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Writing a research paper is a bit more difficult that a standard high school essay. You need to site sources, use academic data and show scientific examples. Before beginning, you’ll need guidelines for how to write a research paper.
Start the Research Process
Before you begin writing the research paper, you must do your research. It is important that you understand the subject matter, formulate the ideas of your paper, create your thesis statement and learn how to speak about your given topic in an authoritative manner. You’ll be looking through online databases, encyclopedias, almanacs, periodicals, books, newspapers, government publications, reports, guides and scholarly resources. Take notes as you discover new information about your given topic. Also keep track of the references you use so you can build your bibliography later and cite your resources.
Develop Your Thesis Statement
When organizing your research paper, the thesis statement is where you explain to your readers what they can expect, present your claims, answer any questions that you were asked or explain your interpretation of the subject matter you’re researching. Therefore, the thesis statement must be strong and easy to understand. Your thesis statement must also be precise. It should answer the question you were assigned, and there should be an opportunity for your position to be opposed or disputed. The body of your manuscript should support your thesis, and it should be more than a generic fact.
Create an Outline
Many professors require outlines during the research paper writing process. You’ll find that they want outlines set up with a title page, abstract, introduction, research paper body and reference section. The title page is typically made up of the student’s name, the name of the college, the name of the class and the date of the paper. The abstract is a summary of the paper. An introduction typically consists of one or two pages and comments on the subject matter of the research paper. In the body of the research paper, you’ll be breaking it down into materials and methods, results and discussions. Your references are in your bibliography. Use a research paper example to help you with your outline if necessary.
Organize Your Notes
When writing your first draft, you’re going to have to work on organizing your notes first. During this process, you’ll be deciding which references you’ll be putting in your bibliography and which will work best as in-text citations. You’ll be working on this more as you develop your working drafts and look at more white paper examples to help guide you through the process.
Write Your Final Draft
After you’ve written a first and second draft and received corrections from your professor, it’s time to write your final copy. By now, you should have seen an example of a research paper layout and know how to put your paper together. You’ll have your title page, abstract, introduction, thesis statement, in-text citations, footnotes and bibliography complete. Be sure to check with your professor to ensure if you’re writing in APA style, or if you’re using another style guide.
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- 1. A Seminar Report on Silent Sound Technology submitted in partial fulfilment for award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and Communication Engineering by Divya Alugubelli 17321A0432 Under the esteemed Guidance of Internal Guide G Srilakshmi Associate Professor, ECE Department Bhoj Reddy Engineering College for Women Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering (Sponsored by Sangam Laxmibai Vidyapeet, approved by AICTE & affiliated to JNTU) Vinaynagar, Santosh Nagar X roads, Saidabad, Hyderabad – 500 059 Ph: +91-40-2459 2400 Fax: +91-40-2453 7281, www.brecw.ac.in, [email protected] 2020-2021
- 2. Bhoj Reddy Engineering College for Women Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering (Sponsored by Sangam Laxmibai Vidyapeet,approved by AICTE& affiliated to JNTU) Vinaynagar, Santoshnagar Crossroads, Saidabad, Hyderabad – 500 059 Ph: +91-40-2459 2400 Fax: +91-40-2453 7281, www.brecw.ac.in, [email protected] CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the Seminar Report entitled “Silent Sound Technology” is a bonafide work carried out by Divya Alugubelli 17321A0432 in partial fulfilment for award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and Communication Engineering from Bhoj Reddy Engineering College for Women, Hyderabad, affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad (JNTUH). G Srilakshmi N Shribala Associate Professor Associate Professor Internal Guide HoD-ECE
- 3. Acknowledgement The satisfaction that accompanies the successful completion of the task would be incomplete without the mention of the people who made it possible, whose constant guidance and encouragement crown all the efforts with success. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to G Srilakshmi , Associate professor and Seminar guide for the eminent guidance and supervision at every stage. I am thankful to Ms. N Shribala, Head of the Department for her valuable guidance, encouragement during my Seminar. I also thank Dr. J Madhavan, Principal, BRECW for providing the wonderful education environment in our college. I am equally thankful to Ms. S Manjula, Seminar incharge for her continuous support and all the staff of the Electronics and Communication Department of BRECW for their friendliness help and suggestions in the Seminar. Divya Alugubelli(17321A0432) [email protected]
- 4. Contents Page No. List of Figures List of Tables Abbreviations Abstract Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Aim 1.3 Scope 1.4 Motivation 1.5 Literature Survey 1.6 Organisation of the seminar 1.7 Conclusion Chapter 2 Need for Silent Sound Technology 2.1 Need for silent sound Chapter 3 Methods 3.1 Electromyography 3.2 Image Processing Chapter 4 Electromyography 4.1 Electrical Characteristics 4.2 History 4.3 Procedure 4.4 Normal Results 4.5 Abnormal Results 4.6 EMG signal decomposition 4.7 Block Diagram of EMG 4.8 Working of EMG 4.9 Applications of EMG i ii iii iv 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 5 5 8 8 8 10 10 11 11 11 13
- 5. Chapter 5 Image processing 5.1 Image processing Techniques 5.2 Analog Image Processing 5.3 Digital Image Processing 5.4 Image Resolution 5.5 Digital Image Processing steps 5.5.1 Pre-processing 5.5.2 Image Enhancement 5.5.3 Information Extraction 5.5.4 Histogram Equalisation 5.6 Silent sound Interface 5.7 Results of Image Processing Chapter 6 Architecture and working of Silent Sound Technology Chapter 7 Research Chapter 8 Applications, Advantages and Disadvantages Conclusion References 15 15 16 17 18 18 19 19 20 20 21 23 24 25 26 27
- 6. List of Figures Page No. Fig 1.1 Common man talking at same place without disturbance 1 Fig 4.1 Electromyography signal generation 7 Fig 4.2 Electromyography Instruments 9 Fig 4.3 Interfacing with electromyographer and body 9 Fig 4.4 Block Diagram of EMG 11 Fig 4.5 Working of EMG 12 Fig 5.1 Silent Sound Interface by Image Processing 21 Fig 5.2 Live video captured by webcam 21 Fig 5.3 Region of interest for silent word Nihao 21 Fig 5.4 Facial features detected live video for silent Nihao 22 Fig 5.5 Lip during motion with perimeter contour and key points 22 Fig 5.6 Multiframe image for Nihao 22 Fig 5.7 Threshold analysis based on coordinates v/s time 22 Fig 6.1 Process model architecture and its working methodology 23 i
- 7. List of Tables Page No. Table 4.1 EMG articulatory muscles index 12 ii
- 8. Abbreviations Page No. DARPA Defence Advanced Research project agency 2 ASE Advanced Speech Encoding Program 2 EMG Electromyography 5 MUAP Motor unit action potentials 10 PDA Public Display of Action 13 EM Electromagnetic 16 DN Digital Number 16 CEOS PCA Committee on Earth observation satellite Personal Component Analysis 17 18 iii
