assignment operator for struct c

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Why does the = operator work on structs without having been defined?

Let's look at a simple example:

Then abc_copy is an exact copy of abc .. how is it possible without defining the = operator ?

(This took me by surprise when working on some code..)

7 Answers 7

If you do not define these four methods (six in C++11) the compiler will generate them for you:

Assignment Operator

If you want to know why? It is to maintain backward compatibility with C (because C structs are copyable using = and in declaration). But it also makes writing simple classes easier. Some would argue that it adds problems because of the "shallow copy problem". My argument against that is that you should not have a class with owned RAW pointers in it. By using the appropriate smart pointers that problem goes away.

Default Constructor (If no other constructors are defined)

The compiler generated default constructor will call the base classes default constructor and then each members default constructor (in the order they are declared)

Destructor (If no destructor defined)

Calls the destructor of each member in reverse order of declaration. Then calls the destructor of the base class.

Copy Constructor (If no copy constructor is defined)

Calls the base class copy constructor passing the src object. Then calls the copy constructor of each member using the src objects members as the value to be copied.

Calls the base class assignment operator passing the src object. Then calls the assignment operator on each member using the src object as the value to be copied.

Move Constructor (If no move constructor is defined)

Calls the base class move constructor passing the src object. Then calls the move constructor of each member using the src objects members as the value to be moved.

Move Assignment Operator

Calls the base class move assignment operator passing the src object. Then calls the move assignment operator on each member using the src object as the value to be copied.

If you define a class like this:

What the compiler will build is:

In C++, structs are equivalent to classes where members default to public rather than private access.

C++ compilers will also generate the following special members of a class automatically if they are not provided:

That behavior is necessary in order to maintain source compatibility with C.

C does not give you the ability to define/override operators, so structs are normally copied with the = operator.

But it is defined. In the standard. If you supply no operator =, one is supplied to you. And the default operator just copies each of the member variables. And how does it know which way to copy each member? it calls their operator = (which, if not defined, is supplied by default...).

The assignment operator ( operator= ) is one of the implicitly generated functions for a struct or class in C++.

Here is a reference describing the 4 implicitly generated members: http://www.cs.ucf.edu/~leavens/larchc++manual/lcpp_136.html

In short, the implicitly generated member performs a memberwise shallow copy . Here is the long version from the linked page:

The implicitly-generated assignment operator specification, when needed, is the following. The specification says that the result is the object being assigned ( self ), and that the value of the abstract value of self in the post-state self " is the same as the value of the abstract value of the argument from .

The compiler will synthesise some members for you if you don't define them explicitly yourself. The assignment operator is one of them. A copy constructor is another, and you get a destructor too. You also get a default constructor if you don't provide any constructors of your own. Beyond that I'm not sure what else but I believe there may be others (the link in the answer given by 280Z28 suggests otherwise though and I can't remember where I read it now so maybe it's only four).

structs are basically a concatenation of its components in memory (with some possible padding built in for alignment). When you assign one struct the value of another, the values are just coped over.

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Copy assignment operators (C++ only)

The copy assignment operator lets you create a new object from an existing one by initialization. A copy assignment operator of a class A is a nonstatic non-template member function that has one of the following forms:

If you do not declare a copy assignment operator for a class A , the compiler will implicitly declare one for you which will be inline public.

The following example demonstrates implicitly defined and user-defined copy assignment operators:

The following is the output of the above example:

The assignment x = y calls the implicitly defined copy assignment operator of B , which calls the user-defined copy assignment operator A::operator=(const A&) . The assignment w = z calls the user-defined operator A::operator=(A&) . The compiler will not allow the assignment i = j because an operator C::operator=(const C&) has not been defined.

The implicitly declared copy assignment operator of a class A will have the form A& A::operator=(const A&) if the following are true:

If the above are not true for a class A , the compiler will implicitly declare a copy assignment operator with the form A& A::operator=(A&) .

The implicitly declared copy assignment operator returns a reference to the operator's argument.

The copy assignment operator of a derived class hides the copy assignment operator of its base class.

The compiler cannot allow a program in which the compiler must implicitly define a copy assignment operator for a class A and one or more of the following are true:

An implicitly defined copy assignment operator of a class A will first assign the direct base classes of A in the order that they appear in the definition of A . Next, the implicitly defined copy assignment operator will assign the nonstatic data members of A in the order of their declaration in the definition of A .

Related information

Assignment operators

cppreference.com

Copy assignment operator.

A copy assignment operator of class T is a non-template non-static member function with the name operator = that takes exactly one parameter (that isn't an explicit object parameter ) of type T , T & , const T & , volatile T & , or const volatile T & . For a type to be CopyAssignable , it must have a public copy assignment operator.

