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Essay on Kashmir: History and Beauty in 600+ Words

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  • Jan 20, 2024

Essay on Kashmir

Essay on Kashmir for Students: Kashmir is a region situated between India and Pakistan in South Asia. It is believed that the name Kashmir originated from the word ‘Ka’ which means water, and ‘shimera’ to desiccate. 

The story of Kashmir is complex and has historical, cultural, and political dimensions. Over the years, many rulers and empires, like the Mauryas , Kushans , and Mughals have influenced the paradise of the Earth. The region especially had the special influence of Mauryan ruler Ashoka who contributed to the cultural as well as the architectural heritage of the region.

Cultural Diversity of Kashmir

Kashmir is a region that has a rich history and ancient roots. The place has witnessed the rise and fall of many dynasties, such as the Mauryas , Kushnas , and Guptas . On top of that, these dynasties contributed to the cultural and geographic location of Kashmir, which includes the influence of the Silk Road and the blend of Hindu, Buddhist, and later Islamic influences.

Kashmir Issue

The dispute related to the sharing of borders didn’t stop after Independence. Whether it was India, Pakistan, or China, tensions related to the disputes of the region always created a heat of fire between the countries that led to wars. The list of some important wars are as follows:

1. First Indo-Pak War (1947-1948) : Fought for Jammu Kashmir shortly after India’s independence.

2. Sino-Indian War (1962): A conflict between India and China for the territorial region Aksai Chin. 

3. The War of (1965): Fought mainly over Kashmir.

4. Kargil War (1999): A conflict between India and Pakistan in the Kargil district of Jammu and Kashmir.

Article 370 Scrapped

Geographically, Kashmir lies in the northwestern region of the Indian continent. Its total area is around 225,000 square kilometers, which is comparatively larger than the member countries of the United States. 

Out of the total area, 85,800 square kilometers have been subject to dispute between India and Pakistan since 1947. It is important to note that the areas with conflict consist of major portions called the Northern, Southern, and Southeastern portions. The 30 percent of the northern part comprises Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan and is administered by Pakistan.

India controls the portion which is more than 55 percent of the area of the land. The area consists of Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh, Kashmir Valley, and Siachen Glacier which is located in the southern and southeastern portions of India. The area is divided by a line of control and has been under conflict since 1972. 

Also Read: Speech on Article 370

Sadly, the people living near the International Border and the Line of Control (LoC) in Jammu and Kashmir pose not only a life threat but also do not have a stable life. Replacement and relocation affect the people living in the line of control not affect the people physically but also psychologically and socially aspects. In a survey conducted by the National Library of Medicine 94 percent of the participants recognize stress. Furthermore, the youth population was facing stress and anxiety regularly.  

However, a historic decision from the Supreme Court of India that nullified Articles 370 and 35A and permitted the state to have its constitution, flag, and government except in defense, foreign affairs, and communications decisions. After the decision, many initiatives were taken by the government of India to strengthen the democratic rule of the state. Schools, colleges, and universities were opened regularly in the union territories to develop the youth academically, socially, and as well as physically. 

Furthermore, strict measures to control criminal assaults such as stone pelting have started showing positive impacts on the continuance use of technologies such as mobile networks, and internet activities. Further, the discontinuity of Technology has started showing positive impacts on the lifestyle of people. Regular opening of schools, colleges, and universities, on the one hand, is helping the students to have good career prospects. 

Additionally, the fear-free environment that further increases tourist activities will further improve the local economy and contribute to the local as well as the national economy of the country. 

Also Read: Essay on Indian Independence Day

Kashmir is also called the Paradise on Earth. The region is blessed with natural beauty, including snow-capped mountains and green and beautiful valleys. The region is surrounded by two countries, which are Pakistan and China.

Kashmir is famous for Dal Lake, Pashmina Shawls, beautiful Mughal gardens and pilgrimage sites of Amarnath and Vaishno Devi. 

According to a traditional story, Ka means water and shimira means Desiccate. 

Kashmir is known as the ‘Paradise on Earth.’

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Kashmir hamari shah rag hai essay in urdu pdf

 Zahid Notes has now published this essay in Urdu for 2nd year smart syllabus 2021. The essay is given in the topic of "کشمیر ہماری شہ رگ ہے" written in Urdu.

Kahmir hamari shah rag essay in Urdu for 2nd year

The essay includes relevant quotations and poetry in Urdu. The students who were asking for smart syllabus Urdu essays can now also download complete smart syllabus essays notes in a single pdf file. The pdf files is ready and it will be uploaded soon.

کشمیر پر مضمون اردو میں شائع کر دیا گیا ہے۔  یہ مضمون بارھویں جماعت کے طلبہ کے لیے ہے۔ مضمون میں شاعری اور اقوال برابر شامل کیے گئے ہیں۔ آپ کمینٹ میں اپنی رائے کا اظہار کر سکتے ہیں۔

مضمون ایک تصویر کی شکل میں دیا گیا ہے۔ آپ تصویر پر کلک کیے رکھیں ۔ ڈاون لوڈ کرنے کی آپشن ظاہر ہو جائے گی۔

You can also download Kashmir day speech in English in pdf.

Kashmir essay in Urdu

An image file is better than a pdf file. Image can open without any pdf reader. It can be downloaded easily. So, you don't need to have a pdf reader. Just long-press on the picture and select the option "save image"

Kahmir hamari shah rag essay in Urdu for 2nd year

You can also see the following Essays in Urdu for 2nd year too:

1. Mohsin E Insaniyat

2. Ittehad E Alam

3. Taleem E Nuswan

4. Walidain Ka Ehtram

5. Shajar Kari ki zaroorat O Ehmiyat

6. Maholiyati Aloodgi: Asbaab or Tadaarak

7. Bachpan Ek sunehri dor

8. coronavirus or hamari zimmadariyan

9. Mera Nasbul Ain

10. Urdu Zuban Zaroorat O Ehmiyat

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Legacy Of Kashmir, The Forgotten Land Of Beauty And Knowledge — Part I

Subhash Kak

Aug 06, 2016, 10:01 AM | Updated 09:48 AM IST

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  • This is the first essay in a four-part series about the important contributions of Kashmir to Indian culture. It throws light on the early history of the region and the expertise of the Kashmiris in the areas of grammar, music and dance.

This is the first essay in a four-part series about the important contributions of Kashmir to Indian culture. It throws light on the early history of the region and the expertise of grammarians Panini and Patanjali, and Bharata Muni in music and dance.

Kashmir’s geographical location partly explains its cultural history. It may be that its natural beauty and temperate climate are the reasons that Kashmiris have a strong tradition in the arts, literature, painting, drama and dance. Its relative isolation, the security provided by the ring of mountains around it, and its distance from the heartland of Indian culture in the plains of North India might explain the originality of Kashmiri thought. Its climate and the long winters may explain the Kashmiri fascination for philosophical speculation.

Kashmir is at the centre of the Puranic geography. In the Puranic conception, the earth’s continents are arranged in the form of a lotus flower. Mt Meru stands at the center of the world, the pericarp or seed-vessel of the flower, as it were, surrounded by circular ranges of mountains. Around Mt Meru, like the petals of the lotus, are arranged four island-continents ( dvipas ), aligned to the four points of the compass: Uttarakuru to the north, Ketumala to the west, Bhadrashva to the east and Bharata or Jambudvipa to the south. The meeting point of the continents is the Meru mountain, which is the high Himalayan region around Kashmir, Uttarakuru represents Central Asia including Tocharia, Ketumala is Iran and lands beyond, Bhadrashva is China and the Far East. Kashmir’s centrality in this scheme was a recognition that it was a meeting ground for trade and ideas for the four main parts of the Old World. In fact, it became more than a meeting ground; it was the land where an attempt was made to reconcile opposites by deeper analysis and bold conception.

Kashmir’s nearness to rich trade routes brought it considerable wealth and emboldened Kashmiris to take Sanskrit culture out of the country as missionaries. Kashmiris also became interpreters of the Indian civilisation and they authored many fundamental synthesising and expository works. Some of these works are anonymous encyclopaedias; in many other works, the author’s name is known but the details of the life and circumstances in Kashmir are hardly remembered.

Kalhana’s Rajatarangini (River of Kings), written in about 1150 AD, provides a narrative of successive dynasties that ruled Kashmir. Kalhana claimed to have used eleven earlier works as well the Nilamata Purana. Of these earlier books, only the Nilamata Purana survives. The narrative in the Rajatarangini becomes more than mere names with the accession of the Karkota dynasty in the early seventh century.

The political boundaries of Kashmir have, on occasion, extended much beyond the valley and the adjoining regions. According to Hiuen Tsang, the Chinese traveller, the adjacent territories to the west and south down to the plains were also under the direct control of the king of Kashmir. With Durlabhavardhana of the Karkota dynasty, the power of Kashmir extended to parts of Punjab and Afghanistan. It appears that during this period of Kashmiri expansion the ruling elite, if not the general population, of Gilgit, Baltistan, and West Tibet spoke Kashmiri-related languages. Later, as Kashmir’s political power declined, these groups were displaced by Tibetan speaking people.

In the eighth century, Lalitaditya Muktapida (reigned 724-760 AD), conquered most of North India, Central Asia and Tibet. His vision and exertions mark a new phase of Indian empire-building. Kashmir had become an important player in the rivalries amongst the various kingdoms of North India.

The jostling of the Kashmiri State within the circle of the North Indian powers led to an important political innovation. The important Vishnudharmottara Purana, believed to have been written in Kashmir of the Karkota kings, recommends innovations regarding the rajasuya and the ashvamedha sacrifices, of which the latter in its medieval interpretations was responsible for much warfare amongst kings. In the medieval times, the horse was left free to roam for a year and the king’s soldiers tried to establish the rule of their king in all regions visited by the horse, leading to clashes. The Vishnudharmottara Purana replaced these ancient rites by the rajyabhisheka (royal consecration) and surapratishtha (the fixing of the divine abode) rites.

This essay presents an overview of the most important Kashmiri contributions to Indian culture, emphasising some of the lesser known aspects of these contributions. Specifically, we consider the contributions to the arts, sciences, literature and philosophy. Our historical assessment of Kashmiri culture is hampered by the nature of our records. The texts and objects of art do not always indicate their provenance and the connections with Kashmir emerge only from indirect evidence. We are on sure ground when we come to Buddhist sources, the texts of the Kashmir Shaivism, and the names mentioned in the Rajatarangini and other early narratives.

Early Period

During the Vedic period, Kashmir appears to be an important region because it appears that the Mujavant mountain, the region where Soma grew, was located there. It is possible that in the Vedic era a large part of the valley was still under a lake. Kalhana’s history begins with the Mahabharata War, but it is very hazy with regard to the events prior to the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka.

The great grammarian Panini lived in northwest Punjab, not too far from Kashmir and the university at Taxila (Takshashila) was also close to the valley. At the time of Hiuen Tsang, Takshashila was a tributary to Kashmir. It is generally accepted that Patanjali, the great author of the Mahabhashya commentary on Panini’s Ashtadhyayi , was a Kashmiri, as were a host of other grammarians like Chandra. According to Bhartrihari and other early scholars, Patanjali also made contributions to Yoga (the yoga-sutras) and to Ayurveda.

It is believed that Patanjali’s mother was named Gorika and he was born in Gonarda. He was educated in Takshashila and he taught in Pataliputra. From the textual references in his works, it can be safely said that he belonged to second century BC. The Charaka Samhita of Ayurveda that has come down to us is due to the editing of Dridhabala from Kashmir, who also added 17 chapters to the sixth section and the whole of the eighth section. Patanjali may have been involved in this editing process. But it is likely that the identity of the Kashmiris as a distinct group had not solidified in the Vedic period and to speak of ethnicity at that time is meaningless.