- 9. Abstract Silent sound technology (SST) - an end to Noisy Communication Nowadays whenever we are talking on a cell phone in a crowd, then actually we are not talking, we are yelling because of lots of disturbance and noise around us. However, there is no need to scream to convey our message and waste our energy anymore. For this purpose, a new technology known as the Silent Sound Technology has been introduced that will put an end to the noise pollution. The Silent sound technology is a perfect solution for those people who have lost their voice but wish to speak on mobile phones. It is developed at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology and you can expect to see it in the near future. When this technology is used, it detects every lip movement and internally converts the electrical pulses into sounds signals and sends them neglecting all other surrounding noise. It is going to be really beneficial for the people who hate talking loudly on cell phones. Silent Sound technology aims to notice every movement of the lips and transform them into sounds, which could help people who lose voices to speak, and allow people to make silent calls without bothering others. Rather than making any sounds, your handset would decipher the movements your mouth makes by measuring muscle activity, then convert this into speech that the person on the other end of the call can hear. So, basically, it reads our lips. Another important benefit of this technology is that it allows you to communicate to any person in the world as the electrical pulse is universal, it can be converted into any language depending upon the user's choice. This technology can be used for languages like English, French & German but not for languages like Chinese because different tones hold different meanings in Chinese language. This new technology will be very helpful whenever a person loses his voice while speaking or allows people to make silent calls without disturbing others, thus now we can speak anything with our friends or family in private without anyone eavesdropping. At the other end, the listener can hear a clear voice. This device works with 99% efficiency, and can be seen in the market in another 5-10 years and once launched it will have a drastic effect and with no doubt it will be widely used. iv
- 10. Seminar report Silent Sound Technology (SST) Page 1 of 27 BRECW, Hyderabad Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Introduction: Silence is the best answer for all the situations even the mobile understands. The word cell phone has become the greatest buzz word in the Cellular Communication industry. There are lots and lots of technology that tries to reduce the noise pollution and make the environment a better place to live in. This is a new technology known as Silent Sound Technology that will put an end to noise pollution. You are in a movie theatre or noisy restaurant or a bus etc where there is a lot of noise around is a big issue while talking on a mobile phone. But in the future this problem is eliminated with silent sounds, a new technology unveiled at the CeBIT fair on Tuesday that transforms lip movements into a computer-generated voice for the listener at the other end of the phone. It is a technology that helps you to transmit information without using your vocal cords. This technology aims to notice lip movements & transform them into a computer-generated sound that can be transmitted over a phone. Hence a person on the other end of the phone receives the information in audio. In the 2010 CeBIT's "future park", a concept Silent Sound Technology demonstrated which aims to notice every movement of the lips and transform them into sounds, which could help people who lose voices to speak, and allow people to make silent calls without bothering others. The device, developed by the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), uses electromyography, monitoring tiny muscular movements that occur when we speak and converting them into electrical pulses that can then be turned into speech, without a sound uttered. Silent Sound technology aims to notice every movement of the lips and transform them into sounds, which could help people who lose voices to speak, and allow people to make silent calls without bothering others. Rather than making any sounds, your handset would decipher the movements your mouth makes by measuring muscle activity, then convert this into speech that the person on the other end of the call can hear. So, basically it reads your lips. Wand said that they use electrodes which are glued to the skin. In the future, such electrodes might for example be incorporated into cell phones. Figure1.1-common people talking at same place without disturbance
- 11. Seminar report Silent Sound Technology (SST) Page 2 of 27 BRECW, Hyderabad The technology opens up a host of applications, from helping people who have lost their voice due to illness or accident to telling a trusted friend your PIN number over the phone without anyone eavesdropping — assuming no lip-readers are around. The technology can also turn you into an instant polyglot. Because the electrical pulses are universal, they can be immediately transformed into the language of the user’s choice. According to Wand, native speakers can silently utter a sentence in their language, and the receivers hear the translated sentence in their language. It appears as if the native speaker produced speech in a foreign language. He also said, the translation technology works for languages like English, French and German, but for languages like Chinese, where different tones can hold many different meanings, poses a problem. He explained that, the engineers have got the device working to 99 percent efficiency, so the mechanical voice at the other end of the phone gets one word in 100 wrong. He also said that they were working to overcome the remaining technical difficulties. In five, maybe ten years, this will be useful, everyday technology. 1.2 Aim: This seminar represents the idea of silent sound technology, about its features, applications and advantages, some practical projects that have been implemented; and also shows that it can be the future of noiseless communication. 1.3 Scope: Silent sound technology gives way to a bright future to speech recognition technology from simple voice commands to memorandum dictated over the phone all this is fairly possible in noisy public places. Without having electrodes hanging all around your face, these electrodes will be incorporated into cell phones. 1.4 Motivation: The need for this technology is to end embarrassing situations such as a person answering his silent, but vibrating cell phone in a meeting lecture or performance, and whispering loudly that, he can’t talk to them right now. In the case of an urgent call, apologetically rushing out of the room in order to answer the call the person back. Silent Sound technology aims to notice movement of the lips and transform into sounds, which could help people who lose voices to speak ,and allow people to make silent calls without disturbing others .Rather than making any sounds , your handset would decipher the movements your mouth makes by measuring muscle activity ,then convert this into speech that the person on the other end of the call can hear. So, it basically reads our lips. 1.5 Literature survey: Silent Sound technology is developed at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany. The idea of interpreting silent speech electronically or with a computer has been around for a long time ,and was popularised in the 1968 Stanley Kubrick science -fiction film”2001-A space Odyssey” A major focal point was the DAPRA Advanced Speech Encoding Program (ASE) of the early 2000’s,which funded research on low bit rate speech synthesis with acceptable intelligibility ,quality, and aural speaker recognisability in acoustically harsh environments.
- 12. Seminar report Silent Sound Technology (SST) Page 3 of 27 BRECW, Hyderabad 1.6 Organisation of the seminar: This section consists of 10 chapters. Chapter 1 discusses about the introduction of Silent Sound technology, Chapter 2 discusses about the need of this technology, Chapter 3 discusses about the methods used in Silent Sound technology, Chapter 4 discusses about Electromyography, Chapter 5 discusses about Image processing, Chapter 6 discusses about the architecture and working of Silent Sound technology, Chapter 7 discusses about the research , Chapter 8 discusses the applications of Silent Sound technology, Chapter 9 has the conclusion, Chapter10 contains references. 1.7 Conclusion: In this chapter, we have discussed introduction of the seminar, aim of the seminar, scope of the seminar and organisation of the seminar.
