet legend than a genuine figure.

Horace Mann

Horace Mann, a 19th-century politician and educational reformer, was a pivotal figure in the development of homework. Mann, like his contemporaries Henry Barnard and Calvin Ellis Stowe, was passionate about the newly unified nation-state of Germany’s obligatory public education system.

Mandatory tasks were assigned to Volksschulen (“People’s Schools”) students to complete at home on their own time. When liberals like Johann Gottlieb Fichte were striving to organize support for a unified German state, this demand highlighted the state’s authority over the individual. While homework had been established before Fichte’s participation with the Volksschulen, his political goals can be considered a catalyst for its adoption as an educational requirement.

Horace Mann was a driving force behind creating government-run, tax-funded public education in America. During a journey to Germany in 1843, he witnessed the Volkschule system at work and brought back several of its ideals, including homework.

The American Public School System’s Homework

Homework has not always been generally embraced, despite being a near-universal element of the American educational experience. Parents and educators continue to dispute its benefits and drawbacks, as they have for more than a century.

The 1900s: Anti-homework sentiment and homework bans

A homework prohibition was enacted in the Pacific state of California in 1901, barely a few decades after the idea of homework crossed the Atlantic. The restriction, which applied to all students under the age of 15, lasted until 1917.

Around the same period, renowned magazines such as the Ladies’ Home Journal and The New York Times published remarks from parents and medical professionals portraying homework as harmful to children’s health.1930: Homework as Child Labor

A group called the American Child Health Association deemed homework a form of child labor in 1930. This statement represented a less-than-favorable view of homework as an appropriate educational method, given that laws barring child labor had recently been implemented.

Early-to-Mid 20th Century: Homework and the Progressive Era

Teachers began looking for ways to make homework more personal and meaningful to individual students throughout the second half of the 19th and 20th-century modern educational changes. Could this be the origin of the enduring essay topic, “What I Did on My Summer Vacation?”

The Cold War: Homework Heats Up

Following WWII, the Cold War heightened tensions between the United States and Russia in the 1950s. The flight of Sputnik 1 in 1957 increased Russian-American enmity, particularly among their youngsters.

The best way to ensure that American students did not fall behind their Russian counterparts, especially in the extremely competitive fields of science and mathematics, was for education officials in the United States to assign demanding homework.

The 1980s: A Nation at Risk’s Homework

What Works, a 1986 publication from the US Department of Education, listed homework as one of the most effective instructional tactics. This followed three years after the groundbreaking study 

Early 21st Century: Homework Bans Return

Many educators and other concerned individuals are questioning the value of homework once again. On the subject, several publications have been published.

These include:

• The Case Against Homework: How Homework Is Hurting Our Children and What We Can Do About It  by Sarah Bennett and Nancy Kalish (2006)
• The Battle Over Homework: Common Ground for Administrators, Teachers, and Parents  (Third Edition) by Duke University psychologist Dr. Harris Cooper (2007)
• The End of Homework: How Homework Disrupts Families, Overburdens Children, and Limits Learning  by education professor Dr. Etta Kralovec and journalist John Buell (2000)

Homework is still a contentious topic nowadays. Some schools are enacting homework bans similar to those enacted at the start of the century. Teachers have varying opinions on the bans, while parents attempt to cope with the disruption to their daily routine that such bans cause.

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Who Invented Homework and Why

Who Invented Homework

Italian pedagog, Roberto Nevilis, was believed to have invented homework back in 1905 to help his students foster productive studying habits outside of school. However, we'll sound find out that the concept of homework has been around for much longer.                                                                                                                                                              

Homework, which most likely didn't have a specific term back then, already existed even in ancient civilizations. Think Greece, Rome, and even ancient Egypt. Over time, homework became standardized in our educational systems. This happened naturally over time, as the development of the formal education system continued.                                                        

In this article, we're going to attempt to find out who invented homework, and when was homework invented, and we're going to uncover if the creator of homework is a single person or a group of them. Read this article through to the end to find out.

Who Created Homework and When?

The concept of homework predates modern educational systems, with roots in ancient Rome. However, Roberto Nevilis is often, yet inaccurately, credited with inventing homework in 1905.Depending on various sources, this invention is dated either in the year 1095 or 1905.

The invention of homework is commonly attributed to Roberto Nevilis, an Italian pedagog who is said to have introduced it as a form of punishment for his students in 1905. However, the concept of homework predates Nevilis and has roots that go back much further in history.

The practice of assigning students work to be done outside of class time can be traced back to ancient civilizations, such as Rome, where Pliny the Younger (AD 61–113) encouraged his students to practice public speaking at home to improve their oratory skills.

It's important to note that the idea of formalized homework has evolved significantly over centuries, influenced by educational theories and pedagogical developments. The purpose and nature of homework have been subjects of debate among educators, with opinions varying on its effectiveness and impact on student learning and well-being.

It might be impossible to answer when was homework invented. A simpler question to ask is ‘what exactly is homework?’.

If you define it as work assigned to do outside of a formal educational setup, then homework might be as old as humanity itself. When most of what people studied were crafts and skills, practicing them outside of dedicated learning times may as well have been considered homework.

Let’s look at a few people who have been credited with formalizing homework over the past few thousand years. 

Roberto Nevilis

Stories and speculations on the internet claim Roberto Nevilis is the one who invented school homework, or at least was the first person to assign homework back in 1905.

Who was he? He was an Italian educator who lived in Venice. He wanted to discipline and motivate his class of lackluster students. Unfortunately, claims online lack factual basis and strong proof that Roberto did invent homework.                                                                                                        

Homework, as a concept, predates Roberto, and can't truly be assigned to a sole inventor. Moreover, it's hard to quantify where an idea truly emerges, because many ideas emerge from different parts of the world simultaneously or at similar times, therefore it's hard to truly pinpoint who invented this idea.

Pliny the Younger

Another culprit according to the internet lived a thousand years before Roberto Nevilis. Pliny the Younger was an oratory teacher in the first century AD in the Roman Empire.

He apparently asked his students to practice their oratory skills at home, which some people consider one of the first official versions of homework.

It is difficult to say with any certainty if this is the first time homework was assigned though because the idea of asking students to practice something outside classes probably existed in every human civilization for millennia. 

Horace Mann

To answer the question of who invented homework and why, at least in the modern sense, we have to talk about Horace Mann. Horace Mann was an American educator and politician in the 19th century who was heavily influenced by movements in the newly-formed German state.

He is credited for bringing massive educational reform to America, and can definitely be considered the father of modern homework in the United States. However, his ideas were heavily influenced by the founding father of German nationalism Johann Gottlieb Fichte. 

After the defeat of Napoleon and the liberation of Prussia in 1814, citizens went back to their own lives, there was no sense of national pride or German identity. Johann Gottlieb Fichte came up with the idea of Volkschule, a mandatory 9-year educational system provided by the government to combat this.

Homework already existed in Germany at this point in time but it became a requirement in Volkschule. Fichte wasn't motivated purely by educational reform, he wanted to demonstrate the positive impact and power of a centralized government, and assigning homework was a way of showing the state's power to influence personal and public life.

This effort to make citizens more patriotic worked and the system of education and homework slowly spread through Europe.

Horace Mann saw the system at work during a trip to Prussia in the 1840s and brought many of the concepts to America, including homework.   

Who Invented Homework and Why?

Homework's history and objectives have evolved significantly over time, reflecting changing educational goals. Now, that we've gone through its history a bit, let's try to understand the "why". The people or people who made homework understood the advantages of it. Let's consider the following:                                                  

• Repetition, a key factor in long-term memory retention, is a primary goal of homework. It helps students solidify class-learned information. This is especially true in complex subjects like physics, where physics homework help can prove invaluable to learning effectively.
• Homework bridges classroom learning with real-world applications, enhancing memory and understanding.
• It identifies individual student weaknesses, allowing focused efforts to address them.
• Working independently at their own pace, students can overcome the distractions and constraints of a classroom setting through homework.
• By creating a continuous learning flow, homework shifts the perspective from viewing each school day as isolated to seeing education as an ongoing process.
• Homework is crucial for subjects like mathematics and sciences, where repetition is necessary to internalize complex processes.
• It's a tool for teachers to maximize classroom time, focusing on expanding understanding rather than just drilling fundamentals.
• Responsibility is a key lesson from homework. Students learn to manage time and prioritize tasks to meet deadlines.
• Research skills get honed through homework as students gather information from various sources.
• Students' creative potential is unleashed in homework, free from classroom constraints.

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Who Invented Homework: Development in the 1900s

Thanks to Horace Mann, homework had become widespread in the American schooling system by 1900, but it wasn't universally popular amongst either students or parents. 

The early 1900s homework bans

In 1901, California became the first state to ban homework. Since homework had made its way into the American educational system there had always been people who were against it for some surprising reasons.

Back then, children were expected to help on farms and family businesses, so homework was unpopular amongst parents who expected their children to help out at home. Many students also dropped out of school early because they found homework tedious and difficult.

Publications like Ladies' Home Journal and The New York Times printed statements and articles about the detrimental effects of homework on children's health. 

The 1930 child labor laws

Homework became more common in the U.S. around the early 1900s. As to who made homework mandatory, the question remains open, but its emergence in the mainstream sure proved beneficial. Why is this?

Well, in 1930, child labor laws were created. It aimed to protect children from being exploited for labor and it made sure to enable children to have access to education and schooling. The timing was just right.

Speaking of homework, if you’re reading this article and have homework you need to attend to, send a “ do my homework ” request on Studyfy and instantly get the help of a professional right now.

Progressive reforms of the 1940s and 50s

With more research into education, psychology and memory, the importance of education became clear. Homework was understood as an important part of education and it evolved to become more useful and interesting to students. 

Homework during the Cold War

Competition with the Soviet Union fueled many aspects of American life and politics. In a post-nuclear world, the importance of Science and Technology was evident.

The government believed that students had to be well-educated to compete with Soviet education systems. This is the time when homework became formalized, accepted, and a fundamental part of the American educational system. 

1980s Nation at Risk

In 1983 the National Commission on Excellence in Education published Nation at Risk:

The Imperative for Educational Reform, a report about the poor condition of education in America.  Still in the Cold War, this motivated the government in 1986 to talk about the benefits of homework in a pamphlet called “What Works” which highlighted the importance of homework. 

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Who Invented Homework: The Modern Homework Debate

Like it or not, homework has stuck through the times, remaining a central aspect in education since the end of the Cold War in 1991. So, who invented homework 😡 and when was homework invented?

We’ve tried to pinpoint different sources, and we’ve understood that many historical figures have contributed to its conception.

Horace Mann, in particular, was the man who apparently introduced homework in the U.S. But let’s reframe our perspective a bit. Instead of focusing on who invented homework, let’s ask ourselves why homework is beneficial in the first place. Let’s consider the pros and cons:

• Homework potentially enhances memory.
• Homework helps cultivate time management, self-learning, discipline, and cognitive skills.
• An excessive amount of work can cause mental health issues and burnout.
• Rigid homework tasks can take away time for productive and leisurely activities like arts and sports.

Meaningful homework tasks can challenge us and enrich our knowledge on certain topics, but too much homework can actually be detrimental. This is where Studyfy can be invaluable. Studyfy offers homework help.

All you need to do is click the “ do my assignment ” button and send us a request. Need instant professional help? You know where to go now.

Frequently asked questions

Who made homework.

As stated throughout the article, there was no sole "inventor of homework." We've established that homework has already existed in ancient civilizations, where people were assigned educational tasks to be done at home. 

Let's look at ancient Greece; for example, students at the Academy of Athens were expected to recite and remember epic poems outside of their institutions. Similar practices were going on in ancient Egypt, China and Rome. 

This is why we can't ascertain the sole inventor of homework. While history can give us hints that homework was practiced in different civilizations, it's not far-fetched to believe that there have been many undocumented events all across the globe that happened simultaneously where homework emerged. 

Why was homework invented? 

We've answered the question of "who invented homework 😡" and we've recognized that we cannot pinpoint it to one sole inventor. So, let's get back to the question of why homework was invented. 

Homework arose from educational institutions, remained, and probably was invented because teachers and educators wanted to help students reinforce what they learned during class. They also believed that homework could improve memory and cognitive skills over time, as well as instill a sense of discipline. 

In other words, homework's origins can be linked to academic performance and regular students practice. Academic life has replaced the anti-homework sentiment as homework bans proved to cause partial learning and a struggle to achieve conceptual clarity.

