research paper for deaf culture

American Deaf Culture: The Modern Deaf Community Research Paper

Introduction, deafness as a disability, deaf culture and education, integration, works cited.

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Recent years have attracted attention to the deaf community. Awareness had been increasing in the last three decades. Consequently, different authors have emerged with different perspectives. Among these authors is Thomas Holcomb. The current research paper explores the American Deaf Culture in view of dynamics that exist. These include education

Holcomb explores the different elements regarding the perceptions of pioneering scholars in identifying and defining Deaf culture. The author allows the reader to track the shifts in perspectives on deaf people. The major perspectives presented by Holcomb are those introduced with compulsive judgments to the enlightened perspectives of Deaf people as a cultural identity. Deaf culture denotes a pessimistic word, revealing a public identity and self-importance. However, terms such as deafness or impaired hearing do not indicate a precise sense of belonging or pride to the community. Certain oralists contradict that the deaf culture does not exist. They fancy seeing it as awkward and false dogmatic concept. Some argue that it was articulated in ancient periods, and it poses defiance instead of reality. Therefore, this outlook contradicts the significance of ASL to the deaf community (Holcomb 96).

Deafness as a disability is often viewed as the fundamental premise of the education and reintegration of deaf people. Some pioneers of the definition view deafness as an impairment. Deaf persons who claim a socially Deaf characteristic liken themselves to the affiliates of different cultural societies (Holcomb 98). They claim to possess a culture, as well as language. The critics of deaf culture do not perceive deaf persons as associates of a marginalized culture. However, they assert that deaf people are audio coherent individuals, earshot disabled and handicapped. While exploring the definition, they place deafness as having an incapacitating impact to respond to ecological signals or relish features of conventional culture such as music. America Deaf Culture has a very huge disparity with the other deaf cultures. Holcomb largely targets scholars who interpret and training on sign dialect. He emphasizes on the diverse issues of culture rather than an expression of the language.

Higgins (1982) defines the reading on deaf culture and mentions that culture is a compound whole that comprises of learned habits, abilities, customs, decrees, art ethics, and knowledge of the human as an affiliate of the community. The author regards inter-cultural communiqué such as time point of reference, minimum and maximum framework, as well as individualism and collectivism. Typically, he communicates issues of the American deaf culture that identifies the preferential segment in the deaf community context (Higgins 10). There are dissimilar discernments of expatriates who simply study the deaf arts. Additionally, they study populace residing within the deaf community. Holcomb confers the growth of deafened culture that the tone-deaf youngsters who attended the learning institutes found it difficult in communicating with their counterparts who have the ability to hear. Nonetheless, the current developments in regard to cultures of the deaf are endangered given that the deaf culture has no decrees that restrict deaf individuals to stay in the oblivious culture. Deaf people also aspire to be wealthier like full persons.

Deaf people must be reintegrated and end-cultured inside the hearing community. The symbolic language that is becoming useful and popular is used in classrooms or television shows. The language is not only useful to the deaf but also to the hearing community since they get enriched and learn how to relate to the deaf individuals (Holcomb 108). By understanding the language, one can freely communicate and assist the deaf community in places where they seem not to understand. However, it becomes problematic to share and communicate with deaf persons. Higgins thinks that devoid of the sign language, the deaf community will sense loneliness around the hearing society. Once the relative of the deaf cannot use sign language, they could misapprehend several things besides failing to benefit from significant info. The deaf still struggle in conversing with the hearing individuals. As a result, the hearing community should respect and adhere to sharing info with the deaf besides assisting them whenever confused. In view of the connectedness, the deaf culture has a huge family regardless of the type of sign language they use or their country of origin. They find it informal to converse with the use of visual lingoes than diverse articulated dialects. For instance, without learning gestures or body languages they can find it easy to acquire key knowledge. However, if the hearing community does not learn some spoken languages such as Chinese, it becomes hard to comprehend. Thus, the deaf family can communicate easily and become a huge culture as opposed to the hearing society that finds it hard to communicate owing to the use of different languages. Based on the colloquial conduct, the deaf experiences both bad and polite behaviors. The disparity amid sign and spoken lingo remains that ASL has no distinct phrases like verbal language (Moore and Panara 15). The ASL commonly engages some signs at the time of asking straight queries. Authors such as Higgins argue that it is rude to speaking behind the back or ask the deaf persons unsuitable question. Such bad acts include receiving a phone call without informing the deaf that the phone has rung, speaking about some sweet melodies, or asking them reasons for their deafness. Subsequently, the hearing community must comprehend the culture of the deaf in order to circumvent misinterpretation (Padden 5).

Deaf culture is a situation that often generates public discussions. In recent years, the debate on American deaf culture debates dominated the public domain. Deaf people must be reintegrated and end-cultured inside the hearing community. The symbolic language that is becoming useful and popular is used in classrooms or television shows. The language is not only useful to the deaf but also to the hearing community since they get enriched and learn how to relate to the deaf individuals By understanding the language, it is to communicate and assist the deaf community in places where they seem not to understand. In view of the connectedness, the deaf culture has a huge family regardless of the type of sign language they use or their country of origin. They find it informal to converse with the use of visual lingoes than diverse articulated dialects. Making decisions on the view one holds of deaf people is critical for it largely determines the connection one has to, and with, the Deaf Community. The mind-set towards the Community’s language and its culture determine the perception towards Deaf people. Individuals embrace either a therapeutic or an intellectual perception of the Deaf Community. It is imperative to respect the deaf community. Additionally, the hearing community ought to endeavor the protection of the values of the deaf community.

Holcomb, Thomas. Introduction to American Deaf Culture. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2013. Print. Higgins, Paul. Outsiders in a Hearing World: A Sociology of Deafness. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications. 1980. Print. Moore, Main and Robert Panara, Robert Davila: Highest Ranking Government Official in Great Deaf Americans . Rochester, NY: Deaf Life Press.1996. Print. Padden, Carol. From the Cultural to the Bicultural: The Modern Deaf Community . New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. 1996. Print.

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Deaf Culture Research Paper

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Deaf Culture Research Paper

Deaf culture in switched at birth.

Everybody faces challenges and uncertainties and a daily basis. Fortunately, for hearing people their troubles can be trivial. For those who are in the Deaf and hard of hearing culture, however, challenges and uncertainties are not relatively trivial. Over the past several years, the Deaf community has been enterprising for culture awareness. Historically, the media have played an important role in the portrayal of deaf individuals. “Switched at Birth” is a television show that has helped shed some light on the Deaf culture. "Switched at Birth" has tackled many autistic beliefs toward Deaf people that are false and ignorant such as them not being able to drive, raise kids, and have jobs.

The Importance Of Lead-K In Bilingual Education

As our country moves toward an all-inclusive society, where every gender, race, culture and social group is revered for its independency and uniqueness, one fraction of the nation seems to be left in the backdrop. The deaf community population makes up about 4 million of the total United States population,. The deaf community faces many challenges, but none may be greater than the access to early education and language acquisition. Many deaf children are born to hearing parents, which henceforth produce a challenge for the young child to receive the necessary skills for their success in the educational realm. The average reading level by deaf students who are 18 years of age has remained at 3rd to 4th grade level for the past fifty years. Recognizing this real problem, the Lead-K (Language Equality and Acquisition for Deaf Kids) campaign was formed.

Nancy Rourke's Deaf Culture: Unity Of Global Signing

Nancy Rourke, the painter of Deaf Culture: Unity of Global Signing, was born deaf and grew up in a world of oralism (Northen, Spindel). Oralism is when someone teaches a deaf person how to read lips and talk instead of teaching them to sign (Oralism). Rourke’s parents did not know she was deaf until she was about six years old but quit in 1986 to become a graphic designer. Twenty years later she was laid off and decided to begin painting again and took a couple of workshops to help prepare for the transition in her life. Her life transition did not begin until 2010 when she became involved in Deaf View / Image Art (De’VIA) and she began painting about her own experiences in the world of oralism (Rourke). Her painting, Deaf Culture: Unity of Global Signing, creates an image of problems within the deaf community

Inside Deaf Culture Summary

Inside deaf culture is a very strong book written by carol Padden and tom Humphries in this book authors have tried to give a tour of the most important moments that has shaped the Deaf culture.

Laurent Clerc Teach The Deaf

The novel of Laurent Clerc: The story of his early years is about how Laurent Clerc the “Apostle to the Deaf in the New World”(Carroll 171) became educated and led to the creation of a school for the deaf in America. Laurent was born to a wealthy family in La Balme, France. He was grew up during the French Revolution, while the Directory was in charge. His parents throughout his young life tried to cure him of his deafness by having many doctors examine him and do painful procedures with no success. Eventually his parents sent him away to The Royal National Institute for the Deaf in Paris, or St. Jacques. There Clerc was taught to sign by Jean Massieu. Clerc along with the other students were also unwilling subjects in Dr. Itard’s experiments,

Deaf Ideology Video Analysis

The video, Deaf Ideology by Marika Kovacs-Houlihan, starts off by defining the term “Deaf”. Marika points out the term Deaf stimulates numerous questions in people’s minds such as “Can she hear?” or “Can she speak?”. These questions and thoughts lead to the topic of ideology. Ideology is a set of beliefs or ideas of a specific culture. Throughout the video, she explains that the ideologies some people have are limited. Marika gave numerous examples on how ideology is limited and suppressed, such as asking a question at the front desk and receiving special help because she is Deaf. Another example is being treated differently at school because sign language was discouraged and now allowed to be in use. Even when discussing career options, it leads to the thought that Deaf people can’t have a choice in their

Alexander Graham Bell: Discrimination Against The Deaf Culture

The Deaf community has been faced with discrimination all throughout history. This has made it difficult for Deaf to people to find jobs and has spawned many false misconceptions about the Deaf. One the most famous people to discriminate against the Deaf was Alexander Graham Bell. Bell wanted to eradicate sign language, stop Deaf intermarriage, and in effect squash Deaf culture (Signing the Body Poetic).

Heather Whitestone: Living With Deafness

Deafness is when a person’s hearing is impaired and they can hardly hear or not at all. As children, they usually do not know how to speak unlike others their age. Furthermore, they may also

Deaf Coffee Chat Experience

One of the people I met was a woman named Kim. Kim goes to Florida State College at Jacksonville and her major is Art. She is taking ASL II and she loves exercising. Kim and I became friends at the event. She and I signed for 30 minutes; then I met Michelle's daughter Rebecca. She was 11 years old and was not deaf. She was very good in ASL. She taught me new signs such as major, yesterday, and a new way to sign Pensacola. I learned so much from Rebecca. Next, Kim and I met Brad and Dianna. Bray is a high school teacher and he's deaf. He told me his story about growing up as a deaf child. Also, he graduated from UNF three years ago. Dianna was an older student at UNF and taking ASL III. She can hear but has a hearing aid in her ear. She was teaching Kim and me some different signs which were very helpful. Also, Dianna was helping us to identify people at the event by describing the person's appearances. It was a fun experience and reminded me doing the activity in

Through The Deaf Eyes Analysis

Through the deaf eyes is a film about what is like to be deaf; it also tells us about the history, as well as challenges deaf culture has faced. It speaks about Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet and Laurent Clerc the creators of the first school for the deaf, also deaf clubs, and people today who have changed perspectives of the deaf community. Gallaudet University was the first environment where deaf community can come together and begin their history and culture teaching deaf children how to speak would benefit them more in the future; however that was not the case, and many thought it was a waste out time as they got older. They feel that they should have focused on sign language, so that they can learn more instead of spending years on learn to

Deaf Culture Essay

According to Cristina De Rossi, an anthropologist at Barnet and Southgate College in London, “Culture encompasses religion, food, what we wear, how we wear it, our language, marriage, music, what we believe is right or wrong, how we sit at the table, how we greet visitors, how we behave with loved ones, and million other things.” I think basically culture expresses the ways we live. Every region, every family and everyone has their own culture. For example, people usually call “Western Culture,” “Eastern Culture,” “Latin Culture,” or “African Culture” etc. Therefore, with Deaf people, they also have their own culture, which is Deaf Culture. Deaf culture is the set of tradition, behavior, norm, values and language. Because of that, there are might be some differences between cultures with cultures. In this

Through Deaf Eyes Documentary Analysis

Throughout the documentary film Through Deaf Eyes, I felt amazed by deaf culture. The deaf culture is a versatile, rich, and unique community that more people need to be aware of. When the film was covering the transition of ASL schools to oral only I mostly felt ashamed of my own culture. Someone as Alexander Graham Bell, who is naturally considered one of the greatest inventors in the hearing world, believed that the language used by the deaf community was not a language. The hearing world is the most dominant one, there is no doubt. However, there has to be an understanding that not everyone who is different from the “typical” is “atypical”. A language is nothing but patterns of signs, symbols, and/or sounds that are used to convey meaning. In what manner does sign language not fit the category of a language?

Annotated Bibliography: Deafness/Disability

Corker explains that deaf people are “excluded from the dominant areas of social and cultural reproduction by the perpetuation of a phonocentric world-view” (Corker 2002). She explains why this may also be a reason Deaf people feel excluded from the disability movement. This is because the movement is viewed as a reflection of this world-view because of the way it is socially organised around phonocentric language ‘norms’ (Corker 2002). Corker points out that culture is also one aspect that separates Deaf people and disabled people. She clarifies the difference between deafness and Deafness. Deafness being related to culture and deafness which relates to the ability to hear. It was interesting to read about the dichotomy between Deaf and deaf and how it affects the way Deaf people view disability. The connotation a deaf person holds behind big D and little d Deaf may reflect the way a deaf person views disability. Corker points out that the way a deaf person signs “disabled”, “disability”, and other words related to disability can show their views toward disability. She questions if some of the signs like “cripple” are intended to put social distance between Deaf and disabled people. Disability studies, on the other hand, has a more “universalist logic” (Corker 2002). Corker explains how this universalist logic assumes the inclusion of Deaf people. Corker describes how although disability

Deaf World Reflection

Deaf children with Deaf parents usually develop a strong sense of self and know who they are. While many Deaf children with hearing parents grow up and have resentment for their parents and professionals. They usually they feel as if they weren’t exposed into the deaf world enough. Both parents face considerable challenges in raising their children. They face their children being “educated below their capacity, employed below their capability and viewed negatively in the hearing world because they are deaf” (28). As well as the challenge of many professionals encouraging put in hearing aids, making their child “hearing impaired”. Hearing parents are usually unsure of what to do, and end up following the path the professionals recommend. The book really helps emphasize the importance of not doing that. Instead, exposing a the child into the Deaf community would be the best option. They’ll be welcomed with wide arms, and it will help them feel most true to themselves. It doesn’t require any special measures to change them.

Cochlear Implants In Deaf Culture

This case study suggests when the child gains their self-confidence, the other children are more likely to accept them. Therefore, if the patient is comfortable with the implant and is not self-conscious about it, then the other children will not be as bothered by it. The deaf culture is a set of social beliefs, values, history, behaviors, and shared institutions of communities that are influenced by deafness. The main use of communication for the deaf is American Sign Language. The deaf culture is against cochlear implants because they believe that if every deaf person gets a cochlear implant then their culture as a whole will be gone. Sparrow explains, “According to the testimony of many individuals who are members of Deaf culture, it is perfectly possible to lead a happy and productive life without hearing or spoken language” (137). The deaf culture believes that deaf people do not need cochlear implants to fit into society. They believe that deafness is not a disease and does not need to be fixed. With a cochlear implant, it is not used to fix the deafness, it is used to help with the person to give them more of a normal life and to help them have the ability to fit into society

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Deaf Culture Essays (Examples)

138 results for “Deaf Culture” .

Deaf Culture

Deaf Culture Deaf President Now! "Deaf President Now!" summarized the student protests of March 1998, of the appointment the 7th hearing President of Gallaudet University. This video was very moving; it showed students fervently campaigning for the removal of the newly appointed hearing President of Gallaudet University Mrs. Zinser. The Gallaudet community felt it was time to have a deaf President. The protest spanned nearly a week, there were no classes held as students took to the streets to protest the appointment Zinser. The Gallaudet community even went so far as to create mock dolls of Zinser and burn them in the streets. I doubt they wanted her dead but that was just how strongly they felt about her removal and the placement of a deaf person as President of the school. I wasn't shocked when the Board gave in to the students' demands. Zinser finally resigned making way for…

What similar documentaries/films today address this same issue? Have deaf people finally found their voice in society? Or, has there been no progress?

How has the hearing world made advances to be more inclusive? How, as a hearing person ensure that am I doing my part to create an inclusive environment?

I was able to locate a very similar film to "See What I Say," it is called "See What I'm Saying: Deaf Entertainers Documentary." It is a modern twist on the 1981 movie, "See What I Say." Even though the movies aren't related, "See What I'm Saying" follows 4 deaf entertainers for one year. It chronicles not only their professional lives but their personal lives as well. From watching the clips, it would appear that the Deaf Culture has made progress in the last 30 or so years, but there still remains much work to be done. Being deaf remains to be a communications barrier but the good news is opportunity has increased for those who are deaf giving them the chance to do things that just a few years ago would have been deemed impossible.

