

The Journal of Social Studies Research
About the journal, latest published, articles in press, most downloaded, most popular, hard history in hard contexts: teaching slavery and its legacy in a neo-confederate space, does a queen belong in a democracy departures and possibilities in civics and economics education, a new tool in whiteness pedagogies: possibilities of counter-monuments and counter-museums, troubling state (of) affairs: a critical analysis of a state-approved, elementary field trip, “we need to teach school differently”: learning to teach social studies for justice, teach what you preach the relationship between teachers’ citizenship beliefs and citizenship education in the classroom, evaluating and developing teacher instructional practices in economics using a new video-based test, democratizing social studies teacher education through mediated field experiences and practice-based teacher education, special issues and article collections, research on equity in civics education., unofficial and unconventional social studies spaces for students of color, social studies and special education: the continuation of a beautiful friendship, research on lgbt issues and queer theory in the social studies.
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Social Studies Education Research Paper

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Social studies education encompasses a diverse formal curriculum in addition to a powerful set of school-based learning experiences. The formal curriculum is composed of content taken predominately from the social sciences and certain humanities. But content from many other subjects can be a legitimate part of social studies as it might either serve as a tool supporting social thinking and learning (e.g., using mathematical concepts to illuminate housing prices) or become a target of social studies instruction (e.g., examining issues related to stem cells to better understand the nature of public policy debates).
The subjects that most educators group under the label of social sciences are geography, political science, economics, sociology, anthropology, and psychology. The humanities featured in social studies are history, philosophy, religion, and aspects of art history and literature. History, geography, economics, and political science, typically called the core four, usually get the lion’s share of time and attention in the social studies curriculum at all levels of education. Research and writing by scholars in these disciplines provides the content that is taught to students at all grade levels.
The formal curriculum is the purposefully taught social studies lessons that students encounter in schools. National, state, and local curriculum guides often specify the learning goals students are expected to achieve from this officially endorsed, prescribed social studies instruction. Textbooks and other instructional resources are used to help students learn the formal curriculum. This curriculum is open to public review and it is often tested to provide evidence of students’ learning. The intellectual foundation of the formal curriculum comes almost exclusively from the social sciences and the humanities.
Beyond the formal social studies curriculum is an informal, hidden, or natural curriculum. For example, elementary schools typically recognize popular holidays with a variety of decorations, events, and programs that help to set a seasonal tone and rhythm to the school year. In addition to this typical set of seasonal events, all schools also foster a civic culture through such things as their code of conduct, their various administrative interactions with students and their parents, and the provision of extracurricular activities and clubs. These phenomena arguably join with the formal social studies curriculum as agents of intentional sociocultural learning that are designed to prepare young people for their future roles as engaged, active citizens within our representative democracy.
General Historical Overview of Development in the United States
In the early colonial days of our nation, social studies as a distinct school subject did not exist. Before the establishment of public education, only the wealthy would have their children tutored or attend private schools to learn reading, writing, arithmetic, and religion. Because instruction about world religions is now considered part of social studies, it could be argued that this was the first appearance of social studies.
With the overthrow of British rule in 1776, opinion in our nation began to shift toward the provision of universal education for all children as a necessity for a self-governing nation. Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, and Noah Webster, among others, argued for adding civic education—composed primarily of lessons on our history and government—to the common school curriculum. Of particular importance was Jefferson’s belief that citizenship education was a necessity in a democracy.
Further public sentiment in favor of tax-supported common schools gained momentum in the early decades of the 1800s. Horace Mann, a Massachusetts legislator, did much to sway opinion in favor of this new and uniquely American approach to education. Concerning the common school, Ornstein and Levine (1989) state:
Through a common or a shared program of civic education, it was to cultivate a sense of American identity and loyalty. Its major social purpose was to integrate children of various social, economic, and ethnic backgrounds into the broad American community. . . . It was to educate the future citizens of a country with self-governing political institutions. (p. 170)
The common school curriculum grew and changed throughout the 1800s. By the last quarter of that century, history and government were taught in many urban elementary schools to prepare students for the demands of citizenship in a diverse immigrant-based and rapidly industrializing society. At the turn of the 20th century, only a little over 6% of teenage Americans graduated from high school (Bohan, 2005). This fact helps us understand the crucial importance of elementary social studies as most Americans’ only significant opportunity to learn the history, geography, economics, and government content needed for democratic citizenship. The growth of sociology, anthropology, and psychology as legitimate academic disciplines in their own right during the late 1800s and early 1900s laid the foundation for a diversification of social studies education in American high schools.
Bohan (2005) traced the roots of social studies in the United States to the Committee of Eight, a group formed in 1905 that recommended a highly nationalistic approach to American history at every grade level, with an oral approach in the early grades where reading skills were still being formed and reliance on textbook-based instruction in the later elementary grades. The focus for Grades 1 and 2 was Native Americans and public holidays; for Grade 3, biographical study of heroes and American independence; for Grades 4 and 5, historical scenes and persons of American history and the growth and development of the American nation; for Grade 6, a study of the European origins of American citizens (Bohan, 2005, p. 288). Much of this same content can be found in contemporary elementary schools.
In the early 1900s, communities began to extend education beyond elementary school, forming junior and senior high schools that sought to expand and strengthen the history and government lessons students had learned in elementary education. Lybarger (1991) notes that the 1916 Committee on Social Studies of the National Education Association’s Commission on the Reorganization of Secondary Education popularized the term social studies.
The National Council for the Social Studies (NCSS) in 1921 vowed to bring together teachers and others interested in citizenship education through social studies. In response to the turmoil in high school social studies, the American Historical Association published a 16-volume commission report that secured a role for history as a unifying subject at the core of the social studies curriculum.
In the late 1950s, a social studies curriculum revision movement that came to be known as the new social studies (NSS) attempted to move instruction away from traditional methods that focused on the mastery of content and skills deemed important to citizenship transmission and acculturation, to emerging concepts and theories of the social sciences and teaching practices that engaged students in issues-oriented inquiries. The NSS curriculum revision era spanned more than two decades but was only minimally successful in altering the predominate patterns of social studies teaching (Rice, 1992). Of course, this period of great turmoil and discord in America was associated with the rise of the baby boom generation, the sexual revolution, the civil rights movement, the stresses of the Cold War, and the disastrous Vietnam War. Toward the end of the 1960s, educators began reexamining the role of junior high schools, arguing, among other things, that the developmental needs of adolescents needed more attention and that instruction needed to be more child-centered and provided through closely knit instructional teams. The middle school movement was born, and the National Middle School Association was formed in 1973 to encourage a continuing focus on the unique needs of youth.
With the election of Ronald Reagan in 1980, a turn toward conservatism took place in America that had many consequences for public education, such as changes in the role of the U.S. Department of Education and the way federal funds were distributed to states. Subsequent developments such as the Republican takeover of Congress in 1994, the development of voluntary national standards in virtually all subject areas, and a number of other school reforms driven by America 2000, the first of President Bush’s signature school improvement plans, had a substantial effect on education in general and social studies in particular. Within social studies this meant a return to a dominant focus on history, geography, economics, and government/civics/political science; a retreat from issues-oriented inquiry instruction; and attempts to bolster the presence of Western cultures’ humanities content in the curriculum.
Relationship to Other Subjects and School Culture
Social studies has many interconnections with other school subjects. The English, language arts, and literature curriculums, for example, typically include cultural literacy and communication goals that match similar aims within social studies instruction. For example, various forms of literature such as biography are often read in social studies classes to provide a more engaging or more detailed account of real life events. Science properly includes a historical perspective on its content and similarly often includes a much needed focus on public policy debates that surround leading-edge developments in scientific research and technology such as cloning, AIDS, and stem cell use. Foreign language instruction routinely engages students in the study of other nations’ cultures, since this focus is the driving force behind the proper meaning and use of any language. Sex and drug education, to be effective, must reasonably go beyond diagrams and charts to consider elements of peer pressure and popular culture that influence young people’s behavior. Career education, another and more obvious form of social studies, is often tied to the economic education strand of the curriculum.
It is crucial to reemphasize the importance of the total school environment as a complex and multifaceted setting for the learning of important lessons about what it means to be an American. School sports were not mentioned in the previous section, but they, too, are a powerful component of school culture and hold incredibly strong potential for good and harm within the lives of students and their families. Perhaps this realization partially explains why social studies teachers are often sports coaches or otherwise actively involved in the extracurricular life of their schools.
