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Multiple Choice Questions
- Conference proceedings are considered as.documents. a. Conventional b. Primary c. Secondary d. Tertiary Answer : b. Primary
- Informationis….. a. RawData b. Processed Data c. Inputdata d. Organized data Answer : b. Processed Data
- Information acquired by experience or experimentation is called as: a. Empirical b. Scientific c. Facts d. Scientific Evidence Answer : b. Scientific
- Abstract elements representing classes of phenomena within the field of study are called : a.Concepts b.Theories c.Variables d.Hypothesis Answer: a. Concepts
- All living things are made up of cells Blue whale is a living being, Thereforeblue whale is made up of cells’ The reasoning used here is a. Inductive b. Deductive c. Hypothetic deductive d. Both a and b Answer : b. Deductive
- Questionnaire is a: a. Research method b. Measurement technique c. Tool for data collection d. Data analysis technique Answer : b. Measurement Technique
- Mean, Median and Mode are a. Measures of deviation b. Ways of sampling c. Measure of control tendency d. None of the above Answer : c. Measure of control tendency
- The reasoning that uses general principle to predict specific results is calledas- a. Inductive b. Deductive c. Both a and b d. Hypothetic o-deductive Answer : b. Deductive
- A research paper is a brief report of research work based on a. Primary Data only b. Secondary Data only c. Both a and b d. None of the above Answer : c. Both a and b
- Research is a. Searching again and again b. Finding solutions to any problem c. Working in a scientific way to d. None -of the above Answer : c. Working in a scientific way to
- Multiple-choice questions are an example of a. OrdinalMeasure b. Nominal Measure c. RatioMeasure d. None of the above Answer : b. Nominal Measure
- Which of the variables cannot be expressed in quantitative terms a. Socio economic status b. Marital status c. Numerical aptitude d. Professional attitude Answer : d. Professional attitude
- The essential qualities of a researcher are : a. Spirit of free enquiry b. Reliance on observation c. Reliance on evidences d. All of the above Answer : d. All the above
- A research process starts with- a. Hypothesis b. Experiment to test hypothesis c. Observation d. None of the above Answer : a. Hypothesis
- Who was the proponent of deductive method- a. FrancisBacon b. Christian Huygenes c. Aristotle d. Isaac Newton Answer : b. Christian Huygenes
- The non-random sampling type that involves selecting a convenience sample from a population with a specific set of characteristics for your research study is called a. Convenience sampling b. Quota sampling c. Purposive sampling d. None of the above Answer : a. Convenience Sampling
- Which of the following is NOT an example of a non-random sampling technique? a. Purposive b. Quota c. Convenience d. Cluster Answer : c. Convenience
- The purpose of drawing sample from a population is known as a. Sampling b. Census c. Survey research d. None of the above Answer : a. Sampling
- Sampling in qualitative research is similar to which type of sampling in quantitative research a. Simple random sampling b. Systematic sampling c. Quotasampling d. Purposive sampling Answer : d. Purposive sampling
- A set of rules that govern overall data communications system is popularly known as……….. a. Protocol b. Agreement c. Pact d. Memorandum Answer : a. Protocol
Essay Questions
- Basic Research: In this type of research, data is collected to enhance knowledge. The purpose is non-commercial research that is generally not used to invent anything.
- Applied research: The focus of this research is to analyze and solve real-life problems. It prefers to help solve a practical problem with scientific methods.
- Problem-Oriented research: It focuses on understanding the nature of the problem to find a relevant solution. The problem could be in various forms; this research analyses the situation.
- Problem-solving research: Companies usually conduct this type of research to understand and resolve their problems. The research is to find a solution to an existing problem.
- Qualitative research is a process of inquiry that helps to create an in-depth understanding of problems and issues. It has open ended questions
- State the purpose clearly
- Define the concepts used
- Describe the research procedure in sufficient detail that allows another researcher to make further advancement on the topic
- Design the procedure carefully to achieve desired results
- Data analysis should reveal adequate significance
- Appropriate analysis methods should be used.
- Carefully check the validity and reliability of the data.
- Conclusions should be confined to justify the research data and limit for the which data provides and adequate basis
- Systematic research: Conduct research in structured format with specified steps, rules while keeping in perspective the creative thinking.
- Research is guided by logical reasoning and process of deduction and induction, which serves as a great value in carrying out research.
- It is empirical: research is related to one or more than one aspects in real situation that deals with concrete data
- It is replicable: the characteristics allow researchers to replicate study and building a sound basis for decisions.
- Observing Behaviors of Participants:
- Questionnaire Method
- Interview Method
- Schedules Method
- Information from Correspondents
- Identify the problem
- Review the Literature
- Clarify the Problem
- Clearly Define Terms and Concepts
- Define the Population
- Develop the Instrumentation Plan
- Collect Data
- Analyze the Data
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Research Methodology Question Bank with Answers Pdf
Freshers and experienced candidates should prepare the following questions for their research methodology interview:.
- What Is Research Methodology?
- What Are The Types Of Research Methodology?
- How To Write A Research Methodology?
- Methodologies Of Data Collection?
- Research problem In Research Methodology?
- Research Process In Research Methodology?
- Research Design In Research Methodology?
- What Are The Benefits Of Qualitative And Quantitative Methods?
- Why is Conjoint Methodology Important?
Define Research Methodology
Research Methodology is a curious part of academic research and is a collective term for the standard processes conducted in the study. Research Methodology is defined as the systematic framework to solve the research problem and explains the research process. It is the research methods or standard techniques to conduct the research siding with the aim and objective of the research which is used for the identification, selection, processing, analysing and execution of the idea about the research topic. It includes research design, data collection methods in research and data analysis.
In a research paper, the methodology part will let the reader seriously evaluate and understand more about the research. Different methodologies are used in various types of research such as experiments, surveys, questionnaires, case studies, interviews, trials, observations and more. Based on these methods methodology is classified as a method of data collection, experimental technique, simulation technique and derived methods. You can download the Research Methodology Question Bank With Answer PDF. There are important questions about research methodology with answers.
From HIGS you can get a perfectly written research methodology section for your research paper or can guide you in writing a research methodology. We can also help you by providing report writing in research methodology. We provide complete support to your research approach and can clarify your doubts about the research question like how to approach a research study, define research problem and how to find a research problem, methodology test, data collection in research methodology and so on.
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You can get research methodology notes and syllabi from HIGS for PhD entrance preparation. Also avail of the latest pre-PhD research methodology MCQ, Anna university PhD written test question paper, research aptitude test for PhD entrance, research methodology objective questions, and advanced research methodology question paper.
1. _______ is referred to as "the father of research on teaching"?
