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Character Analysis Odysseus

Odysseus is a combination of the self-made, self-assured man and the embodiment of the standards and mores of his culture. He is favored by the gods and respected and admired by the mortals. Even the wrath of Poseidon does not keep him from his homecoming. He is confident that he represents virtue even when a modern audience might not be so sure. He is also a living series of contradictions, a much more complicated character than we would expect to find in the stereotypical epic hero. We can contrast Odysseus, for example, with the great warrior Achilles in The Iliad .

Achilles himself is not a two-dimensional stereotype. He has a tragic flaw, which can best be identified as hubris (an overbearing arrogance or misguided pride) as one of several distinguishing traits. But Achilles is a simpler character. According to the myth the Homeric Greeks would have known, Achilles was given a choice by the gods to live a short, glorious life full of excitement and heroism or a long, tranquil life with little recognition or fame. Achilles, of course, chose the glorious life; therefore, he achieves a kind of immortality through valor and intense, honest devotion to a cause.

Odysseus, in The Odyssey, is much more complicated. He lives by his wiles as well as his courage. He is an intellectual. Often he openly evaluates a situation, demonstrating the logic he employs in making his choices. When it proves effective, Odysseus lies (even to his own family), cheats, or steals in ways that we would not expect in an epic hero. Although he is self-disciplined (refusing to eat the lotus), his curiosity is sometimes the root of his trouble (as with the Cyclops).

He is willing to pay a price for knowledge; for example, he insists on hearing the Sirens' call, even though to do so, he must have himself excruciatingly strapped to the mast of his ship so that he cannot give in to the temptation. Odysseus can be merciful, as when he spares the bard Phemius, or brutal, as he seems when dealing with the dozen disloyal maidservants. He creates his own code of conduct through his adventures. He is deeper than Achilles, more contemplative, but still capable of explosive violence; he is almost certainly more interesting. It is easy to see why some critics like to call him the first "modern man."

Victory motivates Odysseus. He wants to return home and live well in Ithaca; as a result, every step along the way is another test, sometimes, another battle. His concern with victory is also cultural, as well as practical. In Homer's world, where there are no police or justice systems, might usually makes right. The strong prevail. Odysseus often has only two choices: death or victory. Even when Athena intervenes on his behalf, she often leaves ultimate success or failure up to Odysseus. During the battle with the suitors, for example, she could easily and quickly prevail; but she makes Odysseus earn the victory.

Appropriately, Odysseus' development as a character is complicated. He is, in every way, "the man of twists and turns" (1.1). While he does seem to grow throughout his wanderings, the reader should not look at each event as a one more learning experience for the hero. The Odyssey is not a lesson plan for growth; the episodes are not didactic examples of the importance of prudence or anything else.

When Odysseus left for Troy, he had already established his reputation as a hero. His participation in the war was crucial to the Greeks' victory. It was he who disguised himself as an old beggar and infiltrated the enemy. As Menelaus tells Telemachus in Book 4, it was Odysseus' legendary ruse of the Trojan horse that led to the defeat of Troy.

Certainly Odysseus does grow in wisdom and judgment throughout his ventures. His self-control while dealing with the suitors' insults is exemplary and contrasts, for example, with his earlier irresistible urge to announce his name to the Cyclops in Book 9. In other ways, however, he seems slow to learn. The most notable example being his difficulty in controlling his men. After the victory over the Cicones, Odysseus wisely wants to take the plunder and depart quickly (9.50). His men prefer to stay, leading to a defeat at the hands of reinforcements. When Aeolus grants the Greeks fair winds to Ithaca, Odysseus falls asleep within sight of home, enabling his suspicious, undisciplined crew to open the bag of ill winds and let loose a tempest that blows them off course. Again, on the island of the Sungod Helios, Odysseus' men disobey strict orders and feast on the sacred cattle when he goes inland to pray and falls asleep. The struggles Odysseus faces make his growth as a character more realistic and more credible because it is not simple or absolute.

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The Contrast of Odysseus as a Character Essay

Introduction.

Odysseus has all the defining characteristics of a Homeric protagonist. He is strong, resourceful, and confident, which makes him a great leader. However, Odysseus has a number of flaws, including his constant desire to achieve glory combined with excessive pride that sometimes blinds him in his adventures. Book IX of The Odyssey is structured as a series of flashbacks that reveal the wanderings of Odysseus and his men. As Odysseus tells Phaeacians the tale of his battle with the Cyclops, it becomes apparent that Homer’s protagonist is smart and cunning. He possesses the ability to deceive and plan thoroughly, which adds to his charm and strength as a leader. However, Odysseus’ confrontation with Polyphemus demonstrates how arrogant and foolish The Odyssey’s hero can be.