Professional Organizations
The preeminent professional organization for the social studies, the National Council for the Social Studies (NCSS), was formed in 1921 and currently has 26,000 members. The NCSS produced the voluntary national standards for social studies instruction, Expectations of Excellence (1994), and voluntary national standards for the preparation of social studies teachers. It publishes three journals: Social Education, Middle Level Learning, and Social Studies and the Young Learner. The NCSS is the parent organization for many affiliated regional and state social studies councils in addition to professional groups such as the College and University Faculty Assembly (CUFA), which publishes the leading academic journal Theory and Research in Social Education; the Council of State Social Studies Specialists (CS4); and the National Social Studies Supervisors Association (NSSSA), whose members are school district level social studies curriculum supervisors.
Although the NCSS is the leading organization that promotes social studies, it is important to note that each of the core four discipline areas also has a professional organization that promotes instruction within that particular subject. For example, history has the National Council for History Education (NCHE), geography has the National Council for Geographic Education (NCGE), and economics has the National Council for Economic Education (NCEE). Political science, whose professional organization is the American Political Science Association (APSA), has a subgroup that is concerned with precollegiate education, but much of the effort to improve government and civics classes has come from organizations such as the Center for Civic Education (CCE), the Constitutional Rights Foundation (CRF), the Close Up Foundation, and a variety of others.
National and State Standards
Expectations of Excellence (National Council for the Social Studies [NCSS], 1994), the voluntary national standards for K-12 social studies instruction, specified 10 themes, representing the social science and humanities disciplines but also incorporating some additional content themes such as global connections, science, technology, and society. Content learning outcomes for each theme were specified for upper elementary, middle, and high school social studies learning. A comprehensive skills matrix was provided in addition to a vision statement on “powerful social studies learning” (NCSS, 1994). Although the NCSS standards served as a comprehensive guide to social studies instruction, they lacked the subject matter specificity needed to direct discipline-centered instruction, drive curriculum development, or guide test development. The core four disciplines all produced their own comprehensive voluntary national standards during the mid-1990s. These curriculum guides were much more detailed than the NCSS’s 10 themes for excellence in social studies. The voluntary national history standards ran into a hailstorm of conservative criticism, and the geography standards received a mixed review from geography teachers. Education is, of course, a state function, so states vary a great deal in their standards for the different content areas of social studies such as history (Brown, 2003).
Testing, Accountability, and No Child Left Behind
Testing and accountability take on several forms in social studies. Many high school social studies courses, for example, culminate with a required district or state level end-of-course test that determines whether students pass or must retake required courses. In addition, students at many grade levels often have to take standardized, commercial achievement tests such as the Iowa Test of Basic Skills, the California Achievement Test, the Metropolitan Achievement Test, or the Stanford Achievement Test, all of which include assessments of social studies content learning. Teacher accountability may extend beyond scrutiny of test scores, to include ways of checking adherence to pacing guides that specify what must be taught at a particular time of the school year.
Social studies educators have understandably tended to be strong advocates of academic freedom and local control of the curriculum; however, the exclusion of social studies from testing under the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) has left many believing that the social studies are being seriously neglected in favor of subjects that will be tested. Many believe that students are graduating without the understanding they need to function as effective citizens. Consequently, the NCSS has passed an official resolution urging that social studies be included in states’ NCLB testing programs.
Staffing And Instructional Leadership
Staffing and instructional leadership varies widely in elementary, middle, and high schools. High schools, of course, must staff the required history, economics, geography, government, or civics classes. Highly qualified teachers are hired to meet these instructional needs. Other things being equal, high school social studies departments tend to prefer teachers who can also coach a sport or be otherwise involved in the extended extracurricular life of the school. High school teachers often work at several grade levels and are assigned up to four daily classes. Middle school social studies teachers are typically assigned to multisubject instructional teams, and they may or may not teach more than one grade level during the day. Middle school administrators also look for highly qualified teachers to cover the number of required classes that they must offer. Like their high school counterparts, middle school social studies teachers’ job prospects are strengthened if they are able to coach a sport or sponsor a club, have earned a graduate degree, or hold special education or English as a second language certification. Elementary schools typically have no formal leadership in social studies. Teachers may collaborate on grade-level specific planning for social studies instruction for a grading period or the entire school year. At all school levels teachers may also have some input into the social studies textbook adoption for their school.
Instructional leadership within school systems for social studies varies considerably. In many cases, school and even district-level instructional support personnel may be overworked and forced to cover more than one content or subject area (e.g., English and social studies). Ideally, teachers should have some well-qualified person whom they can call upon for advice and resources. But this is rarely the case and, as a result, teachers turn most often to colleagues, professional associations’ conferences, and the Internet for help and ideas to improve their social studies teaching.
Elementary Social Studies
Contemporary practice.
The widening horizons scope and sequence became the dominant approach to the elementary social studies curriculum during the 1950s, and remnants of this scope and sequence remain today in most school systems. Topics or themes are typically used to structure the elementary social studies curriculum. For example, a fifth-grade unit on a specific Native American culture in the early 1800s might integrate content from history, anthropology, and geography. Alternatively, a first-grade unit on contemporary families would integrate content of sociology, economics, psychology, and perhaps religion.
Occasionally, teachers in elementary schools will devote some specific instructional time to a single discipline, but such discipline-focused studies are the exception rather than the rule in most elementary classrooms. The predominant approach to teaching elementary social studies is an integrated disciplines approach, and this approach is likely to remain popular in the future (Haas & Laughlin, 2001).
Controversies, Difficulties, and Issues
Several clear results of efforts to change elementary social studies are apparent, particularly in altering the outdated expanding environments scope and sequence, and improving textbooks and other curriculum materials. Half a dozen alternative scope and sequence arrangements have been promoted, but no one proposal has assumed a dominant position and vestiges remain of the early curriculums. Improved textbooks now include significant content on women and minorities, and they assiduously resist stereotypes in these depictions. Material on other nations is routinely included in elementary social studies, and it is not unusual to find some content that focuses on issues such as poverty and pollution as these phenomena exist both abroad and in the United States. Newer textbooks also typically address some of the most troubling and dubious actions of our government such as the removal of the Cherokees from the lower Appalachians, the internment of Japanese Americans, and the dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki during World War II.
In addition to the controversies over what should be taught, elementary social studies has suffered from widespread general neglect in the curriculum, largely as a result of increasing attention being given to reading and math (VanFossen, 2005). This attention to reading and math is, of course, driven largely by high-stakes testing that is now associated with NCLB. Efforts to achieve high test scores are most apparent in schools that service low socioeconomic status (SES) families. Since these financially challenged families typically cannot afford summer camps or vacation trips, and the home environment itself may lack good books, computers, and newspapers, low SES schools that neglect social studies are eliminating the only chance these children may have for gaining early and potentially significant insights into history, geography, economics, or government, politics, and citizenship. The research of Brophy and Alleman (2006; 2007) demonstrated young students’ severely limited knowledge about cultural universals (e.g., food, clothing, shelter, transportation) that has resulted from this lack of social studies education and the consequent need to refocus the elementary social studies curriculum.
The professional preparation of most elementary teachers is also implicated in the weakness of social studies as a school subject. College students who prepare to become elementary teachers often have very limited exposure to the social sciences and humanities with the noted exception of history. It would be a rare exception to encounter a preservice teacher with significant coursework in political science, economics, or geography. Further, most elementary teacher preparation programs have two or three times the curriculum and methods coursework in reading, math, and language arts as they do in social studies, where the norm is one course, the maximum is two, and the minimum is often no significant coursework at all—the teaching of social studies being addressed only in a combined methods course that encompasses a host of topics such as lesson planning and classroom management. Thus many elementary teachers enter their classrooms without a clue as to what to do and certainly no love of the subjects that comprise elementary social studies.
Future Challenges
First, we must do a better job of preparing elementary teachers to teach this subject, and we must persuade administrators that they are making a grave error if they omit this subject from a young person’s formal education. Second, we must adopt an intellectually defensible and politically palatable scope and sequence for elementary social studies that can inspire creative, child-centered teaching while addressing the real-world learning needs of the students we serve in our classrooms (Katz, 1999). Brophy and Alleman’s (2006) proposal for an elementary social studies curriculum centered on cultural universals meets these goals and it could also provide a basis for improved testing practices. Third, once social studies is fully reestablished in the curriculum with meaningful daily instruction, we need to have an ongoing program of curriculum development assistance that is driven by a strong sense of professionalism and pride-of-purpose, recalling that each child we reach may play a crucial role in creating peace, spreading liberty, and promoting human dignity.