Deaf Cultures and Communities Many

These churches include the Pilgrim Lutheran Church of the Deaf, International Deaf Mission, Los Angeles Deaf Church., Holy Angeles Catholic Church of the Deaf and the Grace Bible Church of the Deaf, to mention a few. There is also a presence of the Jewish deaf community. hen it comes to education, the Los Angeles area has a sizable program at the California State University Northridge with a National Center on Deafness. As a region, California has several schools for the deaf with both oral and signing or total communication. There is also a program for the deaf and hard of hearing program in the Los Angeles Unified School District. All these factors make Los Angeles and California as a whole a "deaf friendly" region for the deaf communities in it. American Athletic Association of the Deaf According to the USADSF, in 1945, the Akron Club of the Deaf in Ohio…

Works cited

"About USADSF." USA Deaf Sports Federation Inc.

"About DeafNation." DeafNation.com

"About SIGNews." Signews.org. 26 Apr. 2010.

"About CAD." California Association of the Deaf. 2007. 26 Apr. 2010.

Special Education Deaf Culture Deaf

Deaf individuality itself is highly valued in the Deaf community. Members seem to concur that hearing people can never completely obtain that identity and become an experienced member of the deaf community. Even with deaf parents and a native grasp of ASL the hearing person will have missed the familiarity of growing up deaf, including residential school. For a lot of members of the deaf community, speech and thinking like a hearing person are pessimistically valued in Deaf Culture (What is Deaf Culture, 2011). esidential schools provide a very important link in the communication of Deaf Culture and Language. Children here are capable to communicate in a language willingly understood by each other. Deaf children are capable to partake in social clubs, sports and appreciably enough, to be around deaf role models. It is important for deaf children to be hopeful to further their education and to learn that deafness…

Deaf Culture. (2011). Retrieved from http://www.aslinfo.com/deafculture.html

Defining Deaf Culture. (2011). Retrieved from   http://www.deafculture.com/definitions/  

What is Deaf Culture. (2011). Retrieved from http://www.deaf-culture-

online.com/deafculture.html

Sign Language and Deaf Culture

There is "evidence that deaf children benefit from early exposure to sign language points to the need for in-depth sign language training for parents and other caregivers, with special attention to underserved populations such as those in rural areas," (Marschuck 2001 p 9). Parents should not rely on external schools at later developmental stages, when the damage to the child's cognitive and linguistic abilities could have already been done. Chomsky's Developmental Theory In order to better understand how this issue is such a problem for the population of deaf children born to hearing parents, it is important to explore relevant theoretical models of language acquisition. According to Noam Chomsky's theory of language development, children have an innate ability to learn any form of human communication (Macaulay 2006). We as human beings are essentially hard-wired to learn language skills and concepts. Here, the research states that "human beings are born with…

Anisfield, Moshe. (1985). Language Development from Birth to Three. Psychology Press.

Goldin-Meadow, Susan & Mylander, Carolyn. (1998). Spontaneous sign systems created by deaf children in two cultures. Nature, 391(15), 279-282.

Macaulay, Ronald K.S. (2006). The Social Art: Language and Its Uses. Oxford University Press.

Malloy, Tiara V. (2003). Sign language use for deaf, hard of hearing, and hearing babies: The evidence supports it. American Society for Deaf Children. Web.   http://www.deafchildren.org/resources/49_Sign%20Language%20Use.pdf

American Sign Language Deaf Culture

Sign of Respect In this video, the basic message is that as new signers we should act with the same level of respect that we use with the hearing, that is, if we do not understand, express this honestly. Certainly, just as in the scene where someone such as Amy do not understand, answer b should always be our answer. However, beyond just expressing understanding or lack thereof as a sin of respect (or disrespect) to a deaf person is not enough. e must use this as a template for all of our interactions with the deaf community. Just as we would like the Golden Rule and the benefit of the doubt applied to us, we need to give the same consideration first so that we deserve to have it from the deaf. If we treat the hearing impaired as if they are not aware, what does this say about…

Works Cited

Mindess, A., & Holcomb, T.K. (2011). A sign of respect [DVD].

Strategies for teaching students with hearing impairments. (2010). Retrieved

from http://www.as.wvu.edu/~scidis/hearing.html.

Deaf culture has become fairly well established in academia and to a lesser degree in mainstream public consciousness. However, Holly Elliot offers a unique perspective on Deaf culture and identity in Teach Me To Love Myself. Elliot begins her narrative by sharing her experience as a bicultural person: someone who had straddled the worlds of the hearing and of the Deaf. Her biculturalism allows Elliot to build bridges instead of barriers, engendering cross-cultural communication. As such, Teach Me to Love Myself offers a tremendously valuable contribution to the evolving and nuanced discourse on Deaf culture. Elliot had been both hearing and Deaf, but made a conscious decision to “move from the hearing to the Deaf world,” (Kindle Edition). The very notion that Elliot could “move” suggests the notion of the liminal in Deaf identity as well as a conflict between the different worlds in which a Deaf individual resides. Elliot’s…

Deaf There Has Been a Dearth of

Deaf There has been a dearth of literature on the training and development of deaf and hard of hearing employees. This research attempts to highlight gaps in the research and suggest methods of improving deaf awareness in the fields of human resources and organizational development. The Americans With Disabilities Act requires all organizations to make reasonable accommodations to the workplace environment, policy, and procedure for deaf and hard of hearing employees. This applies to employee training and development as well as daily functionality on the job. Because six to nine percent of the population identifies as deaf or hard of hearing, it is critical for organizations to adapt their training and employee development programs to attract and retain deaf employees (Hersh, 2012). To create effective training and development programs, it is important that human resources managers and staff understand best practices in adapting the workplace and making accommodations. The adaptation…

Haynes, S. & Linden, M. (2012). Workplace accommodations and unmet needs specific to individuals who are deaf or hard of hearing. Disability and Rehabilitation 7(5), 408-415.

Hersh, M. (2012). Deaf people in the workplace. Chapter 10 in Lessons on Profiting from Diversity. Moss, G. (Ed.). Palgrave MacMillan.

National Consortium of Interpreter Education Centers (2009). The case for deaf self-advocacy training. Retrieved online:   http://www.interpretereducation.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/TheCaseforDeafSelf-AdvocacyTraining-2.pdf  

National Association of the Deaf Law and Advocacy Center (n.d.). Reasonable Accommodations for Deaf Employees Under the Americans With Disabilities Act. Retrieved online: https://www.wvdhhr.org/wvcdhh/directories/07TOC/ReasonAccomDeafEmp.pdf

Deaf Community and Its Need

Equally destructive is the attitude that communicating with the Deaf person may involve more time and effort than one wishes to expend" (Zieziula, 1998, p. 193). Moreover, and perhaps one of the most important challenges related to this issue, a large percentage of deaf individuals do not trust the hearing society. "Historically, the dominant hearing culture has relegated deaf people to social categories such as "handicapped" and "outsider." The history of oppression and exclusion of the deaf community -- although with important variations depending on the countries -- and the ignorance and rejection of the natural and preferred means of communication of many of them is a well-known and many times denounced phenomenon," (Munoz-Baell & uiz, 1999, p. 1). Finally, there is a real deficiency of information in Deaf culture regarding hospice and its related services. Finding appropriate facilities can be a time-consuming and frustrating process. The program: breaking down…

Berke, J. (2009). Deaf Awareness Week. Retrieved April 10, 2010, from the About.com Website:   http://deafness.about.com/cs/events/a/deafawareness.htm  

Deaf Community Health Workers Provide Education and Support to Deaf Patients, Facilitating

Access to Linguistically and Culturally Appropriate Care, Improving Patient Health

Knowledge and Adherence to Recommended Care. (2005.) Retrieved April 10, 2010, from the AHRQ Health Care Website:   http://www.innovations.ahrq.gov/popup.aspx?id=2757&type=1&name=print

Deaf Marlee Matlin Is One

Sign language has become a politically charged issue in the deaf community: a means to create a cohesive social group. For the same reason that cochlear implants are viewed as controversial, speaking is occasionally viewed as selling out. atlin's move did not deter her, however. With moral support from Whoopie Goldberg, atlin maintained her identity as a proud member of the deaf community while still being willing to express herself in whatever way she pleased. atlin is married to a police officer and has four children. She still works as an actor and views herself not as a deaf person who happens to be an actor but the reverse: as an actor who happens to be deaf (Putz 2005). Her level of comfort with the mainstream hearing society is far from threatening to the cohesiveness of the deaf community. atlin can also be a role model for any aspiring actor…

Matlin would not seem to be a controversial figure but she has been. Reading about Matlin reminded me of how politically charged deafness and deaf culture have become. Speech and cochlear implants can be viewed as bridges between deaf individuals and the world around them, as a means to solidify membership in the deaf community, or both. Matlin shows that deafness is not a hindrance to success; only doubt can prevent the fulfillment of a dream. What Matlin also shows is that deaf individuals are just that: individuals. The deaf community is no more monolithic than the Jewish community or the Latino community. Each person must decide for himself or herself whether or not to embrace speech.

Most likely, Matlin was using her voice to express herself fully. Her decision was a courageous and admirable one, because deaf children and also adults sometimes feel ashamed to use their speaking voice. The voice can be a more shocking reminder of the barriers between deaf and hearing communities. When Matlin was a child her brother humorously referred to her voice as being a foreign accent (Putz 2005). Vocal expression does not need to be perceived as a negative for deaf people. Those who choose to use their voice are not subverting the deaf community. In some ways, those who elect to speak are enhancing the diversity of the deaf community. Being proud of a minority voice is one of the strongest affirmations a deaf person can make. Matlin shows that deaf individuals can remain deeply involved with their communities: actively encouraging deaf children to pursue their dreams and preserving the integrity of the deaf community by encouraging multiple means of solidarity.

Putz, K. (2005). Marlee Matlin What my parents understood. Hands and Voices. Retrieved Mar 9, 2009 at   http://www.handsandvoices.org/articles/fam_perspectives/mmV81.htm

Deaf the 2008 Television Movie Sweet Nothing

Deaf The 2008 television movie Sweet Nothing in My Ear presents the controversy over cochlear implants in a sensitive, albeit heart-wrenching, way. Whether or not Adam receives the implant, he will be a loved child and will grow into a healthy, robust adult with the potential to fulfill his dreams. The question is whether Adam will grow into a Deaf adult or a hearing adult. His mother is Deaf, and so is his grandfather. Adam is therefore already part of the Deaf community, and if he were to not receive the implant, he would seamlessly integrate into that community. With his mother's and grandfather's support and familiarity with Deaf culture, Adam would have no trouble finding ways to thrive without hearing. On the other hand, Adam's father is a hearing person. Because Adam gradually loses his hearing, he has already had one foot in the hearing world. Adam is therefore…

Asl the Deaf Community

ASL the Deaf Community ASL: The Deaf Community Although there has been a call for equality for all students with disabilities in the arena of education, the fact is that there are still inequalities that exist for individuals with deafness. It was reported September 23, 2013 that the National Association of the Deaf (NAD) and Joseph B. Espo, attorney with Brown, Golstein & Levy, LLP in Baltimore, Maryland, "filed a lawsuit against the University of Maryland College Park and several of its officials over the university's long-standing and continuing failure to provide captioning of announcements and commentary made over the public address systems during athletic events at Byrd Stadium and the Comcast Center. The complaint was filed in the United States District Court for the District of Maryland." (National Association of the Deaf, 2013, p.1) According to National Association of the Deaf, a new international human rights treaty, and specifically…

World Federation of Deaf (2013) World Federation of Deaf News. Retrieved from: http://www.wfdnews.org/

Kannapell, B. (n.d.) Hierarchies of Power in Deaf Community. Retrieved from:   http://www.seattlecentral.edu/faculty/cvince/ASL125/125_The%20Power_Structure_In_The_Deaf_Community.htm  

Cripps, J. And Supalla, SF (2012) The Power of Spoken Language in Schools and Deaf Students Who Sign. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Vol. 2 No. 16 [Special Issue -- August 2012]. Retrieved from:   http://www.ijhssnet.com/journals/Vol_2_No_16_Special_Issue_August_2012/10.pdf  

NAD Joins Celebration for International Week of the Deaf (2013) National Association of the Deaf. Retrieved from:  

Technology for the Deaf There

188). Closed Captioning/CAT -- Closed captioning provides an ongoing written transcription of movies, television, and/or stage productions. With new technology, Closed Captioning has moved into Communication Access eal-Tim Translation, or CAT. CAT transcribes spoken words into printed text onto a screen or computer, and is much more interactive and used for not only entertainment, but court or other official meeting presentations (Nomeland, pp. 180-1). Alert Systems -- Are relatively low-tech; flashing lights when the doorbell rings, vibrating pillows if there is a smoke or burglar alarm, etc. Most of these technologies have been supplanted by more sophisticated applications on smart phones (Nomeland, p. 187). Internal devices are medically oriented implants that either amplifies sound in those who have a hearing disability or replace some of the inner ear mechanisms to allow the deaf person to actually "hear" sounds. These are becoming more and more sophisticated, some even with computer "smart"…

The Cochlear Implant Controversy. (February 11, 2009). CBS News Sunday Morning.

Television Show Transcript.

Baron, N 2008, Always on: Language in an Online and Mobile World, Oxford

Univeristy Press, New York.

Technology for the Deaf His

Three years later, the company improved its picture clarity and introduced the "emotional intonation" feature, considered important components of visual language. ut at present, only 10% of the deaf and hard-of-hearing know about VRS. The Internal Revenue Service refuses to accept VRS calls. And VRS can be performed only with high-speed internet access. ut companies, like Sorenson, provide videophones for free. Those who have no high-speed internet access or a videophone may use IPP relay. It is similar to the outdated TTY but performs faster and more smoothly. The deaf user types his message on a computer. For the working deaf who need to use the telephone, Able Planet launched the wireless device. This is a telephone and a hands-free set for a cell phone to address these difficulties in the use of a telephone. The technology enables wireless communication with a telecoil in hearing aids. At the same time,…

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Associated Press. Hearing Impaired Get Help with Wireless Device. Deseret News:

Deseret News Publishing, 2003. Retrieved on October11, 2009 from   http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4188/is_20030623/ai_n11400486/?tag=content;col1  

Bergstein, Brian. IBM Develops Virtual Deaf Interpreter. Oakland Tribune: ANG

Newspapers, 2007. Retrieved on October 11, 2009 from   http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4178/is_20070917/ai_n20504469/?tag=content;col1

Deaf Population's Stand on Cochlear

Sign language is one of the most important elements of deaf communication, and losing this element frightens and outrages some members of the deaf community. In addition, many deaf people feel that the rehabilitation necessary after implant surgery is often neglected or not budgeted for, and so, it is not managed effectively, and the implants are not used to their full potential. In addition, the implants do not miraculously cure deafness, what implanted patients experience is a reduced and altered sense of sounds and speech at best. Some patients have described the voice as "robotic," and the device will never allow people to hear the same way that a non-deaf person hears. This is another reason the deaf community is against the implants. They believe they make a deaf person even more "handicapped," to put it one way, because they do not fit in either world. They cannot hear the…

Blamey, Peter J. "17 Development of Spoken Language by Deaf Children." Oxford Handbook of Deaf Studies, Language, and Education. Ed. Marc Marschark and Patricia Elizabeth Spencer. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. 232-246.

Glickman, Neil S., and Sanjay Gulati, eds. Mental Health Care of Deaf People: A Culturally Affirmative Approach. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2003.

Harkins, Judith E., and Matthew Bakke. "29 Status and Trends." Oxford Handbook of Deaf Studies, Language, and Education. Ed. Marc Marschark and Patricia Elizabeth Spencer. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. 406-419.

Harvey, Michael a. "9 Does God Have a Cochlear Implant?." Mental Health Care of Deaf People: A Culturally Affirmative Approach. Ed. Neil S. Glickman and Sanjay Gulati. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2003. 327-346.

Journey Into the Deaf-World This Book Looks

Journey into the Deaf-World his book looks at the Deaf-World culture in depth. In the process, the authors consider many practical, legal, educational, medical and social issues facing those in the Deaf-World. While the book covers many technical issues in detail, the underpinning for all of it is that the Deaf-World is its own unique culture with its own unique language, and is every bit as much of a subculture as it is to be African-American or some branch of Hispanic. he authors work hard to establish the Deaf-World as a legitimate subculture. hey point out that although most minority groups can point to a geographic location they're from, the Deaf-World is bound by language and experience but not geography. So while Mexican-Americans can point to Mexico on the map, those of the Deaf-World cannot do that. hroughout the course of the book, the authors demonstrate that often the beliefs…

The people of the Deaf-World recognize that their own culture is rich and vibrant with meaning. They recognize sign language, specifically ASL, as the fabric binding them together. They also know, both from personal experience and from looking at the research, that sign language from an early age will give their children their best chance to learn well and to be successful educationally. Rather than having the educational system try to force their deaf children to function as if they were not deaf, the great majority of the Deaf-World want to be accepted as they are. They don't want their deafness viewed as something requiring medical intervention, and they want to see educational and other institutions work with them to help them be the best they can be as they are, instead of trying to change them to conform to the standards set by non-deaf society.

Harlan, Hoffmeister, and Bahan have written a detailed report of the philosophy, society and needs of the Deaf-World, including pertinent research to support important points. While their book presents a specific view and doesn't pretend to present a balanced view of both sides of important issues, they do explain the other side as perceived by the Deaf-World, and put forth persuasive arguments for their opinions. Every professional and specialist who works with the Deaf-World population in any way should read this eye-opening book.

