presentation about the zoo

Arguments For and Against Zoos

By Natalia Ilika, Lindsey Pfirrman, Storm Rund, & Paul Kole

• The abbreviation 'zoo' was first used of the London Zoological Gardens , which was opened for scientific study in 1828 and to the public in 1857.
• The number of major animal collections open to the public around the world now exceeds to 1,000, around 80 percent of them are in cities.
• In the United States of America alone, zoos are visited by over 180 million people annually.
• Relatively new terms for zoos coined in the late 20th century are "conservation park" or 'biopark'. Adopting a new name is a strategy used by some zoo professionals to distance their institutions from the stereotypical and nowadays criticized zoo concept of the 19th century.
• The term 'biopark' was first coined and developed by the National Zoo in Washington D.C. in the late 1980s.
• In 1993, the New York Zoological Society changed its name to the Wildlife Conservation Society and rebranded the zoos under its jurisdiction as "wildlife conservation parks.

Where did we visit?

• The Dallas Zoo (oldest and largest Zoo in Texas)
• Founded in 1888
• Owned by the city of Dallas and and managed by the nonprofit Dallas Zoological Society
• Approximately 430 species (more than 2,000 animals altogether), not including fish
• Approximately 66 of these species are managed through the AZA’s (The Association of Zoos and Aquariums) Species Survival Plans
• Key Exhibits: The Wilds of Africa, Giants of the Savanna, and the Gorilla Trail
• The Giants of Savanna Exhibit- only multi-species zoo exhibit in U.S to mix elephants with other species in their habitat

Governing Zoos

The Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA)

• Very controversial
• Designed to create higher standards of zoos
• Started in 1924 has picked up steam since
• Now ensures that facilities meet higher standards than the law requires
• Institutions are evaluated every 5 years
• Of 2300 animal exhibitors licensed by APHIS fewer than 10% are qualified to be AZA members

Species Survival Plan (SSP)

• Helps ensure the survival of selected species in zoos
• Most of which are threatened or endangered in the wild
• Implement a breeding and transfer plans
• These plans try to maintain a healthy, genetically diverse, population for long-term future

Breeding in Zoos

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZiW96Uci624

Endangered Species Recovery

• Conservation tools to "recover" endangered and threatened species
• Includes the restoring and acquiring of habitat, removing introduced animal predators or invasive plant species, conducting surveys, monitoring individual populations, and breeding species in captivity and releasing them into their historic range.
• The U.S. Endangered Species Act of 1973

Captive Mexican wolf at Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, New Mexico

Zoo Animal Environments

• Lions in the Dallas Zoo live in one acre territory
• Tigers also have one acre of space to live in at the Dallas Zoo
• “Giants of the Savanna” exhibit- separated by specific animals of elephants, giraffes, zebras, ostriches, impala, and warthogs
• Dallas Zoo does not disclose how much land each animal lives in at the “Giants of the Savanna” exhibit

Scientific Research

• One of the core activities of zoos.
• An enormous amount of our knowledge of the behavior, physiology, reproduction, and growth of animals has come from animals in captivity.
• Zoos invest $50 million annually in research to improve the habitats and well being of animals in captivity.
• Ethics and practices can come under intense scrutiny.

Reintroduction

• The species usually comes from an environment where it is endangered or threatened
• The species is taken into the zoo where it can survive in a safe environment for the time being
• Then the species is released back into the wild
• About 130 zoos around the world have reintroduction programs

Michael Hutchins’ Case in Favor of Zoos

• Strong commitment to conservation and animal welfare provide powerful ethical justification for zoos.
• Four central goals of Zoos: Education, Research, Conservation, and Recreation
• Main argument: The benefits of exhibiting animals in zoos, all things considered are greater than the costs in individual animal welfare.

Dale Jamieson’s Case Against Zoos

• Moral presumption against keeping animals in captivity
• Animals’ liberty is restricted
• Providing amusement to people does not justify keeping animals in zoos
• No reason for scientific research
• Very few zoos do any research at all
• Breeding programmes create unwanted animals

Debate Structure

3 minutes for opening (each team).