Middle School Social Studies
Social studies in the middle grades builds on the integrated, thematic approach most often used in the elementary grades and prepares students for the discipline-focused courses of high school. Middle grade teachers combine national and state social studies standards into a curriculum that addresses a variety of age-specific needs and local school district requirements. Middle grade teachers routinely use a variety of instructional strategies to actively engage their students, often drawing from information on wise social studies practice that was developed largely for elementary and high school students. Requirements for high-stakes exams also influence social studies instruction in the middle grades, tying teachers more closely to local curriculum guides and state standards.
The middle grade social studies curriculum includes history, geography, government and civics, and economics. States determine the order in which social studies topics will be taught and how they will be combined into a cohesive curriculum. Thus, curriculums vary significantly among the states. For example, Georgia’s middle grade social studies students take 2 years of world history and 1 year of Georgia history. By contrast, California’s middle grade social studies students study United States history, followed by world history, and then a return to United States history. Social studies units are usually based on the standards for history but integrate other social science disciplines into the history instruction. National and state standards also include requirements for instruction in a variety of skills such as spatial thinking and map use, historical thinking and reasoning, analysis of historical artifacts, and other critical thinking skills.
Preparing students for high-stakes testing is an important consideration for middle grade teachers. Fear that their students will fail to perform adequately on these tests causes some teachers to plan instruction that covers a wide range of materials. When this approach to instruction is combined with practice in test-taking skills, some teachers have found that test scores do improve in the short term. But many educators doubt whether students receiving this type of instruction are gaining the in-depth knowledge and understanding that will enable them to succeed in more advanced courses in high school and college or be effective citizens.
Middle grade social studies teachers often find that the most effective instructional strategies are those that require students’ active participation, especially if students complete tasks that are similar to the tasks adults would undertake with the same types of information. Middle grade students are engaged when activities require them to gather and synthesize information, work with others to use this information to solve or analyze a problem, and then present their work to others. This is especially true when students are working on a complicated problem for which there is no right or wrong answer and when their conclusions must be defended publicly. For example, groups might research a list of early North American explorers, determine which four they believe are the most important and therefore worthy of full coverage in a social studies textbook, and make a group presentation arguing for the four they chose.
Use of technology in social studies classes has become an important issue in education. The most common use of technology in the middle grades is for guided research and creative projects. Some teachers have organized effective collaborations between students in different cities, states, or nations using e-mail, discussion boards, and chat technologies. Technology also provides social studies teachers access to a wealth of digital resources for enriching their lessons and allows students to use resources they would have been unable to access in the past. Assignments that require students to state and defend opinions, write from specific historical perspectives, or other nontraditional assignments help prevent plagiarism and other problems teachers sometimes fear when using technology.
Although middle grade teachers typically rely on national, state, and local standards to determine what they will teach, controversial content often intrudes into what would otherwise seem to be safe topics. For example, when learning about the civil rights movement, middle grade students may fixate on the most violent and atrocious acts and use their expanding skills and awareness of contemporary acts of racism to raise questions that demand the teacher’s attention. Many educators suggest that teachers should make dealing with such controversial topics a regular part of their instruction. They contend that consideration of controversy, when coupled with effective tools and strategies, can help create a classroom environment where students are able to understand the importance of social studies skills and knowledge. Some teachers, however, are not comfortable including controversial topics in the classroom. They may fear that middle grade students would be unable to adequately comprehend and consider complex topics. These fears, as well as concerns that parents, administration, or community members may disapprove, can result in teachers giving inadequate attention to complex topics, attempting to provide fact-based instruction for issues on which the facts are not agreed, or simply skipping topics that might be controversial.
Other social studies educators suggest that fact-based, direct instruction should be the primary instructional strategy in the middle grades (Rochester, 2003; Schug, 2003). Inadequate knowledge about the subject that they are teaching, lack of familiarity with effective strategies for teaching more complex lessons, and a belief that middle grade students should focus on facts and deal with concepts and other complex subjects only after they have a firm foundation in the basics are reasons some teachers adopt this strategy. Use of problem-based instruction and controversial issues involves passionate beliefs on both sides, and although the NCSS and many other organizations have taken a stand supporting active, student-centered instruction, the controversy remains strongest at the middle grade levels.
Middle grade social studies faces several challenges. The focus on high-stakes testing means that teachers will continue to struggle with how best to prepare their students. Teachers are challenged to routinely use instructional strategies that actively engage students while ensuring that their students gain the knowledge needed to perform well on these tests. The ability to do this is vital if high-stakes exams are going to be a positive influence on social studies instruction instead of influencing teachers to limit their instructional strategies as well as the topics they teach.
The majority of research on social studies instruction is at either the elementary or high school level, leaving middle grade teachers to adapt strategies that were designed for younger or older students. More research needs to be done to produce a body of wise practice to guide middle grade social studies instruction.
High School Social Studies
High school social studies is typically an amalgam of distinct history, government, geography, and economics courses with history receiving the lion’s share of course-work. Larger and wealthier high schools are often able to provide electives in the other social sciences and humanities and might also offer one or two issues-focused courses that cut across several disciplines. Classes are often tracked, with college-bound students often receiving Advanced Placement (AP) coursework while other stu-dents are taught either a general course or one covering much of the same AP course content but paced more slowly and demanding less homework.
Over the past two decades there has been considerable effort to reinvigorate high school history, geography, economics, and government and civics courses. Each core discipline has developed finely articulated voluntary national standards, and each has also engaged in a variety of teacher training and public outreach efforts to help achieve instructional excellence and increased public awareness of the disciplines’ importance. Social studies teachers have been greatly aided by advances in computer technology and the immense growth of the Internet, where it is estimated that almost 80% of all Web sites contain information that fits within the social sciences and humanities disciplines (Braun & Risinger, 1999). Dramatically improved access to local, state, national, and international news, news archives, and other research tools has greatly simplified the acquisition of information needed for the study of historical or contemporary events.
Technology has also dramatically improved access to digital facsimiles of primary source documents. Additionally, television programming (e.g., The History Channel) has no doubt greatly enhanced the aura of history as a school subject. Geography teaching has benefited similarly from advances in computer technologies, especially the proliferation of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and GIS-like electronic atlases based on the pinpoint accuracy of Global Positioning Satellite (GPS) data and often enhanced with satellite imagery that can be overlaid on map-like images. These modern mapping systems allow for a wide array of geographic inquiry and research, ranging from mapping social data such as income, education, health, and religion to physical data such as rainfall, soil characteristics, vegetation, crops, and minerals. An obvious consequence of this is that high school geography teachers are now much more able to blend together a study of a geographic theme, such as the connections among places, with the simultaneous exploration of a specific place. Such technology use allows students to function at a much higher and more engaging level of geographic learning. Technology has also enhanced the teaching of economics, with a variety of powerful simulations and greatly improved, often instantaneous, access to economic data. Popular government and civics materials now make frequent use of hands-on simulations such as mock trials, simulated congressional hearings, and close-up encounters with government officials and agencies. Service learning has also been a prominent addition to economics and civics instruction (Wade, 2000).
A prominent and continuing problem of high school social studies is related to the original creation of social studies as an area of learning that ideally sought to provide students with issues-focused, interdisciplinary instruction that addressed real-world problems. Most of the discipline-specific promotion and development of the past 20 years has discouraged and displaced this type of learning for students. Note, too, that the social studies philosophy favored empowering teachers and students to determine some of the issues or problems that they were going to examine, whereas detailed curriculum standards and related high-stakes testing discourages such classroom decision making.
Related to what some call an ideologically conservative retrenchment to single-discipline social studies instruction, are the continuing reports of student boredom and disaffection engendered by overreliance on lectures, notetaking, textbook reading, and multiple-choice testing. Students seldom see connections among their largely separate courses, and they may be discouraged from asking questions that depart from some predetermined instructional sequence tied to high-stakes testing. Teachers may discourage small-group work because they fear having to reign in excessive amounts of socialization and the potential threat of conflicts and eventual loss of class control. These fears may be exacerbated in classrooms that have clashing subcultures whether these are based on ethnic heritage, socioeconomic status, religious differences, cliques, or gangs.
Another difficulty is that teachers must be certified in one of the core disciplines to be considered highly qualified. This has defeated the concept of a broad-field certified teacher who is best capable of creating issues-oriented cross-curricular understanding of content that arguably might help create a new generation of citizens better prepared to deal with the cultural complexities we now face.
Our increasingly diverse society creates the inescapable relevance of multicultural education to citizenship preparation as an issue of paramount importance. If social studies teachers are to be successful in any setting, their preparation must include multicultural education, both in theory and practice.