Lane, Harlan, Hoffmeister, Robert, and Bahan, Ben. A Journey into the Deaf-World. San Diego: DawnSignPress. 1996.

Funding Deaf People Are Rightfully

Another means for supporting and financing the education of deaf people is through the promotion of a financial package meant to improve the resources available to special schools and teachers. In this sense, schools in Great Britain for instance receive special funds for training their teachers to reach British Sign Language level 3 (Scottish Council on Deafness, n.d.), to become more aware of the special needs such persons have in the society and the academic environment. At the same time, the recruitment of already trained personal is fully funded in order to have the best teachers available for these special schools. In theory, these projects are worth mentioning and offer a positive perspective on the issues concerning deaf people. However, not all children or grownups can benefit from such funding possibilities. In the education area, there are only specialized agencies which commit their funds to providing financial support to special…

National Foundation for the Deaf - Deaf Education Scholarship. (2006). New Zeeland Culture Online. Retrieved 18 Jan. 2008, at   http://www.nzlive.com/en/funding/800437/B  

Scottish Council on Deafness. (n.d.) Education and training. Access to communication and language, audiology, employment, health, social work and social care. Retrieved 18 Jan, at http://www.scod.org.uk/pdf/Manifesto2007.pdf

Language and Culture

BABIE AND GILS' BODY IMAGE Motherese across Cultures Jack Sprat MOTHEESE ACOSS CULTUES MOTHEESE ACOSS CULTUES Motherese across Cultures Motherese is the universal, infant-directed speech that seems to come to women on instinct when they have a preverbal baby. Some people discourage speaking in "baby talk," because they think that children can't possibly learn good English if they are not spoken to in good English. However, there is a lot of qualitative and quantitative research to suggest that motherese provides an effective bridge between mother and baby for linguistic transfer (TeechConsult's KIDSpad, 2010). Motherese enhances attention using reduplication, the use of special morphemes and phonological modification, and grammatical simplification, helping babies find boundaries between linguistic units. That, though, is not the most interesting thing about motherese. What are most interesting are the similarities and differences of motherese across cultures and linguistic groups. Pitch Contour Comparisons between Chinese and American Mothers…

Burnham, D., Kitamura, C., Luksaneeyanwin, S., & Thanavishuth, C. (2001). Universality and specificity in infant-directed speech: pitch modifications as a function of infant age and sex in a tonal and non-tonal language. Infant Behavior and Development, 24(4), 372-392.

McLeod, P.J., Pegg, J.E., & Werker, J.F. (1994). A cross-language investigation of infant preference for infant-directed communication. Infant Behavior and Development, 17(3), 323-333.

Papousek, M., Papousek, H., & Symmes, D. (1991). The meanings of melodies in motherese in tone and stress languages. Infant Behavior and Development, 14(4), 415-440.

Reilly, J.S., & Bellugi, U. (1996). Competition on the face: Affect and language in asl motherese. Journal of Child Language, 23(1), 219-239.

Cochlear Implants to Many Hearing

" Nancy Bloch of the National Association of the Deaf agrees that the implants will not destroy deaf culture. "Deaf culture, with its rich visual language and heritage, will nonetheless continue to endure through the ages, even with new and emerging technologies." Hearing aids are already part of the deaf culture, and so too should implants. Another reason why cochlear implants will not destroy deaf culture is that deaf culture is far from being homogenous. "There is no such thing as the 'average' deaf person," according to Jamie Berke. "Deaf people are oral, wear implants, wear hearing aids, sign, use cued speech, use ASL, use PSE, use SEE, choose to have active deaf social lives or choose to interact primarily within the hearing world." Therefore, deaf culture is as diverse as hearing culture. Berke adds that acceptance of implants is "the key to the deaf community's growth." Belief that the…

Berke, Jamie. "Critique on Washington Post Article on Cochlear Implants." About.com. 23 July 2004. Retrieved online 8 Nov 2004. http://deafness.about.com/cs/cisethics/a/critique.htm.

Bloch, Nancy. "What long-term effect, if any, will cochlear implants have on deaf culture?" Sound and Fury. PBS.com. Retrieved online 8 Nov 2004.   http://www.pbs.org/wnet/soundandfury/cochlear/debate7.html  .

Eddington, Donald K. And Pierschalla, Michael. "Cochlear Implants: Restoring Implants to the Deaf." On the Brain. Fall 1994, Vol 3, No. 4. Retrieved online 8 Nov 2004. http://www.med.harvard.edu/publications/On_The_Brain/Volume3/Number4/Cochlear.html.

Nevala, Amy E. "Not Everyone is Sold on the Cochlear Implant." SeattlePI.com. 28 Sept 2000. Retrieved 8 Nov 2004.   http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/lifestyle/cont28.shtml

American Sign Language and Gallaudet University

American Sign Language and Gallaudet Gallaudet University is a college designed for the education of the deaf and hard of hearing. All of the programs are designed for the advancement of the deaf community. The majority of students and faculty are themselves deaf or hard of hearing, although a limited number of students without these disabilities are allowed into the school each year. The university began in 1857 when the 34th Congress approved the institution of what was then called the Columbia Institution for the Instruction of the Deaf and Dumb and the Blind. The year before, a wealthy philanthropist and former United States Postmaster General Amos Kendall became aware that there was a large group of young people in the ashington D.C. area who were not receiving proper care because they were disabled. He had the court declare the children his legal wards and donated two acres of his…

Works Cited:

Christiansen, John & Sharon N. Barnartt. (1995). Deaf President Now!: the 1988 Revolution at Gallaudet University. Gallaudet: NY.

Foster, Brooke. (2007). "Sound and the Fury." The Washington Post. Aug. 19.

"Gallaudet." (2010).   http://www.gallaudet.edu/x20520.xml  

Jordan, I. King. (2007). "Deaf Culture and Gallaudet." The Washington Post. Jan. 22.

Heather Whitestone The First Miss

Unfortunately, I could not hear any sound from my right ear even with the help of hearing aid. For this reason, I used my right ear for the cochlear implant. My right ear had been sleeping for 28 years until the cochlear implant woke it up on September 19th, 2002" ("FAQ," Heather hitestone ebpage, 2010). Heather writes on her webpage that she strongly supports implants for children and decided to have one as an adult so she could hear the voices of her two young sons. hitestone was not only "the first deaf Miss America; in fact, she was the first Miss America with a physical disability of any kind" ("Heather hitestone," Alabama, 2003). She and continues to come fire because of her public and vocal support of acoupedics and orally-based deaf education. Today, hitestone lives in Alabama, raising her children. hitestone married a hearing man, John McCallum, an aide…

"FAQ." Heather Whitestone. Official Webpage. February 23, 2010.

  http://www.heatherwhitestone.com/site/content/faqs.shtml  

"Heather Whitestone." Alabama. 2003. February 23, 2010.

  http://www.al.com/south/celebs3.html

Head Injuries and Resultant Deafness

(Walls, Hendricks, Dowler, Hirsch, Orslene and Fullmer, 2002). The animal will serve as a vital link between John Q. And the world around him, helping to be independent and to have quality time to himself and allow him to travel on his own. There is a need, too, to emphasize that services are available to the family as individuals, and in a group setting, to confront and work through the issues that upcoming months, perhaps even years of hardship as a result of John Q's physical injuries will mean to them as a family and as individuals. The focus must be a positive one, for research has shown that positive and hopeful attitudes impact an individual's ability to recover faster and more fully (Schmidt, Vickery, Cotugna, and Snider, 2005). esearcher Thoughts esearching the conditions and needs of a family and individual as cited above, created a sense of caring and…

http://www.questiaschool.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=27755753

Christensen, a. & Uzzell, B.P. (Eds.). (1994). Brain Injury and Neuropsychological Rehabilitation: International Perspectives. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Retrieved February 8, 2008, from Questia database:  

Ethics and Morality the Experience

The inclusion of deaf persons other than the parents may defuse some of the hostility that they have displayed towards Ms.W. During the meeting, the parents should be given the first opportunity to state their case, with all the reasons for wishing to have a deaf child. I would suggest that Ms.W. bring up the issue of the hearing child by means of questions beginning with phrases such as "Do you think..." Or "How would you feel if..." It is important to open the discussion in a way that will minimize hostility. When Ms.W. feels that the discussion is open and honest, the issue can be discussed at great length and from all angles. Whatever the conclusion of the discussion, if one is indeed reached, the parents should be allowed time to make a final decision. Furthermore, they need to understand that the final choice is with them. They should…

Cochlear Implants Can Help Children

Unlike previous studies, the current research measured results-based partly on conversational samples recorded during parent-child interactions. The real-life, natural language environment offers a unique perspective on the effectiveness of cochlear implants. The focus on natural spoken language scenarios may also be of particular importance to parents with little exposure to deaf culture. Participants in the current study included 76 children who received cochlear implants between their first and third birthdays. Intervening conditions were ruled out, including nonverbal intelligence scores, and all participants were enrolled in oral education programs. All the hearing impaired children were deaf from birth. A control group included children with unimpaired hearing, measured by conventional tests. Sample populations were culled from all over North America. Methods included observing a thirty-minute parent-child play session to assess real-life language scenarios. The play session was recorded twice: once when the child was 3.5 years old and again at 4.5 years.…

Film the Help Review

The Help: Film Review and Discussion The film The Help (2011), which was adapted for the screen and directed by Tate Taylor from the novel by Kathryn Stockett attempts to tackle heavy complex subject matter from a questionable perspective. The film is set in the 1960s in Jackson Mississippi, two details that make the film as loaded and complex as it can possibly be. The 1960s were the Civil Rights era in America, and Jackson Mississippi was a dangerous place. It was home to the confederacy and was a place where hundreds of innocent blacks had been lynched, among many other horrors that they suffered. This review will focus on two characters: Skeeter Phelan, the main character, played by Emma Stone, and Minny Jackson, played by Octavia Spencer. Emma Stone’s character Skeeter is perhaps one of the most problematic in a film that is already very problematic. The film attempts…

Self-Expression of Identity Literature Review

Each outside label has an affect on that individuals own conception of them, effectively rising or lowering self-image. These categories allow individuals of the same label to sometimes band together in order to further develop their own unique identities away from the labeling and discrimination from the larger group who may view them as abnormal, (Oxoby & McLeish, 2007: 13). Once inside a more specific group, these individuals have the capacity to flourish, and gain more and more self-esteem, (Handler, 1991: 223). However, when placed outside of these smaller groups into the larger population, this identity is once again viewed in a discriminatory manner, (Taylor & Moghaddam, 1994: 134). This occurs mainly due to the xenophobia each group portrays towards other groups, which then creates a hostile environment for the establishment of strong individual identities. One way to examine the formations of deaf and queer identities using the Social Identity…

Adam, B. 2000. "Love and Sex in Constructing Identity Among Men Who Have Sex

With Men." International Journal of Sexuality and Gender Studies 5(4).

Barry, P. (2002). Lesbian and gay criticism. Beginning Theory: An Introduction to Literary and Cultural Theory. Manchester: Manchester University Press.

Bourdieu, P. & Passeron, J.-C. (1977) Reproduction in Education, Culture and Society,

Gung Ho Negotiation Conflict Resolution Mergers Acquisitions

GUNG H Negotiation Conflict Resolution Mergers Acquisitions You required obtain Gung Ho film, locate case articles mergers acquisitions literature, prepare a paper analyze typical leadership dilemmas conflicts occur organizations merge. Gung Ho!: Communication complications in the wake of corporate mergers It is an often-cited truism that if you want to seem to have great fortune-telling abilities, it is wise to predict that a corporate merger is bound to fail. The reasons for the failure of mergers to create promised added value for shareholders or employees are numerous, but one of the most common sources of conflict is a conflict of organizational cultures. As illustrated in the film Gung Ho!, cultural conflicts become even more acute when they involve a clash of national as well as corporate work cultures. According to the authors of the study "Assimilation of quality culture and its effect: An empirical study of a cross-border M&A" (Ito,…

Organizational culture is defined as "a pattern of basic assumptions -- invented, discovered, or developed by a given group as it learns to cope with its problems of external adaptation and internal integration" (Ito, Toshihiko, & Fujimura 2009: 1). In the film, a powerful Japanese automotive company acquires a failing American facility. This acquisition is willing, given that representatives from the American plant go over to Japan to convince the company to come over to the U.S. However, the Americans have no idea how to relate to the Japanese executives. When Hunt Stevenson, played by Michael Keaton, travels over to Japan to speak to the board of directors, he makes loud and boisterous small talk and inappropriate sexual jokes, clumsily tries to create a connection between himself and the executives in a personal fashion, and asks if they speak English. All of this suggests a lack of 'homework' on the part of Hunt which the Japanese clearly expected him to do. Furthermore, his familiar attitude is not in keeping with the high-context culture of Japan, in which hierarchies and duties based upon status are expected to be obeyed. However, the Japanese executives are equally tone-deaf to the corporate culture of America. They try to force American workers to do calisthenics and place no value upon individualism and insight after the merger takes place.

Although Gung Ho! is a parody, the fanatical Japanese attention to symmetry and quality, in contrast to the more lackadaisical attitude of American workers is reflected in many real-life scenarios. "When two companies with different corporate cultures are merged into a new company, cultural friction inevitably arises, creating internal inconsistency in quality culture until the completion of assimilation. This cultural inconsistency may affect quality ratings and organizational decision-making" (Ito, Toshihiko, & Fujimura 2009: 2). For the Japanese, attention to product detail is a point of collective pride in the film. Workers are supposed to put aside their personal needs in deference to the needs of the organization. This creates friction between Japanese managers and American workers.

A clash of corporate cultures regarding quality standards does not merely make

Neanderthal Cultural Complexity

Glimpse into Neanderthal Culture hen one thinks of the Humanoid genus Homo Sapiens neanderthalensis (HSN) they picture a very primitive creature, simplistic in nature with few social complexities. However, upon close examination of several Neanderthan archeological sites, one will find the Neanderthal man had all of the necessary elements for the beginning of the formation of modern society. It was once thought that these elements were only present after Neanderthan culture after contact with Home Sapiens (HSS). However, evidence now exists that suggests that Neanderthals were already well on their way to developing a formal, but rudimentary, culture well before contact with HSS. This research will examine these findings using evidence gathered from the Petralona, Larga Velhol, St. Cesaire, Shanidar, and Arago sites. This research will support the thesis that Neanderthals had the beginnings of an advanced society prior to contact with Home Sapiens and that the disappearance of the…

Bednarik, R.G. (1992). Palaeoart and archaeological myths. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 2(1): 27-43.

Chase, P. And Dibble, H (1987). Middle Paleolithic symbolism: a review of current evidence and interpretations. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 6:263-296.

A d'Errico, F. et al. (1998) "Neanderthal Acculturation in Western Europe? Current Anthropology, Supplement, 39:1-44, p. 3 in Morton, G. (1998) Neanderthan Culture. Internet Discussion. September 7, 1998.   http://www.asa3.org/archive/evolution/199809/0121.html   Accessed July, 2003.

Fagan, B. (1990) The Journey From Eden, (London: Thames and Hudson) in Morton, G. (1998) Neanderthan Culture. Internet Discussion. September 7, 1998.

Basic Helping Process

Cultures also define significant roles and set up expectations of the behaviors that accompany them. When these role definitions become rigid, they tend to be counterproductive because both individuals and social groups are constantly in the process of change and adaptation to the differences that are part of life (Schein, 2011). For the young child, knowing what is expected can contribute markedly to feelings of security, However, if expectations are too rigid, it can also be inhibiting to growth and lock in the developing individual so that full use of potential for adaptation to change is impossible. Attitudes and behavior develop in response to unconscious needs and drives for protection from pain, preservation of personal integrity, allowance for essential growth, and assistance in dealing with reality (Keith-Lucas, 2010). Coping mechanisms -- denial, projection, regression, fantasy, and so on -- relate to their source of stimulus and may seem inappropriate to…

Bonasera, C.M. (n.d.). Pitfalls in the helping process. Retrieved from http://www.charlesmbonasera.com/files/PITFALLS_IN_THE_HELPING_PROCESS5.pdf

Keith-Lucas, A. (2010). Biblical Insights into the Helping Process. Social Work & Christianity, 37(3), 321-329.

King, P. (2004). Helping people is a democratic process. 1948. Public Health Nursing (Boston, Mass.), 21(6), 572-573.