- 13. Seminar report Silent Sound Technology (SST) Page 4 of 27 BRECW, Hyderabad Chapter 2 Need for Silent Sound Technology Silent Sound Technology will put an end to embarrassed situation such as a person answering his silent, but vibrating cell phone in a meeting, lecture or performance, and whispering loudly, that he can’t talk to them right now. In the case of an urgent call, apologetically rushing out of the room in order to answer or call the person back. 2.1 Need for Silent Sound: Humans are capable of producing and understanding whisper speech in quiet environments at remarkably low signal levels. Most people can also understand a few unspoken words by lip- reading. The idea of interpreting silent speech electronically or with a computer has been around for a long time, and was popularized in the 1968. When you add lawnmowers, snow blowers, leaf blowers, jack hammers, jet engines, transport trucks, and horns and buzzers of all types and descriptions you have a wall of constant noise and irritation. Even when watching a television program at a reasonable volume level you are blown out of your chair when a commercial comes on at the decibel level of a jet. The technology opens up a host of applications, from helping people who have lost their voice due to illness or accident to telling a trusted friend your PIN number over the phone without anyone eavesdropping — assuming no lip-readers are around. Native speakers can silently utter a sentence in their language, and the receivers hear the translated sentence in their language. It appears as if the native speaker produced speech in a foreign language. We need Silent Sound technology for a better way of communication in noisy public place. It gives a better and new way of communication for those people who lost their voice. We can give confidential information over a phone without worrying about others, as the electronic pulses are universal and can be immediately converted into any other language of our choice.
- 14. Seminar report Silent Sound Technology (SST) Page 5 of 27 BRECW, Hyderabad Chapter 3 Methods of Silent Sound Technology Silent Sound Technology is processed through some ways or methods. They are 1. Electromyography (EMG) 2. Image Processing 3.1 Electromyography: 1. The Silent Sound Technology uses electromyography, monitoring tiny muscular movements that occur when we speak. 2. Monitored signals are converted into electrical pulses that can then be turned into speech, without a sound uttered. 3. Electromyography (EMG) is a technique for evaluating and recording the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles. 4. An electromyography detects the electrical potential generated by muscle cells, when these cells are electrically or neurologically activated. 5. Electromyographic sensors attached to the face records the electrical signals produced by the facial muscles, compare them with pre-recorded signal pattern of spoken words 6. When there is a match that sound is transmitted on to the other end of the line and the person at the other end listens to the spoken words. Even by saying words without producing sound weak electric currents are sent from brain to speech muscles. This phenomenon is called electromyography. A technique for evaluating and recording the electrical activity produced by articulatory muscles. The transducers involved convert the pulses into electrical signals. The sensors are used are Pressure sensors, Vibration sensors, Electromagnetic sensor, Motion sensor. The electrical activity is recorded. The sensors have to be placed at various locations to obtain an accurate signal. Vocoders converts these electrical signals into speech patterns. Compare them with pre-recorded speech pattern of spoken words. When there is a match, that sound is transmitted on to the other end of the line. 3.2 Image Processing: 1. The simplest form of digital image processing converts the digital data tape into a film image with minimal corrections and calibrations. 2. Then large mainframe computers are employed for sophisticated interactive manipulation of the data. 3. In the present context, overhead perspective is employed to analyse the picture. 4. In electrical engineering and computer science, image processing is any form of signal processing for which the input is an image, such as a photograph or video frame; the output of image processing may be either an image or, a set of characteristics or parameters related to the
- 15. Seminar report Silent Sound Technology (SST) Page 6 of 27 BRECW, Hyderabad image. Most image-processing techniques involve treating the image as a two-dimensional signal and applying standard signal-processing techniques to it. Analog image processing is applied to hard copy data such as photographs or printouts. It adopts certain elements of interpretation, such as primary element, spatial arrangement etc. Digital image processing involves a collection of techniques for the manipulation of digital images by computers. It contains some flaws. To overcome the flaws and deficiencies in order to get the originality of the data, it needs to undergo several steps of processing.
- 16. Seminar report Silent Sound Technology (SST) Page 7 of 27 BRECW, Hyderabad Chapter 4 Electromyography Electromyography (EMG) is a technique for evaluating and recording the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles. EMG is performed using an instrument called an electromyograph, to produce a record called an electromyogram. An electromyograph detects the electrical potential generated by muscle cells when these cells are electrically or neurologically activated. The signals can be analysed to detect medical abnormalities, activation level, recruitment order or to analyse the biomechanics of human or animal movement. • The Silent Sound Technology uses electromyography, monitoring tiny muscular movements that occur when we speak. • Monitored signals are converted into electrical pulses that can then be turned into speech, without a sound uttered. • Electromyography (EMG) is a technique for evaluating and recording the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles. • An electromyography detects the electrical potential generated by muscle cells, when these cells are electrically or neurologically activated. Figure-4.1: Electromyography signal generation
- 17. Seminar report Silent Sound Technology (SST) Page 8 of 27 BRECW, Hyderabad 4.1 Electrical Characteristics The electrical source is the muscle membrane potential of about -90 mV. Measured EMG potentials range between less than 50μV and up to 20 to 30 mV, depending on the muscle under observation. Typical repetition rate of muscle motor unit firing is about 7–20 Hz, depending on the size of the muscle (eye muscles versus seat (gluteal) muscles), previous axonal damage and other factors. Damage to motor units can be expected at ranges between 450 and 780 mV. 4.2 History: The first documented experiments dealing with EMG started with Francesco Redi’s works in 1666. Redi discovered a highly specialized muscle of the electric ray fish (Electric Eel) generated electricity. By 1773, Walsh had been able to demonstrate that the Eel fish’s muscle tissue could generate a spark of electricity. In 1792, a publication entitled De Viribus Electricitatis in Motu Musculari Commentarius appeared, written by Luigi Galvani, in which the author demonstrated that electricity could initiate muscle contractions. Six decades later, in 1849, Dubois-Raymond discovered that it was also possible to record electrical activity during a voluntary muscle contraction. The first actual recording of this activity was made by Marey in 1890, who also introduced the term electromyography. In 1922, Gasser and Erlanger used an oscilloscope to show the electrical signals from muscles. Because of the stochastic nature of the myoelectric signal, only rough information could be obtained from its observation. The capability of detecting electromyographic signals improved steadily from the 1930s through the 1950s, and researchers began to use improved electrodes more widely for the study of muscles. Clinical use of surface EMG (sEMG) for