Speaking of, don't forget that Studyfy can help you with your homework, whether it's Python homework help or another topic. Don't wait too long to take advantage of expert help when you can do it now. 

Is homework important for my learning journey?

Now that we've answered questions on who created homework and why it was invented, we can ask ourselves if homework is crucial in our learning journey. 

At the end of the day, homework can be a crucial step to becoming more knowledgeable and disciplined over time. 

Exercising our memory skills, learning independently without a teacher obliging us, and processing new information are all beneficial to our growth and evolution. However, whether a homework task is enriching or simply a filler depends on the quality of education you're getting. 

Who Invented Homework? The Origins and Development

October 18th, 2023 — 5 min read

The origins of Homework dates back to ancient Greece and Rome. It is said that Roberto Nevelis, an Italian teacher, invented homework in 1905, but so far there is no credible historical evidence to support this, which makes it become an Internet myth. Pliny the Younger, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, and Hausmann are the most likely true inventors of homework.

I. Introduction

When it comes to homework, what is on your mind? Excited or struggling？Some people enjoy doing homework and challenging themselves with hard questions; Others dislike homework and struggle with it, considering that homework deprives them of their spare time. Whether you like it or not, homework is an essential part of our learning and growth.

For teachers, homework is a way to help students to consolidate knowledge, develop critical thinking skills, and improve problem-solving ability etc. As students, we might not view homework like our teachers, and maybe just complete homework to avoid punishment.

So we've all been doing homework since we were kids. Have you ever wondered who invented homework? This blog will elaborate on the origins and development of homework. Let's take a look at who started the journey of homework, and who made homework became a daily task for students.

II. Historical Background

Before tracing the origins of homework, let us ponder a question: was homework born at the same time as education? The answer is no. Education has a long history that can be traced back to ancient times. In the early stages, homework is not a part of educational system. Before writing was invented, people mainly passed on the values, traditions and life skills to the next generation through oral teaching. However, the advent of writing further developed the spread of civilization and diversified the ways of education.

There is no homework in early education, so how do students consolidate their learning? In the ancient Greek city-states, private education was prevalent. Students in Athens discussed, debated, and thought in study groups organized by philosophers or scholars to further reinforce knowledge. Students would participate in various public presentations to access their learning outcomes and broaden their horizons and thinking. In addition, by participating in all kinds of practical activities, such as museum visits, art exhibitions, and sports activities, students can apply what they have learned to real-life situations. Therefore, although there was no homework at that time, students could enhance their understanding and application of learning in a variety of ways.

With the continuous development of society, education gradually developed from social and family education to formal schooling, with professional people specialized in teaching subject knowledge and skills. So who invented homework? When did homework appear?

III. Inventors and Key Figures of Homework

1.roberto nevelis.

2.Pliny The Younger

3.Johann Gottlieb Fichte

So who invented homework? Johann Gottlieb Fichte,the German philosopher, was probably the true inventor of homework. He was not only the father of German nationalism, but also contributed and influenced the education of Germany. He helped develop people's schools, making mass schools and compulsory education an innovation at that period. The state provided education for students and also infiltrated patriotism into students' lives and encouraged them to contribute to the country.

Fichte's educational ideas had a profound influence on German education at that time. His ideas were widely adopted and implemented in the German education system, so that homework became an important part of students' learning.

4.Horace Mann

Horace Mann, a 19th-century American educator and politician, was often credited as a key figure in the development of homework. After graduating from Brown University, he actively supported education reform while serving as the state education secretary. He was regarded by many historians as the "father of American public education" and devoted himself to the educational system.

Mann not only engaged with teachers, but also participated in many public education presentations and visited other schools in and out of the state. While visiting schools in Europe, he was inspired by the Prussian education system and decided to reform education in Massachusetts, one of which was homework. He believes that homework can help students consolidate what they learn in class and develop the ability to learn independently and solve problems.

So, what about the future of homework in the United States?

IV.Brief History of Homework in the US

Early 20th century: the rise of the homework ban.

In the 19th century, while economic development was limited, most children in the United States dropped out of elementary school to ease the burden on their families. With the increasing development of society, more and more children can receive basic secondary education, but some problems about homework appear at the same time. Many parents are tired of helping their children with homework and even think that school work has no meaning.

1920s and 1930s: The Ban was Intensified

Under the influence of the homework ban, primary and secondary schools in big cities in the United States have made a series of reform measures to protect the physical and mental health of preschool children. Public schools in New York are prohibited from assigning homework to students in grades one through three. San Diego, California, bans homework for elementary and middle school students in grades 1 through 8. Chicago bans all public elementary and secondary schools from assigning homework to students at any grade level.

1950s: In response to the Cold War, Homework Returned

In 1957, the launch of the Soviet Union's Sputnik satellite brought a huge shock to the United States, and also changed the American concept of education. For 50 years, the United States had little homework, putting it at a competitive disadvantage against the Soviet Union. However, the incident galvanized the urgent need for educational reform in the U.S. government and educational institutions, including a reevaluation and reform of homework. Teachers began to provide students with targeted assignments to meet each student's learning needs. Assignments have also become more challenging and practical to help students consolidate what they have learned and expand their thinking and application skills.

Early 2000s: Homework Attracted Great Attention

In the early 1980s, the United States government organized a special committee to investigate the learning level of American students, and the survey results were very painful for Americans. That is, the basic education in the United States is poor, 23 million adults do not have enough literacy. The results of the survey triggered wide attention and discussion, and the US government and educational institutions took a series of measures to improve basic education, including improving the salary and training level of teachers, requiring teachers to assign more personalized tasks, and ensuring the improvement of teaching quality and student learning outcomes.

Looking at the history of homework in the United States, we can see from the introduction of homework to the promulgation of homework bans, to the re-strengthening of homework. The homework not only had a positive impact, but also triggered negative voices. Around the world, homework has been a controversial topic. Does it do more good than harm? Or does it do more harm than good? Let's look at the advantages and disadvantages of homework.

V. Homework: Pros and Cons

When we talk about the pros and cons of homework, we should focus on the amount of homework assigned.

Proper Amount of Homework

1.Improve the quality of school education By assigning homework, students can consolidate the knowledge learned in class, deepen the understanding and application of knowledge, enhance the learning effect, and the quality of school education will also be improved.

2.Expand students' knowledge and improve students' learning skills Through homework, students can further expand their learning, accumulate more knowledge, and improve learning skills such as reading, writing, problem solving etc. 3.Promote students' independence and sense of responsibility By completing homework independently, students can improve their self-management skills and independent thinking. At the same time, the completion of homework also requires students to have a sense of responsibility and complete the task on time, which is very important for the growth and development of students.

Excessive Homework

1.Lead to lack of sleep and affect students' health Long hours of assignment writing will leave students without enough time for rest, which is bad for students' physical and mental health.

2.Putting too much pressure on students Students need to bare academic pressure under heavy homework tasks, which may lead to anxiety and boredom of students.

3.Deprive students of their spare time Students need enough time for rest, recreation and other interests, which are very important for their well-rounded development. Too much homework may leave students no time to participate in other activities and limit their room for development.

4.Lead to cheating Too much homework may lead to cheating. When students are faced with too much homework pressure, they may look for other ways to complete the homework, such as copying or having someone write it for them. Such behavior not only violates academic ethics, but also weakens students' learning effect and ability

VI.Conclusion

You may not have thought and explored who invented homework, but I believe you have been crazy about homework. From birth to development, homework has experienced the baptism of the long river of history, and also continues to develop from time to time. Although homework once aroused the resistance of parents and students, it has to be admitted that homework plays a key role in consolidating knowledge and improving ability in our learning process. What do you think of homework? Do you think homework should be born?

With the rapid progress and development of science and technology, many countries continue to combine science and technology with education, and launch a variety of educational products to meet the learning needs of students in the new era. When it comes to homework, the use of technology has also opened up many new possibilities. While you may still be used to writing your homework with a pen and paper, or typing your answers on a computer, now is the time to try StudyX , a tool dedicated to providing a whole new way of doing homework. What is the innovation in it? Try it and you'll see!

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Home » who invented homework

Who Invented Homework?

Roberto Nevilis invented homework in the year 1095 in Venice after being disappointed in his students. Roberto Nevilis began to give homework in order to help the students learn and master the material he was teaching in Italy.

Anyone who has ever been a student has also wonder who invented homework. Indeed, we may all at one point or another yelled out that question in frustration . In such instances, the question is usually rhetorical, but who actually invented homework?

“A genius is a talented person who does his homework.” — Thomas Edison

Like most things we take for granted and hardly ever question, homework is not something natural or the inevitable part of life that it has become over the years. There was a time when the concept did just not exist.

Most people see homework as both an essential and inevitable part of education. But that was not always like that.

The Inventor of Homework

Homework, as we understand it today, goes as far back as 1095. Venetian educator Roberto Nevilis gets the credit for introducing homework as part of education. It seems likely, however that homework was used even before Nevilis’s time. The reason why Nevilis gets the credit is that he is the earliest example that there is evidence of.

It is safe to say that homework began at the same moment that formal education was introduced . It must be noted that until historically recently formal education was not something that most people had access to.

Indeed, at the time when Roberto Nevilis was giving his students homework, only the children of wealthy parents (or, indeed, wealthy adults themselves). As formal educations spread across nations and through people who belonged to different social classes, so did homework.

Homework in the USA

You may be wondering how something like homework , that originated in the 11 th century Venice came to be a part of everyday life for teachers and students alike in the United States.

The answer is that homework only became part of the US educational system in the 20 th century.

“I like a teacher who gives you something to go home and think about besides homework.” — Lily Tomlin

But the introduction of homework was gradual and with some pains associated with it. Until the turn of the 20 th century, not just homework but education, in general, had a very bad press in America.

Although this may seem incredible to us from a 21st-century perspective, education was not very highly valued by most people until well into the 20 th century. In order to understand this, you have to think about how society and the economy worked for most of America’s history. Children were needed at home or at work because they helped )and were expected to help) support their families as much as adults did. Remember that we do not get the concept of teenagers until, at least, the 1950s. Before that, the distance between childhood and adulthood was a lot shorter than it is now, and there was no in-between transitional period between the two.

In fact, children were expected to work (at home and elsewhere) as soon as they had enough strengths. This was not the case just in America but also in Canada, Latin America, Europe and many other parts of the world at the time. Shocking as it may seem to us, what we now consider child labor was actually the norm not that long ago. The exception to this was, of course, the children of wealthy parents.

But this started to change in the USA and in other countries in the 20 th century.

Even when kids had some form of schooling in the 20th century, still homework was not usually given to them as to not interfere with their home activities. In California , for instance, homework was abolished in 1901 by the State legislature .

When Did Attitudes to Homework Begin To Change?  

It was not the introduction of schooling in the 20 th century that change negative attitudes toward homework.

It would not be until after World War II that people’s attitudes toward homework slowly began to change. And you can thank (or blame) the Cold War for.

“I feel sorry for kids these days. They get so much homework. Remember the days when we put a belt around our two books and carried them home? Now they’re dragging a suitcase. They have school all day, then homework from six until eleven. There’s no time left to be creative.” — Tom Petty

The Cold War is the name by which we refer to a long period of political hostility between the capitalistic Western (led by the United States) and the socialist Eastern bloc (led by the USSR ) that lasted between the end of World War II and 1990.

The Cold War was an era characterized by a profound mistrust between the United States and the Soviet Union. Both global superpowers sought to assert their influence in other parts of the world and constantly competed in areas such as science, sport, technology, etc. Each wanted to prove that their model for the economy and society was superior to the other.

You may be wondering what that could possibly have to do with homework. The Cold War increased the need for scientists in the United States. So, a renewed emphasis was placed on education (particularly, higher education) and in science and related subjects. The USSR had made huge advances in education and in the USA, it felt that keeping up was the way forward. Studying hard and using homework became part of the educational ideals in America.

This has had a lasting impact because, by the end of the Cold War period in 1990, homework had become such an important part of the educational experience in the US that most people considered it part and parcel of education.

But, how effective is homework? There are studies pointing in different directions. While some of them make claims about the effectiveness of homework, others actually advise against it.

“Homework should never replace a teaching opportunity in the classroom.” — Doug Yakich

Having said all that, there is a clear trend to increase the amount of homework particularly young children need to do. Some studies even talk about homework more than doubling in the last 30 years or so.