Mortenove. (2010, November, 7). Stages in the helping process. Retrieved from   http://mortenove.wordpress.com/2010/11/07/stages-in-the-helping-process/

American Sign Language

sign language in public settings for people who are deaf. Writing notes as a way to communicate with people who are deaf is convenient, for people with normal hearing, and recommended, by people with normal hearing. In the world of hearing people, recommendations for using note writing as a way to communicate with people who are deaf is common. Communication at work. Employers are advised to supplement their communication with employees who are deaf by writing notes. For example, Equal Access Communication, an advocacy organization suggests that supervisors may wish to keep a white board or a chalk board by the work area of an employee who is deaf. The supervisor is reminded to keep the writing simple and concise, first establishing the subject to be discussed and then providing an explanation. Further, the supervisor is reminded that the person who is deaf may experience difficulties understanding idioms or double…

Emmorey, K., Borinstein, H.B., and Thompson, R. (n.d.). Bimodal bilingualism: Code-blending between spoken English and American Sign Language, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies and University of California, San Diego. Retrieval   http://emmoreylab.sdsu.edu/pdf-bilingual/bilingual1.pdf  

Teplin, E. (2008, August 26). Representing deaf and hard of hearing people: Legal requirements & practical suggestions. The Hennepin Lawyer. Retrieved http://hennepin.timerlakepublishing.com/article.asp?article=1246

Internet sources accessed http://www.signofthetimes.us/Medical.htm

  http://www.ashoka.org/goudenove_francois

Armstrong E Kukla R Kuppermann

Certain ethnicities were seen to have relatively high levels of participation, while women from North Africa and those from lower socioeconomic backgrounds were much more likely to refrain from taking part in such prenatal diagnostics than were Dutch women. This study could go a long way towards bridging cultural divides when it comes to healthcare, though the authors do not delve deep enough into making recommendations in this regard. Harper, C.; Henderson, J.; Schalet, A. & Becker, D. (2010). "Abstinence and Teenagers: Prevention Counseling Practices of Health Care Providers Serving High-Risk Patients in the United States." Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 42(2), pp. 125. The effects and types of counseling delivered to teenage girls identified as a "high risk" by clinicians was observed in this study, with the conclusion that few clinicians view abstinence-only recommendations as effective at reducing risk for pregnancy and other concerns. Presenting information regarding contraceptives,…

In a long-term and large population study, researchers found that maternal deaths for reasons only indirectly related to the pregnancy were on the rise in the Netherlands. More expectant mothers were observed to suffer from fatal cardiovascular and other problems. The fact that women are getting pregnant at older ages, both due to lifestyles that tend to postpone child rearing and through new fertility treatments, are thought to be responsible for this. It is interesting how such objectivity can and indeed must be retained when dealing with such a politically and personally sensitive issue.

Wynn, L.; Foster, A. & Trussell, J. (2010). "Would you say you had unprotected sex if ... Sexual health language in emails to a reproductive health website." Culture, health & sexuality 12(5), pp. 499.

For this study, over a thousand emails sent to an emergency contraceptive website in the United States were analyzed for the type of language used to describe sexual acts, safe sex methods, and other aspects of the emails' authors' experiences leading up to their emailing. The terms "sex" and "unprotected sex" varied widely in their specific meanings for the different authors, and this corresponded to varying degrees of risk concern as well. The authors spend a great deal of time theorizing about how language shapes thought, but they did not provide a great deal of discernible concrete information in this report, making it somewhat difficult to follow and suspect.

Works of Art Speak to Different People

works of art speak to different people in different ways. Explore and explain which performances and which ideas from the course that you have seen and heard this semester have "spoken" with most impact…how and why? Works that Speak to Me The quote by poet Allen Ginsberg made a big impact on me. He says, "Whoever controls the language, the images, controls the race." (Maser 180). This means a lot to me because I am international student from Korea. I am trying to understand a new culture through its theater. Theater to me is like breath of fresh air when visiting other country like the United States because it gives culture and meaning to the world within it. The theater is a place where "language, images" are shown. Everything on the stage has a meaning. It is there for reason. It serves a purpose. The lighting is put upon others…

Change Proposal the Situation Spending Any Time

Change Proposal The Situation Spending any time at all at one of the nation's first, oldest and largest state theaters, a founding member of the League of esident Theaters, brings to mind only one phrase above all others: "Off with their heads." The theatrical organization is run as if by the mad Queen in Alice in Wonderland. No real management is performed. Instead, edicts are issued by the CEO and founder and carried out without regard to the bottom line or any standards of acceptable organizational behavior. In short, there is the rule of fear, and nothing more. When the theatre runs into problems, the solution is not to find remedies for those problems, but to replace personnel -- itself a highly expensive proposition -- and seek more government and corporate grants to cover the costs of operating the theater. The board of directors has been asked by more than…

References  

Sensory Loss in the Aged

If an underlying condition is the cause of the loss, then the logical procedure would be to treat the underlying cause. In some cases the sense of smell may return and for others the loss will be permanent. Research supports the existence of changes in smell due to age. The causes of this loss are varied. There has not been considerable research into searching for a treatment as with other sensory declines. Loss of out sense of smell is not considered to be of greater consequence in our society. ith the rare exception of those whose careers depend on it, there is little societal impact caused by a loss of sense of smell. For the person, they may not enjoy all of the things that they used to, but it does not carry any significant impairment with it. There has been no formal effort dedicated towards research to restore the…

Arabi, A. (2004) Cochlear Implants: My Perspective. Term Paper. NBB421 - Effects of Aging on Sensory and Perceptual Systems. Professor Halpern. Friday, December 3, 2004. Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.

Bauman, N. (2004) Hair Cell Regeneration -- Overcoming the Challenges. Center For Hearing Loss Help. November 2004. http://www.hearinglosshelp.com/articles/haircellchallenge.htm. Accessed December 15, 2006.

Cain, W., Stevens, J. (1989) Uniformity of olfactory loss in aging. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 561, 29-38.

Cochlear Implants. The Virginia Merrill Bloedel Hearing Research Center at the Cochlear.org (2006a) Total Costs for the Procedure. http://www.cochlear.org/sys-tmpl/cochlearimplantcosts/. Accessed December 15, 2006.

Myths Myth of Marriage and Children Joseph

Myths Myth of Marriage and Children Joseph Campbell's The Power of Myth is a book that can potentially transform the reader's consciousness. Beyond being informative, Campbell's analysis of cultural myths is profound; it provokes genuine introspection. The author refers to the spiritual in whatever he speaks about, and yet he never lapses into religious diatribe or dogma. Subjects like marriage are elevated beyond the social to the psycho-spiritual. For example, he calls marriage "primarily a spiritual exercise, and the society is supposed to help us have the realization. Man should not be in service to society, society should be in the service of man," (8). In light of modern society, Campbell's words hold new meaning. In America, we have few true rituals because we have turned our attention outward instead of inward. The wisdom of life is being denigrated through a preoccupation with technology and material goods. There is little…

Ethics the Author of This Report Is

Ethics The author of this report is asked to discuss ethics as it pertains to a topic of the author's choice. The author of this report chooses to discuss the ethics topic of using factories in Asian and surrounding countries like China and Bangladesh with questionable if not outright deplorable labor laws and/or working conditions. The author of this report will now answer five questions surrounding that topic. Ethics of Using Foreign Countries in Asia to Make United States Goods The first question asks the author to discuss culture, values, ethics and other such elements that lead to differences in social culture (Hill, 2013). The United States obviously mimicked a lot of Asian countries in terms of working conditions and lack of labor laws and protections until about 1930. Since then, the social safety net and the associated labor and retirement frameworks have been created to help and protect workers…

Hill, C.W. (2013). International business: competing in the global marketplace (9 ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin.

Reed, S.M., & Bogardus, A.M. (2012). PHR/SPHR Professional in Human Resources certification study guide (4th ed.). Indianapolis, IN: Wiley Pub.

Human or Animal Behavior You

Also, the different moral patterns of between the genders, as analyzed by Gillian, remains controversial, as the inherently 'separate' moral system of men and women (to say nothing of psychologist's ability to define what constitutes adult morality at all) is part of the raging debate on how to create truly fair, gender-neutral tests and classroom environments. In terms of usefulness on a personal level, the different ways of dealing with life traumas, like near death experiences, moral dilemmas, and grief are the most salient parts of the chapter, and provide real, concrete advice for the reader. Assignment 4: Erikson's Stages of Development. According to Erik Erikson, every child passes through eight stages of 'man' or development. Erikson attempted to introduce a theory of development that incorporated other human needs and elements of culture into a human being's socialization process, unlike Freud who focused only on the family romance, of family…

Dement, William. (Sept 1997). "What All Undergraduates Should Know About How Their Sleeping Lives Affect Their Waking Lives." Stanford University Center of Excellence for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Sleep Disorders. Retrieved 24 May 2007   http://www.stanford.edu/~dement/sleepless.html

Global Changes in the Missiology

" It caused missionaries to deal with peoples of other cultures and even Christian traditions -- including the Orthodox -- as inferior. God's mission was understood to have depended upon human efforts, and this is why we came to hold unrealistic universalistic assumptions. Christians became so optimistic that they believed to be able to correct all the ills of the world." (Vassiliadis, 2010) Missiology has been undergoing changes in recent years and after much serious consideration Christians in the ecumenical era "are not only questioning all the above assumptions of the Enlightenment; they have also started developing a more profound theology of mission. One can count the following significant transitions: (a) From the missio christianorum to the missio ecclesiae; (b) the recognition later that subject of mission is not even the Church, either as an institution or through its members, but God, thus moving further from the missio ecclesiae to…

Bosch, David Jacobus (1991) Transforming Mission: Paradigm Shifts in Theology of Mission, American Society of Missiology Series; No. 16. Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis Books, 1991.

Gelder, Craig Van (2007) the Missional Church in Context: Helping Congregations Develop Contextual Ministry. Volume 1 of Missional Church Series. Missional Church Network Series. Wm B. Eerdmans Publishing 2007.

Guder, Darrell L. (2000) the Continuing Conversion of the Church. Grand Rapids, NI: Eerdmans, 2000.

Hesselgrave, David J> (2007) Will We Correct the Edinburgh Error? Future Mission in Historical Perspective. Southwestern Journal of Theology.Vol. 49 No. 2 Spring 2007.

Race Class Gender Journal Word Count Excluding

Race, Class, Gender Journal Word Count (excluding title and works cited page): 1048 Race, Class, and Gender is an anthology of articles that express various interpretation and insights of the relationship between race, class, and gender and how these things shape the lives of people and society. he topics and points-of-view offered in the anthology are vast and interesting. hey offer a strong historical and sociological perspective on such issues as prison populations, the working poor, or the life of Muslims in the United States. his journal is my personal reflection after reading this book. How did the reading make me feel? Did any of the readings make me feel uncomfortable? Was there any part of the book that rang true with me? Were any of the articles disturbing, shocking, surprising, or impressive? Finally, an original poem will be included in response to the experience of reading Race, Class, and…

L., M, & Hill, P. (2007). Race, Class, and Gender: An Anthology. Wadsworth Publishing Company, KY

Things Fall Apart in the

Okonkwo seems full of passionate intensity to preserve things as they are, and to preserve his sense of masculine, patriarchal authority. But although this sense of passion seems to have its origin sense of nostalgia for traditional forms of control, it is also too tied up the man's ego to be called a conviction. A true conviction about justice is not self-interested. It is also worth remembering that Okonkwo's father did not embody such authority within his own family structure, thus Okonkwo partly wishes to defy his own family's tradition. And Okonkwo's sense of wishing to preserve the positive aspects of his personal authority does not mean that he is not willing to kill his adopted son, for fear of looking weak, even though this hurts the tribe's future. Thus Okonkwo lacks convictions that transcend the self, and denies such positive self-sacrificing values as feminine.

Protecting Nature

Ecological Conscience Mother of Life: Developing an Ecological Conscience The greatest assignment and commitment for the world in the 21st century is to ensure that we re-discover the lost connection we have with nature. We have to see ourselves as biological beings and as part of the intricate web of life .we also have to understand more fully compared to any generation before us how we came about along with other living creators out of the universe fabric and to know that we are supposed to remain woven into that same fabric as long as we are here on earth in a bond which is inseparable since it is who we are.in short this implies that we have to nurture in all the diverse cultures that exist in our world a shift of consciousness is held in one eternal and fundamental reality which is that humanity and nature can never…

Falk, C., (2010).Cultivating an Ecological Conscience: Essays from a Farmer Philosopher.pg 8-10.Retrieved February 28,2014 from   http://books.google.co.ke/books?id=r9TJxRxwbOMC&pg=PA9&lpg=PA9&dq=importance+of+developing+an+%22ecological+conscience&source=bl&ots=Tev_9KoZMw&sig=6LIq0s7qziQn0W3HcF04B-IVpZc&hl=en&sa=X&ei=D9IQU72sO8LQ7AbRqID4Cw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=importance%20of%20developing%20an%20%22ecological%20conscience&f=false  

Sage, J., (2005). Gardening and the Cultivation of an Ecological Conscience. Retrieved February 28,2014 from   http://www.uwsp.edu/philosophy/FacultyStaffDocs/jSage/Sage%20Gardening%20and%20The%20Cultivation%20of%20an%20Ecological%20Conscience.pdf  

Schola Ministries, (2010). The Ecological Conscience -- Merton Essay. Retrieved February 28,2014 from   http://www.scholaministries.org/lectory/the-ecological-conscience/  

Worldpress.com, (2013).Ecology: Developing Ecological Consciousness. Retrieved February 28,2014 from   http://grandparentsforthefuture.wordpress.com/2013/06/17/ecology-developing-ecological-consciousness/

Narrative Inquiry the Work of

Keeping the continuous, cycle and rhythmic sense of time before us is another task we have come to associate with the study of narrative." (2000, p. 8) V. Reflection and Deliberation Clandinin and Connelly state that 'reflection and deliberation' are both terms which "refer to the methods of practical inquiry and are springboards for thinking of narrative and story as method." (2000, p. 8) Reflection is stated to have a sense of "looking back' or a "casting back, whereas deliberation has a forward sense, a sense of preparation for the future." (Clandinin and Connelly, 2000, p. 8) oth reflection and deliberation are stated to be terms that "refer to practical reasoning and yield uncertain results." (Clandinin and Connelly, 2000, p.9) A narrative is sated to be "always tentative to a degree" and that the narrative 'produces likelihood, not certainty." (Clandinin and Connelly, 2000, p.10) A narrative is stated to be…

Bibliography

Riley, T. And Hawe, P. (2005) Researching Practice: The Methodological Case for Narrative Inquiry. Health Education Research Vol. 20 no.2 Oxford University Press.

Webster, L. And Mertova, P. (2007) Using narrative inquiry as a research method: an introduction to using critical event narrative analysis in research on learning and teaching. Routledge, 2007

Kramp, M.K. (2004). Exploring life and experience through narrative inquiry. In K. deMarrais & S.D. Lapan (Eds.), Foundations for research (pp. 103-121). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates

Clandinin, D.J., & Connelly, F.M. (2000). Narrative inquiry: Experience and story in qualitative research. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Self-Advocacy Steps to Successful Transition

Still, Mason indicates that the opposite is often true in public education settings, where educators, parents and institutions collectively overlook the implications of research and demands imposed by law. Indeed, "despite the IDEA requirements, research results, teacher perceptions, and strong encouragement from disabilities rights advocate, many youth have been left out of IEP and self-determination activities. For example, 31% of the teaches in a 1998 survey reported that they wrote no self-determination goals, and 41% indicated they did not have sufficient training or information on teaching self-determination." (Mason et al., 442) This is a troubling finding, and one which implicates the needed paradigm shift discussed already in the research endeavor. Clearly, as the matter is framed by Mason et al., educators and researchers have already acknowledged the value in the strategies addressed here. By contrast, institutional change has been hard won, with schools and administrators balking at making broad-based alterations…

Beresford, B. (2004). On the Road to Nowhere? Young Disabled People and Transition. Child: Care, Health and Development, 30(6).

Department of Education (DOE). (2007). Guide to the Individualized Education Program. United States Department of Education. Online at   http://www.ed.gov/parents/needs/speced/iepguide/index.html  .

Katsiyannis, A.; deFur, S. & Conderman, G. (1998). Transition Services -- Systems Change for Youth with Disabilities? A Review of State Practices? The Journal of Special Education, 32(2), 55-61.

Mason, C.; Field, S. & Sawilowsky, S. (2004). Implementation of self-determination activities and student participation in IEPs. Council for Exceptional Children, 70(4), 441-451.

Strategic Issues in Business New

There are consumer movements and environmental lobbyists serving as watchdogs on businesses. These organizations may take businesses whose activities are affecting people or environment to court and ask that businesses to pay for damages. Government has also passed tougher health and safety laws that businesses should adopt while conducting business activities. Findings The findings of this paper reveal that New Zealand is a country that welcomes foreign investment based on the country economic development. While the economic development of the country may not be comparable to the economic development of European countries, Canada or USA, the country has established legal structures that protect foreign investment. Moreover, people in the country enjoy high standard of living compare to some European countries making New Zealander to have high purchasing power parity. While the country might have been affected by the economic recession in 2009 and 2010, the country has recovered in 2011,…

Department of States, (2011). New Zealand. U.S. Departments of States.

Link, A.N.(2001). Evaluation of Technology New Zealand. A report for the Ministry of Research, Science & Technology Infometrics Ltd. In association with Decision Research Ltd.

World Bank (2011). New Zealand. World Bank Data.

