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Configure security policy settings
- 2 minutes to read
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Describes steps to configure a security policy setting on the local device, on a domain-joined device, and on a domain controller.
You must have Administrators rights on the local device, or you must have the appropriate permissions to update a Group Policy Object (GPO) on the domain controller to perform these procedures.
When a local setting is inaccessible, it indicates that a GPO currently controls that setting.
To configure a setting using the Local Security Policy console
To open Local Security Policy, on the Start screen, type secpol.msc , and then press ENTER.
Under Security Settings of the console tree, do one of the following:
- Click Account Policies to edit the Password Policy or Account Lockout Policy .
- Click Local Policies to edit an Audit Policy , a User Rights Assignment , or Security Options .
When you find the policy setting in the details pane, double-click the security policy that you want to modify.
Modify the security policy setting, and then click OK .
- Some security policy settings require that the device be restarted before the setting takes effect.
- Any change to the user rights assignment for an account becomes effective the next time the owner of the account logs on.
To configure a security policy setting using the Local Group Policy Editor console
You must have the appropriate permissions to install and use the Microsoft Management Console (MMC), and to update a Group Policy Object (GPO) on the domain controller to perform these procedures.
Open the Local Group Policy Editor (gpedit.msc).
In the console tree, click Computer Configuration , click Windows Settings , and then click Security Settings .
Do one of the following:
In the details pane, double-click the security policy setting that you want to modify.
If this security policy has not yet been defined, select the Define these policy settings check box.
If you want to configure security settings for many devices on your network, you can use the Group Policy Management Console.
To configure a setting for a domain controller
The following procedure describes how to configure a security policy setting for only a domain controller (from the domain controller).
To open the domain controller security policy, in the console tree, locate GroupPolicyObject [ComputerName] Policy, click Computer Configuration , click Windows Settings , and then click Security Settings .
- Double-click Account Policies to edit the Password Policy , Account Lockout Policy , or Kerberos Policy .
- Click Local Policies to edit the Audit Policy , a User Rights Assignment , or Security Options .
In the details pane, double-click the security policy that you want to modify.
- Always test a newly created policy in a test organizational unit before you apply it to your network.
- When you change a security setting through a GPO and click OK , that setting will take effect the next time you refresh the settings.
Related topics
- Security policy settings reference
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Additional resources
Set and Check User Rights Assignment via Powershell
You can add, remove, and check user rights assignment (remotely / locally) with the following powershell scripts..
Posted by : blakedrumm on Jan 5, 2022
How to get it
Local Computer
Remote computer, output types.
This post was last updated on August 29th, 2022
I stumbled across this gem ( weloytty/Grant-LogonAsService.ps1 ) that allows you to grant Logon as a Service Right for a User. I modified the script you can now run the Powershell script against multiple machines, users, and user rights.
Set User Rights
All of the User Rights that can be set:
Note You may edit line 437 in the script to change what happens when the script is run without any arguments or parameters, this also allows you to change what happens when the script is run from the Powershell ISE.
Here are a few examples:
Add Users Single Users Example 1 Add User Right “Allow log on locally” for current user: . \Set-UserRights.ps1 -AddRight -UserRight SeInteractiveLogonRight Example 2 Add User Right “Log on as a service” for CONTOSO\User: . \Set-UserRights.ps1 -AddRight -Username CONTOSO\User -UserRight SeServiceLogonRight Example 3 Add User Right “Log on as a batch job” for CONTOSO\User: . \Set-UserRights.ps1 -AddRight -Username CONTOSO\User -UserRight SeBatchLogonRight Example 4 Add User Right “Log on as a batch job” for user SID S-1-5-11: . \Set-UserRights.ps1 -AddRight -Username S-1-5-11 -UserRight SeBatchLogonRight Add Multiple Users / Rights / Computers Example 5 Add User Right “Log on as a service” and “Log on as a batch job” for CONTOSO\User1 and CONTOSO\User2 and run on, local machine and SQL.contoso.com: . \Set-UserRights.ps1 -AddRight -UserRight SeServiceLogonRight , SeBatchLogonRight -ComputerName $ env : COMPUTERNAME , SQL.contoso.com -UserName CONTOSO\User1 , CONTOSO\User2
Remove Users Single Users Example 1 Remove User Right “Allow log on locally” for current user: . \Set-UserRights.ps1 -RemoveRight -UserRight SeInteractiveLogonRight Example 2 Add User Right “Log on as a service” for CONTOSO\User: . \Set-UserRights.ps1 -RemoveRight -Username CONTOSO\User -UserRight SeServiceLogonRight Example 3 Add User Right “Log on as a batch job” for CONTOSO\User: . \Set-UserRights.ps1 -RemoveRight -Username CONTOSO\User -UserRight SeBatchLogonRight Example 4 Add User Right “Log on as a batch job” for user SID S-1-5-11: . \Set-UserRights.ps1 -RemoveRight -Username S-1-5-11 -UserRight SeBatchLogonRight Remove Multiple Users / Rights / Computers Example 5 Add User Right “Log on as a service” and “Log on as a batch job” for CONTOSO\User1 and CONTOSO\User2 and run on, local machine and SQL.contoso.com: . \Set-UserRights.ps1 -RemoveRight -UserRight SeServiceLogonRight , SeBatchLogonRight -ComputerName $ env : COMPUTERNAME , SQL.contoso.com -UserName CONTOSO\User1 , CONTOSO\User2
Check User Rights
In order to check the Local User Rights, you will need to run the above (Get-UserRights), you may copy and paste the above script in your Powershell ISE and press play.
Note You may edit line 467 in the script to change what happens when the script is run without any arguments or parameters, this also allows you to change what happens when the script is run from the Powershell ISE.
Get Local User Account Rights and output to text in console:
Get Remote SQL Server User Account Rights:
Get Local Machine and SQL Server User Account Rights:
Output Local User Rights on Local Machine as CSV in ‘C:\Temp’:
Output to Text in ‘C:\Temp’:
PassThru object to allow manipulation / filtering:
I like to collaborate and work on projects. My skills with Powershell allow me to quickly develop automated solutions to suit my customers, and my own needs.
Email : [email protected]
Website : https://blakedrumm.com
My name is Blake Drumm, I am working on the System Center Enterprise Management Team with Microsoft. Currently working to update public documentation for System Center products and write troubleshooting guides to assist with fixing issues that may arise while using the products. I like to blog on Operations Manager products mostly, keep checking back for new posts. My goal is to post atleast once a month if possible.
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Built-in local security principals and groups
Center for internet security, local policies/user rights assignment.
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Security policy settings are sets of rules that control various aspects of protection. They include account policies, local policies, user rights assignment, the Windows firewall, software restrictions, and so on. There are several ways to configure security policy settings. The most common are:
- Group policy objects (GPO) – Used in Active Directory domains to configure and regularly reapply security settings to multiple computers.
- Local security policy (secpol.msc) – Used to configure a single (local) computer. Note that this is a one-time action. If another administrator changes these settings, you will need to manually change them back to the required state.
As most organizations use an Active Directory domain, it is preferred to apply security settings via group policies. You should have at least three security baselines created and linked in your domain, based on the following machine types:
- Domain Controllers (DC)
- Member Servers (MS)
- User Workstations
Configuring user rights assignment via Goup Policy
If you have multiple versions of operating systems (OS) running on these machines, you should create separate baselines for each OS version, as some settings might not be available. This also enables stricter configuration for older systems, as they are usually less secure.
Security policies do not support generated group names
The following groups are used throughout this article:
- Administrators – Members of this group have full, unrestricted access to the computer. Even if you remove some privileges from the Administrators group, a skilled administrator can still bypass those settings and gain control of the system. Only add highly trusted people to this group.
- Authenticated Users – A special security principal that applies to any session that was authenticated using some account, such as a local or domain account.
- Local account and member of Administrators group – A pseudogroup available since Windows Server 2012 R2. It applies to any local account in the Administrators group and is used to mitigate pass-the-hash attacks (lateral movement).