[ edit ] Syntax

[ edit ] explanation.

The copy assignment operator is called whenever selected by overload resolution , e.g. when an object appears on the left side of an assignment expression.

[ edit ] Implicitly-declared copy assignment operator

If no user-defined copy assignment operators are provided for a class type ( struct , class , or union ), the compiler will always declare one as an inline public member of the class. This implicitly-declared copy assignment operator has the form T & T :: operator = ( const T & ) if all of the following is true:

Otherwise the implicitly-declared copy assignment operator is declared as T & T :: operator = ( T & ) . (Note that due to these rules, the implicitly-declared copy assignment operator cannot bind to a volatile lvalue argument.)

A class can have multiple copy assignment operators, e.g. both T & T :: operator = ( T & ) and T & T :: operator = ( T ) . If some user-defined copy assignment operators are present, the user may still force the generation of the implicitly declared copy assignment operator with the keyword default . (since C++11)

The implicitly-declared (or defaulted on its first declaration) copy assignment operator has an exception specification as described in dynamic exception specification (until C++17) noexcept specification (since C++17)

Because the copy assignment operator is always declared for any class, the base class assignment operator is always hidden. If a using-declaration is used to bring in the assignment operator from the base class, and its argument type could be the same as the argument type of the implicit assignment operator of the derived class, the using-declaration is also hidden by the implicit declaration.

[ edit ] Deleted implicitly-declared copy assignment operator

An implicitly-declared copy assignment operator for class T is defined as deleted if any of the following is true:

Otherwise, it is defined as defaulted.

A defaulted copy assignment operator for class T is defined as deleted if any of the following is true:

[ edit ] Trivial copy assignment operator

The copy assignment operator for class T is trivial if all of the following is true:

A trivial copy assignment operator makes a copy of the object representation as if by std::memmove . All data types compatible with the C language (POD types) are trivially copy-assignable.

[ edit ] Eligible copy assignment operator

Triviality of eligible copy assignment operators determines whether the class is a trivially copyable type .

[ edit ] Implicitly-defined copy assignment operator

If the implicitly-declared copy assignment operator is neither deleted nor trivial, it is defined (that is, a function body is generated and compiled) by the compiler if odr-used or needed for constant evaluation (since C++14) . For union types, the implicitly-defined copy assignment copies the object representation (as by std::memmove ). For non-union class types ( class and struct ), the operator performs member-wise copy assignment of the object's bases and non-static members, in their initialization order, using built-in assignment for the scalars and copy assignment operator for class types.

[ edit ] Notes

If both copy and move assignment operators are provided, overload resolution selects the move assignment if the argument is an rvalue (either a prvalue such as a nameless temporary or an xvalue such as the result of std::move ), and selects the copy assignment if the argument is an lvalue (named object or a function/operator returning lvalue reference). If only the copy assignment is provided, all argument categories select it (as long as it takes its argument by value or as reference to const, since rvalues can bind to const references), which makes copy assignment the fallback for move assignment, when move is unavailable.

It is unspecified whether virtual base class subobjects that are accessible through more than one path in the inheritance lattice, are assigned more than once by the implicitly-defined copy assignment operator (same applies to move assignment ).

See assignment operator overloading for additional detail on the expected behavior of a user-defined copy-assignment operator.

[ edit ] Example

[ edit ] defect reports.

The following behavior-changing defect reports were applied retroactively to previously published C++ standards.

[ edit ] See also

Operations on struct variables in C

In C, the only operation that can be applied to struct variables is assignment. Any other operation (e.g. equality check) is not allowed on struct variables. For example, program 1 works without any error and program 2 fails in compilation.

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5.3. Structures

Structures are an aggregate data type whose contained data items are called fields or members . C++ programmers create or specify a new structure with the struct keyword, and access the individual data items or fields with one of two selection operators . Once specified, a structure becomes a new data type or type specifier in the program. Type specifiers are declarations that don't allocate memory; so, to use a structure, programmers must create structure objects or variables. Referring back to the basket metaphor suggested previously, a structure object is a basket and the fields or members are the items placed in the basket.

Structure Specifications: Fields And Members

A program must specify or declare a structure before it can use it. The specification determines the number, the type, the name, and the order of the data items contained in the structure.

Structure Definitions And Objects

We can use a blueprint as another metaphor for a structure. Blueprints show essential details like the number and size of bedrooms. Similarly, structure specifications show the number, type, name, and order of the structure fields. Nevertheless, a blueprint isn't a house, and you can't live in it. However, given the blueprint, we can make as many identical houses as we wish, and while each one looks like the others, it has a different, distinct set of occupants and a distinct street address. Similarly, each object created from a structure specification looks like the others, but each can store distinct values, and each has a distinct memory address.