In any event, Kashmir of these early times was a part of the larger northwest Indian region of which Takshashila was a center of learning. The early levels of buildings in Takshashila have been traced to 800 BC. The first millennium BC was a period of great intellectual activity in this part of India and attitudes that later came to be termed Kashmiri were an important element of this activity. Amongst these attitudes was a characteristic approach to classification in the arts, and the interest in grammar.

Panini’s grammar remains one of the greatest achievements of the human intellect. It described the grammar of the Sanskrit language by a system of 4,000 algebraic rules— a feat that has not been equalled for any other language to this day. It also set the tone for scientific studies in India with their emphasis on algorithmic explanations. Patanjali’s commentary on the Panini grammar was responsible for the exaltation of its reputation. It appears that Panini arose in the same intellectual climate that characterised Kashmir during its Classical period.

Drama And Music: The Natyasastra

An early name seen as belonging to Kashmir is Bharata Muni of the Natyasastra . The indirect reasons for this identification are that the rasa idea of the Natyasastra was discussed by many scholars in Kashmir. Another reason is that the Natyasastra has a total of 36 chapters and it is suggested that this number may have been deliberately chosen to conform to the theory of 36 tattvas which is a part of the later Shaivite system of Kashmir. Many descriptions in this book seem especially true for Kashmir. The bhana , a one-actor play described by Bharata, is still performed in Kashmir by groups called bhand pather ( bhana patra , in Sanskrit).

It should be mentioned here, parenthetically, that a few scholars take Bharata to be a Southerner. It is also interesting that there exist some very close connections between Kashmir and South India, in the cultural tradition, like the worship of Shiva, Pancharatra, Tantra and the arts. Recently, when I pointed this out to Vasundhara Filliozat, the art historian who has worked on Karnataka, she said that the inscriptional evidence indicates a continuing movement of teachers from Kashmir to the South, and that Kashmir is likely to have been the original source of many of the early Shaivite, Tantric and Sthapatya Agamas.

Bharata Muni’s Natyasastra not only presents the language of creative expression, it is the world’s first book on stagecraft. It is so comprehensive that it lists 108 different postures that can be combined to give the various movements of dance. Bharata’s ideas are the key to proper understanding of Indian arts, music and sculpture. They provide an insight into how different Indian arts are expressions of a celebratory attitude to the universe. Manomohan Ghosh, the modern translator of the Natyasastra , believes that it belongs to the fifth century BC. He bases his assessment on the archaic pre-Paninian features of the language and the fact that Bharata mentions the Arthashastra of Brihaspati, and not that of the fourth century BC Kautilya.

The term “natya” is synonymous with drama. According to Bharata, the natya was created by taking elements from each of the four Vedas: recitation ( pathya ) from the Rigveda, song or melody ( gita ) from the Samaveda, acting ( abhinaya ) from the Yajurveda, and sentiments ( rasa ) from the Atharvaveda. By this synthesis, the Natyasastra became the fifth Veda, meant to take the spirit of the Vedic vision to the common man. Elsewhere, Bharata says: “The entire nature of human beings as connected with the experiences of happiness and misery, and joy and sorrow, when presented through the process of histrionics (abhinaya) is called natya.”

Five of the 36 chapters of the Natyasastra are devoted to music. Bharata speaks of the 22 shrutis of the octave, the seven notes and the number of shrutis in each of them. He explains how the veena is to be tuned. He also describes the dhruvapada songs that were part of musical performances.

The concept of rasa , enduring sentiment, lies behind the aesthetics of the Natyasastra . There are eight rasas : heroism, fury, wonder, love, mirth, compassion, disgust and terror. Bharata lists another 33 less permanent sentiments. The artist, through movement, voice, music or any other creative act attempts to evoke them in the listener and the spectator.This evocation helps to plumb the depths of the soul, thereby, facilitating self-knowledge.

The algorithmic approach to knowledge became the model for scientific theories in the Indic world, extending from India to the East and Southeast Asia. The ideas of the Natyasastra were in consonance with this tradition and they provided an overarching comprehensiveness to sculpture, temple architecture, performance, dance and storytelling. But, unlike other technical shastras that were written for the scholar, Bharata’s work influenced millions directly. For these reasons alone, the Natyasastra is one of the most important books ever written.

To appreciate the pervasive influence of the Natyasastra, just consider music. The comprehensiveness of the Natyasastra forged a tradition of tremendous pride and resilience that survived the westward movement of Indian musical imagination, through the agency of itinerant musicians. Several thousand Indian musicians, of which Kashmiri musicians are likely to have been a part, were invited by the fifth century Persian king, Behram Gaur. Turkish armies used Indians as professional musicians.

Bharata stresses the transformative power of creative art. He says, “It teaches duty to those who have no sense of duty, love to those who are eager for its fulfilment, and it chastises those who are ill-bred or unruly, promotes self-restraint in those who are disciplined, gives courage to cowards, energy to heroic persons, enlightens men of poor intellect and gives wisdom to the learned.”

Our life is spent learning one language or another. Words in themselves are not enough, we must learn the languages of relationships, ideas, music, games, business, power and nature. There are some languages that one wishes did not exist, like that of evil. But evil, resulting from the ignorance that makes one act like an animal, is a part of nature and it is best to recognise it so that one knows how to confront it. Creative art show us a way to transcend evil because of its ability to transform. This is why religious fanatics hate art.

This essay has been taken from Kashmir and its People: Studies in the Evolution of Kashmiri Society . M.K. Kaw (ed.), A.P.H., New Delhi, 2004.

To Be Continued.

Subhash Kak is Regents professor of electrical and computer engineering at Oklahoma State University and a vedic scholar.

  • Indian culture
  • Kashmir Valley
  • Kashmir History
  • Natyasastra

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Article 370: What happened with Kashmir and why it matters

  • Published 6 August 2019

An Indian activist holds a placard during a demonstration to protest against the presidential decree abolishing Article 370

India's BJP-led government is hailing its decision to strip the state of Jammu and Kashmir of autonomy after seven decades, characterising it as the correction of a "historical blunder". The BBC's Geeta Pandey in Delhi explains why this has happened and why it's important.

Why is Kashmir controversial?

Kashmir is a Himalayan region that both India and Pakistan say is fully theirs.

The area was once a princely state called Jammu and Kashmir, but it joined India in 1947 soon after the sub-continent was divided up at the end of British rule.

India and Pakistan subsequently went to war over it and each came to control different parts of the territory with a ceasefire line agreed.

There has been violence in the Indian-administered side - the state of Jammu and Kashmir - for 30 years due to a separatist insurgency against Indian rule.

What's happened now?

In the first few days of August, there were signs of something afoot in Kashmir.

Tens of thousands of additional Indian troops were deployed, a major Hindu pilgrimage was cancelled, schools and colleges were shut, tourists were ordered to leave, telephone and internet services were suspended and regional political leaders were placed under house arrest.

But most of the speculation was that Article 35A of the Indian constitution, which gave some special privileges to the people of the state, would be scrapped.

The government then stunned everyone by saying it was revoking nearly all of Article 370, which 35A is part of and which has been the basis of Kashmir's complex relationship with India for some 70 years.

Kashmir map

How significant is Article 370?

The article allowed the state a certain amount of autonomy - its own constitution, a separate flag and freedom to make laws. Foreign affairs, defence and communications remained the preserve of the central government.

As a result, Jammu and Kashmir could make its own rules relating to permanent residency, ownership of property and fundamental rights. It could also bar Indians from outside the state from purchasing property or settling there.

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The constitutional provision has underpinned India's often fraught relationship with Kashmir, the only Muslim-majority region to join India at partition.

Why did the government do it?

Prime Minister Narendra Modi and the Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party had long opposed Article 370 and revoking it was in the party's 2019 election manifesto.

They argued it needed to be scrapped to integrate Kashmir and put it on the same footing as the rest of India. After returning to power with a massive mandate in the April-May general elections, the government lost no time in acting on its pledge.

Critics of Monday's move are linking it to the economic slowdown that India is currently facing - they say it provides a much-needed diversion for the government.

Kashmiri protesters clash with government forces in Srinagar, Indian-administered Kashmir in 2018.

Many Kashmiris believe that the BJP ultimately wants to change the demographic character of the Muslim-majority region by allowing non-Kashmiris to buy land there.

Although Home Minister Amit Shah's announcement in parliament on Monday came as a surprise to most Indians, it would have taken the government some preparation to arrive at the decision.

The move also fits in with Mr Modi's desire to show that the BJP is tough on Kashmir, and Pakistan.

What's changed on the ground?

Kashmir will no longer have a separate constitution but will have to abide by the Indian constitution much like any other state.

All Indian laws will be automatically applicable to Kashmiris, and people from outside the state will be able to buy property there.

The government says this will bring development to the region.

Members of Hindu Sena, a rightwing group, celebrate after the abolition of Article 370 in Delhi

"I want to tell the people of Jammu and Kashmir what damage Articles 370 and 35A did to the state," Mr Shah told parliament. "It's because of these sections that democracy was never fully implemented, corruption increased in the state, that no development could take place."

The government is also moving to break up the state into two smaller, federally administered territories. One region will combine Muslim-majority Kashmir and Hindu-majority Jammu. The other is Buddhist-majority Ladakh, which is culturally and historically close to Tibet.

P Chidambaram, a senior leader in the opposition Congress Party described the decision as a "catastrophic step" and warned in parliament that it could have serious consequences.

"You may think you have scored a victory, but you are wrong and history will prove you to be wrong. Future generations will realise what a grave mistake this house is making today," he said.

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Why did 2018 see more violence in Indian-administered Kashmir?

Is this all legal?

According to the constitution, Article 370 could only be modified with the agreement of the "state government". But there hasn't been much of a state government in Jammu and Kashmir for over a year now.

In June last year, India imposed federal rule after the government of the then chief minister, Mehbooba Mufti, was reduced to a minority. This meant the federal government only had to seek the consent of the governor who imposes its rule.

The government says it is well within its rights to bring in the changes and that similar decisions have been taken by federal governments in the past.

But expert opinion is sharply divided.

One constitutional expert, Subhash Kashyap, told news agency ANI that the order was "constitutionally sound" and that "no legal and constitutional fault can be found in it".

However another constitutional expert, AG Noorani, told BBC Hindi it was "an illegal decision, akin to committing fraud" that could be challenged in the Supreme Court.

Opposition political parties could launch a legal challenge but Kashmir is an emotive issue with many Indians, and most parties would be wary of opposing the move lest they be branded anti-India.

That could leave any challenge up to individuals or activists.

Presentational grey line

Read more about Kashmir

  • Kashmir: Why India and Pakistan fight over it
  • Tracing the path that led to Pulwama
  • The funerals driving Indian Kashmir youth to militancy

Finding God in the anguish of violence

More on this story

'India has betrayed Kashmir'

  • Published 5 August 2019

Former Jammu and Kashmir chief minister and PDP chief Mehbooba Mufti during a press conference at her residence, on February 11, 2019 in Srinagar, India.

'Modi's Kashmir move will fuel resentment'

Activists from the Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad (ABVP), the student wing of India’s ruling Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), celebrate after the government scrapped the special status for Kashmir, in New Delhi, India, August 5, 2019.

The funerals driving youth to militancy

  • Published 14 May 2018

The funeral of five militants in Shopian district

  • Published 26 December 2018

Bakhti Begam is a regular at Khanqah-e-Moula in Srinagar.

Tracing the path that led to the Kashmir attack

  • Published 1 May 2019

Pulwama attack

Why India and Pakistan fight over Kashmir

  • Published 8 August 2019

akistani Rangers (black) and Indian Border Security Force personnel (brown) perform perform during the daily beating of the retreat ceremony at the India-Pakistan Wagah Border Post, some 35kms west of Amritsar on August 14, 2017

Ghumakkar – Inspiring travel experiences. - Traveling is good

  • Pahalgam, the real beauty of Kashmir

It was after assurances from my friend that is was absolutely safe to visit Kashmir, did i make up my mind to plan a trip to Kashmir in end October 2012. It was something like a dream come true. I prepared the tour programme, booked the flights about 6 months in advance and then finalised the hotels after thorough re-search in the net. We would travel straight to Pahelgam from Srinagar airport and spend 3 nights in Pahelgam. From there we would come to Srinagar and spent 4 days there before returning to kolkata.