Pragmatically, the biggest challenge facing high school social studies teachers may be how to get their students to pass mandatory tests that serve as gateways to graduation. Methods of instruction are doubtlessly tied to students’ motivation to learn (VanSickle, 1990) and to their successful mastery of course content, so teachers are well advised to use different strategies to increase learning within their classrooms.
A second challenge is for teachers to effectively use technology as a part of their instruction. Staying up-to-date takes time, but effective use of a wide variety of software, Web sites, and related digital technologies is essential to success in today’s classrooms. Putting students into creative leadership roles in the use of technology is one way to help ensure higher levels of learning and greater task engagement.
A third challenge is the increasing diversity in our society and the very real social need we have to help every individual achieve a life of personal satisfaction while respecting and contributing to their community and our wider society. End-of-course test scores may open doors, but they say little about this broader and more significant realm to which we must devote substantial effort. Attention to this challenge demands that high school social studies teachers view their work as extending beyond delivering high-value instruction in their individual classes to also include contributions to the extracurricular life of the school.
Perhaps most troubling is, however, the millions of high school graduates who are never reached by the instruction they are offered and, as a consequence, end their formal education experience lacking a fundamental grounding in our culture and may therefore be destined to fail as responsible citizens. Approximately 50% of all Americans will never extend their formal education beyond high school, except perhaps to job-specific or career-oriented training. This being the case, high school social studies is effectively our last chance to reach millions of future citizens, to attune their minds conscientiously to the good that can come from becoming economically independent and financially literate, to inspire them with the many incredible people and events that have formed our history, to give them a grasp of the great geographic wealth of our nation, or to inure them to the sometimes unpleasant roles they must play as citizens fit to govern our nation. If history is any guide to the future, we can expect that these vitally important Americans—and their college-educated counterparts—will encounter economic turmoil, environmental challenges, healthcare problems, difficult wars, political corruption, and corporate misconduct. These and many other personal and public problems will predictably challenge their lives, and they strongly call for significantly improved high school social studies.
Social studies has been an integral part of the school curriculum in America since colonial times. The curriculum first existed at the elementary level and later became an important component of high school learning as communities extended access to tax-supported public education and as the social sciences and humanities grew to maturity. Recent research has documented a decrease in time devoted to elementary social studies instruction, a result often attributed to the advent of high-stakes testing connected to NCLB (VanFossen, 2005; Leming, Ellington, & Schug, 2006). Middle and high school social studies instruction does not appear to have suffered a reduction of instructional time, but often has been forced to narrow the instructional focus so that it aligns more precisely with end-of-course achievement testing. These trends, the diminution of elementary social studies often sending students into middle schools with poor preparation in the subject, and the narrowing of middle and high school social studies to content that can easily be assessed with multiple-choice tests doubtlessly have potentially negative consequences for our society’s future.
Social studies is a complex and important school subject that focuses the powerful insights of the social sciences and certain humanities on our individual and collective lives. The cultures we navigate and negotiate become more complex, not less. Trends toward open cultural conflict as well as other forms of social discord and disaffection may overrun our schools’ meager capacities to provide meaningful social education that can build well-reasoned allegiance to our society that logically derives from empowering future citizens with important social studies knowledge and skills. The social studies education we offer must at all times eschew any form of indoctrination. Social studies must continue to teach the important content and skills that provide an essential cohesiveness for our society, but this content must not be offered without a serious examination of alternative viewpoints. Gaining multiple perspectives on history, having one’s eyes opened to powerful forms of geography that allow us to critically examine our cultural landscape, gaining key economic insights into the operation of our economy and attaining personal financial literacy, and becoming aware of how our local, state, and national governments respond to special interest group pressures are all examples of how social studies can be meaningfully related to our lives. It is doubtful that powerful social studies learning can ever be achieved in classrooms that fail to engage students’ thinking or provide opportunities for students to apply what they have learned and take responsible actions based on their learning. After all, these are the qualities that a self-governing representative democracy needs most from its citizens.
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- Brophy, J., & Alleman, J. (2007). Powerful social studies for elementary students (2nd ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson/Wadsworth.
- Brown, S. D. (2003). History standards in the 50 states. (ERIC Digest). Bloomington, IN: ERIC Clearinghouse for the Social Studies/Social Science Education. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED482209)
- Davis, O. L., Jr. (Ed.). (1996). NCSS in retrospect (Bulletin No. 92). Washington, DC: National Council for the Social Studies.
- Evans, R. W. (2004). The social studies wars: What should we teach the children?New York: Teachers College Press.
- Hass, M. E., & Laughlin, M. A. (2001). A profile of elementary social studies teachers and their classrooms. Social Education, 65, 122-126.
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- Hertzberg, H. W. (1981). Social studies reform 1880-1980. Boulder, CO: SSEC.
- Jenness, D. (1990). Making sense of social studies. New York: Macmillan.
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- Leming, J. S., Ellington, L., & Schug, M. (2006). The state of social studies: A national random survey of elementary and middle school social studies teachers. Social Education, 70, 322-327.
- LeRiche, L. W. (1987). The expanding environments sequence in elementary social studies: The origins. Theory and Research in Social Education, 5, 137-155.
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Research Paper
Category: social science research paper examples.

Social science is a category of academic disciplines concerned with society and the relationships among individuals within a society. The disciplines include, but are not limited to: anthropology, archaeology, communication studies, economics, folkloristics, history, musicology, human geography, jurisprudence, linguistics, political science, psychology, public health, and sociology. The term is also sometimes used to refer specifically to the field of sociology, the original “science of society”, established in the 19th century.
Browse social science research paper examples below.

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10 Research Question Examples to Guide your Research Project
Published on October 30, 2022 by Shona McCombes .
The research question is one of the most important parts of your research paper , thesis or dissertation . It’s important to spend some time assessing and refining your question before you get started.
The exact form of your question will depend on a few things, such as the length of your project, the type of research you’re conducting, the topic , and the research problem . However, all research questions should be focused, specific, and relevant to a timely social or scholarly issue.
Once you’ve read our guide on how to write a research question , you can use these examples to craft your own.
Note that the design of your research question can depend on what method you are pursuing. Here are a few options for qualitative, quantitative, and stastical research questions.
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147 Social Studies Topics for Your Research Project
Social studies is an integrated research field. It includes a range of topics on social science and humanities, such as history, culture, geography, sociology, education, etc. A social studies essay might be assigned to any middle school, high school, or college student. It might seem like a daunting task, but perhaps the most challenging part of the job is choosing the best topic from the many research topics in social studies. Sure, you might have a specific topic assigned to you.
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If you’re looking for social science research topics, you’re in the right place! Custom writing experts have prepared a fresh list of ideas! This article contains 147 social studies project topics on history, culture, politics, law, migration, and other fields.
New headings & sections:
- Social Study Areas => Social Science Topics & Research Areas
- Social Studies Topics on History => Social Studies Project Topics on History
- Other Social Studies Topics => Other Research Topics in Social Studies
- 🔝 Top 10 Topics
👨🎓 Social Study Areas
🎨 social studies topics on culture, 🏛️ social studies topics on politics & governance, 🏧 social studies topics on economics & consumption, 🏺 social studies topics on history, 💡 other social studies topics, 🔗 references, 🔝 top 10 social studies topics.
- Pros and cons of monarchy.
- Is voting a civic responsibility?
- Should democracy be everywhere?
- The causes of mass consumption.
- Globalization vs. Americanization.
- The elements of personal identity.
- What are the USA’s major resources?
- Do communication technologies impact politics?
- The importance of cultural diversity in the workplace
- How do religious institutions reinforce social stability?
Social studies can be represented by ten aspects described below:
- Culture. While working with social studies, you need to understand how culture shapes our society and affects our lives. It includes learning how people create, adapt to, and share their cultural diversity.
- People and the environment. This aspect helps students create their perception of the world and how human beings interact with their environment. It is achieved through learning about different locations, people, and resources that are there.
- Production and consumption. Here, it is all about studying how people manage the production and distribution of goods. Usually, this theme is represented by subjects connected with economics.
- Time. It is mostly related to history. Therefore, students get to know about the significant events and changes that influenced our present. In addition, they learn about the beliefs and values of our ancestors.
- Identity. This theme is vital because it allows learners to understand how personal identity develops. They find out how family, culture, and friends affect people’s actions and personal growth.
- Institutions and groups. There are multiple institutions created by people: families, colleges, governments, and religious organizations. This theme lets students understand how institutions are formed and maintained and what changes they bring.