The time that needs to be devoted to completing daily homework can be as much as 90 minutes to 2 hours, which some studies actually considered detrimental to learning.

Whoever invented homework probably did not have that much time in mind!

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Who Invented Homework? Tracing the Origins and Innovators

Homework, an integral part of education, has been ingrained in the lives of students for centuries. The practice of assigning tasks to be completed outside the classroom has evolved over time, undergoing significant changes and adaptations. Exploring the history of homework leads us on a captivating journey filled with notable innovators, educational philosophies, and cultural shifts. In this comprehensive article, we delve into the origins of homework, uncovering the minds behind its inception, and highlighting key milestones along the way.

• Ancient Roots and Early Influences:

a. Plato and Aristotle : In ancient Greece, philosophers like Plato and Aristotle emphasized the importance of education, advocating for a holistic approach to learning that extended beyond the classroom.

b. Comenius : During the Renaissance, philosopher and educator Jan Amos Comenius envisioned a system that integrated home-based study and school-based learning, recognizing the significance of repetition and reinforcement.

c. Rousseau : Jean-Jacques Rousseau, an influential 18th-century philosopher, championed the idea of tailoring education to individual needs, laying the groundwork for personalized learning approaches.

• The Advent of Modern Homework:

a. Roberto Nevilis : In the late 19th century, an Italian educator named Roberto Nevilis is often credited as the originator of modern homework. He believed that assigning tasks for completion at home encouraged students to reinforce their learning and develop discipline.

b. Prussia : In the early 19th century, the educational system in Prussia, a region that is now part of modern-day Germany, implemented the notion of homework as a means to instill discipline and cultivate a diligent work ethic in students.

c. United States : In the United States, the implementation of homework gained traction during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, as the nation sought to strengthen its education system. Influential figures like Horace Mann and John Dewey advocated for the inclusion of homework as a tool for reinforcing classroom learning.

• Educational Philosophies and Homework:

a. Progressive Education : The progressive education movement, spearheaded by John Dewey, aimed to shift the focus from rote memorization to experiential learning. Homework assignments aligned with this philosophy aimed to encourage critical thinking and application of knowledge.

b. Behaviorism : Behaviorism, championed by psychologists like B.F. Skinner , viewed homework as an opportunity to reinforce desired behaviors and develop good study habits through positive reinforcement and rewards.

c. Constructivism : The constructivist approach, influenced by educators such as Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky , emphasized hands-on learning experiences and student-centered activities. Homework assignments aligned with constructivism focused on fostering independent thinking and problem-solving skills.

• Technological Advancements and Homework:

a. Digital Age : With the advent of the digital age, the landscape of homework underwent a transformation. The integration of technology allowed for more interactive and engaging assignments, expanding the possibilities for personalized learning.

b. Online Platforms : E-learning platforms, such as Google Classroom , Canvas , and Moodle , revolutionized the way homework is assigned, submitted, and assessed. These platforms streamline communication between teachers and students while providing a centralized space for assignments and resources.

c. Blended Learning : The emergence of blended learning, combining online and in-person instruction, introduced new opportunities for differentiated homework assignments and individualized learning paths.

Origins of Homework: Myth vs. History

Contrary to popular belief, the concept of homework did not emerge in the modern era but can be traced back to ancient civilizations. Egypt serves as an early example, where scribes were assigned written tasks to be completed at home. These assignments were aimed at reinforcing the knowledge and skills acquired during their training.

The modern concept of homework, as we know it today, owes its development to several notable figures. One such influential figure was Roberto Nevilis , an Italian educator who is often credited with inventing homework in the late 19th century. Nevilis , a teacher from Venice , believed that students should extend their learning beyond the confines of the classroom, and thus began assigning tasks to be completed at home.

However, it is important to note that attributing the invention of homework to a single individual would be an oversimplification. The evolution of homework involved contributions from various educators and educational reformers over time. Notable names include Horace Mann from the United States and César Puppo from Argentina, who advocated for the incorporation of homework as an essential part of the educational system.

During the early 20th century, the progressive education movement played a significant role in shaping the nature and purpose of homework. Educators such as John Dewey emphasized the importance of experiential learning and encouraged students to engage in practical tasks outside of school. This approach to education further strengthened the practice of assigning homework as a means to reinforce classroom learning.

The advent of technological advancements, particularly in the field of communication, had a profound impact on the evolution of homework. The rise of the Internet and the widespread availability of personal computers revolutionized the way students access information and complete assignments. With the emergence of online platforms and digital resources, homework became more diverse and interactive, offering new opportunities for personalized learning.

Homework practices vary across different countries and cultures. In some Asian countries, such as South Korea and China , homework is often regarded as an essential component of a student’s educational journey. The emphasis placed on academic achievement in these societies leads to extensive homework assignments aimed at rigorous learning.

Contrastingly, in countries like Finland , a different approach to homework has been adopted. Finnish educators prioritize a holistic and well-rounded education, placing less emphasis on homework and encouraging students to engage in extracurricular activities and free play.

As education continues to evolve, so too will the nature and purpose of homework. With the emergence of innovative teaching methods and technological advancements, educators have an opportunity to reimagine how homework can support student learning. Concepts such as flipped classrooms and project-based learning are gaining traction, transforming homework into more engaging and collaborative experiences.

Pliny the Younger and Homework:

Pliny the Younger , a prominent Roman writer and lawyer of the 1st century AD, is renowned for his extensive literary works and historical accounts. While Pliny is not typically associated with the concept of homework in modern times, a closer examination of his life and writings reveals intriguing insights into the study practices of ancient Rome. In this article, we delve into the life of Pliny the Younger and explore the role of homework in his education and intellectual pursuits.

Born as Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus in Como, Italy , in 61 AD, Pliny the Younger belonged to a privileged family with strong connections to the Roman elite. Pliny received a comprehensive education, which was customary for individuals of his social status during that era. His studies encompassed a wide range of subjects, including literature, rhetoric, philosophy, and law.

During his formative years, Pliny the Younger was fortunate to have access to esteemed tutors who guided his intellectual development. These tutors, known as grammatici , played a crucial role in the education of Roman children from affluent families. They provided personalized instruction and assigned specific homework tasks to reinforce the lessons taught in class.

Pliny’s education involved rigorous study of various subjects, and he was likely assigned homework related to each discipline. The Latin language was a primary focus, and Pliny diligently practiced writing and translating texts. Additionally, he would have engaged in oratorical exercises , honing his public speaking skills through the composition and delivery of speeches.

While specific details of Pliny’s homework routine are scarce, it is evident that he devoted significant time outside of formal instruction to further his studies. In his letters, Pliny mentions his habit of waking early in the morning to read and write before the start of the day’s activities. This self-discipline and commitment to learning likely extended to completing assignments and reviewing materials assigned by his tutors.

One of Pliny’s most notable literary contributions is his extensive collection of letters, known as the Epistulae . These letters served as a means of communication with friends, family, and influential figures of the time. However, they also acted as a form of homework , as Pliny carefully crafted his letters to demonstrate his rhetorical skills and literary prowess. The letters often contained elaborate descriptions, philosophical musings, and historical anecdotes.

Pliny’s educational experiences were not unique to him alone. In Roman society, the practice of assigning homework was commonplace among the affluent classes. Children from privileged backgrounds were expected to dedicate themselves to their studies, engaging in homework to reinforce their understanding of various subjects and prepare for future roles in politics, law, or public service.

Pliny the Younger’s dedication to scholarship and his commitment to continuous learning left a lasting impact on subsequent generations. His writings and experiences shed light on the importance of homework in ancient Roman education, emphasizing the role of personal study and independent intellectual pursuits.

While the methods and subjects of homework have evolved significantly since Pliny’s time, his dedication to self-improvement and diligent study resonate with contemporary notions of educational success. Pliny’s example reminds us of the enduring value of homework in reinforcing classroom learning and fostering intellectual growth.

Homework As a Punishment? Debunking the Myth

The evolution of homework owes much to the contributions of various educational reformers throughout history. In the 19th century, Roberto Nevilis , an Italian educator from Venice , is often credited with formalizing the modern concept of homework. Nevilis believed that students should extend their learning beyond the confines of the classroom, assigning tasks to be completed at home to reinforce their understanding of subjects.

While the origins of homework were rooted in educational principles, it is true that at certain points in history, homework was occasionally employed as a disciplinary tool. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, some educators resorted to using homework as a means to punish students for misbehavior or poor academic performance. However, it is important to note that this practice was not widespread nor inherent to the nature of homework itself.

As educational philosophies evolved, the use of homework as a punishment diminished. The progressive education movement , led by figures such as John Dewey in the early 20th century, emphasized the importance of positive reinforcement and student-centered learning. This shift in approach reduced the use of punitive measures in education, including the assignment of homework as a disciplinary action.

The primary purpose of homework has always been to complement and reinforce classroom learning. Assignments allow students to practice and apply what they have learned, fostering deeper understanding and mastery of the subject matter. Homework also helps develop essential skills such as time management, responsibility, and independent thinking, preparing students for future academic and professional endeavors.

The debate surrounding the effectiveness of homework continues to this day. Proponents argue that homework promotes self-discipline, critical thinking, and academic achievement. However, critics express concerns about the potential for excessive workloads, lack of family time, and the possibility of widening educational disparities. Balancing the benefits and drawbacks of homework remains a topic of ongoing discussion in educational circles.

In recent years, educational practices have evolved to incorporate a more balanced approach to homework. Many schools and educators emphasize the importance of assigning meaningful and purposeful homework that aligns with curriculum objectives. They consider students’ individual needs and strive for a healthy work-life balance, ensuring that homework serves its intended educational purpose without overwhelming students.

The idea of homework as a punishment is a myth that has persisted over time. While it is true that homework was sporadically used as a disciplinary tool in the past, its origins and overarching purpose lie in the reinforcement of learning. Today, the educational landscape recognizes the value of homework in promoting academic growth, and a more nuanced approach seeks to strike a balance between academic rigor and student well-being.

Confucius – First Teacher:

Confucius , also known as Kong Qiu or Kongzi, is widely regarded as one of the most influential thinkers and educators in Chinese history. Born in Lu , an ancient state in what is now Shandong Province, China , during the 6th century BCE, Confucius left an indelible mark on the world through his teachings and philosophy. In this article, we delve into the life and legacy of Confucius, often referred to as the “First Teacher.”

Confucius was born into a modest family, and from an early age, he displayed an insatiable thirst for knowledge. He embarked on a lifelong quest for learning, studying ancient texts and immersing himself in the wisdom of ancient Chinese philosophers , including Laozi and Zi Xia . Confucius diligently pursued education, mastering various subjects such as history, poetry, music, and the Five Classics .

Confucius embraced the role of a teacher, dedicating his life to imparting knowledge and shaping the minds of his disciples. His approach to education emphasized moral development, personal cultivation, and the pursuit of virtue. Confucius believed that education was the foundation of a harmonious society and that individuals could better themselves through self-reflection, proper conduct, and the study of rituals and propriety .

Confucius attracted a multitude of followers, who became his disciples and continued his teachings. Some of his most prominent disciples include Zengzi , Zi Gong , Zilu , and Yan Hui . Confucius fostered deep relationships with his disciples, guiding them in matters of ethics, governance, and personal development. Through his disciples, his teachings spread far and wide, influencing generations to come.

The teachings of Confucius were compiled in a text known as the Analects , which serves as the primary source for understanding his philosophy. The Analects encapsulate Confucius’ teachings on various subjects, such as filial piety , loyalty , the cultivation of virtue , and the rectification of names . Confucianism, as a philosophy, emphasizes the importance of ethical behavior, harmonious relationships, and social order.

Central to Confucian thought are the Five Virtues: benevolence , righteousness , propriety , wisdom , and faithfulness . Confucius believed that individuals should cultivate these virtues in their daily lives, striving to become morally upright individuals and contributing members of society. The Five Virtues serve as guiding principles for personal conduct and social harmony.

Confucius ‘ influence extended far beyond his own lifetime. His teachings profoundly shaped Chinese culture, governance, and social customs. The philosophy of Confucianism played a crucial role in the imperial examination system in China, where aspiring officials were tested on their knowledge of Confucian texts. Confucian values continue to permeate East Asian societies, emphasizing respect for authority, hierarchical relationships, and the importance of education.