- Remote Desktop Users – Members of this group can access the computer via Remote Desktop services (RDP).
- Guests – By default, this group has no permissions. I don't think there is any need to use the Guest account and group today.
The Center for Internet Security (CIS) is a well-known non-profit organization that focuses on cybersecurity. To improve your knowledge of cybersecurity, you can access their free materials:
- CIS Controls – A set of 20 basic and advanced cybersecurity actions (controls). Using these, you can stop the most common attacks.
- CIS Benchmarks – Guidelines with specific configuration steps and detailed explanations. CIS Benchmarks are available for various products such as Windows Server, SQL Server, Apple iOS, and many more.
Both can be downloaded in exchange for your email address. There's no need to worry—there will be no further email, unless you choose to receive them.
Many companies and institutions create their security baselines based on CIS. I recommend you read CIS Controls. It really helped me to understand the importance of various security actions and settings.
CIS Benchmarks example
User rights assignments are settings applied to the local device. They allow users to perform various system tasks, such as local logon, remote logon, accessing the server from network, shutting down the server, and so on. In this section, I will explain the most important settings and how they should be configured.
For each setting, the following format is used:
Name of the setting: Recommended value, or values
Access Credential Manager as a trusted caller: No one (empty value)
Access to the Credential Manager is granted during Winlogon only to the user who is logging on. Saved user credentials might be compromised if someone else has this privilege.
Access this computer from the network: Administrators, Authenticated Users
Required for users to connect to the computer and its resources, such as an SMB share, shared printers, COM+, etc. If you remove this user right on the DC, no one will be able to log on to the domain.
Note : On DCs, you should also add the “ENTERPRISE DOMAIN CONTROLLERS“ group.
Allow log on locally: Administrators
The default configuration includes the Users group, which allows a standard user to log on to the server console. Limit this privilege only to administrators.
Allow log on through Remote Desktop Services: Administrators, Remote Desktop Users
It's common practice that some applications are used via RDP sessions by standard users. This privilege is also frequently required for remote assistance offered by an organization's helpdesk. If a server is running Remote Desktop Services with the Connection Broker role, the Authenticated Users group must also be added to this privilege.
Note: On the DC, it is recommended to allow only administrators to connect via RDP.
Back up files and directories: Administrators
This is a sensitive privilege that allows a user to bypass NTFS permissions (only via an NTFS API interface, such as NTBACKUP). A malicious user could backup and restore data on a different computer, thereby gaining access to it.
Deny access to this computer from the network/Deny log on through Terminal Services: Local account and member of Administrators group, Guests
The default value is only Guests. You should add the second group to prevent pass-the-hash attacks, so if a local elevated user is compromised, it cannot be used to elevate privileges on any other network resource, or access it via RDP.
Force shutdown from a remote system/Shut down the system: Administrators
Only administrators should be able to shut down any server, to prevent denial-of-service (DoS) attacks.
Manage auditing and security log: Administrators
This is a sensitive privilege, as anyone with these rights can erase important evidence of unauthorized activity.
Note: If you are running MS Exchange, the “Exchange Servers” group must be added to DCs.
Restore files and directories: Administrators
Attackers with this privilege can overwrite data, or even executable files used by legitimate administrators, with versions that include malicious code.
Take ownership of files or other objects: Administrators
User having this privilege can take control (ownership) of any object, such as a file or folder, and expose sensitive data.
Deny log on as a batch job/Deny log on as a service/Deny log on locally: Guests
To increase security, you should include the Guests group in these three settings.
Debug programs/Profile single process/Profile system performance: Administrators
This setting allows a user to attach a debugger to a system or process, thereby accessing critical, sensitive data. It can be used by attackers to collect information about running critical processes, or which users are logged on.
Change the system time: Administrators, Local Service
Changes in system time might lead to DoS issues, such as unavailability to authenticate to the domain. The Local Service role is required for the Windows Time service, VMware Tools service, and others to synchronize system time with the DC or ESXi host.
Create a token object: No one (empty value)
Users with the ability to create or modify access tokens can elevate any currently logged on account, including their own.
Impersonate a client after authentication: Administrators, Local Service, Network Service, Service
An attacker with this privilege can create a service, trick a client into connecting to that service, and then impersonate that account.
Note: For servers running Internet Information Services (IIS), the "IIS_IUSRS" account must also be added.
Load and unload device drivers: Administrators
Malicious code can be installed that pretends to be a device driver. Administrators should only install drivers with a valid signature.
I hope this article helped you to understand why it is important to define a security baseline for your systems. Many of the settings are already configured properly following server deployment; however, if they are not controlled by a GPO, they can be manipulated by malicious users. Be careful to whom you grant administrator permissions.
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Created a domain account to use as a service account and then tried to run powershell cmdlets against the active RDS management server.
Gave that account local admin access on the broker servers and then was able to get further.
Got the error “Access is denied” when trying to run the invoke-RDUserLogoff(with correct hostserver and unifiedsessionID values) to log off a session using that account.
Need to know what permissions should be granted to the account to provide ability to run this command and where like on the broker or the session host.
I can’t run the RD cmdlets on the RD broker to remove a user session without local administrator privileges on the broker and session host.
I need to know what user permissions are necessary to run these cmdlets as giving local admin is not desired.
Sir we are having user1 in server1. We want to collect logs of server1 from server2 using credentials of user1. Surprisingly even after entering the credentials of user1 in event viewer it is taking loggedin credentials of the user logged into server2.
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Check If A Service Account Has Logon Interactive Privileges
I want to loop over all my domain service accounts and make sure that people can't log on the server using that account.
How can I check if a service account has interactive logon privileges and/or remote logon rights?
They aren't Managed Service Accounts because they are used as service accounts on multiple servers.
I tried gpresult /s myservername /user myusername /h gpreport.html but I don't really understand the report.
There was one section with:
Are these last 2 what allows this user to log in to the server?
Or is there a Group Policy I can check and look for using the command line?
- active-directory
This isn't a function of the user account, it's a function of the computer configuration AND the user account(s).
The easiest way to deny service accounts interactive logon privileges is with a GPO.
Open up group policy manager, and go to Computer Configuration -> Windows Settings -> Security Settings -> Local Policies -> User Rights Assignment .
Add your service accounts (or if you planned ahead, a security group, containing your service accounts) to the Deny log on locally and Deny log on through Terminal Services (or Deny Log on through Remote Desktop Services , depending on your Windows version) settings.
Apply this GPO to the computers you want it to apply to, and you're done. (GPOs are still a rather large pain to deal with over a CLI, so I wouldn't advise that approach, but if you're deadset on doing it that way, that's what you'd look for, and where.)
- This is a good answer. I'd like to try to get this via powershell to speed things up when checking multiple servers. However, I haven't managed yet. – opticyclic Apr 24, 2016 at 18:22
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How to access user right assignment using WMI only
I'm trying to get the list of accounts in remote computers that are assigned the given user rights and privileges , preferably using WQL (e.g. wbemtest or WMIC) but possibly Powershell as well.
All sources on the web suggest RSOP_UserPrivilegeRight. However, based on my past readings including some posts in this forum, RSOP_UserPrivilegeright is recorded only for domain computers, meaning computers like my PC or small server won't have anything recorded in that class. Which I checked and confirmed: class is completely empty on my PC, and when I tested on a small Windows server it only returned an entry for SeBatchLogonRight assigned to some SIDs which don't belong to any usable account.
So is there any other way to access the user right assignment correctly using WMI? Tools like secedit and ntright need to be separately installed I believe, so those are out of the question considering I'm trying to check user rights assignments in a remote computer. GUI-dependent tools are also not usable here. Using whoami from cmd was useful, but not good enough because only returns privileges and apparently not user rights (e.g. logon rights like SeBatchLogonRight).
If there is absolutely nothing that can be done using WMI to retrieve user rights assignment information, then any other relevant tools would also be great. Trying to search for the information myself was difficult because most search results were about user rights to run WMI, not using WMI to access user rights. Therefore I'd very much like help from the forum.