- Authority and governments. One of the essential parts of social studies is the theme of authority. Thanks to it, students can understand how different forms of governance are created. It also includes analyzing the functions and purposes of political systems.
- Globalization. Learners are helped to discover the interconnections between societies and the issues they create on a global scale. Everything is interdependent nowadays, and the importance of global connections is rising.
- Civic ideas. Students need to understand civic ideas to be fully functioning independent members of society. This vital theme includes learning about citizen’s rights and responsibilities.
- Science and technology. This aspect is not only about the development of technology and scientific achievements. It is also about how society is connected to those processes. Moreover, students learn about their impacts on people.
If you are looking for social studies project topics on the culture, you might consider the following aspects.
Every social study project would focus on how cultural attributes, such as traditions, arts, literature, are created and shared. It is important to remember to highlight both differences and similarities while doing comparative research.
One of the features of culture is that it’s dynamic and continuously changing, which means it is correlated with the personal development and beliefs of citizens. Moreover, you can look into the influence of culture on different political and religious institutions.
All in all, the list of topics in social studies below is all about the interconnection between culture and society. If you’re not a fan of the listed options, you can at least take the keywords and use a generator of random topics to write about . This will give you a lot more variants to choose from.
- The principles of the multicultural policy of Australia: benefits. Australia is one of the countries that support cultural diversity. The government even created an official policy based on four principles to ensure that everybody has equal rights to participate in the community.
- Indonesian communities and ancestor worships. Practices connected to ancestor worship are based on the belief that the spirits of the dead have the powers to affect the destinies of the living.
- The domestic etiquette of modern Americans. All cultures have different etiquette – a set of rules that governs social behavior. Those norms are changing along with the culture, but can also be different depending on the social situation.
- Gender issues and women in Medieval society. In the Middle Ages, women were not allowed to receive education, had limited social rights, and had to obey their fathers’ and husbands’ will.
- Gender roles: how are boys and girls raised in American families? Gender roles enforce some specific standards and expectations of how men and women should behave. Study the socially appropriate gender roles in modern families.
- Taboos and emotions in modern society. Taboo is something prohibited from doing under the fear of punishment. Even though taboos are originally related to the sacred and spiritual practices, today, people are banned from expressing some emotions.
- How have hippies created the US? This research would focus on the ways the hippie movement made a change in the history of the country. Their cultural practices have influenced many aspects of our lives.

- Family values and religion. The family has always been considered the base of a happy American life. However, to what extent has religion affected the most common family values?
- Why does political correctness matter so much today? Political correctness means the ban on using some phrases that may be inappropriate. As a cultural phenomenon, it was created by college students in America in the 1980s.
- Is our future in social responsibility? Social responsibility is a policy that encourages people to act for the benefit of their community and society as a whole. Could this approach help us build a better future?
One of the most important themes of social studies is about politics. When conducting science research related to this topic, you should possess a considerable amount of knowledge and experience in the issues described below.
Understanding the existing systems of governance means also knowing how political views and institutions were created. In the constantly changing world, the functions of authorities are dynamic as well.
However, you should not forget to include the relationship with citizens in this equation. Every member of society has needs, rights, and responsibilities, issues with which should also be addressed.
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Here are some examples of social studies topics related to politics, which you may find useful:
- The American Whig party: a case study of the South. In the 19th century, the Whigs were one of two main political parties in the US. In this research, you could concentrate on analyzing the political tensions of this party in the South.
- Political parties and violence in the US. There are two major political parties nowadays. However, have you ever thought about why there are so much political violence and harsh competition between them?
- The change of the ideology of the Republican party after the Civil War. The Civil War has changed the perception of many people. It left a mark on the political views as well. Track the transformation of the Republican party’s ideology since then.
- Tory party and the British welfare under their rule. For the sake of some diversity, we have included a topic on the British political party as well. In this research, you would look into the social issues caused by the Tories.
- Is there a connection between anti-Americanism and anti-Semitic movement? Study the roots of anti-Americanism as a political view. Also, you can work on contrasting and comparing it to anti-Semitism.
- Student activism and the Black Power movement. This civil rights movement has been around for ages. For this research, you would need to study the Black Power’s topic and the student activism involved in it.
- The difficulties of the civil war in Sri Lanka. This island country has suffered the Sinhalese-Tamil conflict and the proceeding civil war. Your task would be to look into the complexities of this conflict.
- The power of Congress over presidential elections. It is one of the social science topics that requires gathering a lot of materials. You would have to analyze the Constitution and find the related cases in history.
- Voting technology: what can the law do against election fraud? Bribery and other corrupt practices in relation to the election process is not anything new. However, how can the law make a change?
- The most prominent political machines of the last decade. This paper would be interesting for students you prefer analyzing and comparing. You would need to gather information on the most prominent political machines in the US.
- A discussion of judicial independence
- Political culture in the U.S.
- A comparison of the models of democracy
- A comparison of electoral systems
- Authoritarianism vs. totalitarianism
Research topics in social studies on economics would always be related to the theme of production and consumption. You would have to understand how people manage to produce and sell goods and services worldwide.
There are multiple issues in the global economics that you, as a student, could address in your argumentative paper. It includes the unequal distribution of goods along with the growing demand.
You might as well find it interesting to research how the production of specific goods is organized and the role of technology in that process. It is also essential to look into how governments cope with market failures and how they improve the well-being of the economies.
- The flaws of the economic democracy system: a case study. Pick and analyze the issues that this socioeconomic system might have. It would be better if you add real-life cases to the analysis.
- Morality and global capitalism. Your task would be to analyze the five features of global capitalism and determine how it can be socially acceptable. Look through every moral issue that arises.
- The bankruptcy of the middle class in the US. This research focuses on the root causes, as well as consequences, of so many cases of bankruptcy among American middle-class families.
- Can we foresee the future of the European Monetary System? Ever since 1979, the Euro has been serving its purpose. However, this paper would highlight the economic factors that can lead to disruptions in this system.
- Wall Street: did we learn from the 2008 crash? The year of 2008 punched many Americans, leaving their wealth reduced noticeably. But did we learn from past mistakes? Can we prevent the crisis from happening again?
- Understanding stock markets: profitable investments. To make a profitable investment, you need to know everything about the industry sector and stock market cycles. Compile the tips and tricks that can make it work.
- How has the Silk Road influenced the current global economy? Connecting East and West, those trade routes existed for centuries. For this cool research, you would need to analyze the current economic situation and find the features that exist thanks to the Silk Road.
- Coffee beans and fair trade. Selling coffee beans internationally, some communities and families depend on this business. However, how fair is this fair trade market? Who looks after social justice?
- Pros and cons of dollarization: a case study. Currency substitution or dollarization can’t solve the economic crisis. Study some cases of this process in different countries and analyze the benefits and problems of it.
- How to predict the exchange rate behavior? In this research, you would need to study the sources of changes in the exchange rates. You might as well look into the tools that might help predict the behavior of the rates.

- Provide real-life examples of how you or someone else plans their studies, controls pocket money, or organizes their working day.
- How organizations foster social and civic responsibility
- Crisis management post-9/11
- The growth of management in developing countries
- Conflict management in virtual and global teams
- An analysis of the benefits vs. cost of attaining a post-secondary education
- Wealth distribution and the availability of resources
- An examination of the trickle-down effect in today’s society
- Is the economic crisis of 2008 really over?
- How advertisements can create a sense of separation and association with the feminine identity
- The role of censorship in advertising
- The image of perfection in advertising
- Gender in advertising
- Rhetorical analysis of various marketing campaigns . How global corporations influence people’s decisions?
- Transnational organizations analytics. Determining the most appropriate and effective marketing strategies
- Advertisement analysis . The significance of the assessment in a rhetorical essay.
- Marketing reports. Explain the primary objectives of the document. When writing business or marketing essays, it is crucial to include analysis of particular examples.
- The importance of an analytical paragraph in a business essay. How does it help to define specific company’s strengths and weaknesses?
- Unethical advertising examples. What must be avoided when developing another strategy?
- Is it always worth it to spend immense amounts of money on risky advertising campaigns?
- Will the most common advertising methods work for every kind of a product?
- What issues must be considered when organizing an ad campaign?
- Positive and negative effects of advertising .
In the list of social science essay topics, there should always be at least a few questions dedicated to history. Unless we know our past, we can’t possibly understand human nature.
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For high school students, it is necessary to learn about the changes and different experiences in society. The way that values, traditions, and rules have been changing shapes our current development.