the treatment of more specific disorders began in the 1960s. Hardyck and his researchers were the first (1966) practitioners to use sEMG. In the early 1980s, Cram and Steger introduced a clinical method for scanning a variety of muscles using an EMG sensing device. It was not until the middle of the 1980s that integration techniques in electrodes had sufficiently advanced to allow batch production of the required small and lightweight instrumentation and amplifiers. At present, a number of suitable amplifiers are commercially available. In the early 1980s, cables that produced signals in the desired microvolt range became available. Recent research has resulted in a better understanding of the properties of surface EMG recording. Surface electromyography is increasingly used for recording from superficial muscles in clinical or kinesiological protocols, where intramuscular electrodes are used for investigating deep muscles or localized muscle activity. There are many applications for the use of EMG. EMG is used clinically for the diagnosis of neurological and neuromuscular problems. It is used diagnostically by gait laboratories and by clinicians trained in the use of biofeedback or ergonomic assessment. EMG is also used in many types of research laboratories, including those involved in biomechanics, motor control, neuromuscular physiology, movement disorders, postural control, and physical therapy. 4.3 Procedure: There are two kinds of EMG in widespread use: surface EMG and intramuscular (needle and fine-wire) EMG. To perform intramuscular EMG, a needle electrode or a needle containing two fine-wire electrodes is inserted through the skin into the muscle tissue. A trained professional (such as a neurologist, physiatrist, or physical therapist) observes the electrical activity while inserting
- 18. Seminar report Silent Sound Technology (SST) Page 9 of 27 BRECW, Hyderabad the electrode. The insertional activity provides valuable information about the state of the muscle and its innervating nerve. Normal muscles at rest make certain, normal electrical signals when the needle is inserted into them. Then the electrical activity when the muscle is at rest is studied. Abnormal spontaneous activity might indicate some nerve and/or muscle damage. Then the patient is asked to contract the muscle smoothly. The shape, size, and frequency of the resulting motor unit potentials are judged. Then the electrode is retracted a few millimetres, and again the activity is analysed until at least 10–20 units have been collected. Each electrode track gives only a very local picture of the activity of the whole muscle. Because skeletal muscles differ in the inner structure, the electrode has to be placed at various locations to obtain an accurate study. Figure4.2-: Electromyography instruments Intramuscular EMG may be considered too invasive or unnecessary in some cases. Instead, a surface electrode may be used to monitor the general picture of muscle activation, as opposed to the activity of only a few fibres as observed using an intramuscular EMG. This technique is used in a number of settings; for example, in the physiotherapy clinic, muscle activation is monitored using surface EMG and patients have an auditory or visual stimulus to help them know when they are activating the muscle (biofeedback). Figure4.3-: Interfacing with electromyographer and body:
- 19. Seminar report Silent Sound Technology (SST) Page 10 of 27 BRECW, Hyderabad A motor unit is defined as one motor neuron and all of the muscle fibres it innervates. When a motor unit fires, the impulse (called an action potential) is carried down the motor neuron to the muscle. The area where the nerve contacts the muscle is called the neuromuscular junction, or the motor end plate. After the action potential is transmitted across the neuromuscular junction, an action potential is elicited in all of the innervated muscle fibres of that particular motor unit. The sum of all this electrical activity is known as a motor unit action potential (MUAP). This electrophysiologic activity from multiple motor units is the signal typically evaluated during an EMG. The composition of the motor unit, the number of muscle fibres per motor unit, the metabolic type of muscle fibres and many other factors affect the shape of the motor unit potentials in the myogram. Nerve conduction testing is also often done at the same time as an EMG to diagnose neurological diseases. Some patients can find the procedure somewhat painful, whereas others experience only a small amount of discomfort when the needle is inserted. The muscle or muscles being tested may be slightly sore for a day or two after the procedure. 4.4 Normal results: Muscle tissue at rest is normally electrically inactive. After the electrical activity caused by the irritation of needle insertion subsides, the electromyograph should detect no abnormal spontaneous activity (i.e., a muscle at rest should be electrically silent, with the exception of the area of the neuromuscular junction, which is, under normal circumstances, very spontaneously active). When the muscle is voluntarily contracted, action potentials begin to appear. As the strength of the muscle contraction is increased, more and more muscle fibres produce action potentials. When the muscle is fully contracted, there should appear a disorderly group of action potentials of varying rates and amplitudes (a complete recruitment and interference pattern). 4.5 Abnormal results: EMG is used to diagnose diseases that generally may be classified into one of the following categories: neuropathies, neuromuscular junction diseases and myopathies. Neuropathic disease has the following defining EMG characteristics: 1. An action potential amplitude that is twice normal due to the increased number of fibres per motor unit because of reinnervation of denervated fibres 2. An increase in duration of the action potential 3. A decrease in the number of motor units in the muscle (as found using motor unit number estimation techniques) Myopathic disease has these defining EMG characteristics: 4. A decrease in duration of the action potential 5. A reduction in the area to amplitude ratio of the action potential 6. A decrease in the number of motor units in the muscle (in extremely severe cases only). Because of the individuality of each patient and disease, some of these characteristics may not appear in every case.
- 20. Seminar report Silent Sound Technology (SST) Page 11 of 27 BRECW, Hyderabad 4.6 EMG signal decomposition: EMG signals are essentially made up of superimposed motor unit action potentials (MUAPs) from several motor units. For a thorough analysis, the measured EMG signals can be decomposed into their constituent MUAPs. MUAPs from different motor units tend to have different characteristic shapes, while MUAPs recorded by the same electrode from the same motor unit are typically similar. Notably MUAP size and shape depend on where the electrode is located with respect to the fibres and so can appear to be different if the electrode moves position. EMG decomposition is non-trivial, although many methods have been proposed. 4.7 Block diagram of EMG: Fig 4.4 Block diagram of EMG The block diagram clearly explains the implementation of silent sound technology through electromyography. From the block diagram it is clear that the silent lip movements are captured through sensor probes or it may be through image processing technique and these movements are converted to speech through a silent vocoder. These speech signals are transmitted through a mobile and received as normal voice signals at the other end. Here the recorded electromyographic signals are converted to speech signals by comparing them with pre recorded voice signals and transmitting them over the phone if there is a match else signal is not transmitted. 4.8 Working of Electromyography: 1. A needle containing two fine-wired electrodes is inserted through the skin into the muscle tissue. 2. Normal muscles at rest make certain normal electrical sounds when the needle is inserted into them. Then the electrical activity when the muscle is at rest is observed.