All replies
- Proposed as answer by Wendy Jiang Tuesday, February 16, 2016 7:01 AM
This looks promising. I'll have to bear the effort of changing the project totally. Can this API be used remotely, even from computers of other OS such as Linux?
Thanks greatly for the answer.
Check User Rights Assignment
Check your User Rights Assignment settings comply with security standards on all your Windows computers with XIA Configuration .
Use the built-in Windows compliance benchmark to expose servers and workstations that do not meet your security policies.
XIA Configuration has a non-intrusive architecture with agentless data collection and PowerShell support .
User Rights Assignment in Group Policy
User Rights Assignment security settings can be viewed in Group Policy in the following section:
Computer Configuration > Windows Settings > Security Settings > Local Policies > User Rights Assignment
Audit and document your User Rights Assignment settings
If you're performing a security audit on your network, capturing information in this section of group policy is essential. XIA Configuration automates the retrieval of this data across all the Windows machines on your network.
- The reporting feature allows you to query all your machines at once
- The Windows compliance benchmark allows you to check your data complies with security standards
- The PDF output feature allows you to export the data for external auditors
Check your User Rights Assignment security settings
Both the privileges and the user rights that have been assigned to user accounts are covered.
- Display name - for example "Access to this computer from the network"
- Internal right or privilege name - for example "SeNetworkLogonRight"
- Configuration Source (Local / Group Policy (GPO))
- Users and groups with this right assigned
Press the Show details link to view all the user rights retrieved by XIA Configuration.
- Access Credential Manager as a trusted caller
- Access this computer from the network
- Act as part of the operating system
- Add workstations to domain
- Adjust memory quotas for a process
- Allow log on locally
- Allow log on through Remote Desktop Services
- Back up files and directories
- Bypass traverse checking
- Change the system time
- Change the time zone
- Create a pagefile
- Create a token object
- Create global objects
- Create permanent shared objects
- Create symbolic links
- Debug programs
- Deny access to this computer from the network
- Deny log on as a batch job
- Deny log on as a service
- Deny log on locally
- Deny log on through Remote Desktop Services
- Enable computer and user accounts to be trusted for delegation
- Force shutdown from a remote system
- Generate security audits
- Impersonate a client after authentication
- Increase a process working set
- Increase scheduling priority
- Load and unload device drivers
- Lock pages in memory
- Log on as a batch job
- Log on as a service
- Manage auditing and security log
- Modify an object label
- Modify firmware environment values
- Obtain an impersonation token for another user in the same session
- Perform volume maintenance tasks
- Profile single process
- Profile system performance
- Remove computer from docking station
- Replace a process-level token
- Restore files and directories
- Shut down the system
- Synchronize directory service data
- Take ownership of files or other objects
To see all the Windows settings supported by XIA Configuration, navigate up to Windows .
Try checking your user rights assignment settings for free
No commitments. No costs. Try XIA Configuration today.
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Palantir Blog
Jan 29, 2019
Windows Privilege Abuse: Auditing, Detection, and Defense
Privileges are an important native security control in Windows. As the name suggests, privileges grant rights for accounts to perform privileged operations within the operating system: debugging, impersonation, etc. Defenders who understand privileges and how attackers may abuse them can enhance their detection and attack surface reduction capabilities.
In this blog post, we give a brief introduction to privileges and share our recommendations for detecting and preventing their abuse. We walk through the key concepts a defender needs to understand to protect privileges, and provide an example on how to improve security through auditing, detection strategies, and targeted privilege removal.
Introduction to Windows privileges
A privilege is a right granted to an account to perform privileged operations within the operating system. It’s important to distinguish between privileges (which apply to system-related resources) and access rights (which apply to securable objects ). Microsoft provides a detailed explanation of Windows privileges in their Access Control documentation . Below, we walk through the most important concepts to understand if you want to better defend against abuse.
Access tokens
Access tokens are the foundation of all authorization decisions for securable resources hosted on the operating system. They are granted to authorized users by the Local Security Authority (LSA). The access token includes the user’s security identifier (SID), group SIDs, privileges, integrity level, and other security-relevant information.
Every process or thread created by a user inherits a copy of their token. This token is used by to perform access checks when accessing securable objects or performing privileged actions within the operating system.
Access tokens may exist as primary tokens or impersonation tokens . Primary tokens function as described and are used to present the default security information for a process or thread.
Impersonation allows for a thread to perform an operation using an access token from another user or client. Impersonation tokens are typically used in client/server communication. For example, when a user accesses an SMB file share, the server needs a copy of the user’s token to validate that the user has sufficient permissions. The executing server-side thread includes an impersonation token for the user in addition to the thread’s primary token, and uses the impersonation token to perform access checks for the user’s actions.
Restricted access tokens
Restricted tokens (also known as a filtered admin token ) are a subset of primary or impersonation tokens that have been modified to control privileges or permissions. Restricted access tokens allow the system to remove privileges, add deny-only access control entries, or perform other access rights changes.
Assuming User Account Control (UAC) is running during the initial token creation process, LSA will attempt to identify if the user is a member of a privileged group or has been granted a sensitive privilege using functionality similar to the IsTokenRestricted function . Presence of a restricted SID will result in a call to produce a new access token with reduced privileges.
An example of the restricted access token can be seen in the following screenshot:
Even though the user in question is a local administrator, the unelevated cmd.exe shell carries a token restricted to only a handful of privileges. When elevated to run as administrator, the process carries the user’s primary token with a larger list of privileges:
The primary token can also be inspected with Process Explorer. The following screenshot shows the restricted access token attached to the unelevated process.
The following screenshot shows the primary access token attached to the elevated process:
Commonly abused privileges
Microsoft provides documentation outlining the privilege constants in Windows . These privileges can be assigned directly to a user or inherited via group membership. While many of these privileges can be abused, the following are the most commonly abused privilege constants in malicious software and attacker tradecraft:
- SeBackupPrivilege Description: This privilege causes the system to grant all read access control to any file, regardless of the access control list (ACL) specified for the file. Attacker Tradecraft: Collection.
- SeCreateTokenPrivilege Description: Required to create a primary token. Attacker Tradecraft: Privilege Escalation
- SeDebugPrivilege Description: Required to debug and adjust the memory of a process owned by another account. Attacker Tradecraft: Privilege Escalation; Defense Evasion; Credential Access
- SeLoadDriverPrivilege Description: Required to load or unload a device driver. Attacker Tradecraft: Persistence; Defense Evasion
- SeRestorePrivilege Description: Required to perform restore operations. This privilege causes the system to grant all write access control to any file, regardless of the ACL specified for the file. Attacker Tradecraft: Persistence; Defense Evasion
- SeTakeOwnershipPrivilege Description: Required to take ownership of an object without being granted discretionary access. Attacker Tradecraft: Persistence; Defense Evasion; Collection
- SeTcbPrivilege Description: This privilege identifies its holder as part of the trusted computer base. Some trusted protected subsystems are granted this privilege. Attacker Tradecraft: Privilege Escalation
The “ Abusing Token Privileges for LPE ” whitepaper provides a comprehensive reference of privilege abuse techniques, refer to section “3.1 — Exploitable Privileges” for more information.
Privilege auditing and removal
Now that we’ve laid out some key concepts of privileges, let’s walk through a representative example: identifying and mitigating abuse of the debug programs privilege (SeDebugPrivilege).
SeDebugPrivilege allows a process to inspect and adjust the memory of other processes, and has long been a security concern . SeDebugPrivilege allows the token bearer to access any process or thread, regardless of security descriptors. The Windows credential harvesting tool Lsadump uses this technique to provide processes with read access to the memory space of the Local System Authority (LSASS). Malware also abuses this privilege to perform code injection into otherwise trustworthy processes, because it permits the creation of new remote threads in a target process .