Odysseus decides to linger in the Cyclops’ cave after stealing some of his food, which puts his men in danger. They keep telling Odysseus to leave, but he tells them he wants “to see the owner himself, in the hope that he might give me a present” (Homer). Such arrogance leads to Polyphemus eating two of Odysseus’ best men after he returns to his cave. After the monster imprisons his ‘guests’ in order to feast on them later, Odysseus comes up with an intricate plan to escape. It includes blinding Polyphemus, hiding his identity by using ‘Nobody’ as an introduction, and finally escaping the cave by clinging to the bellies of the Cyclops’ sheep. However, as soon as Odysseus and his men manage to get on their ships, the story’s protagonist rejects any sense of self-preservation and reveals his identity to the Cyclops. Polyphemus then prays to his father Poseidon to call for vengeance on Odysseus. Therefore, despite being smart and deceiving, the story’s protagonist shows how prideful and foolish his actions can be.

In conclusion, it is important to acknowledge that Odysseus is a strong and clever man. He can use his smarts and leadership skills to escape dangerous situations, an example of which would be his wanderings in the land of the Cyclops. However, Odysseus rarely thinks ahead if his pride is threatened. The only reason why he refuses to hide his identity with Polyphemus is that he wants everyone to know of his great deeds. His excessive pride and desire for glory makes him an unlikeable character.

Homer. “Book IX.” The Odyssey , translated by Samuel Butler, 800 B.C.E. Classics MIT, Web.

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  • Deception in King Lear, The Odyssey and Gilgamesh
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  • The Role of Hospitality in the Homeric World-Odyssey
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  • Teaching the Texts

The Odyssey

Homer, the odyssey, informal prompts.

Food and drink seem to define culture in the Odyssey , to the point that eating food from another culture can literally turn you into them, and cause you to forget about your homeland. What practices do you engage in that make you feel connected to your cultural home? What aspects of modern life do you think define a culture?

Odysseus is described as a “man of many ways,” implying he is both a skilled leader and a cunning, even deceitful person. Do you think lying can be used for good? When is deceit a strength, and when is it a flaw?

The Odyssey is a Greek “homecoming story,” a genre of epic poetry which assumes the journey back from war is as difficult as the war itself. In the course of his journey, for example, Odysseus must learn to tone down his own warlike character he gained during the war. What challenges have you faced returning to “normal” after a trying experience? Are there any parallels between Odysseus’ experience and your own?

Short answer / critical response

How would you re-tell the Odyssey in your own words, highlighting the dramatic parts and main themes? Re-tell the story of the Cyclops in your own words, recording your tale in an audio recording, on Snapchat, or in some other form of social media. Imagine you are telling it to your peers.

Odysseus chooses to return home, rather than stay with Calypso and become immortal. Why might he do this? First, compare human life with those of the gods in the Greek worldview. Then, venture an argument about why Odysseus might find human life preferable.

Hospitality is a recurring theme in the Odyssey, and violations of hospitality provide a key motivating conflict for the poem. Write a “Rules of Hospitality” handbook outlining the expectations for both hosts and guests in the Odyssey , and the significance and penalties of breaking them.

What makes someone “heroic” in the Odyssey ? Compare Odysseus and Telemachus in this regard, by picking 3 places in the poem where each character acts heroic in some way, and highlight the character traits they display.

In-Class Activities

In small groups, analyze the questions assigned to your group. Select specific passages to read out loud to the class and elaborate on the connotations of the passage.

  • What kind of father-son relationships are denoted and connoted throughout the epic? How are father-son relationships connected to identity, according to Homer?
  • In Book IX, the “man of many ways” may be criticism. Is it? Analyze some examples where Homer implies that Odysseus is flawed.
  • What does eating symbolize in Greek culture? Choose two or three examples to quote and to explain to the class.
  • What are the characteristics of a hero? Quote two or three examples to prove your answer to the definition of a hero.
  • Odysseus encounters a number of hospitable lands where he could potentially make a decent home. Name these and why does he ultimately reject them as new homes?
  • Besides the cannibalism of some of the islands where Odysseus lands, why does he consider these places inhospitable. Look especially at his description of Lamos, the island inhabited by Laestrygonians.
  • Is the killing of the handmaidens in Book XXII necessary? Why or why not?
  • Is Odysseus’s killing of the suitors just? Why or why not?
  • Is it just that Odysseus blame the gods for his long journey? Why or why not?
  • Examine two or three instances where Odysseus might be to blame for his own suffering.