- 21. Seminar report Silent Sound Technology (SST) Page 12 of 27 BRECW, Hyderabad 3. Each electrode track gives only a very local picture of the activity of the whole muscle. 4. Because skeletal muscles differ in the inner structure, the electrode has to be placed at various locations to obtain an accurate signal. Fig 4.5 Working of electromyography Articulator ID Articulator Name Location 1 UL Upper lip 2 LL Lower lip 3 T1 Tongue tip 4 T2 Tongue body front 5 T3 Tongue body back 6 T4 Tongue back Table 4.1 EMG articulatory muscles index Electromyographic sensors attached to the face records the electric signals produced by the facial muscles compare them with pre-recorded signal pattern of spoken words when there is
- 22. Seminar report Silent Sound Technology (SST) Page 13 of 27 BRECW, Hyderabad a match sound is transmitted on to the other end of the line and the person at the other end listen to the spoken words. 4.9 Applications of EMG: EMG signals are used in many clinical and biomedical applications. EMG is used as a diagnostics tool for identifying neuromuscular diseases, assessing low-back pain, kinesiology, and disorders of motor control. EMG signals are also used as a control signal for prosthetic devices such as prosthetic hands, arms, and lower limbs. EMG can be used to sense isometric muscular activity where no movement is produced. This enables definition of a class of subtle motionless gestures to control interfaces without being noticed and without disrupting the surrounding environment. These signals can be used to control a prosthesis or as a control signal for an electronic device such as a mobile phone or PDA. EMG signals have been targeted as control for flight systems. The Human Senses Group at the NASA Ames Research Centre at Moffett Field, CA seeks to advance man-machine interfaces by directly connecting a person to a computer. In this project, an EMG signal is used to substitute for mechanical joysticks and keyboards. EMG has also been used in research towards a "wearable cockpit," which employs EMG-based gestures to manipulate switches and control sticks necessary for flight in conjunction with a google-based display. Unvoiced speech recognition recognizes speech by observing the EMG activity of muscles associated with speech. It is targeted for use in noisy environments, and may be helpful for people without vocal cords and people with aphasia.
- 23. Seminar report Silent Sound Technology (SST) Page 14 of 27 BRECW, Hyderabad Chapter 5 Image Processing The simplest form of digital image processing converts the digital data tape into a film image with minimal corrections and calibrations. Then large mainframe computers are employed for sophisticated interactive manipulation of the data. In the present context, overhead perspective is employed to analyse the picture. In electrical engineering and computer science, image processing is any form of signal processing for which the input is an image, such as a photograph or video frame; the output of image processing may be either an image or, a set of characteristics or parameters related to the image. Most image-processing techniques involve treating the image as a two-dimensional signal and applying standard signal-processing techniques to it. Image processing usually refers to digital image processing, but optical and analog image processing also are possible. This article is about general techniques that apply to all of them. The acquisition of images (producing the input image in the first place) is referred to as imaging. Image processing is a physical process used to convert an image signal into a physical image. The image signal can be either digital or analog. The actual output itself can be an actual physical image or the characteristics of an image. The most common type of image processing is photography. In this process, an image is captured using a camera to create a digital or analog image. In order to produce a physical picture, the image is processed using the appropriate technology based on the input source type. In digital photography, the image is stored as a computer file. This file is translated using photographic software to generate an actual image. The colours, shading, and nuances are all captured at the time the photograph is taken the software translates this information into an image. When creating images using analog photography, the image is burned into a film using a chemical reaction triggered by controlled exposure to light. The image is processed in a darkroom, using special chemicals to create the actual image. This process is decreasing in popularity due to the advent of digital photography, which requires less effort and special training to product images. In addition to photography, there are a wide range of other image processing operations. The field of digital imaging has created a whole range of new applications and tools that were previously impossible. Face recognition software, medical image processing and remote sensing are all possible due to the development of digital image processing. Specialized computer programs are used to enhance and correct images. These programs apply algorithms to the actual data and are able to reduce signal distortion, clarify fuzzy images and add light to an underexposed image. Image processing techniques were first developed in 1960 through the collaboration of a wide range of scientists and academics. The main focus of their work was to develop medical imaging, character recognition and create high quality images at the microscopic level. During this period, equipment and processing costs were prohibitively high.
- 24. Seminar report Silent Sound Technology (SST) Page 15 of 27 BRECW, Hyderabad The financial constraints had a serious impact on the depth and breadth of technology development that could be done. By the 1970s, computing equipment costs had dropped substantially making digital image processing more realistic. Film and software companies invested significant funds into the development and enhancement of image processing, creating a new industry. There are three major benefits to digital image processing. The consistent high quality of the image, the low cost of processing and the ability to manipulate all aspects of the process are all great benefits. As long as computer processing speed continues to increase while the cost of storage memory continues to drop, the field of image processing will grow. 5.1 Image Processing Technique: Analysis of remotely sensed data is done using various image processing techniques and methods that includes: 1. Analog image processing 2. Digital image processing 5.2 Analog Image Processing: Analog processing technique es is applied to hard copy data such as photographs or printouts. It adopts certain elements of interpretation, such as primary element, spatial arrangement etc., The combination of multi-concept of examining remotely sensed data in multispectral, multitemporal, multiscale and in conjunction with multidisciplinary, allows us to make a verdict not only as to what an object is but also its importance. Apart from these it also includes optical photogrammetric techniques allowing for precise measurement of the height, width, location, etc. of an object. Analog processing techniques are applied to hard copy data such as photographs or printouts. Image analysis in visual techniques adopts certain elements of interpretation, which are as follow: The use of these fundamental elements depends not only on the area being studied, but the knowledge of the analyst has of the study area. For example, the texture of an object is also very useful in distinguishing objects that may appear the same if judging solely on tone (i.e., water and tree canopy, may have the same mean brightness values, but their texture is much different. Association is a very powerful image analysis tool when coupled with the general knowledge of the site. Thus, we are adept at applying collateral data and personal knowledge to the task of image processing. The combination of multi-concept of examining remotely sensed data in multispectral, multitemporal, multiscale and in conjunction with multidisciplinary, allows us to make a verdict not only as to what an object is but also its importance. Apart from these analog image processing techniques also includes optical photogrammetric techniques allowing for precise measurement of the height, width, location, etc. of an object.