2 minutes per response.

Team against zoos: Lindsey and Natalia

Team for zoos: Storm and Paul

Bibliography

• https://www.captiveanimals.org/news/2010/03/10-facts-about-zoos (article with points against zoos)
• https://www.aza.org/species-survival-plan-programs (AZA,SSP)
• Jamieson, Dale. "Against Zoos." The Animal Ethics Reader . New York: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group, 2017. 576-81. Print.
• Hutchins, Michael. "In Defense of Zoos and Aquariums." The Animal Ethics Reader . New York: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group, 2017. 582-90. Print.
• http://www.dw.com/en/zoos-species-protection-or-animal-abuse/a-16213950 (130 reintro)
• http://focaweb.com/what.htm (appropriate environment-L)

ENCYCLOPEDIC ENTRY

A zoo is a place where animals live in captivity and are put on display for people to view. The word “zoo” is short for “zoological park."

Biology, Social Studies, World History

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A zoo is a place where animals live in captivity and are put on display for people to view. The word “ zoo ” is short for “ zoological park.” Zoos contain wide varieties of animals that are native to all parts of the Earth. Though people have kept wild animals for thousands of years, those collections have not always resembled modern zoos . The first zoos were created as private collections by the wealthy to show their power. These private collections were called menageries . Wall carvings found in Egypt and Mesopotamia are evidence that rulers and aristocrats created menageries as early as 2500 BCE. They left records of expeditions to distant places to bring back exotic animals such as giraffes, elephants, bears, dolphins, and birds. There is evidence that ancient zoo owners hired animal handlers to make sure their animals thrived and reproduced . Zoos also existed in later civilizations , including China, Greece, and Rome. The Aztec emperor Montezuma II , in what is today Mexico, maintained one of the earliest animal collections in the Western Hemisphere . It was destroyed by Hernan Cortes during the Spanish conquest in 1520. Modern Zoos The model of the modern, public zoo became popular in 18th century, during the Age of Enlightenment . The Age of Enlightenment was a period in European history when science , reason , and logic were promoted as ideals of society and government . The scientific focus of the Age of Enlightenment extended to zoology . During this time, people started wanting to study animals for scientific reasons . Scientists wanted to research animal behavior and anatomy . To do this, scientists and zookeepers had to keep animals in places that were close to, or resembled , the animals’ natural habitats . The first modern zoo , built in 1793, opened in Paris, France. The menageries of French aristrocrats, including the king and queen, were taken by leaders of the French Revolution and relocated to the Ménagerie du Jardin des Plantes. The facility is still a busy and popular zoo in downtown Paris. Early zoos like the Menagerie du Jardin des Plantes were more like museums of living animals than natural habitats . Animals were kept in small display areas, with as many species as space would allow. Today, zoos are meant to entertain and educate the public but have a strong emphasis on scientific research and species conservation . There is a trend toward giving animals more space and recreating natural habitats . Zoos are usually regulated and inspected by the government . Types of Zoos Urban and Suburban Zoos Urban zoos , located in large cities, still resemble the smaller zoos that were popular 200 years ago. Often, these zoos sit in the middle of cities, making expansion difficult. There is little room for urban zoos to grow, and many of the zoo ’s buildings are historic landmarks that cannot be destroyed or redesigned. In many urban zoos , animals are kept in relatively small enclosures . Some animal activists argue that keeping animals in urban settings is cruel because of cramped conditions, noise, and pollution. Urban zoos are common in Europe, while many zoos in the United States developed as sprawling parks in suburbs outside cities. These open-range zoos give animals more territory to roam and provide more natural habitats . This popular technique of building realistic habitats is called landscape immersion . The San Diego Zoo , in southern California, is the largest zoo in the United States. It is a sub urban zoo that houses more than 4,000 animals (800 different species) in its 0.4 square kilometers (100 acres). Landscape immersion divides animals into their natural habitats , such as the tundra (with reindeer and polar bears) or bamboo forest (featuring pandas.) The San Diego Zoo also includes a wild animal park, which is even more expansive (almost 8 square kilometers or 2,000 acres.) Safari Parks Larger than urban and open-range zoos , safari parks are areas where tourists can drive their own cars to see non-native wildlife living in large, enclosed areas. These attractions allow the animals more space than the small enclosures of traditional zoos . Fuji Safari Park , in Susono, Japan, offers a traditional zoo as well as a drive-through safari park . Visitors can take their own cars or one of the park’s buses. Fuji Safari Park offers night tours, so visitors can see nocturnal animals, or animals that are active at night. At the park, visitors can also feed some animals, such as lions, from bus windows. Not all parks encourage or even allow visitors to feed animals.