While looking for interesting social studies topics in this field, consider analyzing the root causes and consequences of different changes. Look into the ways how our social system has been developing, and you would find something exciting, for sure!
- What was the social meaning of corsets in the 20th century? Corsets are the part of the outfit that was designed to shape or modify the figure. By the 20th century, it has somewhat shaped the culture as well.
- Demystifying the stereotypes about 19th-century women in the US. There was war, and there were changes. How did the life a woman look like back then? Find the most common misunderstandings about it and conduct a historical analysis.
- African American: the historical study of social factors affecting crime For this research, you could look into the cultural and social aspects that have influenced the response of African Americans to crimes and injustice.
- The changes in the lives of average American citizens in the 1930s. Urbanization and technological development shook the world in those years. Find out how Americans were adjusting to their new lives.
- How the environment shapes the perspective: the baby boomers? In the example of the baby boomers’ generation, study the effects of the social and cultural aspects on identity and personal values.
- The process of development of Italian fashion and the US. You would be studying the historical facts in support of the idea that the US played an essential role in the Italian fashion industry development.
- Generation X and global leaders. This topic focuses on the most prominent world leaders in different areas. Your task would be to find the connection between the personal specifics of generation X and global leaders.
- Women in the Victorian Age and domestic rules. Conduct research on the ideology of Victorian women. What social challenges connected to industrialization were they forced to face?
- Servants in the American houses in the middle of the 20th century. In the 1920s, women started quitting their housewives’ chores and hiring servants to do them instead. You would look into the social sources of such a change in the domestic life of that time.
- What is the connection between social change and the American schooling system? Look into the development of the educational institutions in the US over a chosen period. Find out what social factors have affected the process.
- Civil disorders
- Political terrorism
- Non-political terrorism
- Limited political terrorism
- Expand on the problem of democracy and domestic terrorism
- A study of terrorist groups
- State-sponsored terrorism
- The tactics of terrorism
- The history of terrorism
- The causes of terrorism
- Responses to terrorism and counter-terrorism global policy
- For more topics ideas, check out Research Guide for Students .
- How enlistment in the U.S. Army works
- The top five army bases
- Customs and courtesies in the military
- The history of Memorial Day
- The threat of homelessness for veterans
- Turkic migration
- Mongol invasions
- Great migration of the 1630s
- Great migration of African Americans
- Government regulations
- Socially irresponsible corporations
- Antitrust provision
- International business law and legal regulations for international corporations and companies
- Business law in the Islamic world and how it differs from that of other countries
Criminology
- Crime prevention
- Juvenile delinquency
- Victimology
- Deviant behavior
When you write an essay on justice, you have a great opportunity to present your opinion on the subject. Here are some potential topics:
- Justice: A Myth or Reality?
- Tell about today’s idea of justice. What do people do to establish justice in the world?
- Give your reasons why absolute justice is impossible.
- How justice is portrayed in “Crime and Punishment” by Dostoyevsky
- Discuss the Heaven Justice
Gender Studies
- Women and the Taliban
- Chinese women as seen through the Chinese culture
- Women and Confucian cultures in Korea
- Witch hunts in the Western world
- The influence of feminism on men
- The challenge of feminist biblical interpretation
- Gender identity and the particulars of word-of-mouth communication
- How leadership styles differ based on gender
- Women empowerment
- Why do women think that their rights are neglected in free countries?
- Are men more likely to receive well-paid jobs than women with precisely same characteristics?
- Are men considered to be better employees than women?
- Can feminists persuade the government to make changes in the law beneficial for them?
- Gender discrimination in everyday life
- The purpose of feminist demonstrations
- Are people concerned about the problem of gender inequality in their everyday lives?
- Where are the human rights of women neglected and why?
- Causes of gender inequality
- Is the factor of overall equality necessary for the development of the world or not?
- What are the most popular examples of equality among citizens of one country?

- Gender stratification definition. Where can it be observed in the modern society?
- What can be changed because of mass feminism?
- Gender stereotypes . Is everything that we hear about discrimination right?
- What is gender stratification?
- Are females discriminated in the modern society, or this issue is fabricated?
- Gender roles in the workplace
- Factors contributing to gender inequality
- Disadvantages of gender equality
- Gender equality theory
- Gender imbalance definition. What is the origin of the term and where it is used?
- Gender superiority. Is it true that males were always dominant figures in the history?
- History of gender discrimination. Was this societal rule present in the prehistoric times, and when it was introduced?
- Gender disparity definition. What is the origin of the term and where it is used today?
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Such an inspiring and candid glimpse into the life of a great man, Fred Hampton!! May he rest in Black Power!

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100 Social Studies Topics and Guidelines for Writing Social Study Essays
Updated 01 Feb 2023
The social studies concept was introduced by American educators (National Education Association and Bureau of Education) at the beginning of the century and is still in use in the US while also being adopted worldwide. In our country, this subject is taught in kindergarten as well as in elementary and high schools (up to grade 12), highlighting both its importance but also its varying difficulty level and adaptive content as students develop intellectually and socially.
Given its multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary character, social study topics can be typically assigned to particular subfields. Below we provide a comprehensive selection of social studies topics sorted according to categories as well as tips on how to choose a topic and how to write an essay for social studies.

Definition and Importance
So what is social studies and why does it matter? In US educational system, social studies are defined as an educational discipline focused on studying various aspects of human society. Social studies represent integrated and systematic study of several areas of social science/ humanities, among which economics, civics, history, geography, culture, sociology, political science, archaeology, law, philosophy, religion, etc. occasionally drawing knowledge from natural sciences, math and other studies. Our essay writers help students write essays for homework and school projects.
Finally, following a 1992 definition of the US Board of Directors of National Council for the Social Studies, “Social studies is integrated study of social sciences and humanities to promote civic competence”. Importance and ultimate purpose associated with this discipline resides in teaching young citizens to make reasoned and informed decisions for public good in a democratic and culturally diverse society, or put shortly, to educate good citizens for a modern society.
Tips on How to Write an Essay for Social Studies
When writing a social studies essay or research paper one should consider following brief recommendation list:
- Social studies are so interdisciplinary, it might not only be enough to decide what social studies research topics you should select but also what perspective(s) will be adopted – what courses or disciplines you are going to draw knowledge from, how much information will come from each discipline? An advantage resulting from this interdisciplinary character is that one is free to follow a topic wherever it leads (like when solving a real-life problem), which makes research and writing twice as entertaining. You may also check ideas for social media essay topics and use them as inspiration.
- Check your information sources in advance. If you are exploring a challenging social science topic, make sure you explore potential sources a bit to understand whether you’ll be able to efficiently process this information for studies. For instance, if a topic is fairly unpopular, or narrow, or has to do with a very recently discovered phenomenon, you might find information only in peer-reviewed journals and its complexity might simply make it inaccessible to you.
- Follow the usual project writing cycle for a natural workflow – researching and gathering evidence, writing a thesis, creating an outline, writing the paper respecting structure requirements, revising and editing, proofreading.
How to Choose a Suitable Topic for Social Studies
When looking for social studies topics, one could follow the following strategies:
- Consider your preferences – what discipline(s) would you like to explore deeper while preparing your project? This is useful to decide in any case, since, regardless of how you pick your topic (by browsing online or by other means), this would allow narrowing down your searches/ inquiry and end up working on something you like.
- Ask your social studies teacher – as someone keenly aware of the field, he/she might definitely have a few interesting ideas (original or trending) for essays or even an entire list of social studies topics from previous student generations (don’t worry – similar topics do not mean similar content, visions, approaches, or writing styles).
- Research social studies topics (online or in printed literature) – your social studies handbook is likely to include many references to information that is only briefly described or mentioned – one could always pick such a topic for deeper exploration.
- Perform a keyword search on Google – combining keywords smartly can do wonders. Use keywords relating to the discipline or topic you are interested in or list names of several disciplines (for an interdisciplinary topic at the interface of all these). Write down a few combinations and try them out. Examining search hits could help locate some wonderful ideas.
- Find online comprehensive lists of social studies fair projects ideas – you might not necessarily pick a project topic from such social issues list directly but might be inclined towards picking a related topic. In other words, this provides useful ideas or seeds for further exploration.
By contrast with social studies, social sciences are higher-level studies included in more advanced curricula. Thus, when looking for social science essay topics it could be even useful to consult peer-reviewed academic journals or other professional literature as it helps identify trending, important, or simply interesting topics. The easiest way to get guaranteed high grades is to buy assignments online, which saves a lot of time when you run short of the deadline.