Self and the Other

Trojan Wars and Culture The three epic stories namely, The Iliad, the Trojan Women, Pericle's Funeral Oration are powerfully written master pieces of work, that illustrate the element of horridness of war beautifully. The Iliad The story of Homer's Iliad focuses on the "rage of Achilles." eading this epic poem makes one believe that it is based entirely on the totality and gruesomeness of war. However, it tells us about the details of war with full description and information. Though war is an important aspect of the tale, but the real story is based on the remarkable fighter and hero-that man is none other than Achilles. Achilles possesses the greatest military expertise of any of the Achaean ranks and also the greatest fighting ability out of all of the warriors, Trojan or Achaean. At the beginning of the epic, Achilles becomes liberated from his fellow warriors and retreats back to…

Homer, The Iliad

McLaren, The Trojan Women

Thucydides, Pericles's Funeral Oration

Strategies to Communicate and Educate Stakeholders in Change

Family Nurse Practitioner: Promoting Change Strategies to communicate and educate stakeholders I am currently employed as family nurse practitioner and am doing my DNP at a clinic under the supervision of a medical doctor. Communicating with patients is an essential component of treatment and care. If patients cannot engage in effective self-care at home, the treatment dispensed by the clinic will be of little value. The nurse must communicate clearly and seriously the full weight of the patient's condition and need for treatment. For example, if a patient is pre-diabetic, the nurse must make the patient understand what this means: that weight loss, diet and exercise modifications may be able to prevent full-blown diabetes from occurring. The fact that diabetes is not a disease that can easily be managed with drug treatments, although many new drugs and forms of glucose monitoring are available, should also be conveyed to the patient:…

Alavi, M. & Tiwana, A. (2002). Knowledge integration in virtual teams. Journal of the American Society of Information Science and Technology. 53(12):1029-1037. Retrieved from:

http://tiwana.myweb.uga.edu/pdfs/j/Alavi-TiwanaJAIST2002.pdf

Bowers B (2011) Managing change by empowering staff. Nursing Times; 107: 32/33.

Retrieved from:

Left Behind Even After Earning

Chorzempa believes that two courses in literacy, the minimum for many teacher education programs, is insufficient preparation to teach the six modes of language arts. She encourages teachers to build a strong literacy base by enrolling in supplementary courses and joining professional organizations such as the International eading Association and the National Writing Project. She also stresses the importance of building a positive classroom environment, which she calls "essential for developing a community of learners in which students show respect and support for one another" (Chorzempa, p. 74). Once again, she suggests additional coursework. She also cites professional journals, websites, and online teacher chat forums as resources for teachers seeking to enhance their classroom management skills. University-school partnerships are a means to work collaboratively and link pedagogy and practice. Chorzempa believes there are benefits to all participants in these learning experiences, including students, in-service and pre-service teachers, and teacher educators.…

Chorzempa, B.F. (2011). Don't get left behind: Improve your experiences as a new teacher.

Kappa Delta Record Winter 2011,72-75.

Ape Speech Research Has Been

Another theorist with a different view is Chomsky (1988). Chomsky sees the acquisition of language as a process of input-output, what he calls a Cartesian view of language acquisition and language structure. He states: "We have an organism of which we know nothing. We know, or we can discover, what kind of data is available to it, and the first question we must try to answer is: what kind of mental structure does the organism develop when that evidence is presented to it?" (Chomsky, 1988, p. 102). Once we find an answer to this question, we can ask what sorts of processes have intervened leading form the data available to the knowledge that resulted. Chomsky explains: The input-output situation is this: a child who initially does not have knowledge of a language constructs for himself knowledge of a language on the basis of a certain amount of data; the input…

Aitchison, J. (1998). The articulate mammal: An introduction to psycholinguistics. London:Routledge.

Appel, A. (2005) 'Dinner conversation' proof of ape speech? National Geographic News.

Brown, G. (1958). Words and things. New York: The Free Press.

Brain circuitry involved in language reveals differences in man, non-human primates (2001, September 5). Science Daily. Retrieved December 12, 2006 at   http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2001/09/010905071926.html  .

Progress of Women After 25

The "Highlander Center," a group advocating rights for African-Americans, "were labeled as subversive and subjected to investigation, and their members were harassed," which sounds a bit more like fascism than democracy. But were the hearings fair? No, they were highly unfair; from the very beginning, the lack of fairness was obvious to any objective observer; they were called "Hearings egarding the Communist Infiltration of the Motion Picture Industry" (held October 20-30, 1947). The proof was in prior to any fair hearing of the issues or the accused, which is a denial of democratic justice to begin with. And meantime, the witnesses were classified as "friendly" or "unfriendly." If you were "friendly," that meant you already had cooperated with the HUAC, and had indicated a willingness to point fingers, name names, of suspected "communists," so the members of the committee (which included Congressman ichard Nixon) would look like they were doing…

Wheels and Becker. "The Second Red Scare: HUAC vs. Hollywood, 1947."

McClellan, Jim R. "Women's Suffrage: The Nineteenth Amendment is Ratified." Historical

Moments: Changing Interpretations of America's Past, Vol. 2, the Civil War Through the 20th Century. Chapter 15. New York: Cushkin/McGraw-Hill, 2000.

McClellan, Jim R. "Prohibition: The Eighteenth Amendment Takes Effect." Historical Moments:

Observing and Reporting Surroundings at a VA Medical Center

Experiential Exercise: Observing and Reporting Surroundings at a VA Medical Center To satisfy the requirements of this assignment, the author recently volunteered at a local Department of Veterans Affairs medical center (VAMC) and the results of this experience are related below. Date and address of where the experience took place October XYZ, 20XX, in Anytown, Ohio. Length of time you were there Four hours (including lunch). Brief description of the setting The VAMC visited for this assignment is a major tertiary healthcare facility that provides medical, surgical, dental and mental health services to eligible veterans in its catchment area. The volunteer services department is located on the VAMC's first floor, immediately inside the main entrance. A young female receptionist behind a glass window greets volunteers with and without appointments, but a sign below the window recommends making an appointment to ensure volunteers' services are needed on a specific date. Besides…

American Sign Language Interpreters the

This program will be offered in the Leadership Development Seminar in which students are offering challenging experiences as well as the areas of higher-level academic pursuits which includes a historical journey through the history of deafness related individuals. Merrill Lynch has also developed a program targeting deaf students, which was released in a news announcement earlier this month of March 2005. The Merrill Lynch Entrepreneur Leadership Program is offering a program to prepare those interested in entrepreneurial leadership designed for individuals who are deaf and interested in becoming entrepreneurs. Modern technological online modules for learning will be utilized and will simultaneously deliver the information in both ASL and English. Conclusion: It is clear that ASL Interpreters in classrooms is much needed for the student who is deaf if they are to experience a normal and successful education in the classroom setting. And as shown the student who is deaf and…

Lawrence, Constance (2001) Using Sign Language in Your Classroom 2001 Apr 19 ED459557.

Belka, Robert W. (2000) 'Is American Sign Language a "Foreign Language" ED339662.

Wallinger, Linda (2000) American Sign Language Instruction: Moving from Protest to Practice ED 449660

Toth, Anne (1999) Improving the Delivery of Sign Language Instruction for Program for Parents of Children Who is Deaf and Receiving Services form a School for the Deaf. ED 437755.

Application of a Pedagogic Model to the Teaching of Technology to Special Education Students

Pedagogic Model for Teaching of Technology to Special Education Students Almost thirty years ago, the American federal government passed an act mandating the availability of a free and appropriate public education for all handicapped children. In 1990, this act was updated and reformed as the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, which itself was reformed in 1997. At each step, the goal was to make education more equitable and more accessible to those with special educational needs. During the last presidential term, the "No Child Left Behind" Act attempted to assure that individuals with disabilities were increasingly mainstreamed and assured of high educational results. All of these legislative mandates were aimed at insuring that children with disabilities were not defrauded of the public education which has become the birthright of all American children. The latest reforms to IDEA, for example, provided sweeping reforms which not only expanded the classification of special…

Connecting Theory and Meaning of Disability Studies in Schools

Connecting Theory and Meaning of Disability Studies in Schools The connecting theory application in the system of basic education has contributed to the development and establishment of a trans-disciplinary scientific strategized framework. This framework bases on the specified reverence for a considerable orientation in long-term and the engagement of decision makers in the education system on its application. The connecting theory involves work that cuts across education disciplines. This is with the aim of exposing the aspects perceived to be of outdated assumptions in the education system. This happens with their respective enrichment in the technological and social practice. The theory constitutes well-strategized research with knowledge meant for informing a scientific framework designated. This is to enable direct transformation towards the education system future with worldview fit (Fenton-Smith, & Stillwell, 2011). The concrete developed strategic objectives aim at addressing the advancements with accuracy in understanding the aspect of science. This…

Albrecht, G.L. (2003). Handbook of disability studies. Thousand Oaks, Calif. [u.a.: Sage.

Dan Goodley & Michele Moore. (2010). Doing Disability Research: Activist lives and the academy. Retrieved from:   http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/cdso20  

Danforth, S. (2006). Vital questions facing disability studies in education. New York: Lang.

Fenton-Smith, B., & Stillwell, C. (2011). Reading Discussion Groups for Teachers:

Braille Sign Language and Pictograms All Offer

Braille, sign language, and pictograms all offer nonverbal means of effectively communicating ideas. Each of these nonverbal communications constitutes a type of language, and each has unique applications. It is important to realize that verbal and written languages are only a few of many different methods of communication. A nurse needs to understand the special functions of braille, sign language, and pictograms and be able to identify the different applications and potential uses of each one. Developed by Louis Braille in the early nineteenth century, Braille is a textured writing system that allows the visually impaired to write and read texts. As with some written languages like Chinese, Braille symbols comprise both of an alphabet and words. Thus, the letter B. In Braille can also connote the word "but" in certain contexts. Braille can be adapted for any human language and is therefore especially important when dealing with people with…

"Braille," (n.d.). Retrieved online:   http://www.omniglot.com/writing/braille.htm  

Davies, S., O'Brien, S. & Reed, M. (2001). American Sign Language as a Foreign Language. The University of Vermont. Retrieved online:   http://www.uvm.edu/~vlrs/doc/sign_language.htm  

United States Department of Labor (OSHA, 2013). Hazard communication standard pictogram. Retrieved online:   https://www.osha.gov/Publications/HazComm_QuickCard_Pictogram.html

Education in China History of

The State has also established a string of both general and specific policies for improving and developing special education and set aside special funds for this purpose. Consequently, just like regular education, special education has also developed rapidly. Although local governments are encouraged to provide compulsory education to children with and without disabilities, the enacted policies do not necessitate that education be provided to all students. Despite the fact that students with disabilities were earlier educated in special schools, China has adopted new channels of special education including the integration of disabled children into general education classes. Currently, the number of disabled children enrolled in schools has continued to experience a big increase since 1987. Although many articles in the laws formulated by the Chinese government call for the overall education of handicapped children, special education for children with autism or severe disabilities is not directly mentioned in these policies…

References:

Baker, M. (2007, November 17). China's Bid for World Domination. Retrieved April 11, 2010,

from   http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/education/7098561.stm  

Mu K, Yang H & Armfield A (n.d.). China's Special Education: A Comparative Analysis.

Retrieved April 11, 2010, from   http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICDocs/data/ericdocs2sql/content_storage_01/0000019b/80/13/16/25.pdf

Jack in the Box I

" Health experts declared that if Jack in the ox Inc. restaurants had obeyed Washington State's set of laws, the outbreak of an epidemic would have been prevented. Jack in the ox, on January 22, 1993, guaranteed "to do everything that is morally right for those individuals who had experienced illness after eating at Jack in the ox restaurants as well as their families." Due to the negative publicity the company was facing, Robert Nugent substituted his public relations firm. Moreover, they instantaneously stopped their hamburger production, "recalled meat from distributors, increased cooking times and temperatures, and pledged to pay all medical costs related to the disaster." Jack in the ox used the services of Dr. David Theno, in order to come up with a brand new food-handling method. In 1994, they instituted the fast-food industry's first comprehensive food-safety program, the Hazard Analysis & Critical Control Points system. Today, they…

Bibliography:

ADVFN PLC. (1999-2007) Stock Charts for Jack in the Box (JBX). Retrieved Jan 31, 2008 from ADVFN Web site: http://www.advfn.com/nyse/StockChart.asp?stockchart=JBX

Sellnow, T.L.&Ulmer, R.R (1995). Ambiguous argument as advocacy in organizational crisis communication. Argumentation & Advocacy. Retrieved Jan 31, 2008, from Department of Defense USA Web site:   http://www.ou.edu/deptcomm/dodjcc/groups/02C2/Jack%20in%20the%20Box.htm  

Crisis Communication Strategies. (2008) Analysis Case Study: Jack in the Box E. coli crisis. Retrieved Jan 31, 2008 from Department of Defense USA Web site:

Critical Thinking Problem Area in

By teaching other professionals, I can indirectly reach hundreds or eventually thousands of people with hearing disabilities. In my current work as a tutor for students who wish to become American ign Language interpreters, it is clear to me that many of these students have been taught incorrectly. This is part of the wider problem in the United tates. Rather than being able to teach these students the correct way of interpretation from the beginning, I first have to correct the previous learning. Teaching quality is of the vital importance, particularly in a field that can make a difference in so many lives. I therefore find both my tutoring and my studies as a very significant direction to ensure not only a bright future for myself, but by association also for those who have tended to be marginalized both by society and of necessity by themselves. ources American ign Language…

American Sign Language Teachers Association. ASL as a Language. 2004-2007.   http://www.aslta.org/lang.php  

Coltrane, Bronwyn. American Sign Language. Center for Applied Linguistics Resource Guide.   http://www.cal.org/resources/archive/rgos/asl.html  

Sorenson Communications. Meeting the Growing Need for American sign Language Interpreters. White Paper, 2005.   http://www.sorensonvrs.com/newsletter/interpreterShortage.pdf

Different Methods of Literacy Learning for Students

program READ 180 is designed for children in elementary school through high school whose achievement of reading is not above the level of proficiency. The main objective of this program is to address the gap in the skills of the students by using direct instruction, literature and computer program in the reading skills. The goal of the software is to adapt and track the progress of every student. Apart from that, the program also includes audio books with CDs for modeling reading, paperback books for independent reading and workbooks for addressing the comprehension skills of the students (WWC, 2009). Scholastic Reading Inventory (SRI): Decision Making Process Scholastic Reading Inventory (SRI) is a test of reading comprehension that assesses the reading skills of the students. The scores that come from this test help the teachers to place the students on the correct path and help the teachers to adjust their style…

Betebenner, D.W. (2011). A Technical Overview of the Student Growth Percentile Methodology: Student Growth Percentiles and Percentile Growth Projections/Trajectories. New Hampshire: The National Center for the Improvement of Educational Assessment Dover.

Bonds, M., Blewett, P., Sain, M., Spence, J., Woodward, A., Miller, L., . . . Falk, T. (2011). District Report Card. Milwaukee Board of School Directors.

Data Interpretation Guide. (n.d.). SPI.

Flynn, J.E., Bieler, D., Kim, H., Dow, R.R., Wong, C., & Worden, L. (n.d.). Recruiting and Retaining Students from Underrepresented Groups in University of Delaware Teacher Preparation Programs. Collaborative to Diversify Teacher Education at the University of Delaware.

Tactile Communication in Everyday Life

It is totally unacceptable for men or women to touch each other inappropriately or sexually unless they are in a relationship of some sort, and after a certain age, it is inappropriate for boys to touch girls, except in very neutral or general ways. These norms differ in different cultures, and some cultures are much more closed about touching. For example, in our society, hugging is an accepted way to greet or say goodbye to someone, but in other cultures, that would be inappropriate, so norms differ throughout the world. These norms are established through culture and society. Each culture raises their children differently, so they learn tactile communication differently. Some cultures are extremely open to touching and non-verbal communication, while others are more reserved. In addition, in any culture, there can be people who are non-tactile, and do not like being touched. The norms for these individuals can be…

Andersen, P.A. (2005). The touch avoidance measure. In the sourcebook of nonverbal measures: Going beyond words, Manusov, V. (Ed.) (pp. 57-63). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Andersen, P.A., & Guerrero, L.K. (2005). Measuring live tactile interaction: The body chart coding approach. In the sourcebook of nonverbal measures: Going beyond words, Manusov, V. (Ed.) (pp. 83-91). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

How Characters Interact with Society

J.D. Salinger: How the Characters in His ooks Interact With Society of the Time in Which They Were Written The objective of this study is to examine the writings of J.D. Salinger. In addition, this study will examine how the characters of Salinger in his books interacted with society of the time in which they were written. J.D. Salinger's characters interacted with the society of that time through drawing the society into the stories and becoming a part of the daily lives of those who read Salinger's books. One of the most popular works of J.D. Salinger is a 1951 novel entitled "The Catcher in the Rye." This book was an adult publication originally, that has since become a favorite of teenaged and adolescent readers. Salinger's characters became almost a well-known friend to readers of his books. For example, when the book entitled "Hapworth" was published by Salinger in 1924,…

Baume, S. (2013) Nine Stories by JD Salinger. Little Brown 1953. First Collection. The Short Review. Online Retrieved from:   http://www.theshortreview.com/reviews/JDSalingerNineStories.htm  

Geddes, D. (2013) J.D. Salinger -- IN Memoriam. The Satirist. Retrieved from:   http://www.thesatirist.com/books/JD_Salinger_InMemoriam.html  

Henderson, G. (2012) Genuine in a World of Phonies: Dance in J.D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye. Senior Seminar in Dance Fall 2012. Retrieved from:   http://dance.barnard.edu/sites/default/files/garnet_henderson.pdf  

Malcolm, J. (2013) Justice to J.D. Salingers. The New York Review of Books. Retrieved from:   http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2001/jun/21/justice-jd-salinger/?pagination=false