SeDebugPrivilege does have many legitimate use cases. Many administrative tools need to inspect the memory of other processes for troubleshooting or profiling. Likewise, many commercial applications that inject their own code into running processes on a system require SeDebugPrivilege for legitimate reasons. (For example, see this article that explains how Symantec Endpoint Protection relies on SeDebugPrivilege.)
Additional context on SeDebugPrivilege and its usage in malware can be found in several books and publications. Some of those we referenced were The Art of Memory Forensics (pages: 173, 186, 197–199), Malware Analysts Cookbook (pages: 58, 231, 589) and Windows Malware Analysis Essentials (page: 143).
Enabling privilege auditing
Let’s now look at auditing as a technique for collecting the events necessary to identify potential privilege abuse. At Palantir, we use native Windows Event Forwarding (WEF) in order to collect audit logs in a central location. If you want to deploy WEF, please see our prior blog post and GitHub repository for configuration and management details.
The native event logging facilities in Windows 10 and Server 2016 support auditing privilege use within the operating system. Auditing of both sensitive privilege use and non-sensitive privilege use can be enabled via Group Policy Object (GPO) and collected via WEF subscriptions. Additionally, it’s valuable to audit special privileges assigned to new logons to identify where privileged access tokens are being created.
In most environments we recommend that you collect only events related to sensitive privilege use and disable auditing of the use of backup and restore privileges . While these techniques can be used by a malicious actor as part of collection, persistence, and defense evasion techniques, they create a prohibitively large number of events.
With the correct audit GPO applied, we collect usage of the following privileges:
- Act as part of the operating system
- Create a token object
- Debug programs
- Enable computer and user accounts to be trusted for delegation
- Generate security audits
- Impersonate a client after authentication
- Load and unload device drivers
- Manage auditing and security log
- Modify firmware environment values
- Replace a process-level token
- Take ownership of files or other objects
Identifying privilege usage
Now that event logs have been collected into a centralized location, we can identify potentially abusable privilege primitives through targeted searches.
As we are collecting events with event code 4672 ( Special privileges assigned to new logon ), we can perform searches across our fleet to identify where user tokens with the SeDebugPrivilege are generated. An example event:
In this instance, the user account was granted the SeDebugPrivilege as part of a logon event. This indicates the user token generated on this machine may be targeted and abused by a malicious actor with system access.
If Authorization Policy Change auditing is enabled, we can additionally receive event notifications when token privileges are enabled or disabled. An example of the 4703 event ( A user right was adjusted ):
In this instance, the user account token was modified to enable the SeDebugPrivilege. While not inherently malicious, this could be indicative of adversary activity using the PowerShell binary to perform code injection or protected credential access.
Finally, event IDs 4673 ( A privileged service was called ) and 4674 ( An operation was attempted on a privileged object ) may contain additional context or other privilege calls. An example of the 4673 event:
In this instance, the privilege SeTcbPrivilege was invoked by the PowerShell binary as a normal user. Adversaries can abuse the SeTcbPrivilege to generate a new token with additional privileges or features that are then used with impersonation.
Removing privileges across the fleet
Now that we’ve analyzed the SeDebugPrivilege event logs and validated they can be removed safely, we perform removal to ensure that only the users who need this privilege have it.
First, we create a security group in Active Directory ( SeDebug-Exceptions-sg ). Any users added to the security group can continue using the SeDebugPrivilege on their systems (e.g., administrators performing system-level debugging), while any other user loses the privilege (e.g., recruiting, help desk).
Next, we generate a Group Policy Object (GPO) and configure it to only assign the privileges for “Debug Programs” to users in the SeDebug-Exceptions-sg group. The setting can be configured at: Computer Configuration\Windows Settings\Security Settings\Local Policies\User Rights Assignment .
We then deploy the GPO to test machines and users throughout the fleet with security filtering.
Testing and validation
Once deployed to the test fleet, we conduct testing and validation exercises to identify any adverse impact or issues. Using data derived from Windows security, we conduct a granular whitelisting of potentially impacted user accounts. At the end of the test phase, not a single report or issue was identified or attributed to the change. We can then apply the privilege removal GPO to the remainder of the fleet.
The image below is an administrative prompt from one of our machines. Note that the SeDebugPrivilege is no longer present in the token, even when associated with an elevated cmd.exe process:
Using a combination of Windows events and host-based scripts, we continue monitoring and tracking of the SeDebugPrivilege until we can validate the fleet had received the change and is stable.
Issues and limitations
Finally, let’s discuss the limitations of the discussed privilege removal technique.
Firstly, not all privileges that are vulnerable to abuse can be removed (e.g. SeBackupPrivilege, SeImpersonatePrivilege, etc.) This technique should thus be considered one of many layers of a defense-in-depth strategy, not a panacea.
Secondly, modifying privileges does not restrict system-level accounts. In order for the operating system and associated tooling to function, these privileges are required and cannot be revoked. An example of this is the following screenshot of privileges associated with a primary access token for the SYSTEM user. Such an action would be captured in detection and alerting, but it’s important to mention that there’s no hard stop on obtaining the privilege on the system.
In this instance, an administrator user executed psexec to spawn a cmd.exe shell as NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM. Note the presence of the SeDebugPrivilege in the associated privileges table for the token. If users are granted administrator rights to their machines, there are multiple mechanisms to bypass this security control.
While the presented technique will not by itself stop a determined attacker in their tracks, it is a valuable defense-in-depth control that can shut down automated malware functionality and break some out-of-the-box attacker tooling . Armed with an understanding of privileges and how attackers may abuse them, defenders can develop and implement enhanced detection and attack surface reduction capabilities for their fleets.
Further reading
- Security Principals
- Enumerating remote access policies through GPO
- Abusing Token Privileges for LPE
Chad D., Dane S., Tyler B.
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UserRightsAssignment
Analyze the effective User Rights Assignments on a computer and compare results
Minimum PowerShell version
Installation options.
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Copy and Paste the following command to install this package using PowerShellGet More Info
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Manually download the .nupkg file to your system's default download location. Note that the file won't be unpacked, and won't include any dependencies. Learn More
Friedrich Weinmann
Copyright (c) 2021 Friedrich Weinmann
Package Details
Compare-UserRightsAssignment ConvertTo-UserRightsAssignmentSummary Get-DomainUserRightsAssignment Get-UserRightsAssignment Import-UserRightsAssignment
Dependencies
- PSFramework (>= 1.6.201)
- UserRightsAssignment.nuspec
- changelog.md
- UserRightsAssignment.psd1
- UserRightsAssignment.psm1
- bin\readme.md
- en-us\about_UserRightsAssignment.help.txt
- en-us\strings.psd1
- functions\Compare-UserRightsAssignment.ps1
- functions\ConvertTo-UserRightsAssignmentSummary.ps1
- functions\Get-DomainUserRightsAssignment.ps1
- functions\Get-UserRightsAssignment.ps1
- functions\Import-UserRightsAssignment.ps1
- functions\readme.md
- internal\configurations\configuration.ps1
- internal\configurations\readme.md
- internal\functions\readme.md
- internal\scriptblocks\scriptblocks.ps1
- internal\scripts\license.ps1
- internal\scripts\postimport.ps1
- internal\scripts\preimport.ps1
- internal\scripts\strings.ps1
- internal\tepp\assignment.ps1
- internal\tepp\example.tepp.ps1
- internal\tepp\readme.md
- tests\pester.ps1
- tests\readme.md
- tests\functions\readme.md
- tests\general\FileIntegrity.Exceptions.ps1
- tests\general\FileIntegrity.Tests.ps1
- tests\general\Help.Exceptions.ps1
- tests\general\Help.Tests.ps1
- tests\general\Manifest.Tests.ps1
- tests\general\PSScriptAnalyzer.Tests.ps1
- tests\general\strings.Exceptions.ps1
- tests\general\strings.Tests.ps1
- xml\readme.md
- xml\UserRightsAssignment.Format.ps1xml
- xml\UserRightsAssignment.Types.ps1xml
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User Rights Assignment Back To Not Defined
Is it possible to put a Local Policy User Rights Assignment back to Not Defined? There is not a checkbox to mark it as Not Defined. Is it possible to set any of the User Rights Assignments back to Not Defined?