- 25. Seminar report Silent Sound Technology (SST) Page 16 of 27 BRECW, Hyderabad Image processing usually refers to digital image processing, but optical and analog image processing also are possible. This article is about general techniques that apply to all of them. The acquisition of images (producing the input image in the first place) is referred to as imaging. Image processing is a physical process used to convert an image signal into a physical image. The image signal can be either digital or analog. The actual output itself can be an actual physical image or the characteristics of an image. The most common type of image processing is photography. In this process, an image is captured using a camera to create a digital or analog image. In order to produce a physical picture, the image is processed using the appropriate technology based on the input source type. 5.3 Digital Image Processing: Digital Image Processing involves a collection of techniques for the manipulation of digital images by computers. Digital image processing is the use of computer algorithms to perform image processing on digital images. As a subcategory or field of digital signal processing, digital image processing has many advantages over analog image processing. It allows a much wider range of algorithms to be applied to the input data and can avoid problems such as the build-up of noise and signal distortion during processing. Since images are defined over two dimensions (perhaps more) digital image processing may be modelled in the form of Multidimensional Systems. In a most generalized way, a digital image is an array of numbers depicting spatial distribution of a certain field parameters (such as reflectivity of EM radiation, emissivity, temperature or some geophysical or topographical elevation. Digital image consists of discrete picture elements called pixels. Associated with each pixel is a number represented as DN (Digital Number), that depicts the average radiance of a relatively small area within a scene. The range of DN values being normally 0 to 255. The size of this area affects the reproduction of details within the scene. As the pixel size is reduced more scene detail is preserved Remote sensing images are recorded in digital forms and then processed by the computers to produce images for interpretation purposes. Images are available in two forms - photographic film form and digital form. Variations in the scene characteristics are represented as variations in brightness on photographic films. A particular part of the scene reflecting more energy will appear bright while a different part of the same scene that reflects less energy will appear black. Digital image consists of discrete picture elements called pixels. Associated with each pixel is a number represented as DN (Digital Number), that depicts the average radiance of a relatively small area within a scene. The size of this area affects the reproduction of details within the scene. As the pixel size is reduced more scene detail is preserved in digital representation. Digital processing is used in a variety of applications. The different types of digital processing include image processing, audio processing, video processing, signal processing, and data processing. In the most basic terms, digital processing refers to any manipulation of electronic data to produce a specific effect. In a most generalized way, a digital image is an array of numbers depicting spatial distribution of a certain field parameters (such as reflectivity of EM radiation, emissivity, temperature or some geophysical or topographical elevation. Digital image consists of discrete picture elements called pixels. Associated with each pixel is a number represented as DN (Digital Number), that depicts the average radiance of a relatively small area within a scene. The range of DN values being
- 26. Seminar report Silent Sound Technology (SST) Page 17 of 27 BRECW, Hyderabad normally 0 to 255. The size of this area affects the reproduction of details within the scene. As the pixel size is reduced more scene detail is preserved in digital representation. Remote sensing images are recorded in digital forms and then processed by the computers to produce images for interpretation purposes. Images are available in two forms - photographic film form and digital form. Variations in the scene characteristics are represented as variations in brightness on photographic films. A particular part of the scene reflecting more energy will appear bright while a different part of the same scene that reflects less energy will appear black. Digital image consists of discrete picture elements called pixels. Associated with each pixel is a number represented as DN (Digital Number), that depicts the average radiance of a relatively small area within a scene. The size of this area affects the reproduction of details within the scene. As the pixel size is reduced more scene detail is preserved in digital representation. Data Formats for Digital Satellite Imagery Digital data from the various satellite systems supplied to the user in the form of computer readable tapes or CD-ROM. As no worldwide standard for the storage and transfer of remotely sensed data has been agreed upon, though the CEOS (Committee on Earth Observation Satellites) format is becoming accepted as the standard. Digital remote sensing data are often organised using one of the three common formats used to organise image data. For instance, an image consisting of four spectral channels, which can be visualised as four superimposed images, with corresponding pixels in one band registering exactly to those in the other bands. These common formats are: 1. Band Interleaved by Pixel (BIP) 2. Band Interleaved by Line (BIL) 3. Band Sequential (BQ) Digital image analysis is usually conducted using Raster data structures - each image is treated as an array of values. It offers advantages for manipulation of pixel values by an image processing system, as it is easy to find and locate pixels and their values. Disadvantages become apparent when one needs to represent the array of pixels as discrete patches or regions, whereas Vector data structures use polygonal patches and their boundaries as fundamental units for analysis and manipulation. Though vector format is not appropriate for digital analysis of remotely sensed data. 5.4 Image Resolution: Resolution can be defined as "the ability of an imaging system to record fine details in a distinguishable manner". A working knowledge of resolution is essential for understanding both practical and conceptual details of remote sensing. Along with the actual positioning of spectral bands, they are of paramount importance in determining the suitability of remotely sensed data for a given application. The major characteristics of imaging remote sensing instrument operating in the visible and infrared spectral region are described in terms as follow: • Spectral resolution
- 27. Seminar report Silent Sound Technology (SST) Page 18 of 27 BRECW, Hyderabad • Radiometric resolution • Spatial resolution • Temporal resolution 5.5 Digital processing steps: To overcome the flaws and deficiencies in order to get the originality of the data, it needs to undergo several steps of processing. Digital Image Processing undergoes three general steps: • Pre-processing • Image enhancement • Information extraction 5.5.1 Pre-Processing: • Pre-processing consists of those operations that prepare data for subsequent analysis that attempts to correct or compensate for systematic errors. • Then analysts may use feature extraction to reduce the dimensionality of the data. • Thus, feature extraction is the process of isolating the most useful components of the data for further study while discarding the less useful aspects. • It reduces the number of variables that must be examined, thereby saving time and resources. Pre-processing consists of those operations that prepare data for subsequent analysis that attempts to correct or compensate for systematic errors. The digital imageries are subjected to several corrections such as geometric, radiometric and atmospheric, though all these corrections might not necessarily be applied in all cases. These errors are systematic and can be removed before they reach the user. The investigator should decide which pre-processing techniques are relevant on the basis of the nature of the information to be extracted from remotely sensed data. After pre-processing is complete, the analyst may use feature extraction to reduce the dimensionality of the data. Thus, feature extraction is the process of isolating the most useful components of the data for further study while discarding the less useful aspects (errors, noise etc). Feature extraction reduces the number of variables that must be examined, thereby saving time and resources. Principal Component Analysis: Principal Components Analysis (PCA) is related to another statistical technique called factor analysis and can be used to transform a set of image bands such that the new bands (called principal components) are uncorrelated with one another and are ordered in terms of the amount of image variation they explain. The components are thus a statistical abstraction of the variability inherent in the original band set. The purpose of PCA is to define the dimensionality and to fix the coefficients that specify the set of axes, which point in the directions of greatest variability. The bands of PCA are often more interpretable than the source data.