Initializing Structures And Fields

Figure 2 demonstrates that we are not required to initialize structure objects when we create them - perhaps the program will read the data from the console or a data file. However, we can initialize structures when it is convenient. C++ inherited an aggregate field initialization syntax from the C programming language, and the 2011 ANSI standard extends that syntax making it conform to other major programming languages. More recently, the ANSI 2020 standard added a variety of default field initializations. The following figures illustrate a few of these options.

The next step is to see how to access the individual fields within a structure object.

Field Selection: The Dot And Arrow Operators

A basket is potentially beneficial, but so far, we have only seen how to put items into the basket, and then only all at once. To achieve its full potential, we need some way to put items into the basket one at a time, and there must be some way to access the items in the basket. C++ provides two selection operators that join a specific structure object with a named field in the structure. The combination of an object and a field form a variable whose type matches the field type in the structure specification.

The Dot Operator

The C++ dot operator looks and behaves just like Java's dot operator, and it performs the same tasks in both languages.

The Arrow Operator

Java only has one way of creating objects, so it only needs one operator to access the object's fields. C++ has two ways of creating objects (see Figure 2), so it needs a second operator to access an object's fields. The arrow operator, -> , is C++'s second selection operator.

Choosing the correct selection operator

Moving Structures Within A Program

If a structure makes it easy to move many fields around a program as a group, how is it moved? The answer is that we treat a structure variable just about like we would any other variable. Specifically, we can assign one structure to another (as long as they are instances of the same structure specification), pass them as arguments to functions, and functions can return them as their return value.

Assignment is a fundamental operation regardless of the kind of data involved. The C++ code to assign one structure to another is simple and should look familiar:

Function Argument

Although passing a structure as an argument to a function has a much different syntax than does assignment, the effect is pretty much the same:

Function Return Value

If it is possible to pass a structure into a function as an argument, then it is only reasonable that it should also be possible to return a structure as the return value from a function. Returning a structure is both possible and straightforward, as demonstrated by the following example:

C++ Operator Overloading Assignment operator

Fastest entity framework extensions.

The assignment operator is one of the most important operators because it allows you to change the status of a variable.

If you do not overload the assigment operator for your class / struct , it is automatically generated by the compiler: the automatically-generated assignment operator performs a "memberwise assignment", ie by invoking assignment operators on all members, so that one object is copied to the other, a member at time. The assignment operator should be overloaded when the simple memberwise assignment is not suitable for your class / struct , for example if you need to perform a deep copy of an object.

Overloading the assignment operator = is easy, but you should follow some simple steps.

Note: other is passed by const& , because the object being assigned should not be changed, and passing by reference is faster than by value, and to make sure than operator= doesn't modify it accidentally, it is const .

The assignment operator can only to be overloaded in the class / struct , because the left value of = is always the class / struct itself. Defining it as a free function doesn't have this guarantee, and is disallowed because of that.

When you declare it in the class / struct , the left value is implicitly the class / struct itself, so there is no problem with that.