Safari parks , especially in Europe, are often part of larger theme parks or resorts . They include golf courses and fairground attractions, such as games and rides. Game Reserves Game reserves are large swaths of land whose ecosystems and native species are protected. The protections allow animals to live and reproduce at natural rates. Animals are allowed to roam free. In the 1800s, a trip to hunt “ big game ” (large animals such as elephants or lions) was called a safari . While some game reserves allow traditional hunting safaris today, others limit visitors to a “photo safari ,” where visitors can shoot photographs, not animals. Animals in all game reserves are protected from illegal hunting , which is a threat to many endangered species . Legal hunts are regulated by the government . Hunters must purchase licenses and are strictly limited to the type and number of animals they can hunt . Poachers , or hunters without licenses, kill animals for valuable body parts. Elephants, for example, are killed by poachers for their ivory tusks. There are game reserves in Asia, the Americas, and Australia. However, most game reserves are in Africa. Millions of visitors flock to sites across Africa to see the same animals that captivated audiences thousands of years ago. The biggest attractions are Africa’s “ Big Five ” species—lions, leopards, rhinoceroses, elephants, and water buffalo. The Big Five are not Africa’s largest species (although the elephant is): They are the most difficult to find and, when legal, to hunt . Only recently has a single zoo , Gondwana Game Reserve in South Africa, offered all Big Five animals in one place. Gondwana sits on 10,000 hectares (24,710 acres) near the center of South Africa’s southern coast . Like many large game reserves , Gondwana has diverse ecosystems that occur naturally and has no need for landscape immersion . In Gondwana, grasslands coexist with shrubland called fynbos . Visitors to Gondwana, like many game reserves , can stay in hotels right in the park. Petting zoos Petting zoos feature domesticated animals that are gentle enough for children to pet and feed. Sheep, goats, donkeys, and rabbits are common petting zoo animals. These types of zoos are found at parks and inside of larger zoos . Sometimes mobile petting zoos travel with fairs or carnivals from city to city. Specialization Most zoos have specialized enclosures and habitats for specific animals. Zoos in cold climates , such as Novosibirsk, Russia, must recreate warm ecosystems for animals like lemurs . Lemurs are a type of primate native to the island of Madagascar, off Africa’s east coast . The summer temperatures of both Siberia and Madagascar are about the same—around 21 degrees Celsius (70 degrees Fahrenheit). However, Madagascar receives about 200 to 250 millimeters (8 to 10 inches) of rain each summer, making it a humid jungle environment. Novosibirsk gets just 60 to 65 millimeters (2 to 3 inches) of rain and snow. The difference in winter temperatures is even more drastic : Madagascar is about 15 degrees Celsius (59 degrees Fahrenheit). Lemurs ’ fur can keep them warm at this temperature . Winter in Novosibirsk is -10 degrees Celsius (13 degrees Fahrenheit). The Novosibirsk Zoo has two species of lemur with a specialized heated enclosure with high humidity . Some zoos are dedicated entirely to certain species. Aquariums are types of zoos that exclusively house aquatic animals. The Sydney Aquarium in Australia has exhibits of all of Australia’s major water systems and is home to more than 650 native Australian species. Aviaries and bird parks are another type of specialized zoo . The Jurong Bird Park in Singapore has more than 8,000 birds of 600 species from around the world. Jurong has more than 1,000 flamingoes in an African wetlands exhibit that features a daily simulated thunderstorm . Conservation The World Association of Zoos and Aquariums , the international organization for zoos , is concerned with the health of animals in zoos . The focus of environmental efforts takes the form of research , captive breeding of rare animals, and conservation . Researchers at zoos can study animals up-close. They can observe behavior such as mating and nutrition choices. Biologists and veterinarians are also available to treat sick or injured animals. Captive breeding of endangered species makes zoos valuable places for animal survival. Animals such as the black soft-shelled turtle, native to India and Bangladesh, are extinct in the wild . But they survive in several zoos around the world, with their health looked after by biologists .