- 28. Seminar report Silent Sound Technology (SST) Page 19 of 27 BRECW, Hyderabad 5.5.2 Image Enhancement: Improves the interpretability of the image by increasing apparent contrast among various features in the scene. The enhancement techniques depend upon two factors mainly. The digital data (i.e. with spectral bands and resolution). The objectives of interpretation. Common enhancements include image reduction, image rectification, image magnification, contrast adjustments, principal component analysis texture transformation and so on. Image Enhancement operations are carried out to improve the interpretability of the image by increasing apparent contrast among various features in the scene. The enhancement techniques depend upon two factors mainly 1)The digital data (i.e. with spectral bands and resolution) 2) The objectives of interpretation As an image enhancement technique often drastically alters the original numeric data, it is normally used only for visual (manual) interpretation and not for further numeric analysis. Common enhancements include image reduction, image rectification, image magnification, transect extraction, contrast adjustments, band ratioing, spatial filtering, Fourier transformations, principal component analysis and texture transformation. Image enhancement techniques can be divided into two categories: 1.Spatial domain methods, which operate directly on pixels 2.Frequency domain methods, which operate on the fourier transform of an image Unfortunately, there is no general theory for determining what good image enhancement is when it comes to human perception. However, when image enhancement techniques are used as pre-processing tools for other image processing techniques, then quantitative measures can determine which techniques are most appropriate. 5.5.3 Information Extraction: In Information Extraction the remotely sensed data is subjected to quantitative analysis to assign individual pixels to specific classes. It is then classified. It is necessary to evaluate its accuracy by comparing the categories on the classified images with the areas of known identity on the ground. The final result of the analysis consists of maps (or images), data and a report. Then these are converted to corresponding signals. Information Extraction is the last step toward the final output of the image analysis. After pre- processing and image enhancement the remotely sensed data is subjected to quantitative analysis to assign individual pixels to specific classes. Classification of the image is based on the known and unknown identity to classify the remainder of the image consisting of those pixels of unknown identity. After classification is complete, it is necessary to evaluate its accuracy by comparing the categories on the classified images with the areas of known identity on the ground. The final result of the analysis consists of maps (or images), data and a report. These three components of the result provide the user with full information concerning the source data, the method of analysis and the outcome and its reliability.
- 29. Seminar report Silent Sound Technology (SST) Page 20 of 27 BRECW, Hyderabad Pre-Processing of the Remotely Sensed Images When remotely sensed data is received from the imaging sensors on the satellite platforms it contains flaws and deficiencies. Pre-processing refers to those operations that are preliminary to the main analysis. Pre-processing includes a wide range of operations from the very simple to extremes of abstractness and complexity. These categorized as follow: 1. Feature Extraction 2. Radiometric Corrections 3. Geometric Corrections 4. Atmospheric Correction The techniques involved in removal of unwanted and distracting elements such as image/system noise, atmospheric interference and sensor motion from an image data occurred due to limitations in the sensing of signal digitization, or data recording or transmission process. Removal of these effects from the digital data are said to be "restored" to their correct or original condition, although we can, of course never know what the correct values might be and must always remember that attempts to correct data may introduce errors. Thus, image restoration includes the efforts to correct for both radiometric and geometric errors. 5.5.4 Histogram Equalisation: The underlying principle of histogram equalisation is straightforward and simple, it is assumed that each level in the displayed image should contain an approximately equal number of pixel values, so that the histogram of these displayed values is almost uniform (though not all 256 classes are necessarily occupied). The objective of the histogram equalisation is to spread the range of pixel values present in the input image over the full range of the display device. 5.6 Silent sound interface: Ultrasonic sound is a non-invasive and clinically safe procedure which makes the most possible real-time visualisation of one of the important articulators of speech production system the tongue. It is a local oscillating sound pressure wave having frequency greater than upper limit of human hearing range. Ultra sound is thus not separated from normal audible sound by difference in physical properties; only by fact humans cannot hear it.
- 30. Seminar report Silent Sound Technology (SST) Page 21 of 27 BRECW, Hyderabad Fig 5.1 Silent Sound interface using image processing Ultrasound device is coupled with standard optical camera is used to capture tongue and lip movements. Because of its non-invasive property, clinically safety and good resolution. The captured image of lip and tongue are given to lip reader. Lip reader detects the lip and tongue movements by comparing the earlier stored images of the spoken words with the present images of lips and tongue movement. Where there is a match in images of lips and tongue movement it generates a visual speech signal. The generated visual speech signals are given to silent vocoder. Silent vocoder converts the visual speech into human spoken words. 5.7 Results of Image Processing: Fig 5.2 Live video captured by webcam Fig 5.3 Region of interest for silent word ‘Nihao’
- 31. Seminar report Silent Sound Technology (SST) Page 22 of 27 BRECW, Hyderabad Fig 5.4 Facial features detected live video for silent word ‘Nihao’ Fig 5.5 Lip during motion with perimeter contour and key points Fig 5.6 Multiframe images for ‘Nihao’ Fig 5.7 Threshold analysis based on coordinates Vs time
- 32. Seminar report Silent Sound Technology (SST) Page 23 of 27 BRECW, Hyderabad Chapter 6 Architecture and working of Silent Sound technology Silent Sound technology is a technology that analyse and understand every movement of the lips and facial expressions then transform them into audio and text output. The use of this technology is immense for people who are vocally challenged or have been rendered mute due to accidents. Lip tracking is one of the biometric systems based on which a genuine system can be developed. Skin segmentation and morphological operation helps to locate facial features in the interior of the face and colour coded perimeter with fittings on the contour of the lip. Fig 6.1 Process model architecture and its working methodology To proceed with this research work, the process model assumed is iterative process model since it is more adaptable for this work. Once the face detection and mouth region detection is achieved, speech analysis can be performed with the use of lip motion features strategies and emotional expression with the use of other facial parts. If efficiency with identification technique is not proper then the threshold value falls out of the defined unique index value and retrial has to be made. Those are one of the main reasons to choose the iterative process. As the lip contour is initiated accurately, the extracted lip contour is morphologically processed and corners are fitted by the key points like left/right and upper/lower corners with centroid. Obtaining the lip contour in subsequent frames and the lip movement is completely tracked. A multi frame montage in a single object image montage is built and a database is created for it and obtained feature like eyes and nose vector in the database. If the frames pass the threshold test with known and unknown templates, based on trained and tested index value/trials the user can receive a text output and later an audio output.