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Chapter 16.3

General Traps and Tips

Assignment Operator Between Two Structure Instances

C++ struct define assignment operator

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WebConcepts reference (C++20) Metaprogramming home (C++11) Diagnostics library: General utilities libraries: Strings library: Bin library: Iterators library: Range library (C++20) Algorithms library: Numerics library: Localizations library: Input/output library: Filesystem library (C++17) Regular expressions library (C++11) Process support library ... https://cisdaquatics.com/c-does-assignment-copy C++ Struct Constructor How Struct Constructor Works in C++ … WebA structure called Struct allows us to create a group of variables consisting of mixed data types into a single unit. In the same way, a constructor is a special method, which is automatically called when an object is declared for the class, in an object-oriented programming language. So, combining these two different methodologies, we can say ... greenpeace.at https://www.educba.com/c-pluse-pluse-struct-constructor/ How to use the string find() in C++? - TAE WebApr 8, 2023 · Syntax of find () The find () function is a member of the string class in C++. It has the following syntax: string::size_type find (const string& str, size_type pos = 0) const noexcept; Let's break down this syntax into its component parts: string::size_type is a data type that represents the size of a string. It is an unsigned integer type. https://www.tutorialandexample.com/how-to-use-the-string-find-in-cpp Data structures - cplusplus.com WebData structures Data structures A data structure is a group of data elements grouped together under one name. These data elements, known as members, can have different types and different lengths. 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WebAug 2, 2021 · This topic describes how to write a move constructor and a move assignment operator for a C++ class. A move constructor enables the resources owned by an rvalue object to be moved into an lvalue without copying. For more information about move semantics, see Rvalue Reference Declarator: &&. This topic builds upon the following … flyredbird.com https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/cpp/move-constructors-and-move-assignment-operators-cpp?view=msvc-170 c++ - In C++ template copy assignment operator not compatible … WebYou can try search: In C++ template copy assignment operator not compatible with initializer_list?. Related Question; Related Blog; Related Tutorials; struct assignment … greenpeace association https://stackoom.com/en/question/279qN Move assignment operator - cppreference.com WebTriviality of eligible move assignment operators determines whether the class is a trivially copyable type. [] Implicitly-defined move assignment operatoIf the implicitly-declared move assignment operator is neither deleted nor trivial, it is defined (that is, a function body is generated and compiled) by the compiler if odr-used or needed for constant … https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/move_assignment 14.15 — Overloading the assignment operator – Learn C++ WebFeb 15, 2023 · Overloading the assignment operator. Overloading the copy assignment operator (operator=) is fairly straightforward, with one specific caveat that we’ll get to. The copy assignment operator must be overloaded as a member function. This should all be pretty straightforward by now. 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Web1 day ago · As you're using share_ptr, that is to say, you're already using c++11 or above, you could put your DestructorHelper to the lambda function. class SharedOnly { public: SharedOnly (const SharedOnly& other) = delete; // deleted copy constructor SharedOnly& operator= (const SharedOnly& other) = delete; // deleted copy assignment operator … https://stackoverflow.com/questions/76003726/creating-shared-ptr-only-class-with-private-destructor Scope resolution operator in C++ - GeeksforGeeks WebDec 8, 2022 · 5) For namespace If a class having the same name exists inside two namespaces we can use the namespace name with the scope resolution operator to refer that class without any conflicts. C++. #include . #include . using namespace std; #define nline "\n". string name1 = "GFG"; string favlang = "python"; flyrec5 https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/scope-resolution-operator-in-c/ Why don WebOct 20, 2008 · The argument that if the compiler can provide a default copy constructor, it should be able to provide a similar default operator==() makes a certain amount of sense. I think that the reason for the decision not to provide a compiler-generated default for this operator can be guessed by what Stroustrup said about the default copy constructor in … https://stackoverflow.com/questions/217911/why-dont-c-compilers-define-operator-and-operator C struct (Structures) - Programiz WebIn this tutorial, you'll learn about struct types in C Programming. You will learn to define and use structures with the help of examples. ... This is because name is a char array and we cannot use the assignment operator = with it after we have ... Access members of a structure; Example 1: C++ structs; Keyword typedef; Nested Structures ... https://www.programiz.com/c-programming/c-structures List and Vector in C++ - TAE WebApr 6, 2023 · List and vector are both container classes in C++, but they have fundamental differences in the way they store and manipulate data. List stores elements in a linked list structure, while vector stores elements in a dynamically allocated array. Each container has its own advantages and disadvantages, and choosing the right container that depends ... https://www.tutorialandexample.com/list-and-vector-in-cpp Converting constructor - cppreference.com WebIt is said that a converting constructor specifies an implicit conversion from the types of its arguments (if any) to the type of its class. Note that non-explicit user-defined conversion function also specifies an implicit conversion. 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For example: 1 2 MyClass c1, c2; c1 = c2; There are actually … https://cplusplus.com/articles/y8hv0pDG/ Increment/decrement operators - cppreference.com WebJun 23, 2021 · The operand expr of a built-in prefix increment or decrement operator must be a modifiable (non-const) lvalue of non-boolean (since C++17) arithmetic type or pointer to completely-defined object type.The expression ++ x is exactly equivalent to x + = 1 for non-boolean operands (until C++17), and the expression --x is exactly equivalent to x -= 1, … https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/operator_incdec C++ Assignment Operators - W3School WebC++ Structures C++ References. Create References Memory Address. C++ Pointers. Create Pointers Dereferencing Modify Pointers. C++ Functions C++ Functions C++ Function Parameters. ... In the example below, we use the assignment operator (=) to assign the value 10 to a variable called x: https://www.w3schools.com/cpp/cpp_operators_assignment.asp When should we write own Assignment operator in C++? - TAE WebApr 6, 2023 · Conclusion: In summary, a custom assignment operator in C++ can be useful in cases where the default operator is insufficient or when resource management, memory allocation, or inheritance requires special attention. It can help avoid issues such as memory leaks, shallow copies, or undesired behaviour due to differences in object states. fly.red https://www.tutorialandexample.com/when-should-we-write-own-assignment-operator-in-cpp Overloading operators in typedef structs (c++) - Stack … WebDec 26, 2012 · The typedef is neither required, not desired for class/struct declarations in C++. ... Therefore, your assignment operator should be implemented as such: pos& … greenpeace argentina https://stackoverflow.com/questions/14047191/overloading-operators-in-typedef-structs-c C++ Structures (struct) - W3School WebC++ Structures. Structures (also called structs) are a way to group several related variables into one place. Each variable in the structure is known as a member of the structure.. Unlike an array, a structure can contain … greenpeace asturias https://www.w3schools.com/cpp/cpp_structs.asp Assignment operators - cppreference.com https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/operator_assignment user-defined conversion function - cppreference.com WebApr 4, 2023 · conversion-type-id is a type-id except that function and array operators [] or are not allowed in its declarator (thus conversion to types such as pointer to array requires a type alias/typedef or an identity template: see below). Regardless of typedef, conversion-type-id cannot represent an array or a function type. Although the return type is not … https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/cast_operator Copy assignment operators (C++ only) - IBM WebThe assignment w = z calls the user-defined operator A::operator=(A&). The compiler will not allow the assignment i = j because an operator C::operator=(const C&) has not been defined. The implicitly declared copy assignment operator of a class A will have the form A& A::operator=(const A&) if the following statements are true: https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/zos/2.4.0?topic=only-copy-assignment-operators-c Assignment Operators in C/C++ - GeeksforGeeks WebOct 11, 2019 · Different types of assignment operators are shown below: “=”: This is the simplest assignment operator. This operator is used to assign the value on the right to the variable on the left. For example: a = … greenpeace atombombe https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/assignment-operators-in-c-c/ Copy assignment operator - cppreference.com https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/copy_assignment C++ Assignment Operators - W3School Web12 rows · Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables. In the example below, we use the assignment operator ( = ) to assign the value 10 to a variable called … greenpeace articles https://www.w3schools.com/cpp/cpp_operators_assignment.asp 10.5 — Introduction to structs, members, and member selection WebNov 5, 2022 · In common language, a member is a individual who belongs to a group. For example, you might be a member of the basketball team, and your sister might be a member of the choir. In C++, a member is a variable, function, or type that belongs to a struct (or class). All members must be declared within the struct (or class) definition. fly red laptop hp https://www.learncpp.com/cpp-tutorial/introduction-to-structs-members-and-member-selection/ How to: Define move constructors and move assignment … WebAug 2, 2021 · This topic describes how to write a move constructor and a move assignment operator for a C++ class. A move constructor enables the resources owned by an rvalue … greenpeace ark https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/cpp/move-constructors-and-move-assignment-operators-cpp?view=msvc-170 When should we write own Assignment operator in C++? - TAE WebApr 6, 2023 · Conclusion: In summary, a custom assignment operator in C++ can be useful in cases where the default operator is insufficient or when resource management, … https://www.tutorialandexample.com/when-should-we-write-own-assignment-operator-in-cpp