The goal of many captive breeding programs at zoos is the re-introduction of animals into the wild. The California condor , a very large bird native to the west coast of the United States, has been re-introduced to its native habitat after breeding in zoos and wildlife parks. There are several breeding pairs of California condors in the wild today. Critics of captive breeding programs say that releasing a few animals into the wild does little to help the species population. Animals are extinct in the wild largely due to loss of habitat . The re-introduction of animals, especially large mammals that require vast territory for survival, does nothing to recover lost habitat . People continue to develop land for homes and businesses. Zoos often have conservation projects in the native habitats of the animals they keep in captivity. For instance, the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums established a partnership with people in rural Papua New Guinea to save tree kangaroos . These rare species are threatened by loss of habitat and the growing population of Papua New Guinea: Villagers hunt the tree kangaroo for meat. A zoo program introduced a rabbit-farming program to address the nutritional needs of the villagers. Zoos also set up conservation sites where the hunting of tree kangaroos was outlawed. While zoos have put more importance on conservation and humane animal treatment in recent decades, some critics say it is cruel to keep animals in captivity. Critics argue that living in captivity takes away wild animals’ natural behavior and instincts . Supporters of zoos say they play an important role in protecting endangered species .

Modern Menageries People still enjoy collecting animals to display in their private homes. The American entertainer Michael Jackson, for instance, had a menagerie that included tigers, giraffes, parrots, and, of course, his pet chimpanzee, Bubbles. The Colombian drug lord Pablo Escobar kept an enormous private zoo that included elephants, buffalo, and camels. Some of Escobar's hippopotamuses, native to Africa, escaped into the Colombian jungle. After Escobar's death, the rest of the animals were sold or donated to zoos around the world.

City of Brotherly Animals The first zoo in the United States opened in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1874. The Philadelphia Zoo remains one of the most important zoos and facilities for breeding rare and endangered animals.

Zoo-Literacy Many books of fiction, nonfiction, and historical fiction concern zoos. Life of Pi is a novel by Canadian author Yann Martel. The father of the main character, Pi, is a zookeeper at the Pondicherry Zoo in India. When traveling across the Pacific Ocean, from India to Toronto, Canada, the boat carrying Pi, his family, and all the animals of the zoo sinks. The only survivors, alone on a lifeboat in the middle of the ocean, are Pi and the zoo's Bengal tiger, whose name is Richard Parker. Faithful Elephants: A True Story of Animals, People, and War is a nonfiction book written by Yukio Tsuchiya and illustrated by Ted Levin. The book tells the story of three elephants of the Uneo Zoo in Tokyo, Japan, in the time leading up to World War II. Pride of Baghdad is a graphic novel written by Brian K. Vaughn and illustrated by Niko Henrichon. The factual story, of lions that escaped from the Baghdad Zoo as the war in Iraq began, is told from the lions' point of view.

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Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin. The greatest Russian poet. The greatest Russian poet Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin was born in Moscow on the 26 th of May, 1799. He was not only a poet, but also a dramatist, a novelist and a writer of short stories. Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin.

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How does an NBA team build culture? For the Wizards, it starts with the last man.

In February 2020, Anthony Gill was in the middle of a game in Moscow, standing in the corner near the basket and waiting, hands in front of his chest, legs coiled, for a teammate to pass him the ball. Gill had never experienced anything like what happened next: A thought struck him, suddenly and with the same brute force as an elbow to the ribs.