I am trying to find an area of a Group Policy that is causing an issue with the installation of a Windows Feature. I have removed the computer from the domain and many parts of the GPO remains on the computer including User Rights Assignment. I am suspicious that this is causing the error I am getting. I would like to go through the User Rights Assignment to see what is causing the issue. If I can se it back to Not Defined per item them I can see what is causing the issue. But I do not see a way to check a box to put it back. I can remove everyone from the list of users/groups but that just makes the list blank and doesn't set it to Not Configured.
- group-policy
- security-policy
- If a local policy is configured as "Not Defined", it means the current value is the default value, which is either the value for enabled or the value for disabled. There a reason you cannot simply just set the value of the policy back to "not defined' using the group policy editor? Encourage you to provide more information, perhaps even explain what problem you are trying to solve, so we can answer your question. – Ramhound Sep 8, 2017 at 20:10
- @Ramhound I added some information. I am trying to find a piece of URS causing errors on the installation of a windows server feature. – JukEboX Sep 8, 2017 at 20:28
- Tell us the exact policy. What it modified in the registry should be easy to determine removing the keys will be how this is done – Ramhound Sep 8, 2017 at 21:32
User Right Assignment don't have a "default" configuration.
This is due to the fact that these settings are modified by when certain Windows roles and features are installed. Other applications can also modify these rights, creating a situation where a one-size-fits-all definition of default would leave many systems half functional.
Further, the User Right Assignments fall into a broader category of GP settings that cannot be conveniently reverted to a default state due to an effect known as Group Policy tattooing.
You must apply your own "default" settings
If you only have a few User Rights to modify , edit the settings through the Local Group Policy editor ( gpedit.msc ) and refer to another workstation that has the desired rights assignments for your configuration.
If you have many User Rights to modify , then consider using the Secedit command-line tool to export the settings from a computer with the desired configuration and then apply them into the target machine. Example commands:
Export the current machine's User Rights Assignments:
Apply the exported User Rights Assignments to the local machine:
More Information
This Microsoft support article explains why it's not possible to restore Windows Security settings to a so-called default state and offers some possible workarounds.
This and this article discuss Group Policy tattooing and its implications for Windows Security Settings.
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SuperTekBoy
Practical Help for Exchange & Office 365
Error running /PrepareAD – User does not have permissions but is a member of Enterprise Admins
September 20, 2017 By Gareth Gudger 4 Comments
While preparing Active Directory for Exchange you may run into the following error.
We ran into this recently at a client. This was an odd error because it indicated we had all the necessary group memberships to perform this task. We had also just used this account to successfully extend the schema moments before.
Fixing ‘User does not have permissions’
We quickly discovered that the Default Domain Controllers Policy (which is a group policy assigned to the domain controllers OU) had been removed. It was uncertain when this may have happened but the absence of this policy was not the issue itself. Moreover, it was a setting that comes predefined by that policy. The error we were receiving was due to the absence of the User Rights Assignment, Manage auditing and security logs . This right is granted to the Exchange Servers and Administrators built-in groups.
The fix was to create a new policy with these permissions defined. Let’s explore those steps.
Note: Alternatively, you can replace the entire missing Default Domain Controller Policy by running the DCGPOFIX command: dcgpofix /ignoreschema /target:dc Special Thanks: Michael B. Smith
From the Group Policy Management Console , expand the domain and right-click on the Domain Controllers OU. From the context menu select Create a GPO in this domain, and Link it here . Give the new policy a name and click Ok . In our case, we called it User Rights Assignment for Exchange .
Right-click on the new policy and select Edit . This will launch the Group Policy Management Editor . Expand the following nodes.
Computer Configuration > Policies > Windows Settings > Security Settings > Local Policies > User Rights Assignment
Under User Rights Assignments double-click Manage auditing and security log .
Check the box Define these policy settings . Click Add User or Group and then Browse . From the Select Users and Computers dialog add Exchange Servers . Repeat this process to add Administrators . Click Ok .
Allow time for Active Directory replication. You should then be able to rerun Setup /PrepareAD without issue.
We would love to hear from you. Have you seen any of these errors before? What did you do to fix it? Drop a comment below or join the conversation on Twitter @SuperTekBoy .
About Gareth Gudger
Gareth is an Microsoft MVP specializing in Exchange and Office 365. Gareth also contributes to the Office 365 for IT Pros book, which is updated monthly with new content. Find Gareth on LinkedIn , Twitter , or, Facebook .
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September 20, 2017 at 8:03 pm
I think the proper way to have done this would be to “dcgpofix /ignoreschema /target:dc” then re-run “setup /PrepareSchema” and “setup /PrepareAD”.
Just this man’s opinion.
September 20, 2017 at 8:16 pm
Hey Michael,
Excellent point. Yep that would replace the entire missing GPO. I forgot all about that trusty command. I will make an edit to the document tomorrow.
September 20, 2017 at 7:21 pm
I had a similar issue recently on an Exchange 2016 install. Install user had all the correct permissions, Exchange /PrepareSchema kept dropping out with errors saying the user didn’t have the relevant permissions.
The issue in the end turned out to be the FSMO roles holder was not a Global Catalog. Once that was added, everything went through just fine.
Exchange can be a funny thing sometimes!
September 20, 2017 at 8:18 pm
Thanks Alex. Haven’t come across that scenario yet but definitely good to know. Thanks for sharing.
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A wrapper around secedit.exe to configure local security policies
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SecurityPolicyDsc
A wrapper around secedit.exe to allow you to configure local security policies. This resource requires a Windows OS with secedit.exe.
Code of Conduct
This project has adopted this Code of Conduct .
For each merge to the branch master a preview release will be deployed to PowerShell Gallery . Periodically a release version tag will be pushed which will deploy a full release to PowerShell Gallery .
Contributing
Please check out common DSC Community contributing guidelines .
A full list of changes in each version can be found in the change log .
- AccountPolicy : Configures the policies under the Account Policy node in local security policies.
- SecurityOption : Configures the policies under the Security Options node in local security policies.
- SecurityTemplate : Configures user rights assignments that are defined in an INF file.
- UserRightsAssignment : Configures user rights assignments in local security policies.
AccountPolicy
For further explanation of these settings, please consult Account Policies Reference .
Note: The below settings pertain to Kerberos policies and must be set by a member in the domain admins group.
SecurityOption
For further explanation of these settings, please consult Security Options Reference .
SecurityTemplate
Userrightsassignment, code of conduct, contributors 24.
- PowerShell 100.0%
The user rights that are required by Update.exe
Introduction.
Some Microsoft software updates use Update.exe as the Setup program. Update.exe version 5.4.1.0 and later versions require that the user who installs the software update is an administrator with certain user rights. This article lists those user rights requirements. If a user does not have the required user rights and tries to install a software update package that uses Update.exe, they may receive the following error message:
You do not have permission to update <OS name>. Please contact your system administrator.
If the software update installation was performed in unattended mode by specifying either the /quiet or /passive command-line switches, this error message is displayed in the installation log. By default, the installation log is located at %systemroot%/KB ###### .log, where ###### is the number of the Microsoft Knowledge Base article for the fix that was applied.
More Information
To determine whether a software update uses Update.exe as the Setup program for packages released after July 2004, examine the Installer Engine value on the Version tab of the Properties dialog box for the software update package. For packages released before July 2004, you must extract the package contents to determine which installer is used and what version it is. For additional information about how to do this, click the following article number to view the article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:
832475 Description of the new features in the package installer for Windows software updates The following table lists the user rights required by Update.exe.
For additional information about earlier versions of Update.exe and Debug programs that require that administrators have rights, click the following article number to view the article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:
830846 Windows Product Updates may stop responding or may use most or all the CPU resources To determine the missing user right, examine the installation log file. The installation log file contains the following similar error messages:
2.744: d:\aab949b8ae7e35434dde6b\update\update.exe (version X.X.X.X ) 2.744: Failed To Enable SE_SECURITY_PRIVILEGE 2.754: Setup encountered an error: You do not have permission to update OS_name . Please contact your system administrator. 2.764: You do not have permission to update OS_name .