- a) N. L. Gage
- b) David Berliner
- c) Egon Brunswik
- d) Donald T. Campbell
- Answer: a. N. L. Gage
2. The main purpose of research in education is to _________
- a) Increase social status of an individual
- b) Increase job prospects of an individual
- c) Help in the personal growth of an individual
- d) Help the candidate become an eminent educationist
- Answer: d. Help the candidate become an eminent educationist
3. _______ refers to inferring about the whole population based on the observations made on a small part
- a) Pseudo-inference
- b) Objective inference
- c) Inductive inference
- d) Deductive inference
- Answer: c. Inductive inference
4. Sampling is advantageous as it ________
- a) Saves time
- b) Helps in capital-saving
- c) Both (a) and (b)
- d) Increases accuracy
- Answer: c. Both (a) and (b)
5. Random sampling is helpful as it is __________
- a) Reasonably accurate
- b) Free from personal biases
- c) An economical method of data collection
- d) All the above
- Answer: d. All the above
6. Tippit table refers to ____________
- a) Table of random digits
- b) Table used in sampling methods
- c) Table used in statistical investigations
7 . Type-I Error occurs if ___________________
- a) The null hypothesis is rejected even though it is true
- b) The null hypothesis is accepted even though it is false
- c) Both the null hypothesis as well as alternative hypothesis are rejected
- d) None of the above
- Answer: a. the null hypothesis is rejected even though it is true
8. _________ is a preferred sampling method for the population with finite size
- a) Systematic sampling
- b) Purposive sampling
- c) Cluster sampling
- d) Area sampling
- Answer: a. Systematic sampling
9. Research and Development become the index of development of country. Which of the following reasons are true with regards to this statement?
- a) Because R&D targets the human development
- b) Because R&D can improve the standard of living of the people in a country
- c) Because R&D reflect the true economic and social conditions prevailing in a country
10. Which of the following is not an essential element of report writing?
- a. Research Methodology
- b. Reference
- c. Conclusion
- d. None of these
- Answer: d. None of these
11. Testing hypothesis is a ________
- a. Inferential statistics
- b. Descriptive statistics
- c. Data preparation
- d. Data analysis
- Answer: a. inferential statistics
12. Is it possible to apply projective techniques for exploratory investigation?
- Answer: a. Yes
13. What is the purpose of doing research?
- a. To identify problem
- b. To find the solution
- c. Both a and b
- Answer: c. Both a and b
14. Which method can be applicable for collecting qualitative data?
- a. Artifacts (Visual)
- c. Media products (Textual, Visual and sensory)
- d. All of these
- Answer: d. All of these
15. Which of the following is non-probability sampling?
- a. Snowball
- d. Stratified
- Answer: a. Snowball
16. In group interview there are _______
- a. One interviewer and one interviewee
- b. More than one interviewer and one interviewee
- c. One interviewer and more than one interviewee
- d. More than One interviewer and more than one interviewee
- Answer: c. one interviewer and more than one interviewee
17. Which of the following are associated with behavioral observation?
- a. Non-verbal analysis
- b. Linguistic analysis
- c. spatial analysis
18. Uniting various qualitative methods with quantitative methods can be called as……..
- a. Coalesce
- b. Triangulation
- c. Bipartite
- d. Impassive
- Answer: b. Triangulation
19. Multistage sampling is a ________
- a. Probability sampling
- b. Non-Probability sampling
- Answer: a. Probability sampling
20. Hypothesis is..........
- a) Conclusion drawn from existing literature
- b) Interpretation of data
- c) Relation between variables
- d) Comparison of assumptions
- Answer: (B) Interpretation of data
21. In which of the following research methodologies, manipulation and control of variables and randomization of sample are 2 of the basic necessities..........
- a) Ex-post facto research
- b) Descriptive research
- c) Case study research
- d) Experimental research
- Answer: (d) Experimental research
22. Which one of the following is the main feature of qualitative research?..........
- a) Avoids positivist assumptions and data analysis
- b) Subscribe to pre-existing categories
- c) Collects data in numerical form
- d) Uses the empirical methods of data analysis
- Answer: (a) Avoids positivist assumptions and data analysis
23.Which of the following methodology is being used in empirical researches? ..........
- a) Inductive method
- b) Deductive method
- c) Initiative method
- d) Scientific method
- Answer: (d) Scientific method
24. In which research methodology, manipulation of independent variable and control of extraneous variables are neither possible nor desirable? ..........
- a) Experimental method
- b) Ex post facto method
- c) Historical method
- d) Descriptive survey method
- Answer: (b) Ex post facto method
25. In which of the following, there is a greater flexibility in both the methodologies and process of research? .........
- a) Ethnography and phenomenology
- b) Descriptive survey and impact studies
- c) Experimental and observation based studies
- d) Ex-post facto and historical studies
- Answer: (a) Ethnography and phenomenology
26. Which of the following sequences correctly represents the steps of research using a quantitative paradigm? ........
- a) Hypothesis framing, hypothesis testing, conclusion, and reporting
- b) Establishing a research problem, hypothesis framing, hypothesis testing, generalization and conclusions and implications of result.
- c) Problem identification, sample selection, developing a research design and field work.
- d) Defining a problem, survey of related studies, sampling, data collection, and data analysis.
- Answer: (b) Establishing a research problem, hypothesis framing, hypothesis testing, generalization and conclusions and implications of result.
27. A researcher administers an achievement test to assess and indicate the possible effect of an independent variable in his/her study. The distribution of scores on the test is found to be negatively skewed. On the basis of this, what can be started with regard to the difficulty level of the test? .........
- a) The test is very easy
- b) The test is very difficult
- c) The test is neither easy nor difficult
- d) The test is easy and needs normalization
- Answer: (a) The test is very easy
28. The personalized and contextualized references are permissible in which type of reporting of researches? ........
- a) Experimental research
- b) Historical research
- c) Ethnographic research
- d) Survey based research
- Answer: (c) Ethnographic research
29. In which of the following methodology of research, hypotheses are usually implied rather than being explicit? ........
- a) Descriptive survey method
- b) Historical method
- c) Experimental method
- d) Ex-post facto method
- Answer: (b) Historical method
30. Which is the research methodology predominantly used to study cultural anthropology? ........
- a) Interview
- b) Panel discussion
- c) Participant observation
- d) Focus group discussion
- Answer: (c) Participant observation
31. Which among the following is NOT related to qualitative research? ........
- a) Thematic analysis
- b) Case study
- c) Discourse analysis
- d) Survey method
- Answer: (d) Survey method
32. Experimental researches are aimed to........
- a) Establish association between variables
- b) Describe variables
- c) Study the application of theory
- d) Study trend analysis
- Answer: (a) Establish association between variables
33. Through which of the following methodologies of research “cause and effect” relationship is focused?.........
- a) Historical method
- b) Experimental method
- c) Ex-post facto method
- d) Case study method
- Answer: (b) Experimental method
34. Quantitative research is otherwise known as ........
- a) Ethnographic approach
- b) Unstructured approach
- c) Descriptive approach
- d) Structured approach
- Answer: (d) Structured approach
35. The main purpose of research in education is to........
- Answer: (d) Help the candidate become an eminent educationist
36. Sampling is advantageous as it..........
- Answer: (c) Both (a) and (b)
37. Random sampling is helpful as it is.........
- d) All of the above
- Answer: (d) All of the above
38. ------------ refers to inferring about the whole population on the basis of the observations made on a small part