“There has to be more to life than this,” he thought.

By that moment in his young life, Gill had already struck gold. A shaky start to his post-college playing days had become a lucrative pro basketball career overseas that took him and his high school sweetheart, Jenna, whom he married shortly before graduating from Virginia in 2016, to Turkey and then Russia.

They learned new cultures and had their first child as Gill made a name for himself on the court. Khimki Moscow gave him an extension in 2018 that Gill says made him one of the highest-paid players in Europe at the time.

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Yet Gill describes that time in his life as chasing paychecks, and a gnawing sense of dissatisfaction had begun its creep. Maybe it was the base layer of financial security and familial stability that made him want to pursue a dream just then, in that gym in Moscow. Maybe he had just had enough of waiting in the corner.

Finding fulfillment looked like this: At 28, he made a leap and became an NBA rookie, taking a pay cut to sign with the Washington Wizards in December 2020. He has since averaged just 9.8 minutes per game over three seasons but has filled an indelible role.

Gill is the Wizards’ culture guy.

He is the first player to pop up off the sideline to high-five haggard teammates during timeouts. He is the one who asks players and staff members personal questions when they least expect it, who knows his teammates’ middle names and who picks up his own trash in the locker room rather than leaving it for the equipment managers. He hates having microphones and cameras at his charity events, and when told microphones and cameras could help whatever his charitable organization is, he says, “There is no organization; it’s just me and Jenna.”

“If you’re around him or you’ve been his teammate, everybody could probably say the same thing: He is just one of the best people that you’ll ever be around,” said Brooklyn Nets guard Joe Harris, Gill’s college teammate.

“You need a balance of personalities in an NBA locker room. Sometimes there’s a veteran presence: They’ve been around the block, they’ve played for however long, they’re not too concerned with making more money. They’re there for the team; they want to help out, do their part. That’s a different person than a young guy trying to establish himself, trying to get a contract. I feel like AG, regardless of where he is in his NBA tenure, he’s the same way that he was in college. He’s just about the team. He’s about the right stuff.”

‘It’s not normal’

One of an NBA team’s most tried and true bonding tools is dinner on the road. Postgame meals on interminable road trips can foster trust and build chemistry. Letting off steam after a loss or celebrating a win with teammates is crucial for a healthy work environment in which, from October at least until April, players spend more time with their co-workers than they do their loved ones.

Gill took it upon himself to open up the practice this year. Players usually eat among themselves on trips, but the forward began making dinner reservations on the road with a handful of players and an entire department. They broke bread with the training and weight staff in Salt Lake City, with the coaching staff in Milwaukee, with the security team in Portland. At the end of every night, Gill picks up the tab himself or, more often, splits it with another player. It’s a purposeful gesture, a rare moment that inverts the typical player-first NBA model.

“We’re trending in that right direction, getting more connected with the staff,” Kristaps Porzingis said of the outings. “That’s a normal thing in Europe, where everybody is together always. On other teams I’ve seen here, it’s not like that.”

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Gill has always pushed back against basketball norms.

At Virginia, assistant coach Ritchie McKay — Gill’s longtime mentor who’s now the head coach at Liberty — remembers Gill as doing whatever it took to win.

“He usually makes his decisions based on his convictions, not just his opportunities,” McKay said. “He was willing to take on whatever role was necessary for the team in order to get the desired result.”

Often, the results Gill desired had to do with quality of life as an NCAA athlete. He played his freshman year at South Carolina and was one of Virginia Coach Tony Bennett’s first transfers from another Division I program when he arrived in 2012. He brought with him tricks he had learned from the Gamecocks about getting the absolute most out of NCAA rules that governed how much food a program can provide players. Harris said he got the team extra meals and other various benefits.

“This was before Shabazz Napier said he didn’t have enough to eat and the NCAA relaxed all these regulations,” McKay said.

Some of the ideas Gill had for Ronnie Wideman, Virginia’s director of basketball operations, are things the program still implements today.