Note OS_name represents the operating system name. SE_SECURITY_PRIVILEGE represents the missing user right. X.X.X.X represents the version number. To view and modify user rights, follow these steps:
Start the Group Policy Editor in either your local or your domain environment. For more information about how to do this, visit the following Microsoft Web site:
http://www.microsoft.com/windows/windows2000/en/advanced/help/gpedit_start.htm
Under Computer Configuration , click Windows Settings .
Click Security Settings , click Local Policies , and then click User Rights Assignments .
To assign the policies listed earlier, right-click the policy, click Properties , and then add the user.
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How to define/grant the required user rights/permissions for a Backup Exec Service Account (BESA)
Description.
Backup Selection browse fails with error "Failure to browse server"
Error Message
Backup Selection browse fails with error "Failure to browse 'server'. Failed to log on to Microsoft Windows."
Connection with server failed. Hit <F5> to retry when trying to edit/create a backup job on Windows 2008 server
[ A ] The password set for the Backup Exec System Logon Account (Network -> Logon Accounts) or the Backup Exec Service Account (BESA) does not match to the password set in Active Directory or for the local administrator user account section. [ B ] If the BESA does not have the right to Logon as a batch job . By default this policy is applied to Administrators and the Backup Operators group. This user right is defined in the default Domain Controller's Group Policy object (GPO) and in the Local Security Policy of workstations & servers and it allows a user to be logged on by means of a batch-queue facility. For more information on this user right, refer to: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc780182(WS.10).aspx [ C ] If the BESA is included in Deny logon as a batch job policy. 'Deny logon as a batch job' determines which accounts are prevented from being able to log on as a batch job. This policy setting supercedes the Log on as a batch job policy setting if a user account is subject to both policies.
Solution
Note : Backup Exec Service account can be set to a user with local administrator rights.
- Act as part of the operating system [ a.k.a. TcbPrivilege ].
- Backup files and directories (provides rights to backup files and directories) [ a.k.a. BackupPrivilege ] .
- Create a token object (which can be used to access any local resources) [ a.k.a. TokenRightPrivilege].
- Log on as a batch job (allows a user to be logged on by means of a batch-queue facility) [ a.k.a. BatchLogonRight ].
- Log on as a service [ a.k.a. ServiceLogonRight ].
- Manage auditing and security log [ a.k.a. AuditPrivilege ].
- Restore files and directories (provides rights to restore files and directories [ a.k.a. RestorePrivilege ].
- Take ownership of files and other objects [ a.k.a TakeOwnershipPrivilege ].
For Windows 2016 / 2019
For Windows 2008 / 2008 R2 / 2012 / 2012 R2
For Windows 2003 / 2003 R2
For Windows 2016 / 2019 :
1. Go to Start | Programs | Administrative Tools | Group Policy Management .
2. From the left pane, expand Domains | Domain_Name | Group Policy Objects .
3. Right click on Default Domain Controllers Policy and click on Edit.
Ensure that the group policy being edited is set to Enforced or else the changes would not apply.
4. From the left pane, expand Computer Configuration and go to Policies | Windows Settings | Security Settings | Local Policies | User Rights Assignments .
5. From the right pane, right-click Log on as a batch Job --> Properties.
6. Click Add user or Group .
7. For the Add user or Group window, click Browse
8. Type the desired user account to act as your Backup Exec System Account, then click Browse and then click Ok .
9. Back in the "Group Policy Management Editor" note that your Backup Exec System Account now has " Log on as a batch Job " privilege.
10. Repeat steps 1 through 9 for any additional policies.
[ C ] Make sure the BESA is NOT included in the ' Deny Logon as a Batch' or 'Deny Logon as a service' because the deny supersedes the allow and even adding the account under 'Logon as a Batch' or 'Logon as a service' would not resolve the issue.
Refresh the group policy Click Start > Run and type gpupdate /target: computer /force ( this will force update the Group Policy )
For Windows 2008 / 2008 R2 / 2012 / 2012 R2 : 1. Go to Start | Programs | Administrative Tools | Group Policy Management. 2. From the left pane, expand Domains | Domain_Name | Group Policy Objects. 3. Right click on Default Domain Controllers Policy and click on Edit.
5. From the right pane, right-click Create a token object.
6. Click " Add user or Group".
9. Back in the "Group Policy Management Editor" note that your Backup Exec System Account now has "Create a token object" privilege.
6. Repeat steps 1 through 9 for any additional policies.
[ C ] Make sure the BESA is NOT included in the ' Deny Logon as a Batch' or 'Deny Logon as a service' because the deny supersedes the allow and even adding the account under 'Logon as a Batch' or 'Logon as a service' would not resolve the issue. ( Figure 4 )
[ D ] Make sure BESA has all the required permissions
1. Check the permissions for the Backup Exec System Account ( BESA ) which shows under Network - Logon Accounts . Make sure it is a member of the local administrator group (built in admins) if applicable, and/or domain admins. Remove this account from any groups that do not have full administrative rights. 2. If performing the above steps do not resolve the issue, create a new user account in active directory and add it to the following groups only if a domain admin can be used else in case of a non DC a local user account part of the Local administrators group can also be used.
- Domain Admins (Primary Group)
- Local Admins or Administrators
- Remove Domain Users from the list.
Then use this new account for Backup Exec services, add it under Network - Logon Accounts and make that as a default account. Note: This applies to Windows Server 2008/R2 (Domain controller and member servers) as well. [ E ] Make sure all Backup Exec services are started.
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- › 6 Best Practices to Conduct a User Access Review
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December 16, 2022
6 Best Practices to Conduct a User Access Review
Every company has workers that have been there from the beginning and worked in every department. Knowledge of the company’s processes makes them valuable employees, but they can also access and put at risk lots of sensitive data. Regular user access reviews can help you mipngtigate this risk and safeguard your critical assets.
Regularly reviewing user access is an essential part of access management. In this article, we discuss the nature and importance of user access audits and briefly overview IT standards and laws that require you to perform such audits. Arm yourself with a user access review checklist and best practices to make the audit process as efficient as possible.
What is a user access review and why is it essential?
A user access review (or user access audit) is part of the user account management and access control process, which involves periodically reviewing access rights for all of an organization’s employees and third parties.
A user access review involves the re-evaluation of:
The ultimate goal of a user access review is to reduce the risk of a security breach by limiting access to critical data and resources. That’s why for some security officers, it may seem tempting to skip the review if they have practices such as the principle of least privilege , zero trust architecture , and granular access management in place.
However, lack of access audits leads to incidents similar to the Cash App Investing breach carried out by an ex-employee. The perpetrator accessed and downloaded internal Cash App reports with information on over 8 million current and former application users.
Conducting a user access review can help you mitigate the following issues:
A user access review also mitigates threats such as the following:
Privilege creep , which occurs when employees obtain access to more sensitive data than required while working at an organization. New privileges appear as employees gain new responsibilities and access rights without revoking the old ones.
Privilege misuse , when an insider uses granted privileges in a way that is different from or opposite to the intended use. Such actions may be unintentional, deliberate, or caused by ignorance. But no matter their cause, they often lead to cybersecurity threats.
Privilege abuse , when a fraudulent activity involves an account with elevated privileges. Malicious actors may abuse privileges they were granted to access, exfiltrate, compromise, or damage an organization’s confidential assets. Malicious insiders can abuse their privilege. As well, outside attackers can compromise privileged accounts and use their privileges for malicious purposes.
During an access review, a security officer synchronizes users’ access rights with users’ current roles and limits employees' privileges to keep the risks of privilege creep, misuse, and abuse at a minimum.
Apart from mitigating cybersecurity threats, conducting a user access review is essential for complying with many IT requirements .
What standards, laws, and regulations require a user access review?