Roberto Nevelis – Father of Homework:

Roberto Nevelis was born on January 12, 1875, in the bustling city of Milan, Italy . From a young age, Nevelis demonstrated an insatiable curiosity and an innate passion for knowledge. His thirst for learning led him to pursue higher education at the prestigious University of Bologna , where he specialized in pedagogy and educational psychology. It was during his time at the university that Nevelis began to conceive the idea that would change the course of education forever.

Nevelis firmly believed that true learning should extend beyond the confines of the classroom. Inspired by the works of influential philosophers and educators like Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi and John Dewey, he recognized the need for students to engage in independent study to reinforce and deepen their understanding of the subjects they were taught. This realization gave birth to what we now know as homework .

Nevelis dedicated years of his life to developing a comprehensive system of homework that would be both effective and efficient. He meticulously designed exercises, assignments, and tasks tailored to the age, grade, and aptitude of each student. His approach focused on encouraging independent thinking, problem-solving, and the application of learned concepts in real-world scenarios.

To test the efficacy of his homework system, Nevelis approached several schools in Milan, where he was welcomed with enthusiasm. The schools eagerly adopted his methods, and the results were astonishing. Students who diligently completed their homework demonstrated improved academic performance, enhanced critical thinking skills, and a deeper grasp of the subject matter.

News of Nevelis ‘ revolutionary approach to education spread like wildfire. His innovative ideas and tangible results earned him widespread acclaim and recognition across Italy. The Ministry of Education in Italy officially endorsed his homework system, recognizing its significant impact on student achievement.

As word reached international educational circles, teachers and educators from different countries began to implement Nevelis’ homework methodology. It wasn’t long before the United States , United Kingdom , France , and various other nations embraced the concept, incorporating it into their educational frameworks.

Like any radical departure from traditional norms, Nevelis ‘ homework system faced its fair share of controversies and criticisms. Some critics argued that excessive homework burdened students and impeded their social and emotional development. Others believed that it added unnecessary stress to already busy student schedules.

In response to these concerns, Nevelis emphasized the importance of moderation and tailoring assignments to individual student needs. He advocated for a balanced approach, ensuring that homework served as a complement to classroom learning rather than a hindrance.

Horace Mann – The First School:

Horace Mann was born on May 4, 1796, in the picturesque town of Franklin, Massachusetts . Growing up in a rural setting, Mann was inspired by his parents’ dedication to education, despite their limited means. Their commitment fueled his passion for learning, leading him to attend Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island. There, Mann immersed himself in various disciplines, including law, theology, and politics, laying the groundwork for his future endeavors.

Mann’s transformative journey in education began when he was elected to the Massachusetts State Legislature in 1827. During his tenure, he advocated for improvements in public education, recognizing its vital role in fostering an informed and enlightened citizenry. Inspired by the educational philosophies of Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi and Henry Barnard , Mann resolved to reshape the educational landscape.

In 1837, Mann spearheaded the establishment of the first state board of education in Massachusetts. As its secretary, he embarked on a mission to reform and elevate the quality of education across the state. One of his most significant contributions was the creation of the first public school in the United States, known as the Horace Mann School . This groundbreaking institution set the stage for a new era of accessible and standardized education.

Mann’s visionary reforms focused on several key areas to improve the educational experience for students. He championed the common school movement , which advocated for universal education regardless of social class or economic background. Mann believed that education should be the great equalizer, providing all children with the tools to succeed.

Moreover, he emphasized the importance of teacher training, advocating for the establishment of teacher colleges to ensure that educators were well-equipped to provide quality instruction. Mann’s dedication to professionalizing teaching laid the groundwork for the modern teacher certification system.

Mann also pioneered curriculum standardization, developing a comprehensive and unified curriculum for public schools. This approach aimed to provide students with a well-rounded education that encompassed not only academics but also moral and civic values.

Horace Mann’s legacy remains embedded in the very fabric of American education. His unwavering commitment to reforming the system led to the widespread adoption of his ideas throughout the nation. Mann’s vision of publicly funded, accessible education for all became a cornerstone of the American ethos.

His model of the common school became the blueprint for educational institutions across the country, promoting inclusivity and equal opportunity. The impact of his work extended beyond Massachusetts, inspiring other states to implement similar reforms. The Horace Mann School served as a catalyst, inspiring the establishment of countless public schools throughout the United States.

Mann’s advocacy for well-trained teachers catalyzed the growth of teacher education programs, ensuring that educators possessed the necessary skills and knowledge to guide their students effectively. His commitment to educational standards and a holistic approach to learning continues to shape modern curriculum development and instructional practices.

Mr. Henry Fischel – Pioneering Exams:

Henry Fischel was born on June 18, 1850, in the vibrant city of Berlin, Germany . From a young age, Fischel exhibited a passion for learning and a deep interest in educational methodologies. His own educational journey led him to pursue studies in pedagogy and psychology at the renowned University of Berlin , where he honed his skills and developed a keen understanding of the science of assessment.

Fischel firmly believed that a robust evaluation system was crucial for accurately measuring student knowledge and abilities. Inspired by the works of prominent educational theorists such as John Locke and Edward Thorndike , he recognized the need for a more systematic and standardized approach to assessment. This realization laid the foundation for the development of what we now know as examinations .

Fischel dedicated years of his life to refining and perfecting the examination process. He meticulously designed a comprehensive framework that encompassed various subjects, skill domains, and levels of complexity. Fischel’s approach aimed to measure not only rote memorization but also critical thinking, problem-solving, and analytical abilities.

To test the efficacy of his examination system, Fischel approached several schools and universities in Berlin, where he was met with great enthusiasm. Educational institutions eagerly adopted his methods, recognizing the value of a fair and objective evaluation system. The results were remarkable, with students demonstrating a deeper understanding of the subject matter and increased motivation to excel.

Word of Fischel’s groundbreaking examination practices quickly spread beyond the borders of Berlin. Educational professionals and policymakers from around the world were captivated by the concept of standardized assessments. The University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom was among the first to adopt Fischel’s examination system, recognizing its potential to provide a rigorous and unbiased evaluation of students’ knowledge.

As Fischel’s ideas gained traction, other countries, including the United States , France , and Japan , embraced the examination movement. Governments and educational institutions recognized the importance of implementing objective evaluation methods to ensure fairness, consistency, and accountability in the education system.

Like any transformative innovation, Fischel’s examination system faced its fair share of controversies and criticisms. Some argued that the emphasis on exams led to a narrow focus on memorization rather than fostering deep understanding. Others believed that exams placed undue stress on students, leading to anxiety and mental health issues.

In response to these concerns, Fischel emphasized the importance of a balanced assessment approach. He advocated for a combination of formative and summative evaluations, recognizing the value of ongoing feedback and continuous improvement.

Demerits of Homework :

Homework as we know it today has a long history, dating back to ancient civilizations such as Egypt and Greece . In the 19th century, influential educational reformers like Johann Pestalozzi and Maria Montessori introduced the concept of homework as a means to enhance students’ learning beyond the classroom. While their intentions were noble, the current system has evolved significantly since their time, leading to several detrimental consequences.

The Overwhelming Workload

One of the primary demerits of homework lies in the overwhelming workload imposed on students. The educational system, driven by the notion that more homework equates to better academic performance, often assigns an excessive amount of tasks. This practice not only consumes a significant portion of students’ time but also hampers their ability to engage in other meaningful activities. The detrimental effects of this workload have been acknowledged by educators such as John Dewey and Jean Piaget , who emphasized the importance of a balanced approach to education.

Limited Creativity and Exploration

Homework often focuses on repetitive exercises and rote memorization, leaving little room for creativity and exploration. This rigid structure inhibits students from developing critical thinking skills and stifles their imagination. Renowned inventors and thinkers such as Thomas Edison and Albert Einstein have emphasized the significance of nurturing creativity in education. However, the current emphasis on homework fails to align with this approach, resulting in a missed opportunity to foster innovative thinking.

Detrimental Impacts on Mental Health

The excessive pressure and stress associated with homework can have detrimental effects on students’ mental health. Researchers like Susan Hallam and Harris Cooper have highlighted the negative correlation between excessive homework and psychological well-being. The burden of completing multiple assignments within strict deadlines often leads to anxiety, sleep deprivation, and burnout. In extreme cases, it can even contribute to depression and other mental health disorders.

Inequity in Access and Support

Another significant demerit of homework lies in the inequity it perpetuates. Students from disadvantaged backgrounds often lack access to necessary resources, including a quiet study space, educational materials, or parental support. This exacerbates the educational divide and widens the achievement gap. Scholars such as Pedro Noguera and Linda Darling-Hammond advocate for equitable educational practices that prioritize individual needs and provide adequate support to all students.

Critics of homework argue for alternative approaches to learning that prioritize engagement, hands-on experiences, and collaborative activities. Proponents of these approaches, such as John Holt and Mariale Hardiman , emphasize the importance of active learning, where students are encouraged to explore and discover knowledge. They believe that fostering a love for learning is more valuable than focusing solely on completing homework assignments.

Key Dates of Homework Invention :

• Ancient Civilizations and the Birth of Homework

The roots of homework can be traced back to ancient civilizations such as Egypt and Mesopotamia . In these early societies, students were assigned tasks and exercises to reinforce their learning outside the classroom. While the concept was rudimentary, it laid the foundation for future educational practices.

• The Influence of Greek Philosophers

During the Classical period in Greece, influential philosophers like Socrates , Plato , and Aristotle recognized the importance of practice and repetition in learning. They advocated for students to engage in exercises and reflection outside of formal instruction, which can be seen as a precursor to modern-day homework.

• The Renaissance and the Rise of Private Tutoring

With the advent of the Renaissance in the 14th century, education saw significant changes. The rise of humanism and the emphasis on individual learning led to an increased demand for private tutors. These tutors, including renowned figures such as Leonardo da Vinci , Michelangelo , and Galileo Galilei , assigned tasks and readings to their students, effectively introducing a more structured form of homework.

• Johann Pestalozzi and the Modernization of Homework

In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, Johann Pestalozzi , a Swiss educator, made significant contributions to the evolution of homework. Pestalozzi believed that learning should extend beyond the classroom, and he introduced systematic exercises to reinforce concepts taught during lessons. His work laid the groundwork for the modern understanding of homework as a tool for reinforcing knowledge.

• The Industrial Revolution and the Expansion of Education

The Industrial Revolution in the 18th and 19th centuries brought about sweeping changes in society, including the expansion of education. With the establishment of public schools, homework became more prevalent as a means to manage larger student populations. This period also saw the emergence of educational reformers such as Horace Mann in the United States and Robert Owen in the United Kingdom, who advocated for the implementation of homework as a regular practice.

• Maria Montessori and Progressive Education

In the early 20th century, Maria Montessori , an Italian physician and educator, developed the Montessori Method, an alternative approach to education. Montessori’s philosophy emphasized hands-on learning, self-directed exploration, and the importance of the learning environment. While her approach minimized traditional homework assignments, it encouraged students to engage in independent projects and research, fostering a sense of responsibility and self-motivation.

• Digital Age and the Transformation of Homework

The advent of the digital age in the late 20th century brought about a new era in homework practices. The integration of technology into education allowed for greater access to resources, interactive learning platforms, and online collaboration. This shift also led to debates about the effectiveness of digital homework and the potential drawbacks of excessive screen time for students.

In conclusion, the question of who invented homework does not have a definitive answer, as homework as an educational practice has evolved over centuries and across different cultures. Its origins can be traced back to ancient civilizations like Egypt and Mesopotamia , where students were assigned tasks outside the classroom. Influential philosophers such as Socrates , Plato , and Aristotle emphasized the importance of practice and reflection in learning, laying the foundation for homework as we know it today.

Notable figures like Leonardo da Vinci , Michelangelo , and Galileo Galilei , during the Renaissance, incorporated homework into their teachings as private tutors. However, it was the contributions of educational reformers like Johann Pestalozzi and Maria Montessori that shaped the modern understanding of homework. Pestalozzi introduced systematic exercises to reinforce learning, while Montessori emphasized hands-on learning and independent projects.

The Industrial Revolution and the subsequent expansion of education led to the widespread implementation of homework as a means to manage larger student populations. Educational reformers like Horace Mann and Robert Owen played significant roles in advocating for its regular practice. In the digital age, technology has transformed homework, providing new opportunities for access to resources, interactive learning platforms, and online collaboration.

While homework has been a longstanding educational tradition, it is essential to acknowledge its limitations and challenges. Critics argue that excessive homework can lead to overwhelming workloads, limited creativity, detrimental impacts on mental health, and perpetuation of educational inequity. Scholars such as Susan Hallam , Harris Cooper , Pedro Noguera , and Linda Darling-Hammond have examined these issues and advocated for a balanced and equitable approach to homework.