Day 1 Everything was in place. On the date of the journey we had to wake up at 3.30 am in the morning to catch our flight to Delhi and connecting flight to Srinagar.I had read in reviews that the view of the snow capped mountains from the aircraft just before landing at Srinagar was awesome. I was prepared with my still camera and camcorder and oh my god what a view it was.  It was sheer delight. We could see the peaks of the Pir Panjal range (part of the Himalayas) with all its full family, the white clouds floating around like big fields of cotton.

View from plane

View from plane

It was the day of Eid, a local holiday. It was sunny and bright and we started for Pahelgam 97 kms away. Roads were good and since it was a holiday there was hardly any sign of people on the streets and all shops were closed. We sped past Pampore, Avantipura, Sangrama, Khanabal, Anantnag. Pampore is famous for its Saffron plantations (the only place in the world other than Spain) and we passed big stretches of land where we could see purple saffron flowers all over.

Saffron flowers

Saffron flowers

Sangrama is famous for its cricket bats but since it was a holiday, all shops were closed.

Way to Pahalgam

Way to Pahalgam

We planned to stop at these places on our return journey to Srinagar 3 days later. We reached Pahelgam at 2.30 pm and checked into Mantoo Cottages. The first sight of the resort and its surroundings created a nice feeling in us. The resort is located at Laripora village about 2 kms from the main market area. I chose this place to stay in the midst of nature.

Our cottage

Our cottage

The beautiful lawn, flower plants, the hills with snow capped peaks surrounding all four sides and the Lidder river flowing gently created a mystic picture. We went to our room and after some rest and hot coffee, came out to wander around the village to get the taste of the rustic atmosphere which we miss in the city.

By the lidder river

By the lidder river

There were goats and chickens running around the street, people doing their household work, horses strolling lazily. It was much colder there than in Srinagar. After sunset we returned to our room. Our exploration begins next day. The good news -after trying hard i was able to bring my camcorder to work again, i was happy.

Day 2 Next morning, had early break fast and went out to look for ponies as we shall explore Pahelgam on horseback. After some bargaining with the local pony owners we decided to visit Baisaran, Dabian, Kashmir valley & Pahelgam valley.We hired 3 ponies, one each for us and started off at a gentle pace. The pony attendants walked beside us guiding the animals. These places are some of the most beautiful locales in Pahelgam but can be explored only on horseback. So aged people and those who are not capable to ride ponies will be deprived from such scenic places. we moved on through the hilly trails and reached Pahelgam valley, a point from where the city can be viewed. Then we moved across streams, hilly terrain, boulders and reached a vast grassland called Baisaran or mini Switzerland.

Baisaran

The lush green grasslands, lined with pine trees and mountains beyond, were a treat for the eyes.After running around for some time we mounted on our ponies again and started moving down the slope of the mountains through the pine forest. By this time we had learnt to control the ponies with the reins. My son particularly was very excited. It was really an amazing experience. Next we arrived at Dabian.

Dabian

This too is a grassland with step cultivation, pine trees and mountains beyond. We had some hot noodles from a local shanty and then moved on to Kashmir valley where we could see a water fall far away dry at this point of time. It was now time to return. The pony attendants took us through zig-zag trails, woods and villages and finally arrived at the main market place. We got off our ponies, our backs aching with the bumpy ride we had all day.

Village trail

Village trail

It was about 4 pm and we were very hungry. We headed straight to Nathu’s Rasoi, a very popular vegetarian restaurant.

Market place - Pahalgam

Market place – Pahalgam

We had our lunch and also packed food for dinner which we shall ask the waiter at the resort to serve us hot at night.We walked around the market place, there were shops selling all kinds of items from clothes, fruits & vegetables to medicines.We bought apples, ripe small ones but very sweet and juicy.

Chinar - Pahalgam

Chinar – Pahalgam

Since our resort was at the end of the bus route 2 km away we decided to return by local bus instead of hiring a taxi. The local buses are one of a kind here. The footstep is so high that you need to push a person into the bus from behind and when you are inside the ceiling is so low that you cannot stand without bending your back.

Bus Ride

We got into the bus bought tickets at throw away prices. The locals including men, women in salwar, elderly men, girls stared at us while i took photos. The bus stand was at a small ground near the Lidder river at the edge of the village. We got down and spent some time at the river bank. There is not much water in it at this time of the year. We walked back to the resort and into the comfort of our room.

Cottage

Power supply in the village is hardly steady and most hotels and resorts have their own backup generators. Next day we shall explore Pahelgam by car.

Day 3 After breakfast we called the Tourist Taxi Association and hired a  Maruti Omni, a small van like car for us. Today we would be visiting Betab Valley, Aru Valley, Chandanwari and Mamleswar Temple. In Pahelgam you shall have to hire a car only from the Association for going places, even if you have you own vehicle it cannot be used. This rule is to provide earnings to the local people. The Association has its Rate chart fixed depending on the number of places to be visited and the type of vehicle required. The car arrived at our resort within 10 minutes and we were climbing up hill through the winding roads in no time. The climb was quite steep, we went past villages and after about 25 minutes we arrived at Betab Valley.

Betab Valley

Betab Valley

We bought entry tickets and entered the area. This is basically a huge park for shooting movies. The movie of ester years ‘Betab’ was shot in this park and hence the name. There is a beautiful stream flowing in the middle and a log hut beside it, complete with small bridge over the stream. The park has paved walkways around the entire edge and there are places of thick bushes and trees giving a look of the woods. Small hutments are there here and near. The area is huge and is surrounded by tall mountains with the snow peaks visible. On the slopes we could see herds of sheep grazing around – thus the name ‘Pahelgam’ meaning Village of Shepherds. The entire scenery was very beautiful.

Betab Valley

After spending around half an hour,we walked back to our car for our next destination – Chandanwari. The climb was now steeper and the we felt colder. From the top we could see the Betab Valley below. After travelling for almost 45 minutes we reached Chandanwari. This place is the starting point of the famous pligrimage to Amarnath temple. During the month of June hundreds of devotees make their journey to Amarnath Temple through this place.

Chandanwari

Chandanwari

At that time the quite villages buzz with pilgrims. Many tourists had already reached this place. A few shops selling their wares and owners shouting to attract customers. We took hot coffee from a shop, it was quite refreshing in the cold. The journey to Amarnath is about 35 kms from here. The first few kms are rocks cut on the mountains in the form of steps and then later on thin trail going through the mountains. Most tourists climbed a few stairs paid their respect to God and came down. We walked a few steps and felt how tiring and difficult it was for the pilgrims to follow this journey. On the right side river Shesh Nag was flowing with sound of water breaking through the stones and boulders filled the atmosphere. There were hills all around, blocks of snow could be seen glistening in the sun. We spent some time beside the river taking photos and left for our next place – Aru valley. Now we had to come down hill and back to Laripora village passed our resort and moved on to the other direction. Road condition was bad as we moved on through villages. After some time we again started going up hill, by this time the Lidder river was on our left side. We noticed that almost the entire river bank was beautified in the form of parks or picnic spots. We traveled for about an hour and arrived at a vast grassland called Aru valley. There were ponies available for rides through the slopes and pine trees, few shops and a couple of hotels.There is nothing in particular to see except the scenery. The Jammu Kashmir Tourism- Eco Cottage stood amongst the back drop of hills and pine forest as the only building in the locality.

Aru Valley

The Cottage was closed at that time. Many travelers had suggested a night stay at Aru but i never found it justified. The Lidder river flowing well below was a treat to watch from the cliff at one side. Tourists were busy taking snaps in traditional attire of the Kashmiri men and women being given on hire by the locals. My wife too tried some colourful outfits complete with jewelry and posed for photos.  The place was absolutely calm and quiet and also lonely. It was noon already and we were hungry. We started our journey back to the market place to visit Mamleswar Temple. This temple was built in the twelfth century and has archaeological importance. It is a small temple with railings all around.  There is a small reservoir in the centre, with flower plants and other trees. The deity inside is of Lord Shiva.

Mamleswar temple

Mamleswar temple

Having finished our tour we headed for lunch at Nathu’s again. Though there is another good vegetarian restaurant – Danapani, most of the tourists prefer Nathu’s because of its sprawling interior. We availed the local bus again and returned to our resort. We spent the evening siting in the lawn enjoying the sunset and sipping hot coffee. It was our last night at Pahelgam. We shall move on to Srinagar the next day. Car has been booked for the same. I shall write about Srinagar in a separate Post.

  • Latest Posts

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I am a bengali from Kolkata. I am a fun loving person with a passion for travel. I have been to many places across India and abroad. I also love photography and edit my travel videos into film like stories. Exploring new areas, diverse culture, people are my driving force to my hectic marketing job.I am an avid reader of travel magazines and also member of various travel groups

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  • Rambha and Barkul – The flavours of Chilka

12 Comments

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Hi Sumit, A warm welcome to ghumakkar dot com. Your debut post to ghumakkar is a treat to soul. Beautifully narrated and adorned with captivating snaps this post is really praiseworthy. Thanks for sharing……

Keep traveling…Keep writing.

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Thanks. i shall keep writing…yes i have much more to share, but the constraint is time.

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Welcome aboard Sumit.

Kashmir, I have never been there, as they say is the ‘Paradise on Earth’. The visual are tempting.

Please also share the tariff of Mantoo cottage and other Omni, would help people to plan. It is not heartening to hear that one can not drive their own vehicle for sight seeing. Though I have heard from people that Taxi associations are pretty fierce over there. Look fwd to your Srinagar trip.

Mantoo cottages generally charge 2500+ for a night, but this is negotiable. Mr. Faizan Mantoo is a good person and can be reached over phone. They have a website also which is not much useful. We did’nt experience any difficulty with the Taxi Assocn as rates are fixed as per chart.

Will write for Srinagar soon. I have lots of stunning photos to share.

Nandan thanks for publishing my post. I still cant understand why my photo is not appearing from Gravatar. Can u help?

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Sumit, welcome to Ghumakkar. You have started with a bang with a post on one of the most beautiful regions of India-Kashmir. I don’t recall such a detailed post on Pahalgam in Ghumakkar. Thanks for all the beautiful pictures and details.

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Welcome to Ghumakkar Community, Very nice post about Pahelgam (most beautiful tourist attraction in India).

Journey photos with locals also very nice. Thanks for sharing.

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nice post,great pics.

Thanks all for welcoming me to Ghumakkar. I shall keep sharing my travel stories.

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Welcome to Ghumakkar.

It is a very interesting d�but post with nice pics. Saffron flowers – never realised they looked like that …..

Nice description about your journeys.

Keep travelling, keep writing,

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welcome to Ghumakkar family with a wonderful log with beautiful fotos. Hope some more fotos will be seen in 2nd part ?

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saffron flower = autumn crocus right?

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Welcome to Ghumakkar! Pahalgam is indeed beautiful.

Great post and location to start with. The autumn leaves look beautiful. Its been a long time. I think Kashmir is calling for a visit.

Keep writing!

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English Summary

100 Words Essay On The Kashmir Issue In English

The Kashmir Issue is one that is complex. It can be traced back to the time of partition. 

With the end of British rule, conflicts emerged between the Hindus and the Muslims, with the latter wanting a separate country of their own. 

After the Partition in 1947, Pakistan emerged as a Muslim-dominated country while India emerged as a secular, democratic country. The province of Kashmir, situated at the border of the two countries, got tangled and entrapped between them.

Today, POK, PoK, or Pakistan-occupied Kashmir, in India remains the portion of Kashmir under the Pakistani administration. 

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India-Pakistan: Latest news on Kashmir crisis

By Euan McKirdy , Bianca Britton and Eliza Mackintosh , CNN

Why does Kashmir mean so much to both India and Pakistan?