Reviewing user access rights is required by many internаtional IT security regimes, including:
Let’s take a closer look at these requirements.
The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is a non-regulatory US government agency that provides cybersecurity guidelines and standards followed worldwide. The AC-1 and AC-2 controls from NIST Special Publication 800-53 require organizations to conduct a periodic review of access rights and policies. Your organization may create its own schedule for user access reviews and use a software solution to conduct them.
The Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS) is a worldwide security standard for organizations processing data on credit cards and cardholders. Requirement 7 of PCI DSS describes obligatory access control measures that include granular access control, the principle of least privilege, and periodic revision of user roles and rights. Also, requirement 12 obliges organizations to review their access control policies at least once a year. As with NIST, the organization can self-assess the frequency and quality of reviews.
The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) is a US law that describes data protection measures for companies working with healthcare data. HIPAA §164.308, Administrative Safeguards , requires a periodic review of access policies and implementation of procedures to establish, document, review, and modify user access rights. Fulfillment of this requirement and absence of violations is checked during audits by the US Department of Health and Human Services.
The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) unites data privacy laws across the European Union (EU) and applies to organizations collecting and processing the personal data of EU residents. Article 32 of the GDPR requires organizations to audit the data they process and people with access to it (including employees and third-party vendors). Non-compliance with this GDPR requirement may result in extensive fines .
The Sarbanes–Oxley Act (SOX) is a US law containing requirements for public accounting organizations. Section 404 of this act demands entities to assess and report on internal controls for financial reporting and on the integrity of reports. Regarding digital records, SOX indicates the need to enforce access control procedures, including via user access reviews. SOX compliance is verified during a yearly audit by an independent auditor. Organizations use specialized SOX compliance software to meet the requirements of this act.
As you can see, conducting a user access review helps to strengthen data security, facilitate the management of access to critical data and systems, and reduce risks of reputational and financial losses.
Read on to get a user access review checklist that will help you conduct this process appropriately.
Steps to implement a user access review: A hands-on checklist
A well-planned and meticulous user access review process can reduce the risk of cybersecurity threats to your organization’s critical assets.
We’ve created a user access review template that you can use as a checklist during your audits:
Define the scope of the user access audit
Defining the scope for the user access review process is essential. With a defined scope and plan, you can conduct the audit in a more efficient, timely, and structured manner. Consider prioritizing accounts for a review of user access rights according to risk profiles to accelerate the process and make it more efficient.
Revoke permissions of ex-employees
During user access reviews, consider paying close attention to whether accounts of former employees are still active in your network. You may want to have a list of employees who have resigned since the previous user access review to ensure their access rights are terminated. However, revoking user access rights immediately after resignation is the safest option.
You can easily revoke former employees’ permissions with Ekran System — a full-cycle insider risk management platform that allows you to manage user accounts and access rights with a couple of clicks.
Remove shadow admin accounts
Shadow admin accounts are user accounts that aren’t typically included in privileged Active Directory (AD) groups but are granted administrative access permissions directly. If not adequately monitored, these accounts can be targeted by malicious attackers to escalate and exploit their privileges. Consider removing shadow admin accounts, or at least including them in monitored administrative groups.
Ensure employees don’t have access permissions from previous positions
As employees change positions within the organization, their access permissions can accumulate, causing privilege creep. During a user access review procedure, we recommend you ensure employees’ access permissions match current job responsibilities. Consider checking if employees that recently switched departments still have permissions from their previous job posts.
Make sure that employees and vendors have the fewest privileges possible
The fewer privileges a user has, the less time you’ll spend reviewing them. Consider implementing the principle of least privilege in your organization, which implies giving employees and vendors access only to those resources and assets that are strictly required to do their jobs. Not only does this help to prevent insider threats; it’s also required by the security requirements we discussed earlier.
Ekran System’s privileged access management (PAM) functionality allows you to create new users with a minimum number of access rights or privileges by default and granularly adjust them, thus implementing the principle of least privilege.
Verify that permanent access is only given when necessary
Verify that all users with privileged access permissions require them on a permanent basis. For users that need access only once or twice, consider using one-time passwords (OTP) or implementing just-in-time PAM instead of assigning a user a new role or granting permanent access rights.
With PAM in Ekran System, you can implement the just-in-time approach by granting temporary access to critical assets only when users need it to complete their jobs and revoking access permissions when the task is finished. Additionally, Ekran System allows for manual or automated provisioning of OTPs.
Analyze the results of the review and draw conclusions
Ideally, each user access review procedure should lead to improvements in the way you manage user access in your organization. Hence, we suggest that you note and take into account all issues identified during the review. Afterward, consider creating a summary with analysis of those issues and steps needed for their mitigation.
This checklist should include essential steps to be taken during a user entitlement review. In the next section, take a look at proven best practices to make the user access review process in your organization even more thorough.
Best practices for enhancing user access audits in your organization
A user access review can be swift, effective, and painless if you keep your access control policies up to date and implement globally and industry-recognized security procedures. We’ve gathered six best practices for advancing your organization’s user access reviews.
1. Regularly update your access management policy
Creating a policy is a one-time activity, but updating it as your organization grows is equally important. It helps to ensure that users within your organization have the right level of access to the right data assets. Make sure you document any changes in protected data, user roles, and access control procedures.
If your organization still doesn’t have an access management policy, consider creating one and making sure it contains:
- a list of data and resources you need to protect
- a list of all user roles, levels, and types of access
- controls, tools, and approaches to secure access
- administrative measures and software used to implement the policy
- procedures for granting, reviewing, and revoking access
To create your policy quickly, you can search for and adapt available access management policy templates relevant to your region and industry.
2. Review the user access audit procedure
Along with an access management policy, you should keep your procedure for accessing user rights in your organization up to date. Consider regularly reviewing the way you implement user access reviews.
A written user access review procedure is part of an access management policy. If you don’t have a formalized procedure yet, make sure to create one that:
- establishes a schedule for reviews
- identifies security officers responsible for user access reviews
- sets a period for notifying employees about upcoming reviews
- defines contents of the report and a period for reporting review results
Formalizing these aspects helps you continuously review access permissions and maintain standards.
3. Implement role-based access control
A role-based access control (RBAC) approach is about creating user roles for similar positions instead of configuring each user’s account individually. Each role is then assigned a list of access rights. RBAC speeds up the user access review process. With this approach in place, you can review roles instead of separate profiles.
In Ekran System, role-based access is easy to set up and manage, as the platform’s PAM capabilities allow for adding users with similar privileges to groups and managing those groups in a few clicks.
4. Involve regular employees and management
Employees usually see cybersecurity measures as interfering with their daily work. Involving employees in the user access review can speed up the process and show them why it’s important.
For example, you can send out lists of access rights to users and their managers and ask them to point out what resources they no longer need to access. Since managers know the responsibilities of their subordinates better than anyone else, their involvement can significantly accelerate your user access review process.
5. Document each step of the process
Documenting the user access review implementation process is crucial. Consider keeping detailed records of challenges and results of each step of the review in an access review workbook or any other documentation asset.
Such formalization gives a better understanding of the user access review procedure to all members involved. Besides, it can help you demonstrate compliance with laws and regulations as well as find bottlenecks and flaws in the review procedure.
6. Educate your personnel on the importance of access reviews
If employees don’t understand why it’s important to implement certain practices or use specific tools, there’s a high chance they’ll sabotage them.
That’s why you need to communicate the principles and importance of user access management to your employees during regular cybersecurity awareness training. It’s essential to teach employees involved in a user access review to conduct it appropriately and in accordance with established policy. Furthermore, you should help your employees learn about various cybersecurity threats, including ones related to access rights and privileged accounts.
A user access review is a key component of the access management process. It can help your organization reduce cybersecurity risks by revoking unnecessary access to sensitive resources and limiting users’ privileges to the required minimum. Using dedicated access management solutions may help you conduct a user access review more easily and improve its efficiency.