“It’s not normal. There aren’t many that have come with that perspective,” Wideman said. “He was never afraid to speak his mind. He always was trying to figure out things to better the experience — and it wasn’t just for himself. Kudos to him for having a voice.”

If his purpose in Charlottesville was bettering the college athlete’s experience, his purpose in the NBA is to challenge the notion that the league is just a business. Gill knows that he could be traded in the offseason and that money governs all. But while he’s with the Wizards, he wants to throw himself into creating deep relationships.

“My main goal is to break down barriers between people. I want people to know that we can care about each other and love each other and it’s not taboo,” Gill said. “I know I can play basketball — 100 percent I give every single thing to the Washington Wizards every day. But for me, I’d rather be known as a better person than a basketball player. The basketball window is so short. But the person aspect of it, people will remember. I have a lot of life to live after this.”

Rejecting the hierarchy

The Wizards’ coaching staff started a cultural initiative of its own this year. Each player received a surprise personalized shirt made for him, and coaches revealed them at practice — one day, everyone donned a Bradley Beal St. Louis-themed tee, and Daniel Gafford’s featured one of his favorite anime characters.

Gill’s featured four pictures of himself, each with a word bubble: “I love basketball,” “My bad guys,” “You’re a great player,” and, because Gill doesn’t curse (or smoke or drink, for that matter), “Freak you!”

The North Carolinian isn’t just the Wizards’ culture guy. He’s also the nicest, most polite guy on the team, so much so that when Porzingis arrived in a trade from Dallas, he thought Gill was performing. Nope. “He’s just that super, over-the-top nice guy all the time,” Porzingis said.

Gill is aware that this could get annoying. He doesn’t care. He has won over the locker room anyway.

“He’s a perfect blend,” Beal said. “He helps me all the time if I’m frustrated or the team isn’t getting energy or something. He’s like, ‘Yo, B, it’s time.’ That helps me. I may not even be frustrated; I may just have a blank face. And he’ll be like: ‘B, you all right? I want to make sure you’re good because if you’re good, we’re good.’ I’ll be like: ‘You know what, AG? You right. I’m good.’ He’s probably one of the best teammates I’ve ever had.”

Gill doesn’t subscribe to the assumed NBA hierarchy that places players above everyone else, and he tries to resist falling prey to the spoils of the job.

He gets teased every time he asks the equipment manager for a new pair of shoes because he averages somewhere between four and six pairs per season — insanely low for a professional basketball player. He frequently asks Daniel Villarreal for his opinion on Gill’s game after they work out even though Villarreal is one of the team’s video coordinators, generally considered a low-level position on a coaching staff.

“In my mind, I’m the lowest person on the totem pole. But for him, status is not a thing. He wants to hear what I think,” Villarreal said. “He’s helped me break down some of my own mental barriers because he’s willing to have those conversations — I’ll tell him, ‘If you think I’m helping you, you’re helping me just as much.’ ”

When the offseason comes, Gill plans to do what he did last year and alternate spending two weeks in Washington with two weeks at home in his native Charlotte, surrounded by his extended family, his wife and their three young children. He spends half of the time in Washington in case there’s another player in town so they’ll have someone to work out with and, if need be, another Wizards player as a touchstone.

“I get more out of coming here every day and being the last guy on the roster with no chance to move up — it seems like just working against this brick wall every day — than collecting checks and not playing at the highest level,” Gill said. “So, yes, I like to show up in the summer.”

Gill’s family and his faith ground him more than anything. They are the driving forces behind his unrelenting good-guy personality. Between his family and his role with the Wizards, Gill feels he’s fulfilling his purpose.

McKay, the former Virginia assistant who officiated Gill and Jenna’s wedding nearly seven years ago, knows as much from their conversations.

“God broke the mold,” McKay said. “The motive being so authentic I think is a rarity. I think it’s uncommon. And to some, Anthony is invisible because they judge the outcome or they judge his contribution by his stat line. But when you genuinely invest in someone else’s life — that’s real for him. That’s why I say he’s got to be as good of a teammate or the best teammate in the NBA. Because that’s a profession that can seduce you into thinking you’re more important than others. And AG, he just won’t bite that apple.”