From CNN's Jack Guy, Katie Hunt and Nikhil Kumar

A Kashmiri man paddles his boat in Dal Lake in Srinagar on February 26, 2019.

India and Pakistan have been locked in a struggle over Kashmir for more than 70 years, and the restive region is back in the news again this week.

So why does the mountainous region mean so much to the two countries?

Kashmir initially remained independent and was free to accede to either nation. When the Hindu king of Kashmir chose to join India in exchange for military protection, Jammu and Kashmir state became the only Muslim-majority state in the country.

Jammu and Kashmir covers around 45% of Kashmir, in the south and east of the region, while Pakistan controls Azad Kashmir, Gilgit and Baltistan -- which cover around 35% of the total territory in the north and west. Both countries claim complete ownership of Kashmir; also in the picture is China, which controls around 20% of Kashmir territory known as Aksai Chin.

essay on kashmir ki sair

The issue is also one of the oldest items on the agenda at the United Nations, where India and Pakistan took their dispute soon after independence. 

Both countries agreed to a plebiscite in principle, to allow Kashmiris to decide their own future, but it has never been held because it was predicated on the withdrawal of all military forces from the region, which has not happened even decades on.

Indian authorities wanted to show that they could guarantee the rights of Muslims in a secular state, but Kashmir is also key to Pakistani identity as a homeland for Muslims after partition in 1947, said Simona Vittorini, a specialist in South Asian politics at SOAS University of London.

Read more on that here .

Pakistan says four civilians killed by Indian shelling

From CNN’s Swati Gupta in Delhi and Adeel Raja in Islamabad

Pakistan’s military says four of its civilians are dead and two others injured as a result of cross-border fire from India, a spokesperson told CNN.

Pakistan says it retaliated in response to India’s "deliberate firing on civilians." The most recent shelling by Pakistani artillery was in the Pani district of Pakistan-controlled Kashmir.

In a statement on cross border violence Thursday, Indian’s army accused Pakistan of initiating the attacks earlier this morning. The Indian statement said Pakistan fired mortars and small arms over the Line of Control and into the Krishna Ghati sector of Indian-controlled Kashmir.

Pakistan to release detained Indian pilot

From Adeel Raja in Islamabad

An image taken from a video released by Pakistan's military shows an Indian pilot identified as Wing Commander Abhinandan.

Pakistan said that on Friday it would release the Indian pilot who has been in Pakistani custody since his plane was shot down on Wednesday.

“We are releasing the Indian pilot tomorrow as a gesture for peace,” Prime Minister Imran Khan said in a televised address Thursday.

What's the latest on Kashmir?

From CNN's Helen Regan

Just joining us? Here's what you missed.

Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi made his first public comments since an Indian pilot was detained by Pakistan. Modi did not talk specifically about Pakistan or the pilot, instead, the prime minister spoke in general terms about trusting in the "army's capabilities" and working hard for the "prosperity of the country."

Meanwhile, hot off the heels of his summit with North Korean leader Kim Jong Un, US President Donald Trump addressed the crisis in Kashmir and alluded to possible US attempts to deescalate the situation.

"They've been going at it, and we've been involved in trying to have them stop. And we have some reasonably decent news, hopefully that's going to be coming to an end," said Trump.

Pakistan's Finance Minister Asad Umar said that the country is "at the cross road of history" as tensions between the nuclear armed neighbors become increasingly fraught. While the Indian Minister of State for External Affairs, General Vijay Kumar Singh called for the release of the pilot who was taken into custody in Pakistan. Identifying him as Wing Commander Abhinandan, Singh described him as the “embodiment of a mentally tough, selfless & courageous soldier."

And there were severe disruptions to thousands of flights around the world as Pakistan closed its airspace for the second straight day. All international and domestic commercial flights in and out of Pakistan were canceled "until further notice" and Thai Airways announced that all its European routes were suspended. The airline later reopened its routes to Europe but Thai Airways flights to Pakistan remain canceled.

For more on the border crisis between India and Pakistan, here's analysis from CNN's Nic Robertson and Euan McKirdy .

Kashmir crisis is in the hands of two populist leaders with political agendas

By CNN's Nic Robertson

When two populists go to war, there is every chance their people will suffer more than they will.

These are the stakes that face both the recently-elected Imran Khan in Pakistan and Narendra Modi, of the Hindu Nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) in India, who is soon to face the electorate again.

To avoid escalating their current confrontation, the two prime ministers will have to face down the powerful pull of historic rivalries and mistrust, coupled with the more immediate needs of their own political careers.

Both countries say they don't want war.

Since they became nuclear powers, every time India and Pakistan have gotten to the point of toe-touching, eye-staring aggression the international pressure on them to step back from the brink has ratcheted up. 

It's no different now, with the US, UK and even China imploring both countries to back off in the past 48 hours.

Read more analysis from CNN's Nic Robertson here.

With India tensions simmering, is Imran Khan ready for his first big political test as Pakistan’s Prime Minister?

Analysis by Euan McKirdy

Pakistani cricket star-turned-politician and head of the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) Imran Khan gestures as he delivers a speech during a political campaign rally, in Islamabad, on July 21, 2018.

During Pakistan’s general election last year, Imran Khan was dismissed by detractors as a political lightweight and foreign policy novice who relied on populism and deference to the country’s influential military for support.

Now, just over six months into his role as Prime Minister, those claims are being tested as Khan finds his country closer to war with its nuclear-armed neighbor, India, than at any point in the past 20 years.

Michael Kugelman, a South Asia expert at the US-based Wilson Center, said the crisis will likely give Khan’s popularity a boost.

“In Pakistan there’s nothing like aggression from India to rally the people,” he told CNN. “The fact that Pakistan had India come into the country to stage these airstrikes, it’s an embarrassment for the military. But the entire country will rally round Imran Kahn to support him.”

However, Kugelman said this is a political test for Khan, who formed his own party 23 years ago.

“He certainly is a neophyte, he has no experience as a national leader, he’s been a politician for a number of years but hasn’t been in a position of national power,” he added.

Read more analysis from  CNN's Euan McKirdy here.

US President Trump addresses Kashmir, says situation 'coming to an end'

From CNN's Steve George

US President Donald Trump has addressed the crisis in Kashmir during a press conference in Hanoi.

"We have, I think, reasonably attractive news from Pakistan and India," said Trump, alluding to possible US attempts to deescalate the situation.

"That's been going on for a long time. Decades and decades. There's a lot of dislike, unfortunately, so we've been in the middle trying to help them both out, and see if we can get some organization and some peace, and I think, uh, probably that's going to be happening."

Indian PM makes speech but doesn't mention Pakistan

Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi said "the entire country is one and is standing with our soldiers."

Speaking in a video conference with campaign workers from his ruling Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), Modi did not talk specifically about Pakistan or the pilot who was shot down and is currently in custody in Pakistan. Instead, the prime minister spoke in general terms about trusting in the "army's capabilities" and working hard for the "prosperity of the country."

"The world is watching our collective will. We trust our army’s capability and because of this, it is extremely necessary that nothing should happen that harms their morale or that our enemies should get a chance to raise a finger against us," he said.

"When our enemy tries to destabilize the country, when terrorists attack – one of their goals is that our progress should stop, our country should stop moving ahead. To stand up against this aim of theirs, each Indian should stand like a wall or a rock. We have to show them that neither will this country stop, nor will the country’s progress slow down."

“India will live as one, India will work as one, India will grow as one, India will fight as one, India will win as one," he said.

Pakistan 'at the crossroad of history'

Pakistan's Finance Minister Asad Umar said that the country is "at the cross road of history" as tensions between nuclear armed neighbors India and Pakistan become increasingly fraught.

"Leadership of India & Pak need to decide if we want to lead our nations towards peace & prosperity or conflict," he said in a post on his official Twitter account Thursday.

He added that Pakistan "remained committed to peace while resolute in defense of our sovereignty."

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EssayLearning

Essay on Kashmir in English 100, 200, 300, 500 Words PDF

Essay on kashmir.

Short & Long Essay on Kashmir – The essay on Kashmir has been written in simple English and easy words for children and students. This English essay mentions Kashmir its beautiful land and places, Why is Kashmir beautiful? What are the challenges to the beauty of Kashmir, and why everyone should go and discover it? Students are often asked to write essay on Kashmir in their schools and colleges. If you are also looking for the same, then we have given essays on this topic in 100-word, 200-word, 300-word, and 500-word.

Short & Long Essay on Kashmir

Essay (100 words).

Kashmir is a beautiful state of India and is considered the most important part of India which is called heaven on earth, it is said that there is no place more beautiful than Kashmir, it is also called Switzerland of India.

The capital of Jammu and Kashmir is Srinagar. There are many high Himalayan peaks, glaciers, valleys, rivers, evergreen forests, hills, etc., and many other places. Snowfall occurs throughout the year in Kashmir.

The weather here is always pleasant. Many tourists come every year to see the beauty of this place. During summer one can see very good greenery here. During snowfall, it seems as if a white sheet has been spread over Kashmir. Apple trees can be seen here which are very beautiful to look at.

Essay (200 Words)

Kashmir is known as “Paradise on Earth” which is a top-class tourist destination. Its picturesque view of snow-capped peaks, lush green valleys, and tranquil lakes attracts tourists from all over the world.

Tourism is an important sector for the economy of Kashmir, its unique attractions include Dal Lake which is known for its houseboats, and Amarnath Cave an important pilgrimage site that also attracts a large number of tourists. Furthermore, the Mughal Gardens reflect the brilliance of Persian architecture.

Kashmir creates innumerable employment opportunities for the local people ranging from hotel and restaurant services to handicrafts and transportation which contributes significantly to its GDP.

Despite its natural beauty, the tourist destination of Kashmir has been affected by conflict. Due to security concerns, there has been a decline in the number of tourists which has impacted the local economy. The government is continuously making concerted efforts to revive and promote tourism in Kashmir.

Tourism in Kashmir is a blend of cultural richness, natural beauty, and thrilling adventure. Despite many challenges, its potential is immense. With the right strategies, it can become a symbol of economic growth and cultural exchange while preserving its natural splendor for future generations.

Essay (300 Words)

Introduction

Jammu and Kashmir is the most beautiful and important part of the earth which is located in the northern part of India. Kashmir is also called heaven on earth. It has Pakistan on its western border and China on its northern and eastern borders. About 8 languages are spoken in Kashmir, while the area is about 54571 square miles and its population is about 1,01,43,700. ,

Beauty of Kashmir

The weather of Kashmir is always very pleasant, during snowfall it seems as if a white sheet has been spread over Kashmir. Many tourists keep coming from India and abroad to see the beauty of this place. During summer one can see very good greenery here. Apples are grown here the trees are very beautiful to look at.

Heaven on Earth

Kashmir is called heaven on earth because it has very high hills, dense forests, and lakes flowing between the valleys. Therefore it is considered like the crown of India, there is a sudden change in the weather here which enhances its beauty, due to its beauty people are attracted here and often come to visit.

Kashmir a Tourist Destination

Kashmir is one of the most famous places in India. People often come here throughout the year for their holidays. Whoever visits Kashmir says that the real heaven is in Kashmir. There are many tourist places here for the people – like Sonamarg, Pahalgam, Patna Top, Srinagar, Gulmarg, Sonamarg, etc. There are many lakes here which add to the beauty of Kashmir.

Kashmir which is called heaven on earth is very beautiful. Impressed by its beauty, people from all over the country and abroad come to visit here. If you too are looking for a hill station to spend your holidays, then there cannot be a better option than Kashmir. Despite its conflicts, Kashmir is an ideal tourist destination for the people. You can go here and enjoy everything as per your wish.

Essay (500 Words)

Kashmir is an important part of India which is also considered as heaven on earth. It is known for its spectacular beauty, snow-clad hills, amazing snow-covered mountain ranges, beautiful lakes, lush green farming, evergreen gardens, and a mesmerizing beauty that cannot be described in words. Kashmir has always been a center of attraction for many reasons – be it its enchanting beauty, issues of cross-border terrorism, political issues, or the terror and fear associated with the place, these are the reasons why Kashmir is always in the news.