Essay Prompts

Write a sequel to the Odyssey . What does Odysseus do once he returns home, and does he stay there? How do the personality traits, virtues and vices of Odysseus, Penelope, and Telemachus play out at home, and how do the gods respond to the situation?

Write a dialogue between Penelope and Iocasta from Oedipus Rex , in which the two compare their experiences. What did each think of the motivations and actions of the characters around them, and what strategies did each use to navigate the situations in which they found themselves?

Reconstruct the story arc of the Odyssey in a Facebook discussion thread between the poem’s major characters, including Odysseus, Telemachus, Penelope, the Suitors, Athena, the Cyclops, and so on. See an example here .

Homer portrays Odysseus’s homecoming as a set of trials and tribulations to be overcome. And yet what is more important may be Odysseus’s reaction, behavior, and actions in response to the numerous obstacles in his way. What do his actions or behaviors reveal about his character and his identity? Choosing 3 or 4 obstacles or events from your assigned chapters, discuss how they connote the total sum of the heroic man. (Is he a hero? In what ways yes, and no?)

Odysseus’s representation of foreign lands and cultures encountered on his travels conveys either approval or disapproval. Are Odysseus’s versions credible? Does Homer challenge our faith in Odysseus as a reliable storyteller? Choose 3 or 4 depicted cultures and analyze how Homer frames them through Odysseus’ words.

What does the violence in Book 22 symbolize? What does it connote about the home or the homecoming? What does it imply about the figure of the hero? How does this late chapter change your interpretation of one other event in the earlier books?

In an essay of 3 double-spaced pages, argue whether you think Odysseus lives up to his epithet as “wise.” Use evidence from the poem to support your thesis. In the first body paragraph of your essay, you must discuss one of the three similes below. In second and third body paragraphs, you may discuss other examples of your choosing from the poem. In your conclusion, comment on whether you respect Odysseus as a character.

They seized the beam of olive, sharp at the end, and leaned on it into the eye, while I from above leaning my weight on it twirled it, like a man with a brace-and-bit who bores into a ship timber, and his men from underneath, grasping the strap on either side whirl it, and it bites resolutely deeper. So seizing the fire-point-hardened timber we twirled it into his eye… (IX. 382-88) And as, in the country, the calves, around the cows returning from pasture back to the dung of the farmyard, well filled with grazing, come gamboling together to meet them, and the pens no longer can hold them in, but lowing incessantly they come running around their mothers, so these men, once their eyes saw me, came streaming around me, in tears, and the spirit in them made them feel as if they were back in their own country, the very city of rugged Ithaka, where they were born and raised up. (X. 410-17) There she found Odysseus among the slaughtered dead men, spattered over with gore and battle filth, like a lion who has been feeding on an ox of the fields, and goes off covered with blood, all his chest and his flanks on either side bloody, a terrible thing to look in the face; so now Odysseus’ feet and the hands above them were spattered. (XXII.401-6)

Throughout the sections of the Odyssey we have read, we see several interactions between the gods and humanity. Select 3 of these moments and analyze what these exchanges reveal about the characters of both god and humans.

Events in The Odyssey are determined by the decisions and actions of gods as well as humans.  From the ways in which those actions and decisions are depicted, what might The Odyssey be showing or telling us about the abilities and inabilities, as well as the character, of gods and humans?

In The Odyssey , we have identified several different universal themes, such as temptation, enduring trials, the urge to go home and, of course, that of a journey. Discuss how one of those themes–or one you identify–is developed or illustrated in The Odyssey and compare that treatment with the way another story (whether in fiction, drama, poetry, film or music) treats that same theme.

Quiz Prompts

Identify the speaker and context of the following quotes.

“They told me he was here in this country, / your father, I mean. But no. The gods are impeding his passage. / For no death on the land has befallen the great Odysseus, / but somewhere, alive on the wide sea, he is held captive, / on a sea-washed island, and savage men have him in their keeping, / rough men, who will somehow keep him back, though he is unwilling.” (32)

“They seized the beam of olive, sharp at the end, and leaned on it / into the eye, while I from above leaning my weight on it / twirled it, like a man with a brace-and-bit who bores into / a ship timber, and his men from underneath, grasping / the strap on either side whirl it, and it bites resolutely deeper. / So seizing the fire-point-hardened timber we twirled it / in his eye, and the blood boiled around the hot point, so that / the blast and scorch of the burning ball singed all his eyebrows / and eyelids, and the fire made the roots of his eye crackle.”(147)