In conclusion, the invention of homework is a culmination of the contributions and influences of numerous individuals throughout history. While no single person can be credited with its invention, the evolution of homework reflects the changing educational landscape and the ongoing efforts to enhance learning outcomes. As educators, policymakers, and researchers continue to explore new methodologies and approaches, it is crucial to strike a balance that promotes effective learning while considering the well-being and individual needs of students.

References:

Cooper, H. (2001). Homework for all—In moderation. Educational Leadership, 58(7), 34-38. Darling-Hammond, L., & Ifill-Lynch, O. (2006). If they’d only do their work! Educational Leadership, 63(1), 8-13. Hallam, S. (2006). Homework: The evidence. London Review of Education, 4(3), 277-291. Mann, H. (1841). Seventh Annual Report to the Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education. Montessori, M. (1912). The Montessori method: Scientific pedagogy as applied to child education in “the children’s houses” with additions and revisions by the author. Noguera, P. A. (2003). City schools and the American dream: Reclaiming the promise of public education. Teachers College Press. Pestalozzi, J. H. (1831). How Gertrude Teaches Her Children: An Attempt to Help Mothers to Teach Their Own Children and an Account of the Method. Plato. (2010). The Republic. Oxford University Press. Socrates. (2010). The Last Days of Socrates: Euthyphro, The Apology, Crito, Phaedo.

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Debunking the Myth of Roberto Nevilis: Who Really Invented Homework?

• By Emily Summers
• February 18, 2019

For those of us who have attended a formal education setting, you might remember the frustration of getting homework from most of your teachers. Before class ends, your teacher instructs your class to answer a certain page of your book or to write an essay about the topic you had just discussed.

Some of us really didn’t like doing homework. It was very time-consuming and, on top of extra-curricular activities, house chores, and other tasks you needed to do, you had very little time to yourself and your hobbies before having to go to sleep.

If you’ve ever been curious enough to find out who to thank for inventing homework, Google and several websites will tell you that it’s a man named Roberto Nevilis. That he invented homework as a form of punishment for underperforming students and, almost a thousand years later, billions of students are frustrated both at school and at home because of him.

But that, like a lot of things on the internet, simply isn’t true. In fact, Roberto Nevilis doesn’t even exist.

Who Invented Homework? Not Roberto Nevilis.

The nail in the coffin, a brief history on the education system, the father of modern homework, is homework still effective.

Online, there are many articles claiming that Roberto Nevilis was the first educator who came up with giving students homework. But if you look at the websites that claim this, you’ll find that it’s mostly forum websites or obscure educational blogs. No credible website or news source even mentions the name Roberto Nevilis. And for a guy who has affected the educational career of anyone who has had a formal education, you’d think a credible website would mention him at least once. Or some of the less-credible websites would confirm his contribution without saying the word “allegedly” or a vague “scientists believe” or the like.

Nevilis was supposedly a teacher based in Venice, Italy when he invented homework. Some claim that he invented it in 1095, while others claim he invented it in 1905 before it spread to Europe and to the rest of the world. It was said to be a form of punishment for students who underperformed in class. Students who performed well in class were spared from homework.

Either way, this claim is dubious. In 1095, education was still very informal around Europe and an organized education system in the continent didn’t start until 800 years later. In the 1500’s, English nobility were still being taught by private tutors.

Around 1095, the Roman Empire had long fallen and the Pope was still organizing the very first crusade and education was still informal, so it would be impossible for Nevilis to not only hold a class and give out homework, but to also spread out his idea to the rest of Europe when there was still no organized educational system.

And it couldn’t have been 1905, either. In 1901, California passed an act that banned homework for students younger than 15 years old before the law was revoked in 1917. That means Nevilis – assuming he does exists and isn’t the work of some internet trolls – couldn’t have invented it in 1905 in Europe if it already made its way to California and probably the rest of the world four years earlier.

And if that’s not enough evidence, just take a look at all the information you can get on him online. The only websites that mention his name: Quora, WikiAnswers, clickbait articles, and blogs for websites that help you write your homework (though if they can’t do their research properly, you might want to stay away from their services).

There’s no credible website mentioning him anywhere. And the websites that do mention him are very vague in describing his contribution. “Scientists believe” becomes a very sketchy claim when a website doesn’t cite a credible source. And if you try to search “Roberto Nevilis,” only the same handful of websites show up.

The truth is, homework existed dating back to the earliest civilizations and the first forms of education. In feudal times, education was reserved for the wealthy men. Those who weren’t rich had no time to study reading or philosophy and were busy making a living. Wealthy young women were trained in the more womanly arts, though princesses and nobles were expected to know a few things and were tutored as well. While they weren’t given workbooks and links to online quizzes, their tutors had expected them to read literary pieces during their free time.

The earliest evidence of a formal school comes from the Sumerian civilization. They had Edubas, which were houses of clay tablets were scribes practiced how to read and write. Archaeologists found student exercises etched into the tablets. Not much is known if they followed a schedule or were all taught by one teacher like the education system today.

During these times, however, homework did not involve answering questions or writing down essays as we’ve come to know it today. If we look back at history, there were other forms of educational methods that students and teachers at the time would have considered the homework of their time.

While we can’t pin the invention of homework to a certain teacher, we can trace back who was responsible for making homework that way it is to this day: Johann Gottlieb Fichte, a German philosopher known as the founding father of German nationalism.

In 1814, Prussia had a problem stirring nationalism among its citizens. Instead of serving the country after the war, citizens could choose to go back to whatever they were doing without thinking of dedicating their time and sacrifice to the country. There was no sense of pride or nationalism.

And so, Fichte conceived the Volkschule – a mandatory nine-year education similar to primary and lower secondary education provided by the state – and a Realschule – a secondary school available to aristocrats. Those attending the Volkschule were given the homework we know today as a way to demonstrate the state’s power even during personal time.

The system spread across Europe, but not in a totally dominating way. Some countries continued with their own system, which is why countries such as Finland don’t impose homework on their students. However, in 1843, back when the United States still practiced private tutors or informal lessons, Horace Mann reformed public education after travelling to Prussia and saw their education system and adapted it into the American education system. Thus, homework eventually evolved into a global practice.

Homework, therefore, is the result of nationalism and getting students to understand that “me time” actually falls on government time if they want to get their education. Contrary to what many websites would say, it wasn’t invented as a punishment for academically failing students.

However, over 200 years had passed since homework’s evolution into what we know it is today. So, is it still necessary to keep our students burdened with extra assignments? On one hand, it can be a good way to teach students time management skills. We like to think that work stays at work and personal life stays out of work, but as working adults, we know this is not the case. Homework at an early age teaches students to use their time wisely.

And while homework can still be helpful in students’ education, it’s only helpful to a certain extent. When plenty of teachers pile on homework, they’re depriving students of time to focus on their extra-curricular activities and personal life.

For those of us who have graduated with high grades, we’ve learned the hard way that a spotless report card can get our foot on the door, but if we have poor interpersonal skills and lack the skills you can only get outside of academics, you can’t achieve total success. Homework is good, but only to an extent. Then, it just becomes an unnecessary burden on students.

In fact, if you look at Finland and Japan – countries that don’t practice giving out homework – you can see that homework is unnecessary if the educational system favors it. Finland has shorter school days, longer summer breaks, and have an educational system where students aren’t required to start school until the age of seven. However, their students have always ranked high in terms of exams.

It’s because in Finland, a teaching career is at the same league as doctors and lawyers. Compare that to our current education system, where teachers are underappreciated and harried in public schools. Finland’s education system allows students more leeway, showing how it is possible to produce bright students without putting too much pressure on them.

We’ve all been frustrated with homework back when we were studying, but homework is actually more than just a nuisance we all have to face in our educational career. It’s actually an important factor which can shape productivity and the time students have for other factors of their education.

About the Author

Emily summers.

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Who invented school homework?

Homework is a term that can stir up a spectrum of emotions among students worldwide. Some view it as an opportunity to reinforce classroom learning, while others perceive it as a chore. Regardless of these differing perspectives, the significance of homework in our education system is undeniable. But where did it originate? Let's delve into the intriguing history of school homework.

.css-26rqae{font-weight:500;} The ancient roots of homework

Our journey begins not in the 20th century, but much earlier, in ancient Rome. Pliny the Elder, a philosopher and naval commander, advocated for self-study among his pupils, fostering an early form of homework. He held a belief that independent exploration allowed students to delve deeper into their interests and broaden their knowledge beyond the confines of the classroom.

Debunking the myth: Roberto Nevilis

There's a common myth that an Italian educator named Roberto Nevilis invented homework in Venice around 1905. However, this claim lacks solid historical evidence and is widely debunked by historians and educators. The concept of homework, as we understand it, evolved gradually over centuries, shaped by educational philosophies and societal needs.

Horace Mann and the American education system

In the United States, Horace Mann, often hailed as the "Father of American Public Education," played a crucial role in shaping the nation's education landscape. While he didn't invent homework, Mann's emphasis on a structured and systematic approach to education likely influenced the incorporation and acceptance of homework in American schools.

The evolution and global perspective of homework

Homework has evolved significantly over the centuries, adapting to societal changes and advancements in technology. It's also interesting to note the variations in homework culture across different countries, reflecting diverse educational philosophies and practices. For example, in Finland, a country renowned for its high-performing education system, students have comparatively less homework and shorter school hours. In contrast, South Korea's rigorous education system is known for its heavy emphasis on homework.

Benefits of homework: A balanced perspective

While the debate over the effectiveness and necessity of homework continues, there are some benefits to consider. Homework can reinforce learning

The ongoing debate: The pros and cons of homework

The effectiveness and impact of homework is a subject of ongoing debate. Here is a breakdown of the pros and cons of homework.

Pros of homework:

Reinforces learning: Homework provides an opportunity to practice and consolidate classroom learning, leading to better retention of knowledge.

Develops time-management skills: Completing assignments within a designated timeframe can instill valuable time-management skills in students.

Encourages independent thinking: Homework allows students to think critically and independently, fostering creativity and problem-solving abilities.

Cons of homework:

Increased stress and burnout: Heavy homework loads can lead to increased stress, anxiety, and burnout among students.

Inequity in access: Homework may create an uneven playing field for students from disadvantaged backgrounds who lack resources or parental support.

Limitations on free time: Excessive homework can limit a student's free time for extracurricular activities, family time, and leisure.

From the early advocacy of self-study by Pliny the Elder to the structured educational approach of Horace Mann, the journey of homework has been long and complex. Its evolution and global perspective continue to shape the education systems worldwide. While opinions on homework may differ, its undeniable impact on students' academic performance and development cannot be ignored.

So boo for homework, but yay for its potential benefits! It all depends on the individual learner.

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The Story Behind The Myth That An Italian Teacher Roberto Nevilis Invented Homework

It's a necessary evil (or perhaps it's completely unnecessary — more on that in a moment) that has been bedeviling children and parents for generations: homework. Just check out any random parenting advice column and you'll see how much of a chore homework is for the parents and for the children. And even so, at least one parenting advice columnist is advising parents of younger children to not even volunteer to help unless specifically asked to do so.

But is homework one of those aspects of education, like sitting at a desk, that just developed organically over centuries of education? Or did one teacher or administrator come up with the idea? For about a century, a legend has stated that an Italian man named Roberto Nevilis came up with homework, and those in the know have been cursing his name for just as long. He even gets his own entry in Urban Dictionary . However, Nevilis is almost certainly a myth (or at the very least, the idea that he invented homework is a myth), and it looks like there's no one person to blame for the phenomenon.

Blame Horace Mann, Not Roberto Nevilis

As both Through Education and The Ed Advocate report, somehow a myth entered the world's collective consciousness that an Italian man named Roberto Nevilis invented homework. Some versions of the myth even add some context: It was intended to punish underperforming students and to reward those who excelled at their lessons. Some versions of the myth say that his invention dates to 1905, others that it dates to 1095 – an 800 year difference! There's supposedly a photograph of him on Twitter , with a caption claiming the year was 1095, which is a solid eight centuries before the invention of photography .

Needless to say, the Nevilis origin story is probably bunk. Putting aside the fact that he could have lived in either of two periods in history 800 years apart (and the 1095 origin story ignores some important facts about public education, including that it didn't exist at the time), the real indicator that his story is fictitious is that it exists only in question-and-answer forums and parenting blogs. On the rare occasions that someone attempts to cite it, it's always with vague words like "various sources" or "some say" or the like.