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How the GRU spy agency targets the west, from cyberspace to Salisbury

Accusations mount against the Russian army’s main intelligence directorate

In Russia’s shadow war with the west, one intelligence agency keeps making headlines.

The GRU, or main intelligence directorate, of the Russian army, has been accused of spearheading several of Russia’s most notorious operations in recent years. They include the 2014 seizure of Crimea using undercover soldiers called “little green men”, the hacking theft of emails from the Democratic National Committee and Hillary Clinton, and even the planning of a failed coup in Montenegro .

A British security source told the Guardian on Monday that the nerve agent attack on the former double agent Sergei Skripal was also ordered by the intelligence agency. The British government is poised to submit an extradition request to Moscow for two Russians suspected of carrying out the Salisbury attack that left one person dead and three injured, including Skripal and his daughter.

One of the three main Russian intelligence agencies, less has been written about the GRU (now officially called the GU, or Main Directorate of the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces) than its sister agencies, particularly the Soviet-era KGB or its modern successor the FSB, the spy agency once headed by Vladimir Putin .

Known for operating under a wartime mentality and a willingness to take risks, experts say the culture of the GRU has been influenced by its inclusion of Spetsnaz special forces and experience in war zones, including Syria and Ukraine .

Open source researchers have claimed that a GRU officer supervised the transport of anti-aircraft weapons to eastern Ukraine when the Malaysian jetliner flight MH17 was shot down there, killing 298 people.

“The GRU regards itself as a war-fighting instrument. Yes, it gathers conventional intelligence … but its culture is much more military,” said Mark Galeotti, an expert on Russian security issues and the country’s intelligence agencies . “Although only a minority of GRU officers are Spetsnaz, it has an impact when part of your service are commandos.”

Besides special forces, the spy agency manages more traditional intelligence-gathering operations around the world, as well as signals intelligence.

Vladimir Rezun, a GRU officer who defected to the UK in the 1970s, wrote in his history of the agency (written under the pen name Viktor Suvorov) that it was largely tasked with preventing the collapse of the Soviet Union from without, as opposed to the KGB, which had a prominent role in thwarting internal threats.

While the KGB became notorious, the GRU largely operated in obscurity. “In the people’s consciousness, everything that is dark, underground and secret is connected with the KGB but not at all with the GRU,” he wrote.

Traditionally, Galeotti noted, the GRU answered for “uncontrolled spaces”. While in the past that has meant areas like civil wars, it may also apply to zones like cyberspace now.

Several Russian intelligence agencies were involved in hacking operations before the 2016 US presidential elections, but only the GRU was identified in an 11-count indictment released last month by the United States special counsel Robert Mueller’s investigation. The hack was perpetrated by staff employees of several Moscow-based units traditionally tied to signal intelligence.

The interests of Russia’s intelligence agencies regularly overlap, as have their methods. As Christopher Andrew wrote in The Mitrokhin Archive: The KGB in Europe and the West, his study of notes on KGB files smuggled out of Russia, the agency “offered its allies lethal nerve toxins and poisons which were fatal on contact with the skin for use during ‘special actions’”.

While the GRU has largely been shrouded in secrecy, there have been occasional contacts with the west.

Peter Zwack, a retired US army brigadier general, wrote about a series of meetings before the Sochi Olympics with the head of the GRU, Igor Sergun, who died unexpectedly of a heart attack in January 2016. “I found him soft-spoken, unassuming, complex, erudite and nuanced,” he said of their meetings, which largely focused on counter-terrorism efforts.

“I learned that even as Sergun relentlessly directed global intelligence operations against our interests, he — paradoxically — also viewed constant confrontation with the US and west as not in Russia’s best long-term interest,” Zwack wrote.

Those meetings ended after Russia’s invasion of Ukraine.

• Trump-Russia investigation
• Sergei Skripal
• Robert Mueller

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