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100 Social Studies Topics by Category
Below follows a comprehensive list of social studies and social sciences topics:
Culture Topics
- Culture and Languages of the Punjab Region
- The Secret Identity of Chinese Women
- History of Christmas Cards
- Silk and Its Importance to Ancient Chinese Culture
- The Concept of Culture and Its Main Aspects
- Traditions of the Day of the Dead in My Family
- Spanish Culture Project: Reflection on The Day of the Dead
- Analytical Essay on Eastern Theater Traditions
- A Study of Pop Culture: A Cross-Cultural Impact on Young Human Resources in India
- The Problem of Racial, Ethnic and Cultural Discrimination in South Africa

Essay Examples Relevant to Culture
- Chinese Culture
- Pop Culture
- Day of the Dead
Political Studies Topics
- The Role Of Media In Political Communication
- Political Discourse Analysis
- Political Discourse Analysis Of Imran Kahn’s Victory Speech
- Comparative Study on Voter Preference of Political Parties Based on Maslow’s Hierarchy of Need
- The Evolution Of Political Humor
- Party Politics in Taiwan
- Thomas Hobbes One Of The Founders Of Modern Political Philosophy
- Is Democracy the Best Form of Political System? Essay
- Politics Of Language In Education In A Global Polity
- Exploring the Relationship Between the Political Leaning of Newspapers and Their Portrayal of Adults with Anxiety Disorders
Essay Examples Relevant to Political Studies
- Discourse Analysis
- Anxiety Disorder
Gender Studies
- Does Gender Matter In Psychology Subject?
- Gender Stereotypes: Sources And Solutions
- Gender Gap in Math Achievement
- Sexual Orientation: Gender Identity And Gender Studies
- The Peculiarities Of Women In Science
- Gender Discrimination In Swinburne University: History, Reasons And Solutions
- The Correlation Of Gender And Labor
- Gender Discrimination In Education
- Linguistic Sexism And Gender Culture In Standard Average European Languages
- The Politics Of Science: A Study Of The Pursuit For Gender Equality By Women In Science
Essay Examples Relevant to Gender Studies
- Gender Stereotypes
- Gender Identity
- Sexual Orientation
- Gender Equality
Religion Social Studies Topics
- Analysis of the Early History of Islam
- Similarities And Differences Of World Religions
- How did Muslims affect European (especially Spanish) Literature
- Critical Analysis of the Gospel of John: Divinity, Exorcism, Salvation and the Kingdom, Crucifixion
- Comparative Study of Ethical Concepts of Hinduism and Islam Based on Bhagavad Gitā and Quran
- Art, Architecture, and Beliefs of Ancient Egypt: Analytical Essay
- Comparative Study Of Buddhism And Jainism
- The Role Of Gods And Muses In Homer’s Iliad And Odyssey
- Common Indian Comparative Religions
- Critical Analysis of the Article: Author’s Use of Seven Revelations Given to Abraham Lincoln
Essay Examples Relevant to Religion Social Studies
- Religious Beliefs
Anthropology Studies Topics
- Odyssey and Hercules: Comparative Analysis
- Race And Gender In Anthropology Learning And Education
- Anthropology In Works Of Zora Neale Hurston
- Ability to process abstract concepts as ultimate cause of world domination by Homo sapiens (according to Yuval Noah Harari).
- Transition of hunter gatherers to agricultural practices – was it associated with an increase life quality?
- Burial customs vs ancient cultures topic.
- What cave drawings tell us about early community life?
- Marriage ceremonies in various old cultures.
- Body alteration practices as distinctive cultural traits in tribes.
- Impact of language on human cooperation efficiency in early days.
Essay Examples Relevant to Anthropology Studies
- The Odyssey
- Race And Gender
Linguistic Social Studies Topics
- Does Our Language Change How We See The World?
- Natural Language Processing And Its Applications
- Role Of Computers In Linguistics
- Cross-Linguistics Between Vietnamese And English In Bilingual Participants
- The Usefulness Of Forensic Linguistics
- A Contrastive Analysis Between Indonesian And English Prepositions Of Place
- The Significance Of Statistics In SLP And Linguistics
- Literary Theories, Linguistic Aspects And Interpretations Of The Alchemist
- Impact of Language Diversity on International Management: Analytical Essay
- Lexical Cohesion In Academic Writing: Abstract Of Applied Linguistics
Essay Examples Relevant to Linguistic Social Studies
- Linguistics
Economic Studies Topics
- Impact of Foreign Investment in a Country
- Factors Influencing The Growth Of Entrepreneurial Mindset Among Students
- Impact of Knowledge Management Processes on Competitive Advantage: Analytical Essay
- Legalization Of Drugs For An Economic Growth
- The Impact of Competition in Chance of Small Business Success
- The Approaches To Overcome Inequality
- The Impact Of Work-life Balance On Wellbeing Of Employees
- Whether Education an Investment or Consumption
- Economic Inequality and Its Implications
- Economic Implications Of Free-College Tuition, Its Impacts And Government Role
Essay Examples Relevant to Economic Studies
- Work-life Balance
- Economic Inequality
Law Social Studies Topics
- Translational Legal Research for Social Justice
- The Necessary Requirements for Social Workers
- The Role Media Plays in Promoting the Plight of Crime Victims in the Criminal Justice System
- Social Action Advocacy Plan
- The Nature of Law and Its Classification
- Social Justice And Social Work Practice
- The Relation Between Law, Human Rights And Morality
- Factors That Contribute to Social Justice
- Privacy Law In Australia As A Way To Protect People
- Social Justice As The Attribute Of Modern Society
Essay Examples Relevant to Law Social Studies
- Social Justice
- Criminal Justice
Conflict Studies
- The Role And Importance Of Conflict Management Skills
- Does Religion Incite Conflict?
- Using Communication to De-escalate Conflict Situations
- Seeking Balance in the Conflict Nature of Human
- Individual Differences And The Effects On Workplace Conflict
- Psychological Approaches to Study of Conflict
- The Relation of Communication and Conflict
- Social Perspective on Social Class: Conflict Theory
- Understanding External Intervention in Violent Conflict
- Communication And Conflict Management
Essay Examples Relevant to Conflict Studies
- Conflict Management
Sociology Studies Topics
- Sociological Topics: Ethnicity, Socioeconomics And Family Dynamics
- Subjective Research Techniques in Sociology
- Different Types of Communication Behaviour
- Advantages of Education to Social Mobility
- Social Media Impact on Lifestyle
- Studying Mass Communication Today and in the Past
- Influence of Social Media on Interpersonal Relationships
- A Study of The Panopticism Concept
- Importance Of ICT In Social Science Studies
- Sociological Perspectives And Their Application To Belief Systems In Contemporary Society
Essay Examples Relevant to Sociology Studies
- Social Media
- Effects of Social Media
- Social Stratification
- Sociological Perspective
Get Some Expert Help
Social studies project topics provided above might accelerate your writing by helping address at least one time-consuming step (topic selection). Writing comes with many more challenges, like writing an outline, abstract, introduction, or conclusion, assembling a bibliographic list to base your content upon, editing and revising, proofreading. Use online case study writing service or order definition essay outline , nothing is impossible for our experts! You can also find guidelines on our website helping with most of these steps.
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Research Paper Guide
Research Paper Example

Research Paper Example - APA and MLA Format
12 min read
Published on: Nov 27, 2017
Last updated on: Jan 26, 2023

On This Page On This Page
Do you spend time staring at the screen and thinking about how to approach a monstrous research paper ?
If yes, you are not alone.
Research papers are no less than a curse for high school and college students.
It takes time, effort, and expertise to craft a striking research paper.
Every other person craves to master the magic of producing impressive research papers.
Continue with the guide to investigate the mysterious nature of different types of research through examples.
Research Paper Example for Different Formats
An academic paper doesn't have to be boring. You can use an anecdote, a provocative question, or a quote to begin the introduction.
Learning from introductions written in professional college papers is the best strategy.
Have a look at the expertise of the writer in the following example.
Social Media and Social Media Marketing: A Literature Review
APA Research Paper Example
While writing research papers, you must pay attention to the required format.
Follow the example when the instructor mentions the APA format .
Effects of Food Deprivation of Concentration and Preserverance
Research Paper Example APA 7th Edition
Research Paper Example MLA
Once you are done with APA format, let’s practice the art of writing quality MLA papers.
Found Voices: Carl Sagan
We have provided you with a top-notch research paper example in MLA format here.