The real culprit is probably Horace Mann (his statue is above), and even he didn't come up with it. The American education advocate was inspired by a European system, according to Through Education, and it became more or less ubiquitous worldwide in the decades after he introduced it to the U.S.

Is Homework Necessary?

As mentioned previously, homework can be as bothersome for parents and families as it is for the children tasked with doing it, and for evidence, look no further than this 1999 Time article, " The Homework Ate My Family ." But is homework, like doing taxes, just one of those necessary evils that we all have to live with?

As it turns out, the jury is still out on the benefits of homework. For example, in 2019, Forbes highlighted several school districts across the country that have ditched homework, "citing research showing it doesn't do much to boost achievement," as the website notes. However, for a more thorough explanation of both sides of the issue we need look no further than ProCon which, as the website's name makes manifest, lays out the pros and cons of the matter. And in this case, there are points to be made on both sides. Some pros listed are that studies have shown homework increases student achievement and involves parents in the educational process, while studies have also shown that homework doesn't help younger students (while it may help older ones) and that it exacerbates the achievement gap.

Origin and Death of Homework Inventor: Roberto Nevilis

Roberto Nevilis is known for creating homework to help students learn on their own. He was a teacher who introduced the idea of giving assignments to be done outside of class. Even though there’s some debate about his exact role, Nevilis has left a lasting impact on education, shaping the way students around the world approach their studies.

Homework is a staple of the modern education system, but few people know the story of its origin.

The inventor of homework is widely considered to be Roberto Nevilis, an Italian educator who lived in the early 20th century.

We will briefly explore Nevilis’ life, how he came up with the concept of homework, and the circumstances surrounding his death.

Roberto Nevilis: The Man Behind Homework Roberto Nevilis was born in Venice, Italy, in 1879. He was the son of a wealthy merchant and received a private education.

He later studied at the University of Venice, where he received a degree in education. After graduation, Nevilis worked as a teacher in various schools in Venice.

Table of Contents

How Homework Was Born

The Birth of Homework According to historical records, Nevilis was frustrated with the lack of discipline in his classroom. He found that students were often too focused on playing and not enough on learning.

To solve this problem , he came up with the concept of homework. Nevilis assigned his students homework to reinforce the lessons they learned in class and encourage them to take their education more seriously.

How did homework become popular?

The Spread of Homework , The idea of homework quickly caught on, and soon other teachers in Italy followed Nevilis’ lead. From Italy, the practice of assigning homework spread to other European countries and, eventually, the rest of the world.

Today, homework is a standard part of the education system in almost every country, and millions of students worldwide spend countless hours each week working on homework assignments.

How did Roberto Nevilis Die?

Death of Roberto Nevilis The exact circumstances surrounding Nevilis’ death are unknown. Some reports suggest that he died in an accident, while others claim he was murdered.

However, the lack of concrete evidence has led to numerous theories and speculation about what happened to the inventor of homework.

Despite the mystery surrounding his death, Nevilis’ legacy lives on through his impact on education.

Facts about Roberto Nevilis

• He is credited with inventing homework to punish his students who misbehaved in class.
• Some accounts suggest he was a strict teacher who believed in disciplining his students with homework.
• There is little concrete evidence to support the claim that Nevilis was the true inventor of homework.
• Some historians believe that the concept of homework has been around for much longer than in the 1900s.
• Despite the lack of evidence, Roberto Nevilis remains a popular figure in the history of education and is often cited as the inventor of homework.

The Legacy of Homework

The legacy of homework is deeply embedded in the educational landscape, reflecting a historical evolution that spans centuries. From its ambiguous origins to the diverse purposes it serves today, homework has played a pivotal role in shaping learning experiences.

While its effectiveness and necessity have been subjects of ongoing debate, homework endures as a tool for reinforcing concepts, fostering independent study habits, and preparing students for future academic and professional challenges.

In the contemporary educational context, the legacy of homework is a complex interplay of tradition, pedagogy, and evolving perspectives on the balance between academic demands and student well-being.

The Complex History of Homework

Throughout history, the evolution of homework can be traced through a series of significant developments. In ancient civilizations, such as Greece and Rome, scholars and philosophers encouraged independent study outside formal learning settings.

The Renaissance era witnessed a surge in written assignments, marking an early precursor to modern homework. The Industrial Revolution further transformed educational practices, as the need for a skilled workforce emphasized the importance of individual learning and practice.

The purposes and perceptions of homework have undergone substantial transformations over time. In the 19th century, homework was often viewed as a means of reinforcing discipline and moral values, with assignments focused on character development.

As educational philosophies evolved, particularly in the 20th century, homework assumed various roles—from a tool for drill and practice to a method for fostering critical thinking and problem-solving skills.

Perceptions of homework have fluctuated, with debates arising around issues of workload, equity, and its impact on student well-being. The complex history of homework reveals a dynamic interplay between societal expectations, educational philosophies, and changing perspectives on the purposes of academic assignments.

Conclusion – Who invented homework, and how did he die

Roberto Nevilis was a visionary educator who profoundly impacted the education system. His invention of homework has changed how students learn and has helped countless students worldwide improve their education.

Although the circumstances surrounding his death are unclear, Nevilis’ legacy as the inventor of homework will never be forgotten.

What is Roberto Nevilis’ legacy?

Roberto Nevilis’ legacy is his invention of homework, which has changed how students learn and has helped countless students worldwide improve their education.

Despite the mystery surrounding his death, Nevilis’ legacy as the inventor of homework will never be forgotten.

What was Roberto Nevilis’ background?

Roberto Nevilis was the son of a wealthy merchant and received a private education. He later studied at the University of Venice, where he received a degree in education.

After graduation, Nevilis worked as a teacher in various schools in Venice.

What was Roberto Nevilis’ impact on education?

Roberto Nevilis’ invention of homework has had a profound impact on education. By assigning homework, he helped students reinforce the lessons they learned in class and encouraged them to take their education more seriously.

This concept has spread worldwide and is now a staple of the modern education system.

Is there any evidence to support the theories about Roberto Nevilis’ death?

There is no concrete evidence to support the theories about Roberto Nevilis’ death, and the exact circumstances surrounding his death remain a mystery.

What was Roberto nevilis age?

It is believed that he died of old age. Not much information is available on his exact age at the time of death. Born: 1879 Died: 1954 (aged 75 years)

Where is Roberto Nevilis’s grave

While many have tried to find out about his Grave, little is known about where he is buried. Many people are querying the internet about his Grave. But frankly, I find it weird why people want to know this.

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Homework is the bane of many students’ lives. Many would rather see it disappear as it takes away precious time that people would rather use for hobbies or family time. “Who invented homework ?” is something a student may have exclaimed at some point. And we understand the frustration.

For all the hate that homework gets, its origin is surprisingly unclear. If you search for “who invented homework?” online, you may see many results. Some claim that a specific person invented it, but these sources may not be very accurate. In this article, however, we will uncover the truth about homework’s origins. We’ll also dive a little bit into the age-old question of whether or not homework is actually effective.

The Origins of Homework Are A Bit Disputed

As mentioned earlier, homework has a bit of a mysterious history. The concept of asking students to do work after school may have been around as long as school has existed. On the other hand, it might not be that old. Its history may even depend on exactly how you define “homework”. What is sure is one thing. Like many things, it’s possible that homework doesn’t have a single inventor. Instead, the concept has many progenitors, some of whom thought of it independently.

Now you may be wondering: don’t some sites claim that homework has a single inventor? Don’t they credit homework to a certain Roberto Nevillis? Well, that’s what we’re going to discuss next.

Roberto Nevillis, the “Inventor” of Homework, May Not Have Actually Existed

If you search for “homework inventor” on Google, you may see several hits for a certain Roberto Nevillis. He was supposedly an Italian teacher, whom many websites claim invented homework. However, if you do some deeper research, you will realize that this information may be inaccurate.

The first warning sign is that the Wikipedia article for homework makes no mention of this Nevillis person. While it’s true that Wikipedia can be edited by anyone, it does have standards. Notably, important claims need sources; otherwise, editors will remove them. If he indeed invented homework, surely the article would mention him, with references even. But nope, no mention of him at all.

Another warning sign is that the sources that mention Nevillis even disagree on when he came up with the concept. Some claim he invented it in 1905, which seems really recent. Other sources claim that he instead invented it in 1095. That makes little sense either considering how different education was at the time. Formal education was still a rarity in Europe in that era, especially among the lower classes. Since most lower classes who did receive education got them at home, technically all their studies were homework!

Indeed, if Nevillis did exist, information about his life seems almost non-existent. It’s entirely possible that no such person ever lived. In any case, if anyone did invent homework, it probably wasn’t Nevillis.

Homework Existed As Early As The Roman Empire

In reality, early concepts about “homework” may have already existed for centuries. Of course, this may not necessarily mean the homework we know today. However, this idea still encompasses activities like practicing or studying at home.

According to some writers, Pliny the Younger may have espoused an early form of “homework”. He encouraged students to improve their speaking skills outside formal education centers. For example, if the students were at home, they could hone their skills there. Obviously, speaking is more of physical activity than writing or reading . As such, practicing at home may not exactly be “homework”. Still, this shows that the idea of doing education-related work at home has been around for so long.

Johann Gottlieb Fichte May Have Invented Homework As We Know It

As for the “title” of the true inventor of homework, there are two people who have a good claim. One of them is Johann Gottlieb Fichte. Many historians consider him to be the father of German nationalism. Apart from his political life, he made some contributions to education. And unsurprisingly, these contributions happened because he wanted to promote a united German state.

Fichte’s innovation was Volksschule , a form of compulsory education. The state would support students and provide them with education. In exchange, the state would become part of people’s private lives. Homework began as a way for education to have a place in home affairs. By extension, this also extended the state’s role to the home. His ideas continue to influence German education to this day.

Horace Mann Helped Popularize The Concept In The United States

Another person who can claim to be the inventor of modern homework is Horace Mann. Mann was the first president of Antioch College, an Ohio-based institution that still exists today. Mann visited Europe and found the European methods of education to be inspiring. Upon returning to America, he decided to implement what he observed back in his native Massachusetts. Among the things he introduced was, you guessed it: homework.

His ideas weren’t limited to homework, however. Today, teachers and others praise Mann for his efforts to make education more accessible to the masses. Some even consider him to be the progenitor of common schools in America. Through his efforts, many reforms took place in Massachusetts. Among these was the establishment of a proper school board. He also strived to ensure that teachers had proper training and were effective in their jobs. Apart from his education career, he also served in the US House of Representatives. There, he advocated not just for good quality education but also for women’s rights.

Centuries after his death, Mann’s efforts to promote public schooling are still felt today. Homework-hating students may want to curse him for helping popularize homework. On the other hand, it would probably be better to thank him for allowing students to have the chance to have formal schooling at all.

Homework Was Unpopular At First

Considering homework’s ubiquity these days, you might think that the American education system embraced it from the get-go. But actually, it was not popular at first. Reasons varied, including people being skeptical about the need to do school-related activities at home. Many even thought that the idea would be harmful to the well-being of students.

Notable efforts against it included California banning homework in 1907; a ban which lasted for over a decade. Many prominent publications also questioned the practice. In the 1930s, the American Child Health Association, a government agency, even claimed that homework was a form of child labor!

How did the education sector warm up to the idea of homework? It comes from an unlikely source: the Cold War. At the time, the United States believed it had the lead over the Soviet Union when it came to education and science. However, events such as the launch of Sputnik 1 dampened this enthusiasm. This led to the so-called Sputnik crisis of the late 1950s. Homework was actually one of the ways the US thought it could close this perceived gap with the Soviets. By making students study at home, the US hoped that this could give them an edge in education.

Some Countries Ban or Discourage Homework

Even to this day, homework’s existence is controversial. Many education experts remain skeptical about its worth. Others also criticize it on the grounds that it gives students less time for hobbies, family time, or other free time. Indeed, homework (among other factors) has been linked to increased anxiety among students.

A number of countries either limit or even ban homework outright. One notable example is Finland . Finnish education is quite different compared to the rigid forms of education in other countries. Notably, students have shorter school hours, and even at school, they have plenty of free time to do hobbies or interact with classmates and friends. Schooling is also less competitive, as there’s less emphasis on grading and instead an emphasis on the student’s learning.