The Beauty of Kashmir Valley

The Kashmir Valley is surrounded by the Himalayan mountain ranges which remain covered with snow almost throughout the year. It is surrounded by China and Tibet in the east while it is surrounded by Pakistan in the west. Kashmir Valley is one of the largest valleys in the country which extends over an area of 105 square km. There are many rivers here in which Jhelum River is the main river of Kashmir and it flows in different areas of Kashmir by making branches at different places. Other important rivers of the valley include the Indus and Chenab rivers.

Kashmir Weather

Summers in Kashmir are very mild between the months of May and August while the monsoon season occurs from September to November and becomes cold with the onset of winter by the end of November. The actual winter season occurs between December and February when temperatures drop extremely low. Visiting snow-capped mountains during this time leaves one in awe of the power of nature.

Spring season occurs in Kashmir between March and April. Tourists can visit this place to see the valley covered and adorned with the finest colors of nature and lush greenery.

Trees and Animals

Almond trees, walnut trees, poplar or maple trees, cedar, birch trees, and blue cedar are found in abundance in this region. Apart from this, animals like leopards, mountain foxes, jackals, hangul, musk deer, langur, black bears, etc. live in the wildlife. This valley is home to 120 species of birds and some of them are pheasants and bulbuls.

Terrorism in Kashmir

The Kashmir issue is still unresolved and both India and Pakistan have been shedding blood for years over its rights. Kashmir Valley is infamous for political disputes. People living in the valley are still living a life full of struggle. Bloodshed and imposition of curfew are common in the valley and the problems of the people increase due to the deployment of the army throughout the year in sensitive areas.

Some unresolved disputes have given rise to terrorist attacks and cross-border terrorist activities continue to occur between the two countries. The governments of both countries have tried several times to resolve the disputes and free the area from terrorist activities, but have not been successful yet.

Despite the controversies, Kashmir is a very beautiful place which is called heaven on earth. People from all over the country and abroad come to visit here. Although there are many beautiful places in India the best place among them is Kashmir. You can go here and enjoy everything as per your wish. But Kashmir is an area affected by terrorism. So we need to be alert and careful there.

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Essay on kashmir: here is your essay on kashmir.

essay on kashmir ki sair

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‘Kashmiri’ is a wider term. It consists of numerous ethnic and cultural groups. Though living and scattered in different parts of the state, their ma­jor concentration lies in the Valley of Kashmir, Bhadarwah, Doda, Kishtwar, Banihal, and Ramban Tehsils of Jammu Division. They are also found in Kargil, Leh (Ladakh), Rajauri, Poonch, and Udhampur districts of the Jammu Division.

The word ‘Kashmiri’ has been loosely applied for several streams of im­migrants, mainly from Afghanistan, Iran, Turkey and Central Asia, There is a close bearing of the Indo-Aryan culture on the ethnic composition of Kashmiris. In fact, the Kashmir language has its origin from the Proto-Indo- European family, also known as the Kurgan language.

Moreover, Kashmir has also received racial impulses from the Indo-Greeks which have influenced the ethnic structure of Kashmiris significantly. The influence of Dards, Ladakhis, Punjabis, Sikhs, Rajput’s, Gujjars has also molded the cul­tural ethos of the Kashmiris’.

Kashmiris are generally broad-shouldered and usually medium to tall stature. They are much dolichocephalic, having a well-developed forehead, a long narrow face, regular features and prominent straight, finely cut nose, at­tractive personality and graceful figures. They have keen trading instinct, and are deeply attached to their country.

A large number of unemployed Kashmiris will not seek jobs outside of Kashmir. They wear short pyjamas, a long loose large-sleeved gown, locally known as pheran and a skull cap. In in­tellect, they are considered to be superior to their neighbours. In disposition they are talkative, jolly and humorous.

About 95 per cent of the total population of Kashmir consists of Mus­lims. Every Kashmiri Hindu, with the exception of Khatri shopkeepers of Srinagar, who are known as Bohras, is called a Pandit or learned Brahman. Though not all learned, they are all Brahmins, and chiefly the followers of Shiva, the Lord of the Mountain and the God of the hill people. Khir- Bhawani at the mouth of the Sindh Valley is their favourite goddess.

The Pandits divide themselves into three classes:

(i) The astrologer class (Jotish),

(ii) The priest class (Guru or Bachahat), and

(iii) The working class (Karkun).

The priest class generally do not marry with any of the other classes, partly because they are regarded as divine and cut off from mankind, and partly be­cause the laity abhor their practice of accepting the apparel of deceased Hindus. But the Jotish and Karkun pandits intermarry.

The Pandits are broken up into numerous Gotras. There are 18 Gotras among the Shivites Brahmans and 103 among the other Brahmans in Kash­mir. Marriage is forbidden within the Gotra. The Leading Gotras are: Tikku, Razdan, Kak, Munshi, Mathu, Kachru, Pandit, Sapru, Bhan, Zutshi, Raina, Dhar, Fotedar, Madan, Thusu, Wangnu, Muju, Hokku, and Dulu.

The Kashmiri Muslims are predominantly cultivators, living in rural areas except those who are in urban places like Srinagar, Baramulla, Anantnag Sopore, Pulwama, etc. Among the Muslims, the largest number consists of Sheikhs. The Kashmir Muslims, by and large, are the descendants of original Hindus. The Saiyes, Mughals, and Pathans are the other major Muslim ethnic groups.

The Muslims of the valley may have retained, some of the customs of endogamy within the caste and exogamy outside the Gotra. But there is no trace now of these customs and only the different Gotra names are named and nothing more.’ It would be interesting to trace the origin of the Gotras (Kram) names , although by intermarriage the Krams have ceased to have and individuality or distinction. It is supposed by many that Muslims of the Pandit, Kol, Butt, Aitu, Rishi, Mantu, and Ghanai Krams are the descendants of Brahmans. Other Krams are believed to have sprung from Khatri origin . The Magres, Tantres, Dars, Dangers, Raina, Rathors, Thakurs and Naiks are from the Khatri Krams. Only one Kram, the Lone, is generally are signed a Vaisya origin, and the Damras are said to be the descendants of Sudras, the lowest of the Hindu castes.

In recent years, especially after 1947, it has become difficult to distinguish between the high and the low Krams as the men of low occupation are arrogating high sounding names. Thus of late years the Dums of Kashmir have steadily assumed the Kram of Ghanai, much to the annoyance of the original Ganar. The Hanjis (boatmen) of Kashmir have assumed the named Dar as a patent of respectability. Some Krams are, however, restricted to men of menial pursuits and the Kram name Sufi, which is said by some to be the Brahman origin, is mainly found among market-gardeners, bakers and servants.

Among the Sheikhs, the Pirzadas, who are the descendants of zealous converts of Islam, consider themselves to be the Saiyeds and intermarry with them. The Babas, also descended from zealous converts, are now chiefly re­ligious mendicants. The Rishis are the attendants at shrines. The Mullas or priesthood of Kashmir are Sheikhs, and may be divided into two classes.

The first includes Mullas learned in the law, and variously designated as Maulvi, Qazi, Akhund or Mufti. The second class consists of Mullas who have fallen in social position and are known as Mals. These wash and prepare the bodies of the dead for burial and dig grave. Many Dums and Hanjis have adopted Kram ‘Mai’ but the Hanjis is regard the name as a corruption of the Hindi word for boatmen (Mallah).

The Saiyeds constitute the other important ethnic group in Kashmir. They may be divided into those who follow the profession of Piri-Muridi and those who have taken to agriculture and other pursuits. Some Saiyed families are highly respected in the villages, but those who have taken to ag­riculture are practically on a level with other villagers and intermarry with them.

Mir is the Kram name of the Saiyeds, while he retains his saintly profession, the Mir is prefixed to his name, when he takes to mundane pursuits the Mir is suffixed to his name. There are not many Mughals in Kashmir, and have so intermarried with the ordinary Kashmiri Muslims that all trace of descent is lost. They came to j Kashmir during the period of Mughals. Their Krams are Mir (a corruption of Mirza), Beg, Bande, Bach, and Ashaye.

In comparison to Mughals, the number of Pathans is large. Many of the Pathans retain all the old Pathan customs and still speak Pashtu language. They pride themselves on their bravery. They have large concentration in Uttar Machipura, Haval (Hamal). Most of the Pathans came to Kashmir in the time of Durrani. The Pathans are always given the title of Khan.

The Bombas are believed to have immigrated in Kashmir from Turkey. They are chiefly confined to Machipura. Originally a warlike tribe, they have degenerated into a feeble and most pitiable condition. They intermarry among themselves. Batkot is the old home of the Bombas in Kashmir, and when they die they are brought back to the beautiful burial ground, still kept up in Batkot. The heads of Bomba families are addressed as Raja, and the tract in which they live is known as Rajwara.

There are several villages of Faqirs or professional beggars. They work as agriculturist during the summer season and beg during the winter season. They regard the profession of begging as most honourable. They are not ag­gressive in their calling and are liked by the people.

In addition to these, there are numerous inferior castes who assumed their krams from the occupations they are engaged in. The market gardeners, herdsmen, shepherds, boatmen, minstrels, cobblers, leather workers, and scavengers. These small castes are scattered all over the state.

The Dums of Kashmir is an important caste, and have upto quite recent times had great power in the villages. The village watchman was always a Dum, and in addition to his police functions he was entrusted by the state with the duty of looking after the crops. The Dums, like Galawan and Batal generally, have darker complexion.

The Dums are much dreaded and dis­liked. Many stories are told by the Dums about their origin, and they always claim descent from a Hindu king, who afraid of his numerous sons, scattered them all over the valley, but it is believed that they are of Sudra origin.

The Galawans, or horse-keepers of Kashmir are by some considered to be the descendants of the Dums, and their dark complexion suggests that they are not of the same race as the Kashmiri peasants. Others think that the Galawans are the descendants of the Task Tribe.

Originally they used to earn their livelihood by grazing ponies but with the advent of time they found it more remunerative to steal them and they eventually developed into an es­tablished criminal tribe. They achieved notoriety in the days of Pathan rule, and when the Sikhs took over Kashmir, the Galawans were a terror to the country.

They used to move about in large parties, all mounted and armed with long, heavy clubs. They used to raid threshing-floors and frequently at­tacked a wedding party, and carried off the bride. Khaira Galawan is the hero of many a legends. The term ‘Galawan’ is now used to describe a man of violent and predatory habits.

The shepherds of Kashmir are known as Chaupans or Pohls. They are considered to be a separate ethnic group. A Chaupan is generally a cheery, active man with a most characteristic whistle, and his healthy life in the high mountains makes him strong and robust.

They occupy different Margs (al­pine pastures) in which they graze their goats and horses during the summer season. In the autumn season they descend in the lower altitudes and live in villages. Band or Bhaggat combine the profession of singing and acting with that of begging and are great wanderers. They are much in request at marriage feasts and at harvest time they move about the villages. They sing songs in Kashmiri, Persian, Panjabi, Urdu and Hindi. They are very pleasant peo­ple.

Related Articles:

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Punjabi Essay on “Pahad di Sair”, “ਪਹਾੜ ਦੀ ਸੈਰ”, Punjabi Essay for Class 10, Class 12 ,B.A Students and Competitive Examinations.