Women Disability Sexuality and the

Stocker, deaf since birth, admittedly attempted to compensate for her disability, her imperfection, through the relentless pursuit of achieving perfection physically and athletically, and even when she excelled, Stocker confesses, for a long time she remained emotionally tortured by disability for which no amount of body shaping or athletic skill in sports could change that disability (2001, p. 154). Stocker's struggle with her self-image, her identity and hers sexuality were in large part shaped by her disability. While it is not an attempt here to disparage Stocker, or to belittle the significance of her disability; Stocker is a woman who suffered her hearing impairment from birth. Stocker suffered emotionally as a result of her disability, struggled with it for most of her life in the ways in which it impacted her self-esteem, self-image, and sexuality. So, might not a woman who acquired a disability at that point her life when…

  http://www.questiaschool.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=108011400  

Barker-Benfield, G.J. (2000). The Horrors of the Half-Known Life: Male Attitudes toward Women and Sexuality in Nineteenth-Century America. New York: Routledge. Retrieved February 2, 2008, from Questia database:  

Sports - Women

Deaf Culture Deaf President Now! "Deaf President Now!" summarized the student protests of March 1998, of the appointment the 7th hearing President of Gallaudet University. This video was very…

Research Paper

Communication

These churches include the Pilgrim Lutheran Church of the Deaf, International Deaf Mission, Los Angeles Deaf Church., Holy Angeles Catholic Church of the Deaf and the Grace Bible Church…

Deaf individuality itself is highly valued in the Deaf community. Members seem to concur that hearing people can never completely obtain that identity and become an experienced member of…

There is "evidence that deaf children benefit from early exposure to sign language points to the need for in-depth sign language training for parents and other caregivers, with special…

Sign of Respect In this video, the basic message is that as new signers we should act with the same level of respect that we use with the hearing,…

Deaf culture has become fairly well established in academia and to a lesser degree in mainstream public consciousness. However, Holly Elliot offers a unique perspective on Deaf culture and…

Deaf There has been a dearth of literature on the training and development of deaf and hard of hearing employees. This research attempts to highlight gaps in the research…

Family and Marriage

Equally destructive is the attitude that communicating with the Deaf person may involve more time and effort than one wishes to expend" (Zieziula, 1998, p. 193). Moreover, and perhaps…

Research Proposal

Sign language has become a politically charged issue in the deaf community: a means to create a cohesive social group. For the same reason that cochlear implants are viewed…

Deaf The 2008 television movie Sweet Nothing in My Ear presents the controversy over cochlear implants in a sensitive, albeit heart-wrenching, way. Whether or not Adam receives the implant,…

ASL the Deaf Community ASL: The Deaf Community Although there has been a call for equality for all students with disabilities in the arena of education, the fact is…

Education - Computers

188). Closed Captioning/CAT -- Closed captioning provides an ongoing written transcription of movies, television, and/or stage productions. With new technology, Closed Captioning has moved into Communication Access eal-Tim Translation,…

Three years later, the company improved its picture clarity and introduced the "emotional intonation" feature, considered important components of visual language. ut at present, only 10% of the deaf…

Health - Nursing

Sign language is one of the most important elements of deaf communication, and losing this element frightens and outrages some members of the deaf community. In addition, many deaf…

Journey into the Deaf-World his book looks at the Deaf-World culture in depth. In the process, the authors consider many practical, legal, educational, medical and social issues facing those…

Another means for supporting and financing the education of deaf people is through the promotion of a financial package meant to improve the resources available to special schools and…

BABIE AND GILS' BODY IMAGE Motherese across Cultures Jack Sprat MOTHEESE ACOSS CULTUES MOTHEESE ACOSS CULTUES Motherese across Cultures Motherese is the universal, infant-directed speech that seems to come…

" Nancy Bloch of the National Association of the Deaf agrees that the implants will not destroy deaf culture. "Deaf culture, with its rich visual language and heritage, will…

American Sign Language and Gallaudet Gallaudet University is a college designed for the education of the deaf and hard of hearing. All of the programs are designed for the…

Unfortunately, I could not hear any sound from my right ear even with the help of hearing aid. For this reason, I used my right ear for the cochlear…

(Walls, Hendricks, Dowler, Hirsch, Orslene and Fullmer, 2002). The animal will serve as a vital link between John Q. And the world around him, helping to be independent and…

The inclusion of deaf persons other than the parents may defuse some of the hostility that they have displayed towards Ms.W. During the meeting, the parents should be given…

Communication - Language

Unlike previous studies, the current research measured results-based partly on conversational samples recorded during parent-child interactions. The real-life, natural language environment offers a unique perspective on the effectiveness of…

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Women's Issues - Sexuality

Each outside label has an affect on that individuals own conception of them, effectively rising or lowering self-image. These categories allow individuals of the same label to sometimes band…

Anthropology

GUNG H Negotiation Conflict Resolution Mergers Acquisitions You required obtain Gung Ho film, locate case articles mergers acquisitions literature, prepare a paper analyze typical leadership dilemmas conflicts occur organizations…

Glimpse into Neanderthal Culture hen one thinks of the Humanoid genus Homo Sapiens neanderthalensis (HSN) they picture a very primitive creature, simplistic in nature with few social complexities. However,…

Cultures also define significant roles and set up expectations of the behaviors that accompany them. When these role definitions become rigid, they tend to be counterproductive because both individuals…

sign language in public settings for people who are deaf. Writing notes as a way to communicate with people who are deaf is convenient, for people with normal hearing,…

Certain ethnicities were seen to have relatively high levels of participation, while women from North Africa and those from lower socioeconomic backgrounds were much more likely to refrain from…

works of art speak to different people in different ways. Explore and explain which performances and which ideas from the course that you have seen and heard this semester…

Business - Management

Change Proposal The Situation Spending any time at all at one of the nation's first, oldest and largest state theaters, a founding member of the League of esident Theaters,…

If an underlying condition is the cause of the loss, then the logical procedure would be to treat the underlying cause. In some cases the sense of smell may…

Mythology - Religion

Myths Myth of Marriage and Children Joseph Campbell's The Power of Myth is a book that can potentially transform the reader's consciousness. Beyond being informative, Campbell's analysis of cultural…

Ethics The author of this report is asked to discuss ethics as it pertains to a topic of the author's choice. The author of this report chooses to discuss…

Also, the different moral patterns of between the genders, as analyzed by Gillian, remains controversial, as the inherently 'separate' moral system of men and women (to say nothing of…

" It caused missionaries to deal with peoples of other cultures and even Christian traditions -- including the Orthodox -- as inferior. God's mission was understood to have depended…

Race, Class, Gender Journal Word Count (excluding title and works cited page): 1048 Race, Class, and Gender is an anthology of articles that express various interpretation and insights of…

Okonkwo seems full of passionate intensity to preserve things as they are, and to preserve his sense of masculine, patriarchal authority. But although this sense of passion seems to…

Ecological Conscience Mother of Life: Developing an Ecological Conscience The greatest assignment and commitment for the world in the 21st century is to ensure that we re-discover the lost…

Keeping the continuous, cycle and rhythmic sense of time before us is another task we have come to associate with the study of narrative." (2000, p. 8) V. Reflection…

Still, Mason indicates that the opposite is often true in public education settings, where educators, parents and institutions collectively overlook the implications of research and demands imposed by law.…

Business - Law

There are consumer movements and environmental lobbyists serving as watchdogs on businesses. These organizations may take businesses whose activities are affecting people or environment to court and ask that…

Drama - World

Trojan Wars and Culture The three epic stories namely, The Iliad, the Trojan Women, Pericle's Funeral Oration are powerfully written master pieces of work, that illustrate the element of…

Family Nurse Practitioner: Promoting Change Strategies to communicate and educate stakeholders I am currently employed as family nurse practitioner and am doing my DNP at a clinic under the…

Article Review

Chorzempa believes that two courses in literacy, the minimum for many teacher education programs, is insufficient preparation to teach the six modes of language arts. She encourages teachers to…

Another theorist with a different view is Chomsky (1988). Chomsky sees the acquisition of language as a process of input-output, what he calls a Cartesian view of language acquisition…

The "Highlander Center," a group advocating rights for African-Americans, "were labeled as subversive and subjected to investigation, and their members were harassed," which sounds a bit more like fascism…

Health - Public Health Issues

Experiential Exercise: Observing and Reporting Surroundings at a VA Medical Center To satisfy the requirements of this assignment, the author recently volunteered at a local Department of Veterans Affairs…

This program will be offered in the Leadership Development Seminar in which students are offering challenging experiences as well as the areas of higher-level academic pursuits which includes a…

Dissertation

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Pedagogic Model for Teaching of Technology to Special Education Students Almost thirty years ago, the American federal government passed an act mandating the availability of a free and appropriate…

Connecting Theory and Meaning of Disability Studies in Schools The connecting theory application in the system of basic education has contributed to the development and establishment of a trans-disciplinary…

Braille, sign language, and pictograms all offer nonverbal means of effectively communicating ideas. Each of these nonverbal communications constitutes a type of language, and each has unique applications. It…

The State has also established a string of both general and specific policies for improving and developing special education and set aside special funds for this purpose. Consequently, just…

" Health experts declared that if Jack in the ox Inc. restaurants had obeyed Washington State's set of laws, the outbreak of an epidemic would have been prevented. Jack…

By teaching other professionals, I can indirectly reach hundreds or eventually thousands of people with hearing disabilities. In my current work as a tutor for students who wish to…

program READ 180 is designed for children in elementary school through high school whose achievement of reading is not above the level of proficiency. The main objective of this…

It is totally unacceptable for men or women to touch each other inappropriately or sexually unless they are in a relationship of some sort, and after a certain age,…

J.D. Salinger: How the Characters in His ooks Interact With Society of the Time in Which They Were Written The objective of this study is to examine the writings…

Stocker, deaf since birth, admittedly attempted to compensate for her disability, her imperfection, through the relentless pursuit of achieving perfection physically and athletically, and even when she excelled, Stocker…

Being Deaf Research Paper

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Home — Essay Samples — Nursing & Health — Other Diseases & Conditions — Deaf

Deaf Essay Topics

Anything but silent - the presentation and construction of deaf culture in the book, deaf again: construction of the world full of others, interpretation and perception of the world according to deaf people, asl and fingerspelling as reading strategies, feeling stressed about your essay.

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Deaf Culture Research Paper

You May Also Find These Documents Helpful

Deaf cultural community.

“A cultural community arises when a group of people, communicating through a common language, develops a set of beliefs, social behaviors, and norms” (Slobodzian, 2009). Deaf people who use American Sign Language (ASL) or another form of sign language such as British Sign Language (BSL) form a cultural community. Culturally, Deaf people carry the view that deafness is a social wonder, instead of a disability. The Deaf community takes pride in their Deaf identity. Deaf people are often classified as a minority group, and may feel misunderstood or cannot connect with those who do not know sign language, especially those whose family cannot communicate in their language. Unlike other cultures, a deaf or hard of hearing person can join in the community…

The LACD Story

Founded in 1935, The Los Angeles Club of the Deaf (LACD) was a major center of Deaf social events. Before the club started, it was very hard for Deaf people to find friends. The club helped to bring them together with other Deaf people, helping them make friendships that would last a lifetime. It was not only a place of socializing, but of playing games, having raffles, watching plays and skits, eating, and more. At the club they could relax and be themselves. It was like a family reunion even though they didn’t know everyone there. The video “The LACD Story” discusses how the deaf club got started, what it was about, and its eventual decommissioning in 1985.…

Deaf Culture Book Report

Thomas K. Holcomb’s book, Introduction to American Deaf Culture, shines a light on the deaf community and the culture they experience. The intended audience, however, is the hearing. It gives the reader insight on deaf experiences and how the atmosphere is different, even though the environment is the same. All aspects of culture are covered. The book starts off with how the culture is formed through the 5 hallmarks (p. 17). Next, the book focuses on the identity of a deaf person. This is not only limited to, labeling from the rest of the world, but also by how the person sees himself. After, the book discusses the core values the deaf community has. These values are much different when compared to the hearing community. They focus on the person engaging as a full member of society. This is done through communication, interacting, and having a sense of self-worth in the community (104-107). Eventually, literature and art are mentioned. The classifications are difficult to place. There are American works, but with the growing awareness in the recent year they have earned their own Deaf category. This is important to the deaf community because it allows “Deaf people’s lives to be better…

Through Deaf Eyes

While watching Through Deaf Eyes, there were a lot of things that I didn’t think about before. For example, when they started talking about how even in deaf schools, African Americans were segregated from the rest of the white people I was a little thrown off by this. When talking about this in history classes, I never thought about segregating people twice?! The deaf community was already misunderstood and had to have their own schools and now the black deaf community had to be pushed out even farther? This concept started a whole new world for me. In my life, I really have never been exposed to sign language before. I think I have only met one real deaf person and he was about three and had a cochlear implant. So, the deaf community has never popped into my mind when it came to things like this.…

Deaf Treatment in 1940's

This article is concerned with ethical aspects of the relations between language minorities using signed languages (called the Deaf-World) and the larger societies that engulf them. The article aims to show that such minorities have the properties of ethnic groups, and that an unsuitable construction of the Deaf-World as a disability group has led to programs of the majority that discourage Deaf children from acquiring the language and culture of the Deaf-World and that aim to reduce the number of Deaf births—programs that are unethical from an ethnic group perspective. Four reasons not to construe the Deaf-World as a disability group are advanced: Deaf people themselves do not believe they have a disability; the disability construction brings with it needless medical and surgical risks for the Deaf child; it also endangers the future of the Deaf-World; finally, the disability construction brings bad solutions to real problems because it is predicated on a misunderstanding.…

Deaf Event Report

then began to talk about the issues that were occurring with Aktion T4 and Forced Sterilization,…

through deaf eyes

Trough Deaf Eyes is a documentary outlining the history of the early deaf communities. The movie illustrates and touches the numerous achievements the deaf community has accomplished over the past years. It is startling to see and know the many obstacles that deaf citizens had to go through here in America to reach “acceptance”; this can almost be compared to years when African Americans were segregated. People these days might think that deaf citizens have it hard, but I’m pretty sure it is nothing compared to those years when it was punishable or looked down upon to use sign language to communicate with your family and friends. It is frustrating to know that deaf people were once forced to assimilate instead of just letting them sign. One of the movies speakers hints a good point when she shares that because she spent so much time learning how to assimilate words like “dog, cat, milk, and ext.” deaf people usually fell behind in their other topics. I can really relate to this and how frustrating it is because when I moved from Mexico to the U.S. I didn’t know any English at all. It was almost like being deaf because whenever I wanted to communicate to my teachers or fellow classmates most of my communication came from my hands since they all spoke mostly English and could not understand what I was saying or asking. Twice a week I was pulled out from my home classroom to go to another “special classroom” where another teacher would teach me English little by little along with another 5 other students. Thanks to that I also fell behind in my other school subjects in class; when it came down to grammar, reading, science, and cursive I sucked. Because of this small relation I found the movie to be really interesting.…

Asl Idol Signs

Many of the performers seems as they were performing for people of the hearing enjoyment and not necessarily for the deaf community. On…

Deaf Idol Event Essay Samples

On April 3, I attended the Deaf Idol event put on by ASL students for the Deaf community.…

Kyoto Research Paper

After the bus dropped us off, we walked all the way until we reached the place. We first entered the place, I realized that it was the hotel, not the center. Inside the hotel, there were rooms that provides service to the Deaf and Hard of Hearing citizens. This was one of the few hotels that provides services to the Deaf citizens, which was really nice. We went to the second floor and there were a few teachers, president, and vice president waiting for us. We greeted and bowed toward them. We sat down and listened at them presenting about the Deaf cultures and professional teachers’ expectations, such as levels of the sign language, in Kyoto. After they finished presenting, they toured us to see the room, the editing room where the teachers get filmed using Japanese Sign Language. The teachers declared that we would meet Deaf students in the restaurant for the…

I attended my first deaf event at the local Starbucks in Sea Cliff Village in Huntington Beach on November 16th. My experience was defiantly worth remembering and was quite enjoyable. Just approaching the door and seeing through the windows the hearing and the deaf practice and communicate with each other was inspiring. I was a bit apprehensive and nervous to strike up a conversation but next thing I knew I was being welcomed with warm hugs and loving smiles. There was a group of about thirty members in the Deaf Club around four were deaf and the rest were all students much like my self. I joined in with their conversation on what school we attend, what we plan to do with our future, and were we are from. I added in that I was moving to Texas and that sparked up many questions coming towards me. At some points I couldn’t understand the signs they were presenting but the deaf where very accepting and would kindly slow down and help me understand. I wasn’t able to stay long but for the hour I was there It really helped me get a feel of how the “deaf world” interacts and even though they have a disability it makes them no different then the hearing. They all wished me goodbye and to have a great night.…

Deaf in America

This book was mainly focused on looking at Deaf culture of today and comparing it to the culture of the past, and what kinds of struggles deaf people had to endure to get where they are today. The two authors of this book are deaf; one was deaf her whole life and the other became deaf as a child. In my opinion, that was a major contributing factor to why it was so interesting. The reader gets a chance to travel through the history of the Deaf through words from those who have experienced it. It also had a positive impact because the authors let the readers know in the introduction that they are deaf and a brief history of themselves, which I think makes the book seem more personal and enjoyable. Personally, I enjoyed the book because I was not at all familiar with Deaf culture or the history behind it, so everything I read about was new to me.…