You may think that the Finnish system would make students lazy, given the lack of pressure. But actually, Finland’s education system ranks among the best in the world. Not only that, but Finns in general are also happier than many of their peers. It’s gotten to the point that many other nations are taking inspiration from Finland when discussing education reforms.

Meanwhile, contrary to what you may see in some sources, Japan does have homework. Indeed, it’s actually a bit of a cliche in Japanese media for students to do homework during their summer breaks. Given Japan’s education system is very competitive, it’s probably no surprise that homework is a facet of a student’s life there.

Schooling Itself Has a Long History

While we’re here, it may be worth having a short recap about the history of formal education. That way, we can contrast between homework and schoolwork, and put things into context better.

How old is schooling? It may depend on how you define “education”. If schooling means one learning from another, it’s probably existed since the dawn of humanity. If schooling means formal education, as in some kind of classroom setting, that’s somewhat more recent but still ancient.

The Mesopotamian civilization , the world’s oldest, already had schools. So did many of the ancient civilizations you may be familiar with, such as the Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, Chinese, Indians, and so on. One notable thing was that, during those days, it was mostly boys who received formal education. They would learn how to read, write, do activities, and learn skills. Women usually did not attend school as societies then believed that they should focus on household and family work. Some women did receive education, but they were exceptions and not the norm.

Education gained more significance during the Middle Ages, mainly for religious reasons. Many centers of learning, such as Oxford in Britain, date to this time.

In the United States, schooling began almost as soon as the first colonies appeared. Boston Latin School was the first public school to open in 1635; incredibly, it’s still open after all these years. Eventually, schools popped up across the country, often in the form of single-room schoolhouses. A few of these still exist today, but most schools in the US are now much bigger than that.

So What Have We Learned Today?

Here are our takeaways: Homework as a concept dates back centuries, depending on how you define homework. Roberto Nevillis, whom some websites claim to have invented homework, probably didn’t even exist at all. Two people, Johann Gottlieb Fichte and Horace Mann, helped popularize the concept. And finally, even today, there’s debate as to whether or not it’s necessary at all.

The next time you’re doing your homework and want to curse someone for your extra work, don’t blame Nevillis. After all, it’s hard to blame a person who may actually be the figment of the imagination of some internet writer.

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Who Invented Homework?

Admit it or not, there was once a phase of your student life that you almost hated attending school because of the heavy load of homework. You may consider it a nuisance and a waste of time because of the additional workload instead of just you relaxing at home or spending your summer vacation. If it makes you feel better, you are not alone in this anti-homework sentiment.

Homework has been around for over a hundred years. It was there during World War II and the Cold war (we are sure students hated it even back then). But who came up with this idea of making students work at home and who invented homework? You are going to find out in just a few seconds!

Table of Contents

When was homework invented?

Roberto Nevilis, an Italian teacher, invented homework for his American students in the year 1905. Initially, he included homework in his educational process as a punishment to his students for losing their motivation to learn after leaving the classroom. As an educator, he must explore ways wherein he can instil the hunger for learning in his students. And that is how homework was born . Eventually, many educators also adopted this in their educational system. It is one of a few reasons why homework became universally accepted and a socially acceptable form of learning.

Roberto Nevilis, who was considered an educational reformer was quite considerate of his students. This is why he set criteria for giving out common homework assignments to the students that must be followed by the instructors (definitely not something you’ll find on obscure educational blogs).

Homework must be easy and feasible

Robert Nevilis invented homework to serve as a supplementary activity for their classroom discussions. Having said that, he made it clear that homework should be easy and students should be able to do it in a decent amount of time. Aside from that, it must also be easily understandable and related to the topics discussed. And lastly, the students should be able to assess themselves after the activities.

Although homework is not included in the compulsory public education system, most education authorities consider giving a homework assignment a great opportunity to improve the students’ academic performance. This is also included in the progressive education reforms which is fostering efficiency.

Rigorous homework is out of the question

Aside from being a supplemental activity, homework assignments must serve as a review of the topic discussed. And a review doesn’t have to be that long and tricky because students also have their own time to spend outside their academic life. A few items will be enough just for the students to recall the concepts. Plus, too much homework can cause stress to students which can greatly affect the children’s health.

Roberto Nevilis invented homework to help his students remember the topic of the lessons more, and assigning complicated homework can result in burnout. This can have negative impacts on the mental health of students. In fact, academic burnout experienced by learners led to homework bans in the Pacific State of California. This was effective for all learners under 15 years old. Moreover, in 1930, the American Child Health Association stated that homework was a form of child labor.

Homework must not be given every day

According to Nevilis, giving regular assignments is not required. Educators must only assign the created homework if all individual students can work independently on the subject. He also said that assignments must not be given before introducing the subject matter by the teacher himself.

Finding this article interesting? See all Creations and Inventions Here .

Pros and Cons of Homework

Even though most students dislike homework, it is still assigned and probably will continue to be assigned until the end of time. But why exactly? Let’s have a look at both the pros and cons of homework:

• The learning process in homework helps students learn a variety of skills apart from studying, including time management organization to self-motivation. Students are motivated to take responsibility for their work and school assignments to develop positive research practices through home learning.
• Homework helps students revise the lectures that they have studied in the classes previously. Students are more likely to remember key information if they are given tasks that reinforce what has been taught the previous day. They can also apply this information in their practical lives.
• For teachers, assigning homework at home is a helpful way to understand whether students understand the lectures they have been teaching. As a result, teachers can better tailor their approaches to the needs of children. They can identify the students that need extra attention and help them in their learning process.
• The word ‘homework’ is scary in itself. Workloads that are too large and tasks that become increasingly difficult often result in stress, anxiety and motivation among students. They might even get cranky!
• Children can make use of their free time to both relax and learn – interacting with friends and family, riding a bike, reading a book, or learning how to ride a bike. Sitting at home completing mandatory assignments prevents them from going out and playing, which of course impacts their mental health. Physical activity, essential for maintaining cognitive function for student learning, may also be compromised by long periods of sedentary work.
• A study by John Hattie, professor of education at the University of Melbourne, shows primary school homework has a zero effect since kids are doing separate and unrelated projects instead of reinforcing what’s been learned. According to Hattie’s research, homework is effective only when students are assigned learning tasks that require them to revise previously taught material.

Now you know all about the history of homework!

We hope that the information we mentioned above proved to be useful for you. If you have more relevant information that you think our readers would love, feel free to share it with us. Next Up – See Who Invented Exams .

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Who Invented School Homework? [When, Where & How]

You can remember just sitting down and doing homework—no worries, no stress, and getting an A on your paper. School was the best time of your life. Ok, maybe that’s not true, but the point is you would always wonder who invented school homework.

The very first homework assignment can be traced all the way back to 1905 when an Italian teacher named Roberto Nevilis first invented the idea. He wanted his students to get used to thinking for themselves, so he gave them assignments that would require them to look up information and use it in their work.

Whether you’re a student trying to get ahead, or a parent wondering about homework for your own children, this article will help you to get a better understanding of the whole story about homework.

Interested in who invented school tests? Let’s find out here.

What Was the Original Purpose of Homework?

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The person who invented school homework in 1905 is a man named Roberto Nevilis. He created this new way of learning to help students who were struggling with their lessons.

Nevills was passionate about education and had a special interest in how children learn best. He believed that children should be treated as individuals with unique abilities and needs.

He also believed that children should be encouraged to take responsibility for their own learning.

Nevilis realized that some of his students were not getting enough practice at home, so he decided to make a plan that would give them extra practice without them even knowing it.

He made up a booklet of questions for the students to answer about their lessons and gave it to them at the end of each day.

The next morning, he collected the booklets from his students and returned them with corrections and new questions for them to answer during recess.

This system became very popular with teachers all over Europe because it made learning more interesting for both students and teachers alike!

Homework is meant to reinforce what we have already learned during the day.

This can be seen through taking notes in class and then reviewing them after class by doing homework assignments.

This is the reason why many parents are against the idea of giving their children homework.

They believe that if their children did not do their homework, then they should not be punished for it.

The invention of math homework is credited to a man named Roberto Nevilis.

He was born in 1881, and he studied at the University of Rome.

While there, he became interested in mathematics and decided to pursue a career in teaching.

Math homework is a type of assignment that students are required to complete at home.

The purpose of this assignment is to help students learn the material they learn in class, and also to reinforce it.

Math homework can be completed on a variety of subjects, but one of the most common types is algebra and geometry.

The tradition of giving children holiday homework goes back to the 1920s.

It was thought to be a good way to keep children occupied over Christmas and New Year.

The practice became popular amongst schools in America and spread to Britain during World War II when many schools were evacuated to the countryside.

The practice continued after the war ended, but has since declined in popularity.

However, some schools still use it as a way of helping pupils keep up their grades during long periods away from school.

Read about the inventor of school uniforms .

In the 20th century, summer homework was invented to ensure that students did not forget what they learned during the school year.

Homework was a way for parents and teachers to ensure that students retained their knowledge.

Summer homework has been around for decades, but some parents don’t think it’s necessary. In fact, some argue that it’s harmful.

The debate over whether or not summer homework for school is good for children continues today.

Students may have different opinions about whether or not summer homework is necessary.

Some students enjoy being able to relax during the summer months and have time to do other activities.

Homework memes have become an internet sensation and the inventor is nowhere to be found.

The fact that the inventor of the homework meme is unknown adds to the mystery, making it more popular than ever.

The original source of the meme is unknown. It could be a high school student or even a college student.

Whoever it was, they definitely did not expect homework memes to become so popular.

The invention of homework is a bit complicated. Some say that Roberto Nevilis invented homework in the 20th century.

Others claim that it existed in Ancient Greece. However, most people agree that the Russians did make homework assignments first.

Homework was used as a way to teach children moral values and ethics .

Nevilis’ homework is said to be one of the most important inventions of all time.

It was an invention that revolutionized education and changed the way people think about learning.

It is said that he came up with this idea while working as a teacher in a local school in Greece.

One day after class, he found himself sitting alone in his room wondering if there was anything else he could do to help his students learn more effectively.

Who Invented Homework for Students?

The first person who invented school homework for students was Roberto Nevilis, an Italian teacher.

The idea behind homework was to improve students’ knowledge and, at the same time, to punish lazy students

He believed that if students were allowed to practice skills and concepts at home, their understanding of those things would be greater.

He also felt that homework could help teach responsibility and independence by giving students an opportunity to apply what they had learned in new situations outside of school.

Nevilis’ idea spread quickly throughout Europe and later to North America.

Today, homework is still used as a tool for teaching students important skills related to math, a science tutoring business, language arts, and more!

High school students are under a lot of pressure. Between preparing for college and dealing with the stress of being in high school, homework can be a huge burden for many students. Here are some reasons why homework is bad for high school students:

• It takes time away from other activities that are more important to them, like spending time with friends or practicing sports.
• Homework can cause stress, which can lead to mental health issues like depression or anxiety.
• Homework can lead to poor grades because it takes away from the time students have to study for tests and quizzes in class, which leads to lower grades on those tests and quizzes (and possibly even failure).

Many people wonder did Roberto Novelis invent homework. The answer is: YES.

Roberto Novelis was an Italian teacher who invented school homework. He was born in 1877 and died in 1957 at the age of 80.

Roberto was a teacher at the University of Padua in Italy, where he worked for 52 years.

One day, while he was teaching his students about algebraic equations, he realized that they did not understand what he was saying.

So instead of repeating himself and giving them more examples, he decided to give them homework instead.

Roberto wanted to see if it would help his students understand better if they practiced on their own time instead of during class time.

It worked! His students were able to practice at home until they understood what the lesson was about and could answer questions correctly when he gave them back their assignments later in class.

Why Was Homework Invented?

If you’re curious about why homework was invented you should know that initially homework was invented because of the need to strengthen students’ understanding of the lessons they were taught in class.

While some teachers used it as a punishment, others used it as a way to ensure that their students understood and embraced the lessons fully.

Homework was invented because of the need to strengthen students’ understanding of the lessons they were taught in class.

It was used to punish students who were not paying attention in class, or who could not pay attention due to other responsibilities.

Homework was also used as an extension of classroom learning, where the students are given an assignment that requires them to apply what they have learned by creating something new based on their knowledge base.

Homework exists because it’s a good way to practice what you’ve learned in class.

It also helps you learn how to study and manage your time, so when you go into the real world, you’ll be able to keep up with all the things you need to do.

It can help you identify gaps in your understanding of concepts, which can then be filled by another activity or lesson at home or in class.