Ekran System’s PAM functionality can simplify and optimize access management in your organization, providing you with:
- role-based access control to configure several user roles instead of configuring multiple accounts with identical permissions
- an access request and approval workflow to ensure granular access control
- a two-factor authentication (2FA) tool to strengthen protection of your critical assets
An all-in-one insider risk management platform, Ekran System also allows you to continuously monitor the activity of employees and third-party vendors, respond to security violations in real time, generate comprehensive user activity reports , and do much more.
Request a free 30-day trial of Ekran System and start improving access management in your organization today!
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Access control is one of the most important cybersecurity practices. Careful adjustment of users’ access rights helps to secure sensitive data and reduces the chance of a successful attack. &nb
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How can I check if a user has write rights in Active Directory using C#?
In my .NET 2.0 C# applcation I need to determine if a user (with password) has ability to modify (write) option in Active Directory. I hope there is a way using DirectoryEntry without creating and then deleting new object in AD.
Thank you for your help.
- active-directory
- directoryentry
2 Answers 2
Like Olive said, it's difficult to do it right yourself. It's difficult to do right because the permissions can be passed onto your user account via Active Directory groups. So, in order to find out the effective permission for a particular user account, you have to find out all the groups the user belongs to.
Fortunately, Active Directory has a special type of attributes called constructed attributes . By default, if you are using AD Explorer or ADSI Edit to browse your object's, these kinds of attributes are not shown. In ADSI Edit, you can set the Filter to include these constructed attributes. One of the useful constructed attributes here is allowedAttributesEffective . It's a multi-value attribute and it contains all attributes that your current user has permission to write to. It's calculated by Active Directory on the fly. It takes care all the inheritance, deny override and group permissions. If you have permission to write to cn attribute, you will see cn as one of the values in it.
Here is a sample for checking a particular user has write permissions on a particular sets of attributes on a specific object on Active Directory.
Yes, it's not exactly what you want. You are asking to check if a user has WriteAllProperties permission. Actually, WriteAllProperties permission is a collection of write property permissions on different attributes. You may need to do some homework to find out what attributes your application really cares. Then, just pass in those attributes.
If you really have no idea what attributes to check, this one should be good enough
Here, I am checking if the returned allowedAttributesEffective is null or not. If null, it means it doesn't have any permissions to write to any attributes. I am assuming your administrator would either grant all write properties permission or deny all write properties. I think this is a valid assumption in most cases.
- This reads very promising. Will see when i have time to check if this will work also for my problem. But if it really works as you described i will love this feature. ;-) – Oliver Feb 9, 2011 at 8:07
- Thank you Harvey, this was exactly what I was looking for. As you wrote there are just two groups of users. Masters with whole access and users with read-only access. Using the allowedAttributesEffective property of DirectoryEntry I was able to determinite between this groups. ;-) – Dafko Feb 10, 2011 at 10:51
As you can see in my question , there seems no possibility to simply find out the rights of a random user to a specfic object within the AD.
If anyone knows for a simple way, please let me know.
- Sounds like you should have voted to close as a duplicate, rather than posting an answer. No reason for people to let you know here instead of on the question you've already asked. – Cody Gray ♦ Feb 8, 2011 at 11:20
- @Cody: I don't think it is a real duplicate, cause here is the question if a user has write access at a specific location. In my question i want to know all write access places for a specific user. But both questions have the same root problem of lacking support for the needed functionality. – Oliver Feb 8, 2011 at 12:19
- @Harvey: Yes, it seems to work. :-) I put an answer to my own question, adding credits to you into it and upvoted your answer above. – Oliver Feb 11, 2011 at 9:52
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You can configure the user rights assignment settings in the following location within the Group Policy Management Console (GPMC) under Computer Configuration\Windows Settings\Security Settings\Local Policies\User Rights Assignment, or on the local device by using the Local Group Policy Editor (gpedit.msc).
User Rights Assignment policies govern the methods by which a user can log on to a system. User rights are applied at the local device level, and they allow users to perform tasks on a device or in a domain. User rights include logon rights and permissions. Logon rights control who is authorized to log on to a device and how they can log on.
In the console tree, click Computer Configuration, click Windows Settings, and then click Security Settings. Do one of the following: Click Account Policies to edit the Password Policy or Account Lockout Policy. Click Local Policies to edit an Audit Policy, a User Rights Assignment, or Security Options.
Get Local User Account Rights and output to text in console: .\Get-UserRights.ps1 Remote Computer Get Remote SQL Server User Account Rights: .\Get-UserRights.ps1 -ComputerName SQL.contoso.com Get Local Machine and SQL Server User Account Rights: .\Get-UserRights.ps1 -ComputerName $env:COMPUTERNAME, SQL.contoso.com Output Types
User rights assignments are settings applied to the local device. They allow users to perform various system tasks, such as local logon, remote logon, accessing the server from network, shutting down the server, and so on. In this section, I will explain the most important settings and how they should be configured.
This isn't a function of the user account, it's a function of the computer configuration AND the user account (s). The easiest way to deny service accounts interactive logon privileges is with a GPO. Open up group policy manager, and go to Computer Configuration -> Windows Settings -> Security Settings -> Local Policies -> User Rights Assignment.
GUI-dependent tools are also not usable here. Using whoami from cmd was useful, but not good enough because only returns privileges and apparently not user rights (e.g. logon rights like SeBatchLogonRight). If there is absolutely nothing that can be done using WMI to retrieve user rights assignment information, then any other relevant tools ...
User Rights Assignment policies determines which users or groups have logon rights or privileges on the computer. This will show you how to add (assign) or remove users and groups for each User Rights Assignment policy in Vista, Windows 7, or Windows 8. You must be logged in as an administrator to be able to do the steps in this tutorial. Note
User Rights Assignment security settings can be viewed in Group Policy in the following section: Computer Configuration > Windows Settings > Security Settings > Local Policies > User Rights Assignment Group Policy editor showing User Rights Assignment Audit and document your User Rights Assignment settings
The setting can be configured at: Computer Configuration\Windows Settings\Security Settings\Local Policies\User Rights Assignment. We then deploy the GPO to test machines and users throughout the fleet with security filtering. Testing and validation.
Analyze the effective User Rights Assignments on a computer and compare results. Minimum PowerShell version. 5.1. Installation Options. Install Module Azure Automation Manual Download Copy and Paste the following command to install this package using PowerShellGet More Info. Install-Module -Name UserRightsAssignment ...
User Right Assignment don't have a "default" configuration. This is due to the fact that these settings are modified by when certain Windows roles and features are installed. Other applications can also modify these rights, creating a situation where a one-size-fits-all definition of default would leave many systems half functional.
Computer Configuration > Policies > Windows Settings > Security Settings > Local Policies > User Rights Assignment. Under User Rights Assignments double-click Manage auditing and security log. Check the box Define these policy settings. Click Add User or Group and then Browse. From the Select Users and Computers dialog add Exchange Servers.
SecurityTemplate: Configures user rights assignments that are defined in an INF file. UserRightsAssignment: Configures user rights assignments in local security policies. AccountPolicy. For further explanation of these settings, please consult Account Policies Reference.
To view and modify user rights, follow these steps: Start the Group Policy Editor in either your local or your domain environment. ... Under Computer Configuration, click Windows Settings. Click Security Settings, click Local Policies, and then click User Rights Assignments. To assign the policies listed earlier, right-click the policy, click ...
5. From the right pane, right-click Create a token object. 6. Click " Add user or Group". 7. For the "Add user or Group" window, click Browse. 8. Type the desired user account to act as your Backup Exec System Account, then click Browse and then click Ok. 9.
HIPAA §164.308, Administrative Safeguards, requires a periodic review of access policies and implementation of procedures to establish, document, review, and modify user access rights. Fulfillment of this requirement and absence of violations is checked during audits by the US Department of Health and Human Services.
You are asking to check if a user has WriteAllProperties permission. Actually, WriteAllProperties permission is a collection of write property permissions on different attributes. You may need to do some homework to find out what attributes your application really cares. Then, just pass in those attributes.