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Why does the = operator work on structs without having been defined?
The assignment operator ( operator= ) is one of the implicitly generated functions for a struct or class in C++.
Overloading assignments (C++ only)
< "B& B::operator=(const A&)" << endl; return *this; } }; struct C : B { }; int
Copy assignment operators (C++ only)
struct C { C& operator=(C&) { cout << "C::operator=(C&)" << endl;
Structures
function that passes a structure variable as a parameter void
Copy assignment operator
For non-union class types (class and struct), the operator performs member-wise copy assignment of the object's bases and non-static members
Operations on struct variables in C
In C, the only operation that can be applied to struct variables is assignment. Any other operation (e.g. equality check) is not allowed on
5.3. Structures
C++ programmers create or specify a new structure with the struct keyword, and access the individual data items or fields with one of two selection operators.
The assignment operator
For any struct or class, we may sometimes need to use the assignment operator, as in "A = B". There is a default assignment operator provided by C++, but it is
C++ Tutorial => Assignment operator
If you do not overload the assigment operator for your class / struct , it is automatically generated by the compiler: the automatically-generated assignment
Assignment Operator Between Two Structure Instances
Amazon Some are confused about how a pointer is copied by using the assignment operator; so let's discuss it. Let's say you write a struct which contains an
C++ struct define assignment operator
memberN; }; … gruusialainen kaalilaatikko https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/structures-in-cpp/ Assignment Operators in C/C++ - GeeksforGeeks WebOct 11