- Answer: (c) Inductive inference
39. Different people hold ------------- of the same thing
- a) Same and different
- c) Different
- Answer: (c) Different
40. In “RESEARCH” “R” means..........
- Answer: (b) Retain
41. Which technique is generally followed when a population is finite? .......
- a) Purpose sampling technique
- b) Area sampling technique
- c) Systematic sampling technique
- Answer: (c) Systematic sampling technique
42. Which of the following is a non-probability sample?
- a) Quota sample
- b) Simple random sample
- c) Purposive sample
- d) (a) and (c) both
- Answer: (d) (a) and (c) both
43. A researcher selects a probability sample of 100 out of the total population. It is .........
- a) A cluster sample
- b) A random sample
- c) A systematic sample
- d) A stratified sample
- Answer: (b) A random sample
44. A good hypothesis must be .........
- a) Formulated in such a way that it can be tested by the data
- b) Precise, specific, and consistent with most known facts
- c) Of limited scope and must not have global significance
45. Field study is related to .........
- a) Real life situations
- b) Laboratory situations
- c) Experimental situations
- Answer: (a) Real life situations
46. In the word “RESEARCH” “A” means..........
- a) Articulate
- Answer: (a) Articulate
47. Research is based upon ........
- a) Rating scale
- b) Experiments
- c) General principles
- d) Scientific methods
- Answer: (d) Scientific methods
48. The main condition which must be followed by research is ..........
- a) Honest exploration
- b) Knowledge of facts and principles
- c) Standardized findings and conclusions
49. Researches are generally treated as “identity symbols” of a nation because, ........
- a) Researches reflect the progress of a nation
- b) Researches focus on human development
- c) Researches help in acquiring international prestige
50. Validity of a research can be improved by .........
- a) Taking the true representative sample of the population
- b) Eliminating extraneous factors
- c) Both of the above measures
- Answer: (c) Both of the above measures
51.“One of the methods of logical reasoning process” is called
- a) Induction
- b) Deduction
- c) Research
- d) Experiment
- Answer: d) Experiment
52.An essential Criterion of Scientific study is called
- c) Objectivity
- d) Subjective
- Answer: c) Objectivity
53.“Reasoning from general to particular “is called
- b) deduction
- c) Observation
- d) experience
- Answer: b) deduction
54.“Deduction and induction are a part of the system of reasoning” – stated by
- a) Caroline
- b) P.V.Young
- c) Dewey John
- Answer: b) P.V.Young
55. …… is “systematically conceptual structure of interrelated elements in some schematic form”
- b) Variable
- Answer: c) Model
56.The method by which a sample is chosen
- Answer: b) design
57. Research conducted to find the solution for an immediate problem is ………….
- a) Fundamental Research
- b) Analytical Research
- d) Action Research
- Answer: d) Action Research
58. Fundamental Research is otherwise called
- a) Action Research
- c) Pilot study
- d) Pure Research
- Answer: d) Pure Research
59. Research which follows a case study method is called
- a) Clinical or diagnostic
- c) Analytical
- d) Qualitative
- Answer: a) Clinical or diagnostic
60. Research through experiment and observation is called
- a) Clinical Research
- b) Experimental Research
- c) Laboratory Research
- d) Empirical Research
- Answer: d) Empirical Research
61. …………is a way to systematically solve the research problem
- a) Technique
- b) Operations
- c) Research methodology
- d) Research Process
- Answer: c) Research methodology
62. Good Research is always ……………
- d) Systematic
- Answer: d) Systematic
63.The research method is a part of …………..
- b) Experiment
- c) Research Techniques
- d) Research methodology
- Answer: d) Research methodology
64. Identifying causes of a problem and possible solutions to a problem is
- a) Field Study
- b) diagnostic study
- c) Action study
- d) Pilot study
- Answer: b) diagnostic study
65. …………… is a motivation for research in students
- a) Research degree
- b) Research Academy
- c) Research Labs
- d) Research Problems
- Answer: a) Research degree
66. Which of the following is an example of primary data?
- c) News Paper
- d) Census Report
- Answer: c) News Paper
67. A question which requires a solution is ………….
- a) Observation
- Answer: b) Problem
68. Converting a question into a Researchable problem is called …………
- a) Solution
- b) Examination
- c) Problem formulation
- d) Problem-Solving
- Answer: d) Problem-Solving
69. The first step in formulating a problem is
- a) a Statement of the problem
- b) Gathering of Data
- c) Measurement
- Answer: a) a Statement of the problem
70. A Hypothesis which develops while planning the research is
- a) a Null Hypothesis
- b) a Working Hypothesis
- c) a Relational Hypothesis
- d) a Descriptive Hypothesis
- Answer: a) Null Hypothesis
There are certain steps to formulate a research methodology. You can find the research methodology by analysing research problems, finding available sources and gathering effective information. If you need help in formulating research problems or research methodology… contact us; we help you to shine in your research study.
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- 1. Paper1: Research Methodology Exam Sheet Shivananda R Koteshwar, PhD Research Scholar, Bangalore University 1 Paper 1 Exam Sheet Research Methodology and Statistics Shivananda R Koteshwar TITLE: A Study on Pragmatic Approaches and Quality Initiatives for Enhancing Teachers’ Caliber in Post Graduate Institutes offering MBA Programme under Bangalore University Under the Guidance of Dr. T.V. Raju Director, RV Institute of Management, Bangalore CANARA BANK SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES BANGALORE UNIVERSITY
- 2. Paper1: Research Methodology Exam Sheet Shivananda R Koteshwar, PhD Research Scholar, Bangalore University 2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Life cycle of Research.................................. 3 Scientific Research..................................... 3 Research Process........................................ 4 Research Report......................................... 5 Good measurement characteristics........................ 7 Research Problem........................................ 8 Hypothesis.............................................. 8 Case Study............................................. 11 Sampling............................................... 11 Data Preparation Process............................... 12 STATISTICS Characteristics of a statistical data.................. 13 Arithmetic Mean........................................ 13 Median................................................. 14 Mode................................................... 14 Standard Deviation and Variance........................ 14 Coefficient of Variation............................... 15 Range and Coefficient of Range......................... 15 Trend Analysis (Straight Line Analysis)................ 15 Standard Normal Curve (SNC)............................ 16 Non parametric test – (χ2) kai2 test ................... 16 ANNOVA – Analysis of Variance.......................... 17 Coefficient of Correlation............................. 20 Regression............................................. 20 Small Sample Test...................................... 21 IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