“and the souls / of the perished dead gathered to the place, up out of Erebos, / brides, and young unmarried men, and long-suffering elders, / virgins, tender and with the sorrows of young hearts upon them, / and many fighting men killed in battle, stabbed with brazen / spears, still carrying their bloody armor upon them. / These came swarming around my pit from every direction / with inhuman clamor, and green fear took hold of me.” (169)

“And as a fisherman with a very long rod, on a jutting / rock, will cast his treacherous bait for the little fishes, / and sinks the horn of a field-ranging ox into the water, / then hauls them up and throws them on the dry land, gasping / and struggling, so they gasped and struggled as they were hoisted / up the cliff. Right in her doorway she ate them up. They were screaming / and reaching out their hands to me in this horrid encounter.” (191).

“‘You dogs, you never thought that I would any more come back / from the land of Troy, and because of that you despoiled my household, / and forcibly took my serving women to sleep beside you, / and sought to win my wife while I was still alive, fearing / neither the immortal gods who hold the wide heaven, / nor any resentment sprung from men to be yours in the future. / Now upon all of you the terms of destruction are fastened.’” (322)

COLUMBIA CORE AT HOSTOS is a professional development initiative sponsored by the Apgar Foundation. Directors Dr. Gregory Marks and Dr. Andrea Fabrizio have collaborated with Director of the Core Curriculum at Columbia University, Dr. Roosevelt Montas, to implement a three-year project designed to draw on the strengths of Columbia University’s Core Curriculum to revise the curriculum of ENG 110 and ENG 111 at Hostos.

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The Odyssey Character Analysis Essay: Body Paragraph Example

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Is Odysseus a good or a bad leader. I shared my free graphic organizer for this essay. Here is a body paragraph showing students HOW to elaborate.

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  1. Odysseus Character Analysis in The Odyssey

    Odysseus has the defining character traits of a Homeric leader: strength, courage, nobility, a thirst for glory, and confidence in his authority. His most distinguishing trait, however, is his sharp intellect. Odysseus's quick thinking helps him out of some very tough situations, as when he escapes from the cave of the Cyclops in Book 9, or ...

  2. Humility In The Odyssey: [Essay Example], 916 words

    Get original essay. Body Paragraph 1: The character of Odysseus is a prime example of the importance of humility in The Odyssey. Despite being a renowned hero and a great leader, Odysseus often faces challenges that test his pride and ego. When he encounters the Cyclops, Polyphemus, he initially boasts about his identity and taunts the monster ...

  3. 85 Odyssey Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

    Make sure that all the paragraphs are logically connected. When writing the Odyssey essay conclusion, make it bright and clear. Restate the thesis statement and add your personal impressions on the poem. After you finish your paper read it again carefully and add some touches you might miss during the writing.

  4. Odysseus Adventures and Fate

    Bring the bed outside this room, and put bedding upon it with fleeces, good coverlets, and blankets" (Homer and Mackail 189). These words made Odysseus angry and he told everything about this house and the bed chamber. When Penelope had heard what he told her, she realized that this man was her husband.

  5. Odysseus

    Odysseus is a combination of the self-made, self-assured man and the embodiment of the standards and mores of his culture. He is favored by the gods and respected and admired by the mortals. Even the wrath of Poseidon does not keep him from his homecoming. He is confident that he represents virtue even when a modern audience might not be so sure.

  6. A+ Student Essay: Homer's Portrayal of the Magical and Fantastical

    A+ Student Essay: Homer's Portrayal of the Magical and Fantastical. In Books 9 through 12, Odysseus relates a series of thrilling and colorful adventures. As in a successful horror movie, the spine-tingling elements and vivid characters are effective not simply on their own terms, but because of their careful deployment at just the right moment ...

  7. Odyssey Body Paragraph Analysis

    The Odyssey Essay Revisions- Body Paragraph 2 In an odyssey the adventurer must gain understanding that leads to a successful denouement. Throughout Homer's poem, Odysseus learns abundantly about creatures such as the Kyklops. In regards to Polyphemus Odysseus states, ¨We felt a tremble in our hearts in dread/ of that deep rumble and mighty ...

  8. The Odyssey Character Analysis

    Odysseus. The protagonist of The Odyssey, Odysseus is a classic epic hero. He is by turns cunning, deceitful, clever, prudent, wise, courageous, and impulsive. A distinguishing characteristic about him is that his mental skills are just as strong as his physical strengths, and this ability helps him escape some dangerous situations.