Research Paper Example Chicago
Chicago style is not very common, but it is important to learn. Few institutions require this style for research papers, but it is essential to learn. The content and citations in the research paper are formatted like this example.
Chicago Research Paper Sample
Research Paper Example Harvard
To learn how a research paper is written using the Harvard citation style , carefully examine this example. Note the structure of the cover page and other pages.
Harvard Research Paper Sample
Examples for Different Research Paper Parts
A research paper has different parts. Each part is important for the overall success of the paper. Chapters in a research paper must be written correctly, using a certain format and structure.
The following are examples of how different sections of the research paper can be written.
Example of Research Proposal
What is the first step to starting a research paper?
Submitting the research proposal!
It involves several sections that take a toll on beginners.
Here is a detailed guide to help you write a research proposal .
Are you a beginner or do you lack experience? Don’t worry.
The following example of a research paper is the perfect place to get started.
View Research Proposal Example Here
Research Paper Example Abstract
After submitting the research proposal, prepare to write a seasoned abstract section.
The abstract delivers the bigger picture by revealing the purpose of the research.
A common mistake students make is writing it the same way a summary is written.
It is not merely a summary but an analysis of the whole research project. Still confused?
Read the abstract mentioned in the following research to get a better idea.
Affirmative Action: What Do We Know? - Abstract Example
Literature Review Research Paper Example
What if a novice person reads your research paper?
He will never understand the critical elements involved in the research paper.
To enlighten him, focus on the literature review section. This section offers an extensive analysis of the past research conducted on the paper topics.
It is relatively easier than other sections of the paper.
Take a closer look at the paper below to find out.
Methods Section of Research Paper Example
While writing research papers, excellent papers focus a great deal on the methodology.
Yes, the research sample and methodology define the fate of the papers.
Are you facing trouble going through the methodology section?
Relax and let comprehensive sample research papers clear your doubts.
View Methods Section of Research Paper Here
Research Paper Conclusion Example
The conclusion leaves the last impression on the reader.
“Who cares for the last impression? It’s always the first.”
Don’t be fooled!
The conclusion sets the tone of the whole research paper properly.
A key list of elements must be present in conclusion to make it crisp and remarkable.
The Conclusion: Your Paper's Final Impression
View the sample paper and identify the points you thought were never a part of the conclusion.
Research Paper Examples for Different Fields
Research papers can be about any subject that needs a detailed study. The following examples show how research papers are written for different subjects.
History Research Paper Sample
Many Faces of Generalisimo Fransisco Franco
Sociology Research Paper Sample
A Descriptive Statistical Analysis within the State of Virginia
Science Fair Research Paper Sample
What Do I Need To Do For The Science Fair?
Psychology Research Paper Sample
The Effects of Food Deprivation on Concentration and Preserverance
Art History Research Paper Sample
European Art History: A Primer
Scientific Research Paper Example
We have discussed several elements of research papers through examples.
Research Proposal!
Introduction in Research Paper!
Read on to move towards advanced versions of information.
Scientific research paper
Let's have a look at the template and an example to elaborate on concepts.
It includes:
- Introduction
- Related Work
- Research Methodology
- Experiments
- Results and Discussion
- Conclusion & Future Work
- Acknowledgment
The name itself sounds terrifying to many students. Make no mistake; it sure is dangerous when touched without practice.
Students become afraid and hence aspire to locate an outstanding essay paper writer to get their papers done.
Detailed, high-quality, and credible sources and samples are a must to be shared here.
Science Fair Paper Format
Example of Methodology in Research Paper
The words methodology, procedure, and approach are the same. They indicate the approach pursued by the researcher while conducting research to accomplish the goal through research.
The methodology is the bloodline of the research paper.
A practical or assumed procedure is used to conduct the methodology.
The Effects of Immediate Feedback Devices in High School Chemistry Classes
See the way the researcher has shared participants and limits in the methodology section of the example.
Research Paper Example for Different Levels
The process of writing a research paper is based on a set of steps. The process will seem daunting if you are unaware of the basic steps. Start writing your research paper by taking the following steps:
- Choose a Topic
- Create a thesis statement
- Do in-depth research for the research study
- Create an outline
You will find writing a research paper much easier once you have a plan.
No matter which level you are writing at, your research paper needs to be well structured.
Research Paper Example Outline
Before you plan on writing a well-researched paper, make a rough draft.
Brainstorm again and again!
Pour all of your ideas into the basket of the outline.
What will it include?
A standard is not set but follow the research paper outline example below:
View Research Paper Outline Example Here
This example outlines the following elements:
- Thesis Statement
- Methodology
Utilize this standard of outline in your research papers to polish your paper. Here is a step-by-step guide that will help you write a research paper according to this format.
Good Research Paper Examples for Students
Theoretically, good research paper examples will meet the objectives of the research.
Always remember! The first goal of the research paper is to explain ideas, goals, and theory as clearly as water.
Yes, leave no room for confusion of any sort.
Fiscal Research Center - Action Plan
Qualitative Research Paper Example
Research Paper Example Introduction
How to Write a Research Paper Example?
Research Paper Example for High School
When the professor reads such a professional research paper, he will be delighted.
High scores!
Grant of funds for the project!
Appreciation in Class!
You'll surely be highly rewarded.
Research Paper Conclusion
“Who cares for the last impression? It's always the first.”
Don't be fooled!
A key list of elements must be present in the conclusion to make it crisp and remarkable.
Critical Research Paper
To write a research paper remarkably, include the following ingredients in it:
- Justification of the Experimental Design
- Analysis of Results
- Validation of the Study
How to Write the Methods Section of a Research Paper
Theoretical Framework Examples
The theoretical framework is the key to establish credibility in research papers.
Read the purpose of the theoretical framework before following it in the research paper.
The researcher offers a guide through a theoretical framework.
- Philosophical view
- Conceptual Analysis
- Benefits of the Research
An in-depth analysis of theoretical framework examples research paper is underlined in the sample below.
View Theoretical Framework Example Here
Now that you have explored the research paper examples, you can start working on your research project.
Hopefully, these examples will help you understand the writing process for a research paper. You can hire an essay writer online if you still require help writing your paper. You can buy well-written yet cheap research papers by contacting our expert and professional writers.
So, contact our essay writing service now.
Nova A. (Literature, Marketing)
Nova Allison is a Digital Content Strategist with over eight years of experience. Nova has also worked as a technical and scientific writer. She is majorly involved in developing and reviewing online content plans that engage and resonate with audiences. Nova has a passion for writing that engages and informs her readers.
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Democratizing social studies teacher education through mediated field experiences and practice-based teacher education. Paul G. Fitchett, Stacy B. Moore. July 2022. Download PDF. Read latest issue. More opportunities to publish your research:
C. A research paper D. An oral presentation Selection a topic: In selection and identifying a topic for use in a social studies fair project several things should be kept in mind. It is essential that the student topic establish some relationship to man. The topic and project should be distinctly related to the social sciences and history.
This sample education research paper on social studies education features: 6200 words (approx. 20 pages) and a bibliography with 32 sources. Browse other research paper examples for more inspiration. If you need a thorough research paper written according to all the academic standards, you can always turn to our experienced writers for help.
Social Science Research Paper Example This sample Social Science Research Paper is published for educational and informational purposes only. If you need help writing your assignment, please use our research paper writing service and buy a paper on any topic at affordable price. Also check our tips on how to write a research … 1 2 3 4 Next
10 Research Question Examples to Guide your Research Project Published on October 30, 2022 by Shona McCombes . The research question is one of the most important parts of your research paper, thesis or dissertation. It’s important to spend some time assessing and refining your question before you get started.
Social Studies Research Papers Samples That Help You Write Better, Faster & with Gusto Developing Research Papers is quite a tough task on its own. Developing great Research Papers is an even more exhausting exercise. Developing an impressive Social Studies Research Paper is, well, something supernatural.
Here are some examples of social studies topics related to politics, which you may find useful: The American Whig party: a case study of the South. In the 19th century, the Whigs were one of two main political parties in the US. In this research, you could concentrate on analyzing the political tensions of this party in the South.
Essay Examples Relevant to Religion Social Studies Religion Muslim Hinduism Quran Religious Beliefs Anthropology Studies Topics Odyssey and Hercules: Comparative Analysis Race And Gender In Anthropology Learning And Education Anthropology In Works Of Zora Neale Hurston
Research Paper Example for Different Levels. The process of writing a research paper is based on a set of steps. The process will seem daunting if you are unaware of the basic steps. Start writing your research paper by taking the following steps: Choose a Topic. Create a thesis statement.