Homework is a great way for teachers to see how well students are grasping their lessons, and it allows them to adjust their teaching methods as needed.

When Was School Homework Invented?

You might wonder when was homework invented. Well, the answer is that it wasn’t until the beginning of the 20th century. 

In fact, it’s hard to imagine a world without schoolwork at all!

But before then, children were expected to spend their time doing things that were more useful for their families or communities.

But in the early 1900s, more and more people started going to school for longer periods.

And as more children went to school for longer periods, they needed additional assignments that would help them learn new concepts—and this was when homework became popularized! 

In many schools homework was a part of the punishment for lazy and naughty students.

Nowadays, we don’t think twice about handing our kids assignments or asking them to do extra work at home. But remember: It wasn’t always like that!

To be even more precise, school homework was first invented in 1905 by an Italian teacher named Roberto Nevilis.

This practice spread to other countries and gained popularity.

 Years after it was first invented, giving students homework every day became standard in most schools around the world.

The reason why this practice became so popular around the world was that it helped students learn more about the subjects they were studying and improve their grades, which in turn made them more likely to succeed in life.

Did you know that homework was originally invented as a form of punishment?

It’s true! The practice of assigning students homework began in the late 19th century when educators believed that children needed to be taught how to spend their free time productively.

It wasn’t until the late 20th century that researchers discovered the benefits of homework, and it became an essential part of classroom learning.

However, some experts believe that homework is counterproductive and harmful to students’ health.

According to them, take-home assignments are stressful and overburden students.

Types Of Homework

There are many types of homework you can do, and they all serve different purposes. Here are just a few of them:

Writing essays is one of the most effective ways for students to learn how to express themselves in writing style

Students should use their imagination and creativity when doing this type of homework. This type of homework helps students develop their imagination and creativity skills.

Students are given specific tasks, which they have to solve as part of their homework. Their task is to master the material under study according to the textbook and perform it in an exam or a test. 

A student has an opportunity to perform oral exercises during his/her free time outside school.

If a student wants to participate in any kind of competition, he/she must practice his/her presentation skills as much as possible before participating in competitions. 

History of Homework in Schools in America

Although homework is a mainstay of American education today, it hasn’t always been.

Take a look at the history of school homework in America.

Horace Mann introduced homework to the American education system in 1848.

In 1901, just a few decades after his introduction, homework was banned in the Pacific state of California.

In 1930, the American Child Health Association declared homework a form of child labor and said that it should be abolished because recent laws prohibiting such activities were passed at around the same time.

In its pamphlet, “What Works,” the Department of Education recommended homework as an effective strategy to boost the quality of education.

The report lambasted the state of American public education and called for reforms to right the alarming direction it was headed.

In America, education has changed dramatically since the 1800s.

Nowadays, many educators, students, parents, and other concerned citizens are asking why homework was invented and if it’s still valuable.

These days, looking at school homework is all about making sure that students can do the work they need to do to be college-ready.

Teachers want their students to think critically, resolve problems, and work collaboratively to prepare them for life after high school.

To accomplish this, teachers are shifting away from traditional methods of learning and grading and towards more modern methods of showing students what they need to improve upon.

This means that teachers are often looking at things like group projects, group discussions, and mini-lessons instead of individual tests or essays as ways for students to demonstrate their understanding of concepts.

If you have any questions you can first check this section. Here you can find some of the most common questions when it comes to this topic.

Homework exists to help you take control of your workload, increase your time management skills, and learn how to problem solve independently.

There are no laws against homework in California. In fact, many teachers and schools require students to do homework as part of their learning process.

Students dislike homework because they feel it takes too much time, is boring and pointless, and/or interferes with their social lives.

Research suggests a link between homework and mental health issues in young people, as well as poor academic performance. In middle schoolers, more than 90 minutes of homework per night is associated with lower test scores in math tutoring science.

In conclusion, Roberto Novelis, a man who invented school homework, improved the education system.

He created homework and it made teachers more accountable for what they teach their students.

What are your thoughts on homework? Do you believe that it is helping students or hurting them? Leave your thoughts in the comments below.

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Who invented Homework? When, Where and Why

Who invented homework in this article we will find out what is homework when, where and why was homework invented .

Yes, everything seems better and more interesting than doing homework! I mean, we have all spent hours staring at the wall instead of doing homework, right? But I won’t lie, my first thought while doing my homework in school days was always “WHO INVENTED HOMEWORK & WHY?” Let’s find out!

What is homework?

According to collinsdictionary, homework, an uncountable noun, is school work that teachers give to pupils to do at home in the evening or at the weekend.  

Although homework is generally associated with school students, college students also get homework. Thus, it can be said that homework is any task or activity that teachers/professors assign to the students to be done outside the school hours, from their home. 

Who invented homework?

Even Google missed their homework on the topic “homework” (pun intended), not joking though. 

Yes! Google does not have a cent-percent answer on who actually came up with the concept of homework. The results from Google about the inventor of homework are ambiguous. 

• Roberto Nevelis of Venice

Did Roberto Nevelis create homework?

Mr. Nevelis is probably one of the most hated people amongst the student communities because he is one of the first persons who has been associated with the credits for the infamous process of homework. 

According to the tales on the internet, t he person who invented Homework was an Italian teacher named Roberto Nevilis. He invented Homework in 1905 as a punishment for his students.

If you think you will have to go find out more about this person, don’t worry, we have got you covered:

Upon doing a little more search on Roberto Nevelis of Venice, infamous for his dubious relationship with homework, we found out that not only is Mr Nevelis’ title as the inventor of homework unreliable, his very existence is doubtful too! Yes, that means there might not have been a Roberto Nevelis of Venice at all. He might just be a fictional character created by someone, probably whilst skipping their homework.

• Horace Mann

Did Horace Mann create homework?

Horace Mann, the father of American education might just be the father of homework as well! 

Horace Mann is considered one of the very first American advocates of public education. As state secretary of education, Mann, who believed in free education, supported reforms to make education universal, nonsectarian, and reliant on well-trained, professional teachers. 

Thus, homework could be one of the reforms of refined public education that he supported.

• Pliny the Younger

Upon trying to get some more information, it came to light that the first mention of homework appears in the writings of Pliny the Younger, dating back to 1AD.

In ancient Rome, Pliny the Younger was a teacher of oratory, and is thought to have asked his students to practise their public speaking at home, to help them build confidence.

With time, homework became more and more common as schooling became compulsory for many people across the world, towards the end of the 19th century.

Now, if we go to a student’s best friend - Wikipedia - a completely different picture has been painted. Ofcourse, you don’t have to go read that long entry there as we have summarised the whole thing here, for you:

The American Story of Homework

So, according to Wikipedia, homework has been a part of American education but already few pupils managed to pursue education and the baggage of homework discouraged even those few. In fact, it was frowned upon by the parents and even some schools. Journalist Edward Bok protested against schools giving homework to pupils until they were 15 years old, in 1900. He was supported by 1000s of parents. While soon there were laws for children not getting any homework at all, teenagers could have had homeworks assigned but not anything that required more than two hours of time. Then In 1901, an act passed by the California legislature abolished homework for anyone under the age of 15.

However, with the cold war between the US and Soviet Union, the rise of competition led to the re-emergence of the homework culture. And as mentioned earlier, homework became more and more common towards the end of the 19th century. 

Why do students get homework?

• Homework gives both students and parents an opportunity to re-view class works.  
• Homework teaches students the skill of problem solving and taking responsibility for their part in their education.  

Why should students NOT get homework?

With students spending almost one-fourth of their day in school, having daily homework for all the various subjects being taught leaves the student with little to no time for themselves. This, consequently, promotes the culture of “All work, no play”. 

CONCLUSION: Who invented Homework? When, Where and Why

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Who Invented Homework?

Answer: the idea of homework was popularized by italian educator roberto nevilis, who is often credited as the “inventor of homework.”.

The origin of homework is unclear and it has likely been assigned to students in various forms throughout history. However, the modern concept of homework, as regular, outside-of-class assignments to be completed by students, can be traced back to the late 19th century in the United States.

Objectives of Homework are to:

• Reinforce and deepen understanding of class material
• Promote independent learning and critical thinking
• Prepare students for upcoming lessons and exams
• Develop study habits and time-management skills
• Provide opportunities for students to apply and practice what they have learned.

Features of Homework Include:

• Assigned by teachers to reinforce classroom learning
• Typically completed outside of regular class time
• Can be individual or group work
• Can include a variety of tasks such as writing, reading, problem-solving, or research
• Often graded or evaluated as part of a student’s overall academic performance.

There have been numerous studies and articles on the topic of homework, covering various aspects such as its effectiveness, impact on student well-being, and approaches to assigning and completing homework. Some related resources include:

• The National Education Association’s recommendations for homework, suggest a maximum of 10 minutes of homework per grade level per night
• The meta-analysis “The Relationship Between Homework and Academic Achievement: A Synthesis of Research, 1987-2003” by Harris Cooper and colleagues, finds a positive correlation between homework and student achievement, particularly for older students
• The article “Too Much Homework Is Bad for Kids” by Sara Bennett and Nancy Kalish, argues that excessive homework can lead to negative effects on students’ health, well-being, and family life
• The book “The Homework Myth: Why Our Kids Get Too Much of a Bad Thing” by Alfie Kohn, critiques the assumptions and practices surrounding homework and proposes alternatives.

Ways Forward to Improve Exams and Assessment Practices Include:

• Incorporating a variety of assessment methods, such as projects, presentations, and performance tasks, to better evaluate students’ knowledge and skills
• Providing timely and detailed feedback to students to support their learning
• Allowing for open-book or open-note exams encourages students to use their resources and apply their knowledge
• Implementing technology-enhanced assessments, such as online testing and automated grading, to increase efficiency and fairness
• Incorporating formative assessments, such as quizzes and progress checks, to provide ongoing evaluation of student learning. For example, a school might use a mix of traditional exams, class projects, and self-reflection assignments to assess student learning in a history course.

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Who invented homework?

• Sun Reporter
• Kieran Davies
• Published : 4:17 ET, Feb 13 2023
• Updated : 11:31 ET, Sep 4 2023

FOR any child, they are the three words they dread to hear at the end of any class in school, here's your homework.

Love it or hate it, we all have to go through it and homework is an integral part of our learning.

Homework has been such a big part of many of our lives, but have you ever stopped to think why we do it, and who invented it?

There are many names associated with its invention.

The first mention of homework appears in ancient Rome, in the writings of Pliny the Younger, in 1AD.

Pliny, a teacher of oratory, is thought to have asked his students to practise their public speaking at home, to help them build confidence.

Homework became common as schooling became compulsory for many people across the world, towards the end of the 19th century.

Who is Roberto Nevelis?

Roberto Nevelis is often accredited with being the most loathed person associated with education, as the person who created homework.

The claims are not true and if you look at them more carefully they are quite laughable.

Quite a few of the articles that can be found online cannot even decide when he allegedly invented homework, in 1095 or 1905.

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Those two dates are very different and considering they include photographs of the man they claim to be Roberto Nevelis, that is some achievement considering the technology only became available in the mid 1800s.

It is even questionable as to whether this figure existed at all, let alone leading the life of a teacher based in Venice , Italy .

Was homework meant to be a punishment?

When you look into its origins, many suggest that it was created as a punishment to ensure that underperforming students caught up with the more gifted pupils.

The myth itself was probably dreamed up by children begrudgingly doing homework set by their teacher rather than playing with their friends.

If homework were ever used as punishment, it would create such a negative mindset that when it was an actual necessity, it would make it impossible to get students to apply themselves to it.

The reality is, there is only so much class-time that teachers can offer their pupils so it is important that they put in the hours at home to aid learning.

Who invented school?

Education was first developed in ancient Egypt , Greece and Rome.

Literacy and education became more important as scholars tried to impart their knowledge to others.

In ancient Greece, they had an academy, with the word stemming from the Athenian hero Akademos.

This was where Plato passed on his teachings to others.

Rome introduced a formal tuition-based system but this was only available to those who could pay for it.

In Britain, it is widely believed that St Augustine started the first school in AD 597, when he founded King's School in Canterbury .

Schooling was primarily the responsibility of the church at this time.

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It was only after the industrial revolution in 1750, that education was extended to those outside of the upper classes, teaching basic numeracy and literacy.

The Education Act of 1918 made school compulsory for children aged five to fourteen and saw a transformation within the country.

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