- 33. Seminar report Silent Sound Technology (SST) Page 24 of 27 BRECW, Hyderabad Chapter 7 Research With all of the millions of phones in circulation, there is great potential for increasing earnings by saving lost calls - telephone calls that go unanswered or uninitiated because the user is in a situation in which he or she cannot speak - not just in business meetings, but everyday situations. According to research, these lost calls are worth $20 billion per year worldwide. For the cellular operator, these are potential earnings that are currently being left on the table. When these 'lost calls' become answerable, and can be conducted without making a sound, there is a tremendous potential for increased profits. Now the research is going on technology that can be used in the Office Environment too. Silent sound technology gives way to a bright future to speech recognition technology from simple voice commands to memorandum dictated over the phone all this is fairly possible in noisy public places. Without having electrodes hanging all around your face, these electrodes will be incorporated into cell phones. Nano technology will be a mentionable step towards making the device handy. With all of the millions of phones in circulation, there is great potential for increasing earnings by saving lost calls - telephone calls that go unanswered or uninitiated because the user is in a situation in which he or she cannot speak – not just in business meetings, but everyday situations. According to research, these lost calls are worth $20 billion per year worldwide. For the cellular operator, these are potential earnings that are currently being left on the table.
- 34. Seminar report Silent Sound Technology (SST) Page 25 of 27 BRECW, Hyderabad Chapter 8 Applications, Advantages and Disadvantages Applications: The Technology opens up a host of application such as mentioned below: 1. Helping people who have lost their voice due to illness or accident. 2. Telling a trusted friend your PIN number over the phone without anyone eavesdropping — assuming no lip-readers are around. 3. Silent Sound Techniques is applied in the Military for communicating secret/confidential matters to others. 4. Native speakers can silently utter a sentence in their language, and the receivers can hear the translated sentence in their language. It appears as if the native speaker produced speech in a foreign language. The translation technology works for languages like English, French and German, except Chinese, where different tones can hold many different meanings. 5. Allow people to make silent calls without bothering others. Advantages: 1. Silent sound technology helps to transmit information without using vocal cords, who are suffering from aphasia (speaking disorder). 2. We can make silent calls even if we are in crowded place. 3. It is a very good technology for noise cancellation technique. 4. As we know in space there is no medium for sound to travel therefore silent sound technology can be best utilised by astronauts. Disadvantages: 1. In this technology, from security point of view recognising who are talking to gets complicated and differentiating emotions cannot be done. 2. In silent sound technology, languages like Chinese are difficult because different tones can hold different meanings.
- 35. Seminar report Silent Sound Technology (SST) Page 26 of 27 BRECW, Hyderabad Conclusion Thus, Silent Sound Technology is one of the recent trends in the field of information technology implements “voice without voice”. It will be one of the innovations and useful technology and in the mere future this technology will be used in our day to day life. Silent Sound technology aims to notice every movement of the lips and transform them into sounds, which could help people who lose voices to speak, and allow people to make silent calls without bothering others. Rather than making any sounds, your handset would decipher the movements your mouth makes by measuring muscle activity, then convert this into speech that the person on the other end of the call can hear. So, basically it reads your lips.
- 36. Seminar report Silent Sound Technology (SST) Page 27 of 27 BRECW, Hyderabad References 1. Denby B, Schut T. HondakHueber T, Gilbert J.M, BrumbergJS(2010) slient speech interface surface electromyography signal processing and application by A.N Norali, M.H. Mat Som, Journal of electromyography and kinestology 10 (2000) 351 -360 2. International journal in multidisciplinary and Academic Research (SSIJMAR) Vol .2, No.2, March – April (ISSN 2278 - 5973) 3. http://www.infoplease.com/dk/science/encyclopedia/r espiratory-system.html 4. http://en.wikipedia.orrg/wiki/Digital_signal_processing 5.Shehjar Safaya, Kameshwar Sharma, Silent Sound Technology- An End to Noisy Communication, Speech Communication, Vol. 1, Issue 9, November 2013 [6]. 6.Brumberg, J. Nieto-Castanon A, Kennedy,. P., Guenther,.H. (2010). Brain–computer interfaces for speech communication. Speech Communication Journal. 52(4): 257-270 7.Denby, B., Schultz, T., Honda, K., Hueber, T., Gilbert, J., Brumberg, J. (2010) Silent Speech Interfaces, Speech Communication journal. 52 (4): 270-287. 8.Fitzpatrick, M., (2010). dell challenge. Retrieved 11 24, 2014, from www.dellchallenge.org: htt://www.dellchallenge.org/projects/silent-sound-technology 9.Hueber, T., Benaroya,.E., Chollet, .G., Denby, .B., Dreyfus,.G., Stone,.M., (2010) Development of a silent speech interface driven by ultrasound and optical images of the tongue and lips. Speech Communication journal, 52(4): 288– 300. 10.Jorgensen C, Dusan S. (2010). Speech interfaces based upon surface electromyography. Speech Communication journal,52(4):298-390.
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A survey on Silent Sound Technology Using Electromyography and Image Processing
- K. R. Swetha
We have a technology called silent sound technology which is quite interesting as one can talk to other person without actually uttering a word from one’s lips. Noise pollution is one of the major problems in malls, theatre’s and some public places etc. This noise pollution can be reduced using this new technology. The silent sound technology first came out from “Karlsruhe Institute of Technology”. This technology observes every lip movement of a person and then converts that muscle movements i.e., electrical pulse into the signals of sound and sends to the person on other end clearly without any disturbances that was there at the sender’s side. This technology helps to the people who have lost their voices but wants to talk on a mobile phone and for those who are in a crowd places but want to communicate on a phone. And the important thing is electrical pulse is universal hence it enables to communicate to any person across the world.
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To make an acknowledgement in a research paper, a writer should express thanks by using the full or professional names of the people being thanked and should specify exactly how the people being acknowledged helped.
An action research paper documents a “cycle of inquiry,” in which the writer evaluates a problem and develops a strategy of reform. Educators and educational administrators typically use this writing format to foster continual improvement i...
We have a technology called silent sound technology which is quite interesting as one can talk to other person without actually uttering a
@International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering, Technology and Science. [4921]. SILENT SOUND TECHNOLOGY. Prof. Shwetha V*1, Yogitha JR*2.
Cite This Article. "SILENT SOUND TECHNOLOGY", International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (www.jetir.org), ISSN:2349-5162, Vol.5
34th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS 2020)
Silent sound technology is an amazing solution for those who had lost their voice but wish to speak over phone. It is developed at the Karlsruhe Institute
case and present latest SSI research aimed at providing new alternative and ... word recognition accuracy of 95% for audio-only, 85% for.
Abstract: Silent sound technology SST has be introduced to put end to noise ... Paper ID: 16041706.
DARPA Defence Advanced Research project agency 2 ASE Advanced Speech Encoding Program. Abstract Silent sound technology (SST) - an end to Noisy
5 (2020). Section. Articles. 0.3. 2019CiteScore. 9th percentile.
entirely different as in the case of Ultra Sound and Lip video based research.
A major focal point was the DARPA Advanced. Speech Encoding Program (ASE ) of the early. 2000's, which funded research on low bit rate speech synthesis ''with