ਪਹਾੜ ਦੀ ਸੈਰ

Pahad di Sair

ਜਾਣ-ਪਛਾਣ : ਵਿਦਿਆਰਥੀ ਜੀਵਨ ਵਿਚ ਯਾਤਰਾ ਅਤੇ ਸੈਰ ਦਾ ਬਹੁਤ ਮਹੱਤਵ ਹੈ। ਇਹਨਾਂ ਨਾਲ ਵਿਦਿਆਰਥੀ ਨੂੰ ਪੜਾਈ ਅਤੇ ਇਮਤਿਹਾਨ ਦੇ ਰੁਝੇਵਿਆਂ ਅਤੇ ਥਕੇਵਿਆਂ ਭਰੇ ਸਮੇਂ ਤੋਂ ਆਰਾਮ ਮਿਲਦਾ ਹੈ। ਉਸ ਦੇ ਸਰੀਰ ਵਿਚ ਚੁਸਤੀ ਅਤੇ ਮਨ ਵਿਚ ਫੁੱਲਤਾ ਆਉਂਦੀ ਹੈ। ਇਸ ਦੇ ਨਾਲ ਹੀ ਉਸ ਦੇ ਗਿਆਨ ਵਿਚ ਭਾਰੀ ਵਾਧਾ ਹੁੰਦਾ ਹੈ।

ਕਸ਼ਮੀਰ ਦੀ ਸੈਰ ਤੇ ਜਾਣਾ : ਪਿਛਲੇ ਸਾਲ ਗਰਮੀਆਂ ਦੀਆਂ ਛੁੱਟੀਆਂ ਵਿਚ ਸਾਡੇ ਸਕੂਲ ਵਲੋਂ ਵਿਦਿਆਰਥੀਆਂ ਦਾ ਇਕ ਗਰੁੱਪ ਕਸ਼ਮੀਰ ਦੀ ਸੈਰ ਕਰਨ ਲਈ ਗਿਆ। ਇਸ ਗਰੁੱਪ ਵਿਚ ਮੈਂ ਵੀ ਸ਼ਾਮਿਲ ਸੀ। ਇਸ ਗਰੁੱਪ ਦੀ ਅਗਵਾਈ ਸਾਡੀ ਕਲਾਸ ਦੇ ਇਕ ਅਧਿਆਪਕ ਸਾਹਿਬ ਕਰ ਰਹੇ ਸਨ। ਅਸੀਂ ਸਾਰੇ ਸਵੇਰੇ 11 ਵਜੇ ਜੰਮੂ ਜਾਣ ਵਾਲੀ ਬੱਸ ਵਿਚ ਬੈਠ ਗਏ। ਸ਼ਾਮ ਵੇਲੇ ਤੱਕ ਅਸੀਂ ਜੰਮੂ ਪੁੱਜੇ। ਅਸੀਂ ਰਾਤ ਇਕ ਗੁਰਦੁਆਰੇ ਵਿਚ ਕੱਟੀ ਤੇ ਸਵੇਰੇ ਬਸ ਵਿਚ ਸਵਾਰ ਹੋ ਕੇ ਸ੍ਰੀਨਗਰ ਵੱਲ ਚੱਲ ਪਏ।

ਪਹਾੜੀ ਯਾਤਰਾ ਦਾ ਦ੍ਰਿਸ਼ : ਆਲੇ-ਦੁਆਲੇ ਦੇ ਪਹਾੜ ਝਾੜੀਆਂ ਅਤੇ ਜੰਗਲੀ ਪੌਦਿਆਂ ਨਾਲ ਭਰੇ ਹੋਏ ਸਨ। ਜਿਉਂ-ਜਿਉਂ ਅਸੀਂ ਅੱਗੇ ਵੱਧਦੇ ਗਏ, ਪਹਾੜ ਉੱਚੇ ਹੁੰਦੇ ਗਏ ਅਤੇ ਉਹਨਾਂ ਵਿਚ ਪੱਥਰਾਂ ਦੀ ਮਿਕਦਾਰ ਅਤੇ ਆਕਾਰ ਵੱਧਦੇ ਗਏ। ਅੱਗੇ ਜਾ ਕੇ ਚੀਲ ਤੇ ਦਿਉਦਾਰ ਦੇ ਦਰੱਖਤ ਨਾਲ ਲੱਦੇ ਹੋਏ ਪਰਬਤ ਆਏ। ਕਈ ਥਾਵਾਂ ਤੇ ਪਹਾੜੀ ਝਰਨਿਆਂ ਵਿਚੋਂ ਪਾਣੀ ਡਿੱਗ ਰਿਹਾ ਸੀ। ਬਸ ਉੱਚੀਆਂ-ਨੀਵੀਆਂ ਅਤੇ ਵਲ ਖਾਂਦੀਆਂ ਸੜਕਾਂ ਤੋਂ ਲੰਘਦੀ ਹੋਈ ਅੱਗੇ ਜਾ ਰਹੀ ਸੀ। ਮੈਂ ਆਪਣੀ ਬਾਰੀ ਵਿਚੋਂ ਬਾਹਰ ਵੱਲ ਵੇਖਦਾ ਹੋਇਆ ਦਿਲ-ਖਿੱਚਵੇਂ ਕੁਦਰਤੀ ਨਜ਼ਾਰਿਆਂ ਅਤੇ ਪਹਾੜੀ ਰਸਤੇ ਦਾ ਆਨੰਦ ਮਾਣ ਰਿਹਾ ਸਾਂ। ਰਸਤੇ ਵਿਚ ਜਿਉਂ-ਜਿਉਂ ਅਸੀਂ ਅੱਗੇ ਵੱਧਦੇ ਜਾ ਰਹੇ ਸਾਂ, ਤਿਉਂ-ਤਿਉਂ ਅਸੀਂ ਮੌਸਮ ਦੇ ਕਈ ਬਦਲਦੇ ਰੰਗ ਵੇਖ ਰਹੇ ਸਾਂ। ਠੰਡ ਲਗਾਤਾਰ ਵੱਧਦੀ ਜਾ ਰਹੀ ਸੀ। ਸ਼ਾਮ ਨੂੰ ਸਵਾ ਸੱਤ ਵਜੇ ਬਸ ਸ੍ਰੀਨਗਰ ਪਹੁੰਚੀ। ਰਾਤ ਅਸੀਂ ਇਕ ਹੋਟਲ ਵਿਚ ਰਹਿਣ ਦਾ ਪ੍ਰਬੰਧ ਕਰ ਲਿਆ।

ਟਾਂਗਮਗ ਤੋਂ ਗੁਲਮਰਗ ਦੀ ਸੈਰ : ਦੂਜੇ ਦਿਨ ਅਸੀਂ ਸਾਰੇ ਵਿਦਿਆਰਥੀ ਇਕ ਬਸ ਵਿਚ ਸਵਾਰ ਹੋ ਕੇ ਟਾਂਗਮਰਗ ਪਹੁੰਚੇ। ਟਾਂਗਮਰਗ ਉੱਚੇ ਪਹਾੜਾਂ ਦੇ ਪੈਰਾਂ ਵਿਚ ਹੈ। ਇੱਥੋਂ ਗੁਲਮਰਗ ਚਾਰ ਕਿਲੋਮੀਟਰ ਦੂਰ ਹੈ। ਅਸੀਂ ਗੁਲਮਰਗ ਤੱਕ ਪੈਦਲ ਤੁਰ ਕੇ ਜਾਣ ਅਤੇ ਪਹਾੜ ਦੀ ਸੈਰ ਦਾ ਆਨੰਦ ਮਾਨਣ ਦਾ ਫੈਸਲਾ ਕੀਤਾ। ਅਸੀਂ ਸਾਰੇ ਬੜੀ ਖੁਸ਼ੀ-ਖੁਸ਼ੀ, ਹੁਸੀਨ। ਕੁਦਰਤੀ ਨਜ਼ਾਰਿਆਂ ਦਾ ਆਨੰਦ ਮਾਣਦੇ ਹੋਏ ਆਪਣਾ ਰਸਤਾ ਮੁਕਾ ਰਹੇ ਸਾਂ। ਰਸਤੇ ਵਿਚ ਕਈ ਲੋਕ ਘੋੜਿਆਂ ਉੱਪਰ ਚੜ ਕੇ ਵੀ ਜਾ ਰਹੇ ਸਨ। ਇੱਥੋਂ ਦੇ ਦਿਓ ਕੱਦ ਪਹਾੜਾਂ ਉੱਤੇ ਉੱਗੇ ਉੱਚੇ ਦਰਖਤ ਆਕਾਸ਼ ਨਾਲ ਗੱਲਾਂ ਕਰਦੇ ਹਨ। ਪਹਾੜ ਦੇ ਦੂਜੇ ਪਾਸੇ ਪਤਾਲਾਂ ਤੱਕ ਪਹੁੰਚਦੀਆਂ ਖੱਡਾਂ ਹਨ।

ਗੁਲਮਰਗ ਦਾ ਹੁਸੀਨ ਦ੍ਰਿਸ਼ : ਥੋੜ੍ਹੀ ਦੇਰ ਬਾਅਦ ਅਸੀਂ ਗੁਲਮਰਗ ਪੁੱਜੇ। ਇੱਥੇ ਇਕ ਛੋਟਾ ਜਿਹਾ ਫੁੱਲਾਂ ਨਾਲ ਲੱਦਿਆ ਮੈਦਾਨ ਹੈ, ਜਿਸ ਵਿਚ ਚਸ਼ਮੇ ਵੱਗਦੇ ਹਨ ਅਤੇ ਉੱਚੀਆਂ ਚੀਲਾਂ ਦੀਆਂ ਸੰਘਣੀਆਂ ਕਤਾਰਾਂ ਨੇ ਆਲੇ-ਦੁਆਲੇ ਦੇ ਨਜ਼ਾਰੇ ਨੂੰ ਬਹੁਤ ਹੀ ਹਸੀਨ ਅਤੇ ਦਿਲ-ਖਿੱਚਵਾਂ ਬਣਾ ਦਿੱਤਾ ਸੀ। ਅਸੀਂ ਇਕ ਘੰਟਾ ਇੱਥੇ ਠਹਿਰੇ।

ਖਿਲਮਰਗ : ਗੁਲਮਰਗ ਤੋਂ ਖਿਲਮਰਗ ਤੱਕ ਦਾ ਰਾਹ ਕੱਚਾ ਹੈ ਅਤੇ ਇਹ ਪੱਧਰੇ ਮੈਦਾਨ ਵਿਚੋਂ ਲੰਘ ਕੇ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ। ਗੁਲਮਰਗ ਤੋਂ ਅਸੀਂ ਘੋੜਿਆਂ ਉੱਤੇ ਬੈਠੇ ਅਤੇ ਉਹਨਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਭਜਾਉਂਦੇ ਹੋਏ ਖਿਲਮਰਗ ਪੁੱਜੇ। ਇਹ ਥਾਂ ਸਮੁੰਦਰ ਤੋਂ 12 ਹਜ਼ਾਰ ਫੁੱਟ ਉੱਚੀ ਹੈ ਅਤੇ ਇੱਥੇ ਪੂਰਾ ਸਾਲ ਬਰਫ਼ ਜੰਮੀ ਰਹਿੰਦੀ ਹੈ। ਇੱਥੇ ਪਹੁੰਚ ਕੇ ਅਸੀਂ ਬਰਫ਼ ਵਿਚ ਕਦਾੜੀਆਂ ਮਾਰਨ ਲੱਗੇ ਅਤੇ ਉਸ ਨੂੰ ਚੁੱਕ-ਚੁੱਕ ਕੇ ਹਾਸੇ ਮਜ਼ਾਕ ਵਿਚ ਇਕ ਦੂਜੇ ਉੱਤੇ ਸੁੱਟਣ ਲੱਗੇ। ਕੁਝ ਸਮਾਂ ਅਸੀਂ ਇੱਥੇ ਠਹਿਰੇ ਤੇ ਫਿਰ ਵਾਪਸ ਗੁਲਮਰਗ ਵਿਚੋਂ ਹੁੰਦੇ ਹੋਏ ਟਾਂਗਮਰਗ ਪਹੁੰਚੇ। ਰਾਤ ਅਸੀਂ ਮੁੜ ਸ੍ਰੀਨਗਰ ਆ ਠਹਿਰੇ।