- 3. Paper1: Research Methodology Exam Sheet Shivananda R Koteshwar, PhD Research Scholar, Bangalore University 3 Life cycle of Research • Hypothesis, Prediction, Formulation of question, Sampling, Experimentation, Observation, Recording, Measurement, Analyzing, Formulation, Testing, Modification and Conclusion Types of Research (PAD DEEA) (ASHE) • Either based on Intent or based on method • Intent Based: Pure, Applied, Exploratory, Action, Descriptive, Diagnostic, Evaluation • Method Based: Experimental, Analytical/Statistical, Historical, Survey/Fact Finding o Pure: Undertaken for the sake of knowledge without any intention to apply it in practice. Aims at extension of knowledge o Applied: Problem oriented and action directed. Gives conceptual clarity o Exploratory: Formulative Research. Study of an unfamiliar problem about which the researcher has little or no knowledge. Usually takes the form of a pilot study o Descriptive: Fact finding investigation. More specific than exploratory research. o Diagnostic: Similar to descriptive but with a different focus. Directed towards discovering what is happening, why is it happening and what can be done about o Evaluation: Type of Applied research. Made for assessing the effectiveness of social or economic programmes implemented o Action: It’s a type of evaluation study. It is a concurrent evaluation of an action programme launched for solving a problem for improving an existing situation o Experimental: Assessing the effects of a particular variables on a phenomenon by keeping the other variables constant or controlled o Analytical: Known as Statistical Method. System of procedures and techniques of analysis applied to a quantitative data o Historical: Study of past records. Tries to discover the trends in the past o Survey: Fact finding study. Purpose is to provide information, explain phenomenon to make comparisons and concerned with cause and effect relationships Scientific Research • A method or procedure consisting of systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses” • Requires replication, external review and data recording & sharing • The key elements of scientific research (articles of faith) are
- 4. Paper1: Research Methodology Exam Sheet Shivananda R Koteshwar, PhD Research Scholar, Bangalore University 4 o Ethical neutrality (Eliminate personal opinion) o Reliance on empirical Evidence o Use of relevant concept o Commitment of Objectivity o Generalization o Validity & Reliability o Logical Reasoning process • Scientific research method is inquiry based on empirical and measurable evidence subject to specific principles of logic reasoning • Effective Methodology: Question Observe Hypothesis Prediction Test Analyze Interpret Publish Retest Research Process • Research Area/Theme/Problem/Idea • Tentative hypothesis • Literature Review • Research Title/Topic • Research Questions • Research Proposal o Need for study o Limitation of Research o Scope of Research o Budget o Responsibilities and Obligations of stake holders o Place and Period of study • Research Proposal Approval • Objectives • Hypothesis • Operational definition • Research Method/ Research Design (Type, Purpose, Timeframe, Scope and environment) o Research Type Experimental, Historical and Inferential Designs Exploratory, Descriptive and Causal Designs Experimental and Post facto Historical method, Case study, Clinical Study Sample Surveys, Field studies, Experiments in field settings, Laboratory experiments Exploratory, Descriptive, Experimental studies Exploratory, Descriptive, Casual Experimental, Quasi-‐Experimental Designs True Experimental, Quasi-‐Experimental and Non experimental designs Experimental, Pre-‐Experimental, Quasi-‐Experimental designs, Survey Research o Research question or purpose o Research timeframe o Data Collection Design
- 5. Paper1: Research Methodology Exam Sheet Shivananda R Koteshwar, PhD Research Scholar, Bangalore University 5 Variables Data collection methods o Sampling Design Sample Population and Sampling Size Sample Distribution Decision Sampling Method/Technique Sampling Unit/Frame o Instrument Development Introduction and Instructions for participants Target Questions (AIM) • Administrative Questions • Investigative questions • Measurement Questions Preliminary Analysis plan o Pilot testing • Data collection and preparation • Data Analysis o Findings (Testing of hypothesis) o Interpretation and Conclusions • Report writing / Research Reporting Note: Research type is categorized based on the different perspectives from which any given study can be viewed. They are: • The degree of formulation of the problem (Exploratory or Formalized) • The topical scope-‐breadth and depth of the study (Case or statistical study) • The research environment (Field Setting/Survey or laboratory experiment) • The time dimension (one-‐time or longitudinal) • The mode of data collection (Observational or survey) • The nature of relationship among variables (Descriptive or casual) Research Report Broad Divisions Individual Sections Title of Report Table of Contents Preliminary material Abstract/Synopsis Introduction Literature Review Methodology Results Discussion Conclusion Body of report Recommendations References or Bibliography Supplementary material Appendices
- 6. Paper1: Research Methodology Exam Sheet Shivananda R Koteshwar, PhD Research Scholar, Bangalore University 6 Levels of Measurement / Measurement Scales (NOIR) (ODO) • Nominal: Consists of assigning numerals or symbols to different categories of a variable. They are just like labels and have no quantitative value. E.g.: Male and Female applicants of a MBA program • Ordinal: Persons or objects are assigned numerals, which indicate ranks with respect to one or more properties either in ascending or descending order. E.g.: Ranking of individual based on socio-‐economic class, which might be a combination of income, education, occupation and wealth • Interval: It’s ranking with equality in distance. So it’s not possible to multiply or divide the numbers on an interval scale. E.g.: The centigrade temperature gauge. A temperature of 50degrees is exactly 10 degrees hotter than 40 degrees and 10 degrees cooler than 60 degrees • Ratio: This has absolute zero point. Since there is natural zero, it is possible to multiply and divide the numbers on a ratio scale. E.g.: Height, weight, distance and area MEASUREMENT ORDER DISTANCE ORIGIN STATISTICAL TOOL USED SCALES USED Nominal NO NO NO None Simple Category, Multiple choice, Single Response, Multiple Choice, Multiple response, Graphic Rating scale Ordinal YES NO NO Median, Rank order correlation coefficient Stapel Scale Interval YES YES NO Standard Deviation, Product Moment correlation, “t” tests, “F” tests Likert scale summated Rating, Semantic Differential Scale, Numerical Scale, Multiple rating list scale, Staple scale, Graphic Rating scale Ratio YES YES YES Standard Deviation, Product Moment correlation, “t” tests, “F” tests, Geometric Mean, Coefficient of variation Constant sum scale, Graphic Rating Scale