Deafness and/or hearing loss is a medical condition that affects humans across the world, and thus d/Deaf individuals include people from all different continents, countries, towns, and many different cultures. No matter what country or region, deaf individuals often are faced with the same exclusion from the hearing community and difficulty in finding a sense of strong self, confidence, and trouble acquiring the same equal access to information that their hearing peers receive. Often, these natural human desires for mutual understanding and strong emotional and communicative support system, deaf individuals worldwide seek comfort in finding those who are similar to them. In this way, no matter what the location,…

The Controversy of Cochlear Implants

This topic interests me because I have been around Sign since I could remember. Being raised in a church that had an interpreter at every service had a profound impact on my interests. At a young age, I was taught how to Sign the alphabet, numbers, and simple songs. I also took 2 years of American Sign Language at my high school. After high school, I then became more involved in the Deaf community. I learned more and more about their Culture on a daily basis. This is what has made me so passionate about the Deaf and Hard of Hearing. I feel the topic of the Deaf Culture isn’t as known by hearing as it should be. This in turn has a direct impact on a hearing parent that has found out their child is deaf.…

Black Deaf Community

The Black Deaf Community seems silly to believe the existence of itself, but in reality based on surveys and observations, it seems rather smart. Going through the supplemental reading, I have noticed the Black Deaf community consists of strong and proud members of both, overcoming many issues thrown at them. This paper will discuss the issues and show how amazing the community really is.…

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Deaf Communities: Deaf Culture in Norway (Research Paper Sample)

Deaf Culture in Norway Introduction                 I chose the Deaf Culture in Norway, because I was excited to learn about Deaf Culture in Norway. My choice of Norway was also prompted by a personal connection through my family tree. I found that I had strong links to a family in Idse, Strand, Roland, Norway, one of the largest Norwegian families, of which I belong to the 16th  generation. Unfortunately, my family does not keep in touch with our relatives in Norway. I want to research and dig the Deaf Norwegian that I can find the information about the history, culture and education. A.      Deaf History 1.       What is kind of Sign Language? 2.       First founder Deaf Teacher 3.       Deaf Museum 4.       Deaf History and Culture B.      Access 1.       Job 2.       Education C.  Similarities and Differences Between My Country and Those Belonging to Countries 1.       Compare Norwegian and American Culture 2.       Compare NSL and ASL 3.       Food Culture Ragna Huse D.  Personal Interview 1.       Ragna Huse 2.       Joel and Tia Barish Conclusion A.      Restate topic B.      Summarize three main points C.       Revisit introduction or tie all ideas together

Deaf Culture in Norway Student’s Name Name of the Institution Course Code Professor Date of Submission Deaf Culture in Norway Deafness refers to the inability to hear as a result of the inner ear or nerve damage. The deaf community promotes deaf culture as a way of life that provides them with a sense of identification and unity rather than a disability. The history of deaf culture can be traced to mid-20th century when it was written into the American Sign Language dictionary. Since then, the culture has slowly undergone advancements and spread throughout the world. Sign language is 

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The Importance Of Sign Language In Deaf Culture

Show More All over the world, you find the diversity of different ethnics, race, and cultures. All of these are unique and special in their own way The deaf culture is different but they are still the same. The deaf culture is amazing in so many ways and I 'll tell you why. Some might see the deaf as handicap incapable of some ability. They have their own way in the way they talk or listening to another talk of communication. No one really knows where who or when the whole sign language began It is an amazing part of society and those who helped develop it we owe them our honor because if not for them we might have never been able to close the gap between the hearing and the non-hearing. Some happen to go deaf either because of an accident or just …show more content… In North Carolina Children at Sylvan Elementary School are learning sign language to ensure that their hearing-impaired peer, Jordan, doesn’t feel left out. ”There are 40 kids participating in the sign language class, which meets every Thursday after school. It was so popular, that the school had to add another class” (Buckingham 1). The kids are so encouraged to learn and enjoy learned and in the hallway seeing their friends they use sign language to talk to one another. Sign language is more than just a language. In some cases, the use of sign language is just because someone isn 't to hear. Children sometimes get a rare speech disorder in meaning having very limited speech. “The child in the case study was taught sign language as a way to communicate while his verbal speech developed. While research has been done about using alternative methods of communicating while speech develops – like devices that provide an electronic voice – none has been done on using sign language exclusively.” (Sign Language May Be Helpful for Children with Rare Speech Disorder 1). It 's so much much more useful than you really think it

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An Introduction to the Arts in American Deaf Culture

Nick Blackmer is a librarian, fact-checker, and researcher with more than 20 years’ experience in consumer-oriented health and wellness content.

The term deaf culture is commonly used in the deaf community. Deaf culture is used to describe unique characteristics found among the population of deaf and hard of hearing people. It's reflected in art, literature, social environments, and much more.

What Is Deaf Culture?

Cultural arts, deaf artists, american sign language (asl).

In order to define deaf culture, we must first understand the definition of culture in general. Culture is typically used to describe the patterns, traits, products, attitudes, and intellectual or artistic activity associated with a particular population.

Based on this definition, the deaf community can be said to have its own unique culture. Deaf and hard of hearing people produce plays, books, artwork, magazines, and movies targeted at deaf and hard of hearing audiences. In addition, the deaf community engages in social and political activities exclusive to them.

American deaf culture is a living, growing, changing a thing as new activities are developed and the output of intellectual works increases.  

Deaf Cultural Arts

Anyone could easily decorate their entire home with deaf-themed artwork. Art with American sign language (ASL) and deafness themes is readily available through vendors focusing on products for and by deaf and hard of hearing artists. Many deaf artists also run their own websites.

Throughout the country, you can find exhibits of deaf artists, including painters, photographers, sculptors, and more. While some incorporate a hearing loss theme into their work, others do not and you might not even know that they cannot hear.

Look around for art displays at local deaf community organizations and schools. The National Technical Institute for the Deaf's Dyer Arts Center in Rochester, New York has some fantastic examples of deaf art on regular display.

Deaf Theatre

For years, deaf theater groups have developed and produced plays with deafness and sign language on the stage. There are professional deaf theater companies that entertain deaf and hearing audiences alike. 

Deaf West is just one of the notable deaf theater companies. They were so successful in the production of "Big River," that it made it onto Broadway. This show included both deaf and hearing actors.

You will also find a number of amateur and children's theater troupes specifically for deaf people. These are a fantastic way to get involved in your local deaf community.

Books on Deafness

A number of deaf and hard of hearing people have written and published books with themes on sign language and deafness. Several of these have become required reading in deaf studies classes .

Deaf Cinema

Deaf people have produced movies and hold their own film festivals. These often focus on a celebration of deaf culture and are a great time for the community to gather.

In fact, in 1902, ASL was the first recorded language in cinema, predating spoken films.

Poems on Deafness

Deaf people use poems to express their feelings about having a hearing loss or to describe their experiences. Some poems are online and others have been collected in books.

ASL poetry is a special form of poetry that uses sign language. Research shows deaf students benefit from studying ASL poetry and learning to express themselves creatively through poetry.

Deaf people have also created their own form of deaf humor that focuses on the deaf experience. Likewise, ABC stories can be told using the sign language alphabet and there are many unique idioms in sign language.

Sign Language

Sign language is the aspect of deaf culture most closely identified with deafness. Deaf and hearing people who are native signers—that is, they grew up with sign language—tend to have the most fluent signing skills.

Each country has its own sign language. Even within countries, you will find sign language dialects.

Perspectives on Deaf Culture

Deafness is caused by the loss of hearing, which is a medical condition. Yet, people who are deaf have created all of the above. This has led to the argument: Is deafness pathological or cultural ? If deafness is cultural, is it a disability? This is an interesting topic and one that is discussed regularly in the deaf community. 

The Outreach Center for Deafness and Blindness. Understanding the deaf culture and the deaf world .

Durr P. Deaf cinema . In: Gertz G, Boudreault P, eds.  The SAGE Deaf Studies Encyclopedia . Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications; 2016:158.

Arenson R, Kretschmer RE. Teaching poetry: a descriptive case study of a poetry unit in a classroom of urban deaf adolescents . Am Ann Deaf . 2010;155(2):110–7. doi:10.1353/aad.2010.0008

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders. American Sign Language .

By Jamie Berke  Jamie Berke is a deafness and hard of hearing expert.

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Deaf Culture Essay

Deaf Culture

Deaf Culture In mainstream American society, we tend to approach deafness as a defect. Helen Keller is alleged to have said, "Blindness cuts people off from things; deafness cuts people off from people." (rnib.org) This seems a very accurate description of what Keller's world must have been. We as hearing people tend to pity deaf people, or, if they succeed in the hearing world, admire them for overcoming a severe handicap. We tend to look at signing as an inferior substitute for "real" communication

There are very few and limited opportunities for the deaf across the country, and even fewer opportunities and awareness in college. This issue is not present itself in the Deaf community, but rather, it lies in the merges between Deaf and Hearing cultures. In general, America has been known to struggle with diversity because people have been raised to believe there is this perfect format to being “normal”. Deaf people might not be able to hear, but they can do nearly whatever they set their minds

The Deaf Community and Deaf Culture Essay

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From antiquity, being deaf was looked upon as an undesirable and a culture which was disconnected with the rest of mainstream society. Often members of the community found themselves ostracized by members of other cultures, who viewed them with suspicion, and were thought to be possessed, or in communion, with undesirable “spirits”, particularly during the advent of the Christianity that was in practice during the Middle Ages. During this period, before the advent of Gutenberg’s metal, movable

Cultures and Sub-Cultures of the Deaf and Deaf-Blind Essay

The Cultures and Subcultures of the Deaf and Deaf-Blind. California University of Pennsylvania CMD 350: Sign Language & Braille I September 27, 2011 The Cultures and Subcultures of the Deaf and Deaf-Blind. Deaf culture describes the social beliefs, behaviors, art, literary traditions, history, values and shared institutions of communities that are affected by deafness and which use sign languages as the main means of communication (http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deaf_culture). Much

Deaf Culture Vs Deaf People

is known that hearing people are superior to Deaf people. No one can sit and prove it, but you can tell how a hearing person acts compared to how a deaf person acts when they walk into a room. The hearing people are chit-chatting and enjoying their time. The deaf person is looking around trying to read lips but deep down is feeling isolated. Most Deaf people understand that they are equal to hearing people and should not feel discriminated against. Deaf people sometimes still get treated different

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Deaf Culture Questionnaire

survey questionnaires. Within a total of six questions, the first two ask about whether the participant is familiar with Deaf culture or encountered with the topic of Deaf. Consistent with the participants’ cultural background, 25% (5) people from Deaf culture both answered “yes”, and 75% (15) from hearing culture said “no”. It is surprising that all fifteen people from hearing culture exactly chose “no”. When I randomly reached out to the reasons, some answered they have heard about deafness, but they

Deaf Culture Discrimination

336) Our minds, being influenced by our environment and memories, tend to overlook other peer groups; specifically Deaf culture. This paper will discuss: my personal experience, discrimination, and Deaf culture. In late 2016, I was granted the opportunity to attend an American Sign Language class, at my local community college. Prior to this, I had only one experience meeting a deaf person. I was seventeen at the time, working my first job. I felt like a deer caught in headlights,

The Deaf Community and Its Culture

was not sure what to expect. Through my brief introduction of Deaf culture during my first sign language courses, I knew some vague details about historical events. Gallaudet had been mentioned several times within not only my workbook, but also by my professor. I could have given you a short synopsis of the oral movement that threatened to wipe ASL out as a language. Though I knew these facts, and a few traits about Deaf culture that I had experienced firsthand, there was so much that I had

Understanding Deaf Culture

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Deaf people are often seen incorrectly. According to a legend, a Greek mythical character named Procrustes, invited tired travelers to rest at his home. Procrustes gave out special accommodations that fit everyone, regardless of the guests’ size. When the guest was shorter than the bed Procrustes owned, Procrustes would stretch the guest’s body to fit and when the guest’s legs were longer than the bed, Procrustes would chop off their legs so they would fit the bed. Aimee K. Whyte and Douglas A. Guiffrida

Stereotypes Of Deaf Culture

A culture is usually accompanied by their own sets of labels whether it being good, bad, true, or false. Deaf culture is one of those cultures that has lists of common stereotypes, and issues they face constantly on a daily basis. Some of most common misconceptions are: Deaf can not talk, laugh, have good jobs, can not drive, all deaf sign, and so many more. Marlee Matlin, is a deaf actress who is very popular and successful. She has starred in many movies, and shows over the years, playing a deaf

Deaf Culture in America CAPSTONE PROJECT By Heather Velez Liberal Arts Capstone LIB-495-OL010 Dr. David Weischadle April 19,2013 Abstract The purpose of this research paper is to answer the major question, what is Deaf culture? There are three sub-questions that will assist in answering the major question: (1) What constitutes Deaf culture? (2) How has American Sign Language impacted the Deaf community? (3) What are the major issues that are being addressed in Deaf culture today? With

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Deaf Culture Carolyn Mason I was interested in immersing myself with this group because they are a community of people that I’ve often wondered about. I’ve always wondered about the way they communicate with others and was it hard being deaf or hearing impaired in some ways. As myself, I learned that most people feel uncomfortable when meeting a Deaf person for the first time and this is very normal. When we communicate with people, we generally don’t have to think about the process. When faced

Deaf Culture Definition

Culture is a term that is not easily defined, not for lack of trying. When considering Deaf culture however, it gets even more complex. One definition of Deaf culture by M.J. Bienvenu and Betty Colonomos describe it as the “values, languages, traditions, group norms, identities and rules of social interaction of a group” (Bienvenu, M.J. & Colonomos, B. 1989). When first being taught about Deaf culture, many people assume that things such as hand waving, foot stomping or flickering lights to gain

The Importance Of Deaf Culture

everyday scenarios that will never be a part of a deaf person’s life. ”360 million people worldwide have disabling hearing loss (1), and 32 million of these are children.” (Deafness and hearing loss Fact sheet, February 2017). Since having a hearing disability is common in society, everyone should learn how to communicate, and interact with the deaf people through their culture. So, what exactly is deaf culture? Deaf culture differs from hearing culture by having different language, social beliefs

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hearing individuals are not naturally introduced to a Deaf minority amass (Mitchell and Karchmer, 2004; Schein and Delk, 1974); as it were, their family is hearing. Not having a Deaf foundation, the greater part of guardians of hard of hearing individuals don't mingle their youngsters about their identity as Deaf individuals or open them to Deaf culture. Inquire about recommends that hard of hearing individuals not naturally introduced to a Deaf family have a more drawn out time of character advancement

The Effects Of Hearing Culture On The Deaf Culture

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Deaf Culture Research Paper

How much do teachers know about Deaf Culture? The purpose of this paper is to explain what deaf culture is and to show what teachers really know about this subject. This topic was selected to make teachers aware of the different cultures inside of America. It is also that teachers are made aware of the culture so they can learn more about that subject. When doing interviews I asked what questions the teachers had on the subject. The questions varied from, “What life is like? How to compensate

Some of the unique customs I have observed among Deaf people that would differentiate them from most hearing people would be the communication between one another and the use of expressions. The difference in communicating between both cultures play a big role in terms of comprehending someone either in the Deaf or hearing community. For instance, Deaf culture can communicate by signing, gesturing, lip reading, writing or typing to one another, video phones, emails, and by a third person who is capable

Deaf Culture The deaf culture can be seen from the perspective of one's own viewing, it makes you think about what is actually defining as “normal” and the decision of what is right and what is wrong. Deaf culture is a community in which the people share the same attitudes, and they share similar values and beliefs. As people of the hearing world, it's harder for us to see, and understand the deaf culture. As a hearing community, we take for granted being able to hear, and hearing and speaking is

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Free Research Paper About Deaf History

Type of paper: Research Paper

Topic: Literature , History , Family , Sign Language , Education , Society , Deaf , Children