ਹੋਰ ਸੈਰ ਤੇ ਵਾਪਸੀ : ਸ੍ਰੀਨਗਰ, ਟਾਂਗਮਰਗ, ਗੁਲਮਰਗ ਤੇ ਖਿਲਮਗਰ ਤੋਂ ਇਲਾਵਾ ਅਸੀਂ ਕਸ਼ਮੀਰ ਦੇ ਹੋਰ ਸੁੰਦਰ ਸਥਾਨਾਂ ਦੀ ਸੈਰ ਵੀ ਕੀਤੀ ਅਤੇ ਸੋਨ ਮਾਰਗ, ਡਲ ਝੀਲ, ਨਿਸ਼ਾਤ ਬਾਗ, ਕੁਕੜ ਨਾਗ, ਇੱਛਾਬਲ, ਅਵਾਂਤੀਪੁਰੇ ਦੇ ਖੰਡਰ, ਪਹਿਲਗਾਮ ਅਤੇ ਚੰਦਨਵਾੜੀ ਦੇ ਦ੍ਰਿਸ਼ ਵੀ ਦੇਖੇ। ਇਸ ਪ੍ਰਕਾਰ ਅਸੀਂ ਦਸ ਦਿਨ ਕਸ਼ਮੀਰ ਦੇ ਪਹਾੜਾਂ ਦੀ ਸੈਰ ਕਰਨ ਪਿੱਛੋਂ ਵਾਪਸ ਪਰਤ ਆਏ।

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Essay On Subah Ki Sair In Urdu

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خدا کی بنائی ہوئی یہ دنیا بہت خوبصورت ہے اور اس دنیا کا سب سے خوبصورت نظارا صبح کے وقت دیکھنے کو ملتا ہے۔ اور اس خوبصورت نظارے کا مزہ وہی لے سکتے ہیں جو صبح صبح اٹھ کر سیر کیلئے نکلتے ہیں۔

صبح کی سیر کے فوائد

صبح کی سیر کرنے والے دماغ اور جسم دونوں سے بالکل تروتازہ رہتے ہیں۔ صحت ایک دم درست رہتی ہے اور بیماریاں ان سے دور رہتی ہیں۔اور جو لوگ صبح دیر سے سو کر اٹھتے ہیں وہ صبح کے خوبصورت نظارے سے تو محروم رہتے ہی ہیں، اس کے علاوہ دماغ تروتازہ نہ ہونے کی وجہ سے چڑچڑاپن اور بیماریوں میں مبتلا رہتے ہیں۔ بدن میں سستی سی رہتی ہے۔

صبح کی سیر سے بیماریوں کا علاج

صبح کی سیر کرنے سے انسان کی بہت سی بیماریاں خود بخود ٹھیک ہو جاتی ہیں۔ ڈاکٹر بھی بیمار انسان کو صبح ٹہلنے کی تاکید کرتے ہیں۔ آجکل شوگر کی بیماری کا بڑھنا جیسے عام ہو گیا ہے۔ شوگر کے مریضوں کو صبح ٹہلنا بہت زیادہ ضروری ہے۔ ڈاکٹروں کا کہنا ہے کہ شوگر کے مریض جتنا زیادہ صبح کے وقت پیدل چلیں گے ان کے لئے اتنا زیادہ اچھا ہے۔ اس سے ان کا شوگر برابر رہیگا اور صحت اچھی رہے گی۔

صبح کی سیر کرنے سے پیٹ صاف رہتا ہے جس کی وجہ سے چہرے پر ایک چمک سی آتی ہے۔ پھیپھڑوں میں تازہ ہوا جانے سے وہ بالکل درست رہتے ہیں اور اپنا کام لمبے وقت تک کرتے ہیں۔صبح کے وقت سیر کرنے سے جسم کی اچھی ورزش ہو جاتی ہے۔ سارا دن دل خوش رہتا ہے اور چہرے پر سارا دن ایک مسکراہٹ رہتی ہے۔

کام کرنے میں تھکان نہیں محسوس ہوتی اور فرتی ہونے کی وجہ سے کام جلدی ہوتا ہے جس سے انسان زیادہ کام کرسکتا ہے۔ صبح کی سیر اکیلے بھی ہوسکتی ہے لیکن جب ایک سے دو لوگ ہوں یا دو سے تین لوگ ہوں تو اس کا لطف اور زیادہ ہی بڑھ جاتا ہے۔

قدرتی مناظر

صبح فجر کی نماز پڑھنے کے بعد جب انسان سیر کو نکلتا ہے تو قدرت کے بنائے ہوئے خوبصورت نظارے کو اپنی آنکھوں سے دیکھتا ہے اور اس کا لطف اٹھاتا ہے۔ صبح کے نظارے کی بات ہی کچھ الگ ہوتی ہے۔ ٹھنڈی ٹھنڈی ہوائیں٬ سوندھی سوندھی خوشبو٬ ہلکی ہلکی ہوا سے اڑتے ہوئے پتے٬ پیڑوں کی ڈالی پر بیٹھے ہوئے پرندے اور پرندوں کا میٹھی میٹھی آواز میں چہچہانا۔ ایسا لگتا ہے کہ پرندے بھی صبح کی سیر کا لطف اٹھا رہے ہوتے ہیں۔ یہ سارا منظر بہت ہی زیادہ خوبصورت لگتا ہے۔

پھولوں کی دنیا

صبح کے وقت باغوں کا بھی منظر بہت ہی خوبصورت لگتا ہے۔ رات کی کلیاں صبح کھل کر پھول میں تبدیل ہو جاتی ہیں۔ پھولوں اور پتیوں پر شبنم کی بوندیں گری ہوتی ہیں اور کچھ تازہ کلیاں بھی آجاتی ہیں۔ پورا باغ ہرا بھرا اور رنگیں نظر آتا ہے۔ چاروں طرف ہلکی ہلکی خوشبو مہکتی ہے۔ ان سب کو دیکھنے کے بعد جب دھیرے دھیرے سورج کی کرنیں نکلنا شروع ہوتی ہیں تو صبح کی سیر کی خوبصورتی کا لطف دوبالا ہوجاتا ہے۔ اللہ کی بنائی ہوئی ہر چیز واقعی لاجواب ہے۔

انسان کو اپنی زندگی کا تھوڑا سا وقت نکال کر صبح کی سیر کے لیے ضرور جانا چاہیے۔ جس سے وہ خوشحال٬ خوش مزاج اور صحت مند تو رہیگا ہی اس کے ساتھ ساتھ خدا کی بنائی ہوئی ہر مخلوق سے بھی واقف ہوتا رہے گا۔

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Hindi Essay on “Pratahkal ki Sair” , ”प्रातःकाल की सैर ” Complete Hindi Essay for Class 10, Class 12 and Graduation and other classes.

प्रातःकाल की सैर 

Pratahkal ki Sair

प्रातःकालीन भ्रमण

Pratah Kaleen Bhraman

Essay No. 01

                मनुष्य के लिए प्रातःकाल की सैर उतनी ही सुखदायक व रोमाचंकारी होती है उतनी ही स्वास्थयवर्धक भी। व्यक्ति के अच्छे स्वास्थय के लिए प्रातःकालीन भ्रमण अत्यंत आवश्यक है। यह शरीर में नवचेतना व स्फूर्ति का संचार करता है। शारीरिक व मानसिक दोनों ही रूपों मंे यह स्वास्थयवर्धक है। चिकित्सा शास्त्रियों की राय है कि बीमार, वृद्ध तथा अन्य लाचार व्यक्ति यदि व्यायामक के अन्य रूपों को नहीं अपना पाते है तो वे प्रातःकाल की सैर कर अपना काम चला सकते हंै। इस सैर से शरीर के बिगड़े हुए आंतरिक अवयवों को सही ढंग से कार्य करने में बहुत मदद मिलती है।

                                शहरों एवं महानगरों में प्रातःकालीन भ्रमण के लिए जगह-जगह पर हरे-भरे पेड़-पौधों से युक्त पार्क बनाए गए हैं। जहाँ पर पार्क की सुविधा नहीं होती है वहाँ लोग सड़कों के किनारे पर लगे वृक्षों के समीप से होकर टहलते हैं गाँवों मे इस प्रकार की समस्या नहीं होती है। वहाँ शहरों की भाँति मोटरगाड़ियाँ नहीं होती अतः जिस ओर निकल जाएँ उधर ही शुद्ध वायु प्राप्त होती है।

                                सभी जानते है कि हमारे लिए आॅक्सीजन बहुत महत्वपूर्ण है। दिन के समय तो यह मोटरगाड़ियों आदि के धुएँ से मिलकर प्रदुषित हो जाती है। दोपहर व अन्य समय में शुद्ध आॅक्सीजन का मिलना दुष्कर हो रहा है। अतः प्रातःकाल सर्वथा उपयुक्त होता है। प्रातःकालीन भ्रमण से मनुष्य अधिक मात्रा में आॅक्सीजन ग्रहण करता है। इससे शरीर में उत्पन्न अनेेक विचार स्वतः ही दूर हो जाते हैं। साथ ही साथ शरीर की माँसपेशियाँ भी कार्यरत हो जाती हैं तथा रक्त का संचार सामान्य हो जाता है। इसके फलस्वरूप मनुष्य आंतरिक रूप से अच्छे स्वास्थय एवं चैतन्यता का अनुभव करता है। उच्च रक्तचाप, पेट की समस्याएँ, मधुमेह आदि रोगियों को चिकित्सक खूब सैर करने या पैदल चलने की सलाह देते हैं। मधुमेह को नियंत्रित करने की तो यह रामबाण दवा है।

                                सुबह के समय प्रकृति की सुदंरता देखते ही बनती है। उगते हुए सूरज की लालिमा समस्त अंधकार को मिटा देती हैं। वृक्षों पर बैठी कोयल का मधुर गाना सभी के मन को मोह लेता है। आकाश में स्वच्छंद गति से उड़ते एवं चहचहाते पक्षियों का समूह नवीनता का संदेश देता है। सुबह की मंद-मंद बहती सुगंधित हवा शरीर को नई ताजगी प्रदान करती है। सुबह के समय हरी-हरी घास पर ओस की बूँदें ऐसी प्रतीत होती हैं जैसे प्रकृति ने उन बूँदों के रूप में मोती बिखेर दिए हों।

                                पार्क व बगीचों में चहल-पहल देखते ही बनती है। बच्चे, बूढ़े तथा युवा सभी वर्ग के लोग यहाँ दिखाई देते हैं। लोग भ्रमण के साथ अनेक विषयों पर बातचीत भी करते हैं जिससे नई जानकारियों के साथ परस्पर मेल भी बढ़ता है। बच्चे अनेक प्रकार के खेलों का आनंद उठाते हैं। प्रातःकालीन शुदध व सुगन्धित वायु तथा विभिन्न प्रकार के खेल उनके शारीरिक व मानसिक विकास में सहायक होते हैं। वे अन्य बच्चों की अपेक्षा स्फूर्तिवान व कुशाग्र बुद्धि के होते हैं। कुछ लोग प्रातःकालीन भ्रमण को समय का दुरूपयोग मानकर उसे जीवन भर टाल देते है। दिन चढ़ने पर उठना, फिर बिना हाथ-मुँह धोए ही चाय पीने में ही उनका समय नष्ट होता है, इसे वे समझ नहीं पाते हैं। ऐसे लोग प्रकृति के कई मूल्यवान उपहारांे से वंचित हो जाते हैं।

                                इस प्रकार हम देखते है कि प्रातःकालीन भ्रमण बच्चे, बूढ़े व युवा सभी के लिए अनिवार्य है। यह हमारे शरीर मंे नई स्फूर्ति, नई चेतना व नया उल्लास प्रदान करता है। सुबह की शुद्ध व सुगंधित वायु शरीर के अनेक विकारों को दूर करती है। प्रातःकालीन मनोरम दृश्य अत्यंत सुखद प्रतीत होता है। इस प्रकार दिन की अच्छी शुरूआत मनुष्य को अधिक स्वस्थ एवं प्रसन्न रखती है जिससे वह अपनी क्षमताओं का पूर्ण रूप से उपयोग कर सकता है।