- 7. Paper1: Research Methodology Exam Sheet Shivananda R Koteshwar, PhD Research Scholar, Bangalore University 7 • The measurement scales, commonly used in marketing research, can be divided based on number of dimensions: o Comparative and Non comparative scales Comparative scales involve the respondent in signaling where there is a difference between two or more producers, services, brands or other stimuli. Examples of such scales include; paired comparison, dollar metric, unity-‐sum-‐gain and line marking scales. Non-‐comparative scales, described in the textbook, are; continuous rating scales, line-‐marking scales, itemized rating scales, semantic differential scales and Likert scales. o Uni-‐dimensional Scale and Multi-‐dimensional scale o Balanced or unbalanced scale o Forced or Un forced choice scale o Simple Category scale (Dichotomous scale), Multiple choice single response scale and Multiple choice Multiple response scale (multiple choice scale) o Likert scale (Summated rating scale) and Semantic Differential Scale (SD Scale) SCALE MEASUREMENT Simple Category Scale Nominal Multiple Choice Single Response Scale Nominal Multiple Choice Multi Response Scale Nominal Likert Scale summated rating Interval Semantic Differential Scale Interval Numerical Scale Ordinal or Interval Multiple Rating List scale Interval Constant Sum Scale Ratio Stapel Scale Ordinal or Interval Graphic Rating Scale Ordinal or Interval or Ratio Good measurement characteristics • Uni-‐dimensionality • Linearity • Validity: (ConPreCon) o Validity refers to how effective an instrument is in measuring a property it intends to measure. o Three types of validity are Content Validity (Face Validity and Sampling Validity), Predictive Validity and Construct Validity o Content Validity-Face Validity: Subjective evaluation of a measuring scale. E.g. a researcher may develop a scale to measure consumer attitude towards a brand and pre-‐test the scale among a few experts. If the researchers are satisfied, the researcher may conclude that the scale has face validity o Content Validity – Sampling Validity: Refers to how representative the content of the measuring instrument is. E.g. If attitude is the characteristic being measured, its content universe
- 8. Paper1: Research Methodology Exam Sheet Shivananda R Koteshwar, PhD Research Scholar, Bangalore University 8 may comprise statements and questions indicating which aspects of attitude need to be measured. This is also based on judgment o Predictive Validity: Refers to the extent to which one behavior can be predicted based on another. E.g. In the case of admission test designed for prospective MBA students, the predictive validity of the test would be determined by the association between the scores on the test and the grade point average secured by students during the first semester of study. Correlation of coefficient can be computed to determine the predictive validity of the admission test. Predictive validity is strong if correlation of coefficient is greater than 0.5 o Construct Validity: Is a conceptual equation that is developed by the researcher based on theoretical reasoning. The instrument may be considered to have construct validity only if the expected relationships (between variable under study and other variables) are found to be true • Reliability • Accuracy/Precision • Simplicity • Predictability Research Problem • Sources of Choosing a Problem: Review of literature, academic experience, daily experience, exposure to field situations, consultations, Brain storming, Research and Intuition • Formulation of problem: o Internal Criteria: Researcher’s interest, Researchers competence and Researcher’s own resource o External Criteria: Research ability of the problem, Importance and urgency, Novelty of the problem, Feasibility, Facilities, Usefulness & social relevance and Research personnel • Criteria for good research problem: Verifiable evidence, Accuracy, precision, systematization, objectivity, recording, controlling conditions and training investigators Hypothesis • Tentative statement/assumption asserting a relationship between certain facts • Its intended to be tested, verified or rejected • It contains variables that are measurable and specifying how they are related • Criteria o Not a form of a question o Empirically testable o Specific and Precise o Shouldn’t be contradictory
- 9. Paper1: Research Methodology Exam Sheet Shivananda R Koteshwar, PhD Research Scholar, Bangalore University 9 o Should specify variables between which the relationship is to be established o Should describe only one relationship • Nature of Hypothesis o Accurately reflect the relevant sociological fact o Not be in contradiction with approved relevant statements of other scientific disciplines o Must consider the experience of other researchers • Characteristics of Good Hypothesis o Conceptual Clarity o Specificity o Testability o Availability of techniques o Theoretical relevance o Consistency o Objectivity o Simplicity • Types: o Null Hypothesis (H0) If we are to compare method A with method B about its superiority and if we proceed on the assumption that both methods are equally good, then this situations is termed as null hypothesis. E.g. If we want to test the hypothesis that the population mean is equal to the hypothesis mean equal to 100. Then null hypothesis would be H0 :µ=µ H0 = 100 o Alternative Hypothesis (Ha) If our sample results do not support this null hypothesis, we should conclude that something else is true. What we conclude rejecting the null hypothesis is known as alternative hypothesis. E.g. For the same example, the alternate hypothesis are: Ha: µ≠µ H0 -‐ Population mean is not equal to 100 Ha: µ>µ H0 -‐ Population mean is greater than 100 Ha: µ<µ H0 -‐ Population mean is lesser than 100 • Level of Significance: If we take level of significance as 5%, then this implies that researcher is willing to take as much as 5% risk rejecting the null hypothesis when it happens to be true • Decision Rule of Test of Hypothesis: Making rule, which is known as decision rule according to which we accept Null hypothesis (rejecting alternative hypothesis) or reject null hypothesis (accepting alternative hypothesis). E.g. If Null hypothesis states that a certain lot is good (less defective items) and alternate hypothesis is that the lot is not good (many defective items). In this case, we need to decide the number of items to be tested and the criterion for accepting or rejecting the hypotheses. We might test 10 items in the lot and plan our decision saying that if there are none or only 1 defective item among the 10, then we will accept Null hypothesis else we will reject Null Hypothesis (and accept alternative hypothesis). This sort of basis is known as decision rule • Type 1 and Type 2 Errors (Type 1 error is also called as level of significance of test) DECISION