Words: 1800

Published: 03/17/2020

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Deaf History

In this paperwork, I am going to discuss the general information about deaf history. According to a literature review, it is depicted that the culture and the history of deaf people is undoubtedly acknowledged as the deaf history. The beliefs, values, norms, and morals that are accepted and shared by the deaf community make up the deaf culture. In order to have a clear understanding of deaf history, then it is better hanging out in places that are dominated by deaf people, such as deaf clubs and centers. The history of the deaf community, through a literature review, is depicted as being harsh to those born deaf; for example, the ancient Greeks are portrayed as being hostile towards the deaf people. The people born deaf were not treated appropriately by the ancient Greeks, whereby, they were denied significant opportunities, such as the rights to education, since they saw them as people who were incapable of being educated. The deaf people also faced some severe challenges when it came to making significant choices, such as owning properties. Through a literature review, it is depicted that some societies did not allow deaf people to marry, since they were labeled as people who could not take care of themselves, hence forcing the deaf people to have guardians. It is, now, clear that the deaf people were insensitively demoralized and deprived of even their fundamental privileges. Aristotle came up with a theory, whereby, he attempted to prove that the only way people could get educated was through hearing spoken language (Lane, 1984). According to Aristotle, it was impractical educating deaf people. It is, therefore, important to note that Aristotle theory deprived of the essential rights of the deaf people. Aristotle claim did not survive for long, since it was disputed during the renaissance era in Europe. Scholars wanted to prove that the old negative beliefs that people had against the deaf community was wrong. The negative belief, the deaf could not be educated, is said to have lasted for more than 2000 years. The scholars, therefore, attempted to enlighten the deaf community for the first time in history through educating them. Their attempts, the scholar’s attempts, proved successful, since it led to the creation of sign language (Cleve, 2007). One of the scholars was an Italian mathematician, Geronimo Cardano, who is depicted, through a literature review, as one of the first scholars to demonstrate that learning does not call for hearing as represented by Aristotle, but the deaf people could also take pleasure in the privilege of learning using written words. Geronimo discovered this concept in the 1500s, but it is important to note that he, Geronimo, could have been motivated by his deaf son, whom he was so much interested in educating. The method, use of sign language, proved flourishing, thereby, motivating him to spread the knowledge to the rest of the world. It is a fact that if the method worked for one person, then the probability of working on another person is very high. Another scholar who has played a significant role in this field, deaf history, is known as Pedro Ponce de Leon- was a Spanish monk. literature review has it that Pedro Ponce de Leon educated the deaf kids in Spain, and the period is depicted as being the same era that Geronimo was educating his deaf son. Pedro Ponce de Leon is said to have been very triumphant with his teaching methods, since he inspired many people, such as Juan Pablo de Bonet who was a Spanish priest (Fraser, 2009). Juan Pablo implemented the method of educating the deaf people, hence earning himself a significant mark in the field of deaf history, since his manual alphabet coordination was the first to be acknowledged in the field of Deaf history. Juan Pablo used the following combination in educating deaf people, that is; writing, speech reading, reading, as well as the manual alphabet to teach the deaf. It is important to note that the teaching for the deaf people was non-existent until approximately 1750. A French catholic priest, Abbe de L’Eppe, became one of the most significant people in the history of sign language after coming up with the earliest social and religious organization for the deaf people. Literature review has it that L’Epee had visited a poor quality incapacitated area of Paris, whereby, he came across two deaf sisters. The mother of the two deaf sisters wanted him to educate her two daughters in religious conviction. Abbe is said to have been touched by the two deaf daughters, thereby, dedicating his life to educating the deaf people. In 1771, Abbe de L’Epee established the first public deaf school which is known as the National Institute for Deaf-Mutes. It is depicted, through a literature review that the deaf kids came from across France to attend the school meaning that the deaf children were willing to learn and that they had the support of their parents. Abbe de L’Eppe is depicted as a smart person, since he was not mostly interested in working with new signs, but he was first willing to study the signs that came with these deaf kids. The approach of working with the already existing materials made it easy for both him and the deaf students to learn, hence making the method more promising and successful (Fraser, 2009). Abbe de L’Eppe model of signs was later recognized as a standard signed language. The starnard language abbe de L’Eppe used in the history of sign language is known as Old French Sign Language, which spread across Europe, thereby, resulting to more deaf children becoming educated. It is important to note that his approach led to the establishment of more schools, whereby, the educated deaf students were willing to work in these established schools. Currently, literature review depicts that Abbe de L’Epee, in Deaf history, is recognized as the Father of the Deaf because of the significant role he has played when it comes to helping the deaf, such as the establishment of the twenty-one schools that were aimed at eradicating illiteracy among the deaf children. According to a literature review, some people believe that Abbe invented sign language; due to the significant role that he played as far as the history of the deaf is concerned-he asserted that sign language is the inhabitant language for the deaf (Fraser, 2009). It is also important to note that some of the scholars believed in oralism, such as Samuel Heinicke. Oralism was brought about as people used speech reading and speech to teach deaf students instead of manual language. Imagine of a situation, whereby, the deaf child is still blind. It would be next to impossible when it comes to educating such kind of a child. Helen Keller is the most well-known deaf –blind person said to have graduated from college with honors. Supporters of oralism recognizes the fact that the use of sign language have became commonly used and it is now globally accepted by all nations when it comes to educating the deaf people, but they believe something is lacking so as the deaf people can function fully in the hearing society-they must learn spoken language (Cleve, 2007). To make the situation even more unbearable, it is important to note that some of the ancient Greeks believed that the children, who were born deaf, depicted God anger. That must have been very painful to bear, since they were viewed as outcasts. I started this paperwork by discussing the rough time that the deaf people were going through, but the situation has improved, since the society of the deaf people can now practice the fundamental rights. Currently, deafness is no longer perceived as a disability, but it is perceived as a culture with its own language. The language is known to many as the American Sign Language. It is important to note that the establishment of the deaf tutoring, the increase of the Deaf society, and the manualism and oralism pedagogies were all created by American episteme, thereby, proving the fact that deaf history is strappingly linked with American history. Through a literature review, it is depicted that developments in deaf education and society did not shape each other, but it was mostly affected by the epistemic changes in America community, thereby, creating the differential belongings on its structures and practices. As I said earlier in this paperwork, we should all, the deaf and those not deaf, be willing to work together in concord, thereby, changing the deaf history for the best- the history of the deaf should be told in a way that is interesting and moving. In order to achieve this awareness, we, those not deaf, should be willing to get involved with the deaf by hanging out in places where the deaf people hang out, thereby, gaining an understanding of the deaf people culture. It is a fact that the only way of respecting your neighbor is getting to know him or her better- start respecting his or her culture. Visiting deaf clubs or centers that are mostly dominated by deaf people is the best way, according to my stand, of making contact with the deaf community. It is now clear that both the culture and the history of the deaf people are undoubtedly acknowledged as the deaf history. I will conclude my paperwork by saluting the scholars who made the attempts of bringing education to this society of the deaf. The scholars have played an important role in the creation of the history of the deaf (Cleve, 2007), but it is also important to note that some communities continue to harass this society- society of the deaf people. The deaf history is not appealing, in the beginning, but it becomes appealing as it, deaf history, progresses. It is important to note that the success of implementing education to the deaf people did not happen at ease, but it was the efforts of many scholars who had similar objective in mind- improving the lifestyle of the deaf society. The scholars played a significant role in creating awareness of all the deaf people in the world, hence changing the world perceptions towards deaf people- the world developed positive perceptions towards deaf people. .

Cleve, J. (2007). The deaf history reader. Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press. Fraser, B. (2009). Deaf history and culture in Spain: A reader of primary documents. Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press. Lane, H. (1984). When the mind hears: A history of the deaf . New York: Random House. Lee, R.(2004). A beginner’s introduction to deaf history. Felltham: BDHS Publications. Sacks, O. (1989). Seeing Voices: A journey into the world of the deaf . Berkeley: University of California Press.

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  ASL University |  Lessons |   American Sign Language Research Paper Instructions: The goal of this assignment is to give you the opportunity to explore a topic related to ASL or Deaf Culture.  The following checklist of questions will help you How to write an ASL research paper that gets an "A" grade: "Is my paper ready to submit?"  Is my topic an  ASL  or Deaf Culture topic?  (Please do NOT submit a paper on "Fixing Deaf People Via Cochlear Implants" or a paper on famous people who are physically "deaf" but never had anything to do with American Sign Language or the Deaf community.)  Read that again folks: I'm asking you to NOT do Cochlear Implants as a topic.* _____  Did I do a  research  paper rather than a "book report?"  (Research papers utilize multiple, credible references, not just one book.) _____  Did I document where I got my information?  Did I cite at least 3 enduring, traceable sources of information in my references? (Blogs don't count.  Find REAL books or journal articles either online or hard copy with authors and publication dates, etc. that can be traced.) _____  Even if I have changed "every word" in the sentence-- if I've borrowed someone else's idea--did I provide a reference? _____  Did I use parenthetical expressions (citations) at the end of ideas that I've gotten from other people? Do these citations correspond to full references at the end of the paper?  Citations in the body of my paper use an opening parenthesis, author's last name, comma, year of publication and a closing parenthesis.  For example (Vicars, 2001). _____  Is my paper 500 words or more? _____  At the end of my research paper have I provided a list of references that include the author's last name and first initial, the publication date, the name of the article, book, or journal, the publisher and the place of publication? _____  If I have quoted directly out of a book or article did I make sure to cite the exact page number in my reference entry at the end of my research paper? _____  Any time I used another author's ideas word for word--did I put those words in quote marks?    _____  Did I  limit  the length of direct quotes from other sources in my paper? _____  Have I used online references  only  if I've been able to ascertain the actual  author's name , date of publication, title of the document, and name of the publisher? Have I provided at least three references that are relatively  enduring ? (Can those references be easily located later by readers of my paper?) _____  Have I checked my paper for spelling and grammar errors? _____  Have I asked a friend or colleague to read my paper and give me feedback? _____  Do I know when this paper is due? Am I submitting it on time? _____  Did I submit my paper in electronic format to the right email address prior to the due date? Did I cc myself and a local proctor so as to have a witness that I turned it in on time (in case of technical difficulties or dropped emails)? _____  I know that this paper might be posted / published by Lifeprint and I give them permission. When you write about Deaf and hard of hearing people it is okay and you are even encouraged to use the full phrase "Deaf and hard of hearing people" at least once during your paper or article near the beginning -- but afterward for efficiency sake just use the term "Deaf." After you've used the full phrase you do not need to add the "hard of hearing" phrase each time. You can instead just use the word "Deaf."   When referring to  culturally Deaf  people your teacher recommends that you capitalize the word Deaf, (even though capitalization of "Deaf" may not yet be common in the mainstream media).  It is also recommended that you reduce and to the  maximum extent  possible eliminate the use of the phrase "hearing impaired."  Most culturally Deaf people shun that phrase.  When directly quoting a source -- yes you need to use the words that the source used -- but if writing your own words then you should use the terminology preferred by the Deaf community.  Student Research Paper Rubric: Item: Needs improvement Okay/good Excellent 500 words or more Fewer than 500 words.  500 words that for the most part make sense and sort of flow well. 500 or more words that make sense and flow well. 3 or more citations in the body of the article. No mention in your article of where you got your ideas from. Less than 3 citations included or incorrect format. 3 or more citations, in correct format. 3 or more references at the bottom that go with the citations. No reference list at the bottom of your article telling people how to find the material from which you got your ideas. Less than 3 references included, incorrect format,  or can't backtrack to the actual information. 3 or more complete and traceable references to credible sources. Instructions for how to write a paper that gets you an  "F"  for the  course : 1.  Browse the internet and cut and paste until you have 500 words worth of  plagiarized information.   2.  Change a word here and there. Rearrange the information a bit so it looks like you are writing it. 3.  Format it really nice. 4.  Put your name on it and send it in.   Note: the way to avoid  plagiarizing is to document your sources and give credit (via citing) where credit is due. Instructions on how to write a "D-" paper that could drag your grade down: 1. Pick an ASL topic that looks easy. 2. Get a few lame references from some blog off the net that are hard to trace. 3. Write 500 words the night before it is due. Acceptable references: In the main section of your paper when you use another author's idea or words you can give them credit by putting the last name of the author and the year the author wrote or documented the idea -- for example, (Vicars, 2001). Then at the end of your document you put the word "References" followed by a list of the books and articles which influenced your writing.  If reference is a book : Author's last name, first initial. (year).  Title of book--underline it.  Place of publication: Name of publisher.   Example: Vicars, W. (1998).  Sign Me Up!  Salt Lake City, Utah: Lifeprint Institute. If reference is a Journal : Author's last name, first name. (year). Title of journal article only capitalize the first letter.  Name of journal underline it. Volume number,  starting page number-ending page number. Below is a "made up" example.  Make sure to use REAL journals in your paper: Smith, John. (1999). Teaching ASL online.  Journal of ASL. 7,  139-156. If you find an  online  source that specifies  the actual author's name, date of publication, title of the document, and name of the publisher.   If you can't find all of that information you can still use the source but it is not as good of a source as a source that provides all of that information.  Remember, your goal is to use an original source document (even if it is just web-based).  Avoid just quoting some other student's research paper leads to watered down research. Instead find true experts in the area you are researching. If reference is a web page : Author's last name, first name. (Year, Mo. day).  Title of the article or web page goes here, underline it and only capitalize the first letter and words that are always capitalized.   Title of the journal, general website, or book goes here. Name of the publisher or the sponsoring organization goes here. Retrieved day, Mo. Year: <full web address>.  Example: Vicars, William. (2001, Jan. 4).  Nonlinguistic communication.  Lifeprint Library. ASL University. Retrieved 12, Feb. 2001: < http://www.lifeprint.com/asl101/nonlinguisticcommunication.htm >. Hawk, Lori. (2007, Aug. 22).  Hearts and Hands: ASL Poetry.  Lifeprint Library. ASL University. Retrieved 06, Sept. 2007: http://lifeprint.com/asl101/topics/poetry.htm.   Below is a list of topics you might want to consider researching -- or come up with a topic of your own: American Society for Deaf Children Artistic Signing ASL as a World Language (The worldwide spread of ASL) Deaf Smith Drug usage and Deaf people Facial Expression and Non-Manual Cues Formal vs. Informal Signing Furniture Vocabulary Gender and ASL Historical Change and ASL Iconicity of Signs Idioms (ASL) Incorporation of Intensity Incorporation of Time Indexing on the Non-Dominant Hand Inflections: Regularity and Duration Interpreters in the Educational Setting Juncture Markers Kinds of Sentences Laurent Clerc Law and the Deaf Law and the Deaf Loan Signs Mental Illness and the Deaf Miss Deaf America Pageant Name Signs National Captioning Institute National Fraternal Society of the Deaf National Technical Institute for the Deaf National Theater for the Deaf Non-manual Cues Non-Manual Cues in Expressing Time Noun-Verb Pairs Numbering in ASL Ordinal Numbers Passive Voice in ASL Person Marker Regional Signing Role Taking Samuel Heinicke Simultaneous Communication using ASL and Spoken English (Is it effective?) Speechreading: "Why it isn't enough." Technology and the Deaf Technology and the Deaf Telecommunication Relay Services Temporal Adverbs in American Sign Language Time Line Total Communication Video Phones and the Deaf   Most typical ASL topics have been "well researched" and thus you should be able to find some decent references that include the author, date, and publisher. Strive to use authoritative sources; otherwise you will likely be using inaccurate secondhand information. There are a number of style guides you can follow.  You may wish to use the "APA style guide" to help you format your paper.  For more information do an online search for: "APA style guide" and you will find quite a few resources and guides for how to format your paper. The formatting of your paper for this class is not meant to be a source of stress.  If taking an English class or writing class then yes�definitely make sure that you follow whatever specific formatting requirements have been provided to you by your instructor. However, for this ASL class formatting is not a concern�as long as the formatting of your paper is consistent, your information sources are cited, and your references are verifiable.   Remember: Provide enough information for the reader of your paper to  find  and read the original articles from which you got your ideas or information. Your paper can be about any aspect of American Sign Language or Deaf Culture.  However -- rather your instructor is not interested in papers that focus on attempting to "fix" Deaf people.  That means a paper on cochlear implants is NOT an acceptable paper for an ASL class. Your instructor is not interested in you studying how to "fix" Deaf people.  The goal is for you to learn more about ASL and/or the main users of ASL: "Deaf people." You are encouraged to focus on a topic that has personal meaning for you in terms of cultural impact.  For example many "Hearing" people are teaching their "Hearing" babies to use sign language but there are still organizations such as the Alexander G. Bell foundation that  discourage  the use of signing with "deaf" infants.  How can that be justified? Or is it "unjustifiable?" Is it a form of child abuse to withhold signing from a Deaf child?  Is this a form of "audism?" (Yes that is a word and it is spelled correctly.) In any case, please do strive to find three authoritative sources that can be  cited with confidence .      * Discussion: Question : Why do many ASL teachers prefer that you do " not " choose cochlear implants as a topic? Answer : Consider the fact that this is an ASL class and that cochlear implantation is basically an attempt to physically alter people in such a way as that they will not need to use ASL as a way of communication.  Thus an ASL student doing a paper on CI's is sort of like a student taking a French class and doing a paper on the continued globalization of English.  While the globalization of English is a  significant  topic, it doesn't lead one to have a greater understanding of nor appreciation of French.   While cochlear implants are a significant topic (and easy to find information on) they do not lead one to have a greater understanding of nor appreciation of  American Sign Language .      A student asks:  QUESTION :  "In my paper should I use the term "Deafness," or would "Deafhood" be better? Or another term altogether?" ANSWER :  Wherever possible it is recommended that you look for a way to get your point across other than the term "deafness."  For example you use the phrase "Deaf people." While some "political correctness" experts may disagree with the term "Deaf people" -- it is important to realize that most of them are not directly involved in the Deaf Community where the term "Deaf" is considered a positive term.  In your paper at least once near the beginning you may want to use the full phrase "Deaf and hard of hearing people." Then later you can shorten that to "Deaf people" and still later you can shorten it to "the Deaf" or "Many Deaf people feel...," or "being deaf," or some similar method.  The term "deafness" is occasionally appropriate for use in particular situations when you want to specifically refer to the condition of "not being able to hear sufficiently for typical speech-based communication situations" but the term should not be overused. The term "Deafhood" refers more to a Deaf person's personal journey through life and thus is not suitable as a general term referring to "Deaf people." Sure, Deafhood can refer to a "state or experience of being Deaf" but the Deafhood "journey" varies from person to person. It is recommended that you visit www.NAD.org and look over their front page and "recent" postings to see how one of the world's leading Deaf organizations refers to Deaf people. Also check out: http://nad.org/issues/american-sign-language/community-and-culture-faq  (which contains some older information but is still quite informative).