प्रातः काल की सैर

Essay No. 02

सैर-सपाटा करके खुश होना मनुष्य का पैदायशी स्वभाव है। एक प्रकार का शौक भी है। इस स्वभाव और शौक को पूरा करने के लिए लोगों को महीनों अपने घरों से दूर, दुर्गम स्थानों पर भटके हुए देखा जा सकता है। सच तो यह है कि सैर-सपाटा जहाँ आनन्द प्रदान करता है, वहाँ ज्ञान भी बढ़ाता है। एक सीमा तक वह स्वास्थ्य रक्षक और वर्द्धक भी है। लेकिन हम यहाँ जिस ‘प्रातः काल की सैर’ के बारे में चर्चा करने जा रहे हैं, उसका उद्देश्य मात्र मनोरंजन एवं आनन्द ही नहीं है, बल्कि मुख्य उद्देश्य एक प्रकार की व्यायाम करके तन, मन, आत्मा को स्वस्थ एवं प्रसन्न रखना है।

यह बात केवल कही ही नहीं जाती; बल्कि एक प्रकार का परीक्षित सत्य है कि पूरी तरह से स्वस्थ व्यक्ति ही हर प्रकार का इच्छित कार्य कर सकता है। वह कार्य अपना काम धन्धा करना, धर्म-कार्य करना, देश और समाज की सेवा करना, पढ़ना-लिखना आदि कोई भी, कितनी भी तरह का हो सकता है; स्वास्थ्य-रक्षा के लिए व्यायाम करना आवश्यक है। व्यायाम कई प्रकार के हैं और हो सकते हैं। खेल-कूद, दण्ड-बैठक, उछलना-कूदना, नाचना, तैरना, दौड़ना आदि अपनी इच्छानुसार किसी भी तरह का व्यायाम करके आदमी स्वस्थ रह सकता है। स्वस्थ रह कर अपना हर इच्छित कार्य पूरा सफलता के साथ पूर्ण करके जीवन को सुखी तथा आनन्दमय बना सकता है। कुछ लोग ऐसे भी हुआ करते हैं जो ऊपर बताए गए व्यायामों में से कोई भी नहीं कर सकते या करना नहीं चाहते। यह भी हो सकता है कि उनका शरीर, उन की परिस्थितियाँ वैसा कर पाने में सहायक न हों । ऐसे लोगों के लिए ‘प्रातः काल की सैर सबसे श्रेष्ठ एवं महत्त्वपूर्ण व्यायाम का व्यायाम और मनोरंजन का मनोरंजन स्वीकार किया जाता है।

प्रातः काल की सैर के अनेक लाभ माने जाते हैं। सब से मुख्य लाभ तो यह है कि सुबह-सवेरे यदि सर्योदय से सर्योदय से पहले सैर करके व्यक्ति शुद्ध ऑक्सीजन यानि प्राण वायु प्राप्त कर सकता है। प्राकृतिक नियम से उस समय वृक्ष और वनस्पतियाँ ऑक्सीजन छोडा कि जो प्रत्येक प्राणी की प्राण-रक्षा के लिए बहुत जरूरी है। शुद्ध ऑक्सीजन की राह फेफड़ों में भर कर जीवन-शक्ति को बढ़ाती है। इससे व्यक्ति का शरीर -मस्तिष्क आदि सभी तरो-ताजा हो जाया करते हैं। तन-मन-आत्मा सभी प्रसन्नता भर जाते हैं। आलस्य दूर भाग जाता है। तब आदमी दिन भर के लिए तरो-ताजा होकर अपना हर कार्य सन्तुष्टि और प्रसन्नता से कर पाता है। उसे किसी प्रकार की ऊब या निराशा से दो-चार नहीं होना पड़ता। परिश्रम से जी भी नहीं चुराना होता। इस प्रकार स्वस्थ रह कर परिश्रम करने वाला व्यक्ति अपने प्रत्येक कार्य में, जीवन के प्रत्येक क्षेत्र में सफल रहा करता है, इस बात में तनिक भी सन्देह नहीं । सफलता से बड़ी कोई उपलब्धि भी नहीं, यह भी स्पष्ट है।

प्रातः काल की सैर के कुछ कायदे-कानून भी हैं। सब से पहली बात तो यह कि सैर सूर्योदय से पहले ही होनी चाहिए। सूर्य निकल आने के बाद उसका कोई महत्त्व, कोई लाभ नहीं रह जाया करता। दूसरे सैर हमेशा खुले, हरे-भरे वातावरण और वायु-मण्डल में ही की जानी चाहिए। तीसरे सैर करते समय आप को समय की चाल स कुछ तेज चलना जरूरी होता है। चलते समय पैरों के साथ-साथ बाजुओं का आगे-पीछे हिलना-डुलना आवश्यक है। साँस भी कुछ तेज़ खींच कर धीरे-धीरे छोड़नी चाहिए। यदि सम्भव हो सके, तो चलते-फिरते या कहीं रुक कर हल्का व्यायाम या थोड़ा योगासन कर लेना बड़ा लाभदायक हुआ करता है। प्रातः काल की सैर के समय अधिक बोलना या बातचीत करना तो अच्छा नहीं माना जाता, हाँ; यदि ज़ोर से खिलखिला कर हँसा जा सके, तो बहत ही अच्छा माना जाता है। इस से आदमी के फेफड़ों, सीने, कंठ आदि की भी आवश्यक व्यायाम हो जाया करती है। प्रातःकाल की सैर करने के इच्छुक लोगों को इन कायदे-कानूनों का ध्यान रखने पर दोहरा लाभ प्राप्त हो सकता है, इसमें सन्देह नहीं. सैर करते समय मन-मस्तिष्क पर किसी तरह का बोझ या दबाव रखना अच्छा नहीं माना जाता।

प्रातः काल सैर के लिए उपयुक्त स्थान का चयन भी अच्छा है। स्थान खुला और हर प्रकार से साफ-सुथरा होना चाहिए। हरी घास और उस पर पडी ओस पर नंगे पैर चलना दिल, दिमाग सभी को ताजगी और ताकत देने वाला होता है। आँखों की रोशनी भी बढ़ाता है। अतः जहाँ हरी घास, ओस आदि सुलभ हो, वहाँ सैर करनी चाहिए। इसके लिए नदियों-नहरों, खेतों का किनारा (पेड़), पार्क, बाग-बागीचे आदि भी अत्यन्त उपयोगी स्थान माने गए हैं। इनके प्राप्त न होने पर खुली सड़कों पर वृक्षों के नीचे-नीचे भी घमा-फिरा जा सकता है। यदि और कोई स्थान न हो, घर की खुली छत ही सुलभ हो, तो उसका भी लाभ उठाया जा सकता है।

इस प्रकार याद रखें कि स्वस्थ शरीर, मन-मस्तिष्क और प्रसन्न आत्मा से बढ़िया संसार में कोई वस्तु नहीं है। इन सब को प्राप्त करने का एक साधन सुबह की सैर भी है। अत्यन्त सरल, सस्ता और सुलभ उपाय-सुबह की सैर।

प्रातःकाल की सैर

Pratah Kal Ki Sair

Essay No. 03

मानव का शरीर एक मशीन की तरह है। इस शरीर रूपी मशीन को ठीक रखने के लिए पौष्टिक भोजन, अच्छी नींद के साथ-साथ व्यायाम भी अत्यंत आवश्यक है। व्यायामों में भी प्रात:काल की सैर अति उत्तम है। यह अत्यंत आनंददायक तो है ही साथ ही स्वास्थ्य के लिए लाभदायक भी है। यह हमारे जीवन को अनुशासित भी करती है। मैं भी नियमित रूप से प्रात:काल सैर को जाता हूँ। सुबह जल्दी उठकर नित्यकर्म से निवृत्त होकर मैं सैर के लिए बाहर जाता हूँ। सुबह की ठंडी हवा जब शरीर में जाती है तो दिमाग एकदम शांत हो जाता है तथा शरीर से रात भर की सारी सुस्ती चली जाती है। सुबह-सुबह चिड़ियों का कलरव अत्यंत सुहावना लगता है। प्रात:काल की सैर शरीर को इतना चुस्त एवं फुर्तीला बना देती है कि सारे दिन सुस्ती या थकान का कोई अनुभव नहीं होता है। मेरा मित्र राजेश भी मेरे साथ प्रात:काल की सैर के लिए जाता है।

सुबह के समय उगता हुआ सूर्य देखकर मन को शांति मिलती है। सुबह की ठंडी वाय हर प्रकार के प्रदूषण से मुक्त होती है। प्रात:काल की सैर व्यक्ति को मानसिक ही नहीं, बल्कि शारीरिक लाभ भी पहुँचाती है। प्रात:काल की सैर मनुष्य को हृदय रोग, मधुमेह तथा गुर्दे के रोगों से दूर रखने में सहायक होती है। ये सभी बीमारियाँ शरीर में वसा की अधिकता के कारण होती हैं तथा प्रात:काल की सैर शरीर की वसा को कम करती है। साथ ही मनुष्य की देह को सुंदर तथा आकर्षक बनाती है। अच्छे स्वास्थ्य के लिए प्रात:काल की सैर अत्यंत आवश्यक है। इस भाग-दौड़ भरी दिनचर्या में से मनुष्य को अपने अच्छे स्वास्थ्य के लिए प्रात:काल की सैर के लिए समय अवश्य निकालना चाहिए।

Essay No. 04

सुबह की सैर

सुबह की सैर ताजगी देने वाली और सेहत के लिए अच्छी होती है। प्रकृति अपने पूर्ण सौन्दर्य पर होती है। शांत और चुप्पी भरा माहौल होता है। हवा शुद्ध और ताज़ा होती है। यह सांस लेने के लिए अच्छी होती है। यह फेफड़ों के लिए अच्छी होती है।

मैं नियमित रूप से सुबह सैर करने जाता हूँ। मेरे घर से एक किलोमीटर की दूर पर एक पार्क है। पार्क बनावटी फब्वारे हैं। वहाँ हरी-घास, फूलों की क्यारियाँ और बनावटी पहाड़ियाँ हैं। वहाँ ऊँचे पेड़ हैं। बहुत से लोग, बूढ़े-जवान, आदमी और औरत और बच्चे पार्क में सैर करते नज़र आते हैं। मैं गीले घास पर नंगे पांव चलता हूँ। यह आँखों के लिए अच्छा है।

मैं पेड़ों पर पक्षियों को चहचहाते हुए देखता हूँ। कुछ पेड़ से पेड़ पर उड़ते नज़र आते हैं। वहाँ ठण्डी, सुहावनी हवा चलती है। कुछ लोग लम्बी सांस लेकर फेफड़े साफ करते हैं, कुछ लोग कतार में बैठ कर ज़ोर से हँसते हैं। इससे उन्हें काफी ताजी हवा मिलती है। बीस-पच्चीस मिनट की सैर के बाद मैं घर के लिए चल पड़ता हूँ। रास्ते में कुछ लड़के भागते और साइकिल चलाते हुए नज़र आते हैं।

सुबह की सैर, व्यायाम का सबसे बढ़िया और सस्ता तरीका है। यह हमें कई बीमारियों से दूर रखता है। यह हमें दिन भर के कार्य के लिए स्वस्थ रखता है। यह हमें सारा दिन खुश और चुस्त रखता है। यह हमारे शरीर, बुद्धि और आत्मा को भी ताज़ा रखता है।

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  6. Article 370: What happened with Kashmir and why it matters

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  11. 100 Words Essay On The Kashmir Issue In English

    It can be traced back to the time of partition. With the end of British rule, conflicts emerged between the Hindus and the Muslims, with the latter wanting a separate country of their own. After the Partition in 1947, Pakistan emerged as a Muslim-dominated country while India emerged as a secular, democratic country.

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