- 10. Paper1: Research Methodology Exam Sheet Shivananda R Koteshwar, PhD Research Scholar, Bangalore University 10 Accept NULL Reject NULL Null Hypothesis (TRUE) Correct Decision Type 1 Error (α error) Null Hypothesis (FALSE) Type II Error (β error) Correct Decision • Two Tailed Test and One Tailed Test: o Two tailed test rejects the Null hypothesis if, we say, the sample mean is significantly higher or lower than the hypothesized value of the mean of the population o One tailed test: When we have to say the population mean is either lower than or higher than some hypothesized value • Testing Hypothesis: o Make a formal statement -‐ State NULL hypothesis as well as ALTERNATIVE hypothesis o Specify the level of significance o Decide the correct sampling distribution o Decide the sampling distribution to use o Sample a random sample and workout an appropriate value o Calculate the probability that sample result would diverge as widely as it has from expectations, if NULL hypothesis were true o Compare the probability -‐ If the probability equal to or smaller than the Alpha value in case of one tailed test or equal to Alpha/2 in case of two-‐tailed test, reject NULL hypothesis else accept NULL hypothesis • Tests of Significance or Tests of Hypothesis: o Parametric Tests (Standard Tests) – Assume certain properties of the parent population from which we draw samples. E.g. sample size, population parameters like mean, variants etc. All tests are based on the assumption of normality (Source of data is considered to be normally distributed) o Non Parametric Test or Distribution (Free test of hypothesis) – Statistical method o Important Parametric tests z-Test: Used generally for comparing the mean of a sample to some hypothesis mean for the population in case of large sample, or when population variance is known. Based on normal probability distribution and is used to judging the significance of several statistical measures, particularly the mean. Test is also used for both binomial distribution and t-‐distribution. t-test: Used in case of small sample when population variance is unknown. Based on t-‐distribution and is considered an appropriate test for judging the significance of sample mean or for judging significance of difference between the two means of the two samples. x2 test: Used for comparing a sample variance to a theoretical population variance is unknown. Based on chi-‐square distribution
- 11. Paper1: Research Methodology Exam Sheet Shivananda R Koteshwar, PhD Research Scholar, Bangalore University 11 f-test: Used to compare the variance of the two independent samples. This test is also used in the context of variance (ANOVA) for judging the significance of more than 2 sample means at the same time and also for judging the significance of multiple coefficients. This is based on f-‐distribution Case Study • Case study is a method of exploring and analyzing the life of a social unit or entity, be it a person, a family, an institution or a community • The aim of case study method is to locate or identify the factors that account for the behavior patterns of a given unit and its relationship with the environment • It depends upon the wit, commonsense and imagination of the person doing the case study. • Efforts should be made to ascertain the reliability of life history data through examining the internal consistency of the material. A judicious combination of techniques of data collection is a prerequisite for securing data that are culturally meaningful and scientifically significant • In-‐depth analysis of selected cases is of particular value to business research when a complex set of variables may be at work in generating observed results and intensive study is needed to unravel the complexities Sampling • A part of the population is known as sample. The method consisting of the selecting for study, a portion of the universe with a view to draw conclusions about the universe or population is known as sampling • Census (Total Population) Target Population (Whom we are concerned with) Sample Frame (Criteria through which we will be selecting) Sample Unit (Categories) Sample Element Sample Size • Sample size depends on o Variability of population (standard deviation) –Can be found out by Pilot study o Confidence attached to the estimate (Confidence Interval) o Allowable error or margin of error (Tolerable Error) • Sample Size o Determining Sample size in case of continuous and interval scale n = (Z2 (Std Dev)2 ) / (e2) where Z = Value of given confidence interval, n = sample size, Std Dev = Range/6 and Range= Max Value -‐1 o For Dichotomy questions n = (Z2 (pq )) / (e2) where p=probability of success (frequency of people saying yes) If p is not known, then n = (¼)(Z2 / (e2)
- 12. Paper1: Research Methodology Exam Sheet Shivananda R Koteshwar, PhD Research Scholar, Bangalore University 12 • Sample Techniques o Non Probabilistic: Convenience (Accidental), Judgmental (Expert Opinion or Purposive), Quota, Snowball (Going through references) o Probabilistic: Simple Random, Systematic Sample (E.g.: Every 5th, 11th, 16th etc), Stratified (homogenous), Cluster (Heterogeneous) o Stratified can be either proportionate or disproportionate o In scientific research only probabilistic sampling technique need to be used o Quota vs. Stratified Quota is non probabilistic and Stratified is probabilistic Both are homogeneous within Quota/Strata and heterogeneous across Quota/Strata Both are 2-‐stage process. In first step Quota and Stratified are same. Once its Quota or stratified, next step would employ different methods. In Quota it would be non probability method and in Stratified, it would be probabilistic • Quota: Convenience, Judgmental or Snow ball sampling • Stratified: Simple Random or Systematic Random o Cluster vs. Stratified Heterogeneity within Cluster and Homogenous across cluster Homogeneous within Strata and heterogeneous across Strata o Multi stage sampling: Cluster Stratified Systematic/Simple Random Data Preparation Process • Check Questionnaire: Edit, Code, Transcribe, Clean • Statistically Adjust data / Statistical Analysis. The two types are: o Descriptive (Data) o Inferential (Hypothesis)
- 13. Paper1: Research Methodology Exam Sheet Shivananda R Koteshwar, PhD Research Scholar, Bangalore University 13 STATISTICS Distribution: o Normal Distribution o Frequency Distribution (Poisson, Binomial, Normal) • Discrete Frequency Distribution x f 74 4 83 3 93 8 • Continuous Frequency Distribution x f 0-‐10 4 10-‐20 3 20-‐30 8 o For more Probability Distribution: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_distribution Characteristics of a statistical data • Central Tendency: Measured by statistical averages o Mathematical Average: Arithmetic Mean, Geometric Mean, Harmonic Mean o Positional Average: Median, Mode • Dispersion • Skewness • Kurtosis Arithmetic Mean o AM=∑X/N where ∑X = Sum of the item and N is the number of items o If frequency is given, then AM=∑fx/∑f where ∑fx = sum of the values multiplied by the corresponding frequency and ∑f is sum of frequency o Arithmetic mean of 58,67,68,84,93,98,100 ∑X = 58+67+68+84+93+98+100 = 560 N = number of items = 7 AM = ∑X/N = 560/7 = 80 o Arithmetic mean of following 50 workers according to their daily wages Daily Wage: 15, 18, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 42, 45 Number of workers: 2, 3, 5, 10, 12, 10, 5, 2, 1 Wages (x) Frequency (F) fx 15 2 30