  9. Odysseus, A Greek Hero

    The central character of Homer's epic poem, the Odyssey, is difficult to pin down. Odysseus is a fearsome warrior capable of great deeds, has many of the Olympian gods assisting him in his travels ...

  10. The Contrast of Odysseus as a Character

    Conclusion. In conclusion, it is important to acknowledge that Odysseus is a strong and clever man. He can use his smarts and leadership skills to escape dangerous situations, an example of which would be his wanderings in the land of the Cyclops. However, Odysseus rarely thinks ahead if his pride is threatened.

  11. How Odysseus Proves to Be a Hero in The Odyssey

    Prompt Examples for "The Odysseus" Essay. Epic Heroic Qualities: Analyze the epic hero qualities exhibited by Odysseus in "The Odyssey," discussing traits such as courage, intelligence, leadership, and resilience. Heroic Journey: Examine Odysseus's hero's journey throughout the epic, and discuss the challenges he faces, his growth as a character, and the lessons he learns along the way.

  12. PPTX The Odyssey Essay

    The Odyssey Essay. Body Paragraph 1. Thesis Statement: In Homer's The Odyssey, Penelope portrays a strong woman. Step 1: Topic Sentence. Undoubtedly, Penelope is a portrayed as strong woman in The Odyssey because she is clever. Set-up/Concrete Details. First, Penelope shows cleverness with the suitors. Penelope tells the suitors that she will ...

  13. PDF The Odyssey Essay

    Essay Prompt: Homer explores many themes in his epic The Odyssey. Choose one and trace its development throughout the epic. Your essay will discuss a theme, NOT on a word. Idea about arrogance: Arrogance is punished; humility is rewarded. Homer's The Odyssey illustrates the vice of arrogance and the virtue of humility.".

  14. Essays on The Odyssey

    3 pages / 1155 words. The Odyssey is an epic ballad on a greek legend's experiences. The significant subjects in this lyric additionally apply to life today as a result of the manner in which it helps an individual's character by learning through the characters activities, emotions, victories, and errors.

  15. Odysseus as a Hero in 'The Odyssey' Free Essay Example

    Essay, Pages 8 (1965 words) Views. 631. A hero is a character who is especially virtuous, usually larger than life. The character Odysseus in the text of The Odyssey is considered heroic. The act of being considered a hero goes beyond that something is required but exceed when people are in need the most. Also, a significant benefit would know ...

  16. The Odyssey: Central Idea Essay: What Makes Odysseus "the man of twists

    Odysseus can also be called "the man of twists and turns" because of the twists and turns of his mind, a trait that frequently gets him out of dangerous situations. For example, in Book 9 Odysseus tells of his encounter with the Cyclops, a one-eyed monster who transgresses all Greek social norms by murdering nearly all of Odysseus's men ...

  17. The Odyssey

    In an essay of 3 double-spaced pages, argue whether you think Odysseus lives up to his epithet as "wise." Use evidence from the poem to support your thesis. In the first body paragraph of your essay, you must discuss one of the three similes below. In second and third body paragraphs, you may discuss other examples of your choosing from the ...

  18. Body Paragraphs In The Odyssey

    Show More. Body Paragraph one: In the myth daedalus the greeks believed that what goes around comes around. This is shown on page 136 Daedalus pushes his nephew Talos off the athena temple, and Talos gets turned into a bird. Then Talos in revenge leads icarus Daedalus's son into the sun killing him. What goes around comes around means that ...

  19. The Odyssey Character Analysis Essay: Body Paragraph Example

    Is Odysseus a good or a bad leader. I shared my free graphic organizer for this essay. Here is a body paragraph showing students HOW to elaborate.

  20. Blog 9: Odyssey Essay Introduction

    Post the introduction for your Odyssey Essay here. 63 Comments Noah M. 1/9/2013 02:07:05 am. ... Odysseus, is often rude, disrespectful, and not always the most attractive male. However he is still a hero. Throughout the poem "The Odyssey", Odysseus proves that not all heroes are perfect, and that every hero is a little bit human. #First

  21. Odysseus Essay Body Paragraph

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  22. Odysseus Is Not A Hero Analysis: [Essay Example], 908 words

    Published: Mar 5, 2024. Odysseus is often regarded as a hero in Greek mythology, known for his cunning intellect and bravery in overcoming various obstacles on his journey back home to Ithaca. However, upon closer examination of his actions and character traits, it becomes evident that Odysseus may not fit the traditional definition of a hero.

  23. Odysseus Essay Body Paragraph

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