- 14. Paper1: Research Methodology Exam Sheet Shivananda R Koteshwar, PhD Research Scholar, Bangalore University 14 18 3 54 20 5 100 25 10 250 30 12 360 35 10 350 40 5 200 42 2 84 45 1 45 ∑fx = 473 and ∑f = 50 AM =∑fx/∑f = 473/50 = 29.46 o Arithmetic mean for the following distribution Marks 10-‐20 20-‐30 30-‐40 40-‐50 50-‐60 60-‐70 80-‐90 Number of students: 6 12 18 20 20 14 8 2 Marks Frequency (F) Mid Value (x) Mean fx 10-‐20 6 15 90 20-‐30 12 25 300 30-‐40 18 35 630 40-‐50 20 45 900 50-‐60 20 55 1100 60-‐70 14 65 910 70-‐80 8 75 600 40-‐90 2 85 170 ∑fx = 4700 and ∑f = 100 AM = =∑fx/∑f = 4700/100 = 47 Median • Size of the middlemost value • 80, 86, 74, 465, 3, 984, 22: Median is 465 • Median of Indian age is 26 means, 50% of India’s population will be less than 26years of age and 50% will be more than 26yrs of age Mode • Most occurring number Standard Deviation and Variance o Deviation from Mean o It’s a relative number and not an absolute number o Lesser the Standard Deviation, higher the reliability o σ = √(∑(x-‐xb)2 / N) x (x-‐xb)2 15 64 20 9 22 1 28 25
- 15. Paper1: Research Methodology Exam Sheet Shivananda R Koteshwar, PhD Research Scholar, Bangalore University 15 30 49 ∑x = 115 ∑(x –xb)2 = 148 • xb = ∑x/N = 115/5 = 23 • σ = √(148/5) = 5.44 • Variance = σ2 = 29.59 Coefficient of Variation • Lesser the confidence of variation, the reliability is higher • V = σ /xb*100 • For the above example, it would be equal to 5.44/23*100 = 23.65 • Lesser the CV, higher the reliability Range and Coefficient of Range • Range = L-‐S • Coefficient of Range = (L-‐S)/(L+S) Trend Analysis (Straight Line Analysis) • Least Square Method (Forecasting Method) Year Sales (y) year-midyear x x2 xy yc bx + a 2006 42 -‐3.5 12.25 -‐147 36.11 2007 40 -‐2.5 6.25 -‐100 41.97 2008 36 -‐1.5 2.25 -‐54 47.83 2009 58 -‐0.5 0.25 -‐29 53.69 2010 62 0.5 0.25 31 59.55 2011 60 1.5 2.25 90 65.41 2012 70 2.5 6.25 175 71.27 2013 80 3.5 12.25 280 77.13 ∑y=453 ∑x=0 ∑x2=42 ∑xy = 246 ∑yc =452.96 • Mid year = 2009.5 • Deviation from Arithmetic mean will be least in this method, hence its called least square method • yc = bx + a • ∑y = b∑x + Na • ∑y = b (0)+ Na = Na • a = ∑y /N • a = 453/8 = 56.62 • ∑xy = a∑x + b∑x 2 • 246= 56.62 (0) + b (42) • b = 5.86 • Forecast for 2014, x = 4.5 o yc = bx + a o yc = 5.86 (4.5) + 56.62 = 82.99
- 16. Paper1: Research Methodology Exam Sheet Shivananda R Koteshwar, PhD Research Scholar, Bangalore University 16 • Forecast for 2015, x = 5.5 o yc = bx + a o yc = 5.86 (5.5) + 56.62 = 88.85 • ∑yc = ∑y (Verification Technique) Standard Normal Curve (SNC) 1. Assume mean height of soldier is 68.22 inches with a variance of 10.8 inches. How many soldiers in a regiment of 1000 would you expect to be over 6ft tall • σ 2 = 10.8 • σ = 3.29 • x = 6 feet = 72 inches • xb = 68.22 (mean) • z = SNC = (x-‐xb)/σ = (72-‐68.22)/3.29 = 1.15 • From the Statistical Table for 1.15 its => 0.5 – 0.3759 = 0.1251 • 0.1251*1000 =125 soldiers are taller than 1000 2. 1000 light bulbs with a mean life of 120 days are installed in a new factory. They have length of life is normally distributed with Standard deviation of 20 days. How many bulbs will expire in less than 90 days? How many bulbs will burn for more than 125 days? • N = 1000 • xb = 120 • σ = 20 • x =90 • Z = SNC = (x-‐xb)/σ = (90-‐120)/20 = -‐1.5 • From the statistical table for -‐1.5 its => 0.5 -‐0.4332 = 0.0668 • 0.0668*1000 = 67 Bulbs • N = 1000 • xb = 120 • σ = 20 • x =125 • Z = SNC = (x-‐xb)/σ = (125-‐120)/20 = 0.25 • From the statistical table for 0.25 its => 0.5 -‐0.0987 = 0.4013 • 0.4013*1000 = 401 bulbs Non parametric test – (χ2) kai2 test o χ2 = kai2 = ∑ (O-‐E)2/E2 where O = Observed Frequency and E = Expected frequency o In a certain area in Bangalore, the corporation distributed pills to combat CG. From the data given below analyze whether the pills given were effective or not in combating the disease
- 17. Paper1: Research Methodology Exam Sheet Shivananda R Koteshwar, PhD Research Scholar, Bangalore University 17 Fell Ill Not Ill Took Pills 345 620 Dint take pills 545 450 o Null Hypothesis: Given pills are not effective in controlling the said disease Table of Observed Frequency (O) 345 620 965 (Row 1 Total) 545 450 995 (Row 2 Total) 890 (Column1 Total) 1070 (Column 1 Total) 1960 (Grand Total) • E = (RT * CT) / GT • Table of Expected Frequency (E) • E345 = 965*890 / 1960 = 438.19 • E620 = 965*1070 / 1960 = 526.81 • E545 = 995*890 / 1960 = 451.81 • E450 = 995*1070/ 1960 = 543.19 438.19 526.81 965 451.81 543.19 995 890 1070 1960 O E (O-E)2/E2 345 438.19 0.045 545 451.81 0.042 620 526.81 0.032 450 543.19 0.029 ∑ (O-‐E)2/E2 = 0.148 • χ2 = Kai2 = 0.148 • Degree of freedom = (r-‐1) (c-‐1) = (2-‐1)(2-‐1) = 1 • Taking the significance level to be 5% (Confidence level as 95%), from the statistical table, we can find that the table value is 3.84 • As calculated hypothesis = 0.1484 is less than the table value of 3.84, Null hypothesis is accepted ANNOVA – Analysis of Variance 1. 5 salesmen work in 4 cities. Based on the data given determine whether there is a significance difference in the sales performance of different cities Salesmen A B C D S1 14 12 13 15 S2 15 14 12 11
- 18. Paper1: Research Methodology Exam Sheet Shivananda R Koteshwar, PhD Research Scholar, Bangalore University 18 S3 16 17 15 10 S4 12 16 15 14 S5 10 11 15 17 • Null Hypothesis: There is no significance difference in the sale performance of different cities X1 X2 X3 X4 14 12 13 15 15 14 12 11 16 17 15 10 12 16 15 14 10 11 15 17 ∑X 67 70 70 67 Xb = ∑X/N (N=5) 13.4 14 14 13.4 • Grand Mean = Xbb = ∑Xb/N = (13.4 + 14 + 14 + 13.4)/4 = 13.7 • Variance between samples (X1b- X1bb)2 (X2b- X2bb)2 (X3b- X3bb)2 (X4b-X4bb)2 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 ∑ 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 • Sum of Squares = 0.45 + 0.45 + 0.45 + 0.45 = 1.8 • Degree of Freedom (d.f) γ1 = 4 -‐1 = 3 • Mean of sum of squares = 1.8/3 = 0.6 • Variance within samples (X1-X1b)2 (X2-X2b)2 (X3-X3b)2 (X4-X4b)2 0.36 4 1 2.56 2.56 0 4 5.76 6.76 9 1 11.56 1.96 4 1 0.36 11.56 9 1 12.96 ∑ 23.2 26 1 33.2 • Sum of Squares = 23.2 + 26 + 1 + 33.2 = 90.4 • Degree of Freedom (d.f) γ2 = Total number of observations – Number of samples = (5*4) – 4 = 16 • Mean of sum of squares = 90.4/16 = 5.65 • • “f” test (Fisher) for 5% significance level • f test = F= (variation between samples)/(variation within samples) = 0.6/5.65 = 0.106 • From the table, m=γ1 and n=γ2 , m=3 and n=16, value of F=3.2389
- 19. Paper1: Research Methodology Exam Sheet Shivananda R Koteshwar, PhD Research Scholar, Bangalore University 19 • Calculated value F=0.106 is less than the table value 3.2389 so Null Hypothesis is accepted 2. 5 salesmen work in 4 cities. Based on the data given determine whether there is a significance difference between the sales performance of different salesmen Salesmen A B C D S1 14 12 13 15 S2 15 14 12 11 S3 16 17 15 10 S4 12 16 15 14 S5 10 11 15 17 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 City1 14 15 16 12 10 City2 12 14 17 16 11 City3 13 12 15 15 15 City4 15 11 10 14 17 ∑X 54 52 58 57 53 Xb=∑X/N (N=4) 13.5 13 14.5 14.25 13.25 • Grand Mean = Xbb = ∑Xb/N = (13.5 + 13 + 14.5 + 14.25 + 13.25)/5= 13.7 • Variance between samples (X1b-X1bb)2 (X2b-X2bb)2 (X3b- X3bb)2 (X4b- X4bb)2 (X5b- X5bb)2 0.04 0.49 0.64 0.3 0.2 0.04 0.49 0.64 0.3 0.2 0.04 0.49 0.64 0.3 0.2 0.04 0.49 0.64 0.3 0.2 ∑ 0.16 1.96 2.56 1.2 0.8 • Sum of Squares = 0.16 + 1.96 + 2.56 + 1.2 + 0.8 = 6.68 • Degree of Freedom (d.f) γ1 = 5 -‐1 = 4 • Mean of sum of squares = 6.68/4 = 1.67 • Variance within samples (X1-X1b)2 (X2-X2b)2 (X3-X3b)2 (X4-X4b)2 (X5-X5b)2 0.25 4 2.25 5.06 10.56 2.25 1 6.25 3.06 5.06 0.25 1 0.25 0.56 3.06 2.25 4 20.25 0.06 14.06 ∑ 5 10 29 8.74 32.74 • Sum of Squares = 5 + 10 + 29 + 8.74 + 32.74 = 85.48 • Degree of Freedom (d.f) γ2 = Total number of observations – Number of samples = (5*4) – 5 = 15
- 20. Paper1: Research Methodology Exam Sheet Shivananda R Koteshwar, PhD Research Scholar, Bangalore University 20 • Mean of sum of squares = 85.48/15 = 5.7 • • “f” test (Fisher) for 5% significance level • f test = F= (variation between samples)/(variation within samples) = 1.67/5.7 = 0.29 • From the table, m=γ1 and n=γ2 , m=4 and n=15, value of F=3.0556 • Calculated value F=0.29 is less than the table value 3.0556 so Null Hypothesis is accepted Coefficient of Correlation • Carls Coefficient Method • r = ∑xy / (√(∑x2 * ∑y2) where x = X-‐Xb and y = Y-‐Yb • Calculate the coefficient of correlation for the following value X Y 24 16 36 22 32 34 38 48 40 60 X Y x=X-‐Xb y=Y-‐Yb x2 y2 xy 24 16 -‐10 -‐20 100 400 200 36 22 +2 -‐14 4 196 -‐28 32 34 -‐2 -‐2 4 4 4 38 48 4 4 16 144 48 40 60 6 6 36 576 144 ∑ 170 180 160 1320 368 • Xb = ∑X/N = 170/5 = 34 • Yb = ∑Y/N = 180/5 = 36 • r = ∑xy / (√(∑x2 * ∑y2) = 368/(√(160*1320) = 0.8 Regression o x on y X-‐Xb= bxy (Y-‐Yb) bxy = ∑xy / ∑y2 o y on x Y-‐Yb= byx (X-‐Xb) byx = ∑xy / ∑x2 o Calculate the regression for the following table X Y 32 12 48 15 24 18
- 21. Paper1: Research Methodology Exam Sheet Shivananda R Koteshwar, PhD Research Scholar, Bangalore University 21 26 25 30 20 X Y x=X-‐Xb y=Y-‐Yb x2 y2 xy 32 12 -‐0 -‐6 0 36 0 48 15 16 -‐3 256 9 -‐48 24 18 -‐8 0 64 0 0 26 25 -‐6 7 36 49 -‐42 30 20 -‐2 2 4 4 -‐4 ∑ 160 90 360 98 -‐94 • Xb = ∑X/N = 160/5 = 32 • Yb = ∑Y/N = 90/5 = 18 • x on y • bxy = ∑xy / ∑y2 = -‐94/ 98 = -‐ 0.96 • X-‐Xb= bxy (Y-‐Yb) • X-‐32 = -‐0.96(Y-‐18) => X= -‐0.96Y + 49.28 • y on x • byx = ∑xy / ∑x2 = -‐94/360 = -‐0.26 • Y-‐Yb= byx (X-‐Xb) • Y-‐18 = -‐0.26(X-‐32) => Y = -‐0.26X + 26.32 Small Sample Test o T Test (Student Test) when sample size is less than 30 o t = (Xb -‐ µ0) / (s/√n-‐1) 1. The mean percentage of passes in all the schools of a town was found to be 83%. A random sample of 17 schools revealed that 86% pass with standard deviation of 3%. Test a 1% level of significance whether the mean percentage of passes is more than 83% • µ = 83% • n = 17 • Xb = 86% • s= 3% • Degree of freedom = n-‐1 = 16 • Level of Significance = 1% • Null Hypothesis (H0): Mean percentage of passes is less than 83% • Alternate Hypothesis (Ha): Mean percentage of passes is more than 83% • tcal = (Xb -‐ µ0) / (s/√n-‐1) = (86-‐83) / 3/√(17-‐1) = 4 • From the statistics table, ttable = 2.583 (For Degree of freedom = 16 and Level of significance of 1%)
- 22. Paper1: Research Methodology Exam Sheet Shivananda R Koteshwar, PhD Research Scholar, Bangalore University 22 • ttable < tcal implies that the Null Hypothesis is in critical region so its not accepted so Ha is accepted
- 23. Paper1: Research Methodology Exam Sheet Shivananda R Koteshwar, PhD Research Scholar, Bangalore University 23 IMPORTANT QUESTIONS 1. Distinguish between probability and non probability sampling methods’ by giving suitable examples 2. Research refers to ends and/or means. Discuss this statement 3. Hypothesis is the guiding force in any research study? Justify and explain the process of hypothesis formulation and testing it with suitable example 4. Briefly describe the contents of a research report 5. Briefly describe the various methods used for descriptive analysis of data 6. What is sampling? List the similarities and differences between stratified sampling and quota sampling 7. How are research design classified? What are the distinguishing features of each? Differentiate by giving appropriate examples 8. What do you mean by measurement? Explain four key levels of measurement with suitable examples and also give details of what statistical technique can be used with data from each type of scale? 9. What is scaling? Describe the various comparative and non comparative scaling techniques used in business research with suitable examples 10. How do you edit a questionnaire? What are the precautions that a research must take while editing and coding a questionnaire? Give suitable example 11. Explain various Parametric and Non Parametric Test with examples 12. Discus the various types of research and their features 13. Find the correlation of coefficient for the following data and comment on its significance? X 24 26 36 35 43 45 47 Y 47 48 54 58 59 59 65 14. Perform ANOVA with 5% level of significance to determine whether there is a significant difference in the mean speed of four different machines Hours Machine A Machine B Machine C Machine D 1 15 14 30 35 2 20 16 25 30 3 25 22 24 32 4 20 28 26 28 15. From the data given below about the treatment of patients suffering from cold, state whether the new treatment is superior to that of the conventional treatment. You can use Kai2 test for evaluation Treatment Favorable Not Favorable New 280 60 Conventional 120 40
- 24. Paper1: Research Methodology Exam Sheet Shivananda R Koteshwar, PhD Research Scholar, Bangalore University 24 16. Calculate the straight line trend for the following data and forecast the production figures for the next two years Year 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Production 43 67 34 76 71 85 88 96 17. A cooperative wishes to test whether the preference of consumers for its products its dependent on income levels. Use the Chi square test to decide. You may use a 5% significance level Product Preferred Income Product A Product B Product C Product D Low 185 45 95 325 Medium 65 40 75 180 High 35 25 70 130 Total 285 110 240 635
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Research Methodology and Statistics Ph.D Entrance Test (Model Question Paper Part – 1/3)
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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY & STATISTICS
Set – 1 / 3
(1). Discuss the importance of illustrations, graphs and photographs in research papers.
(2). What is the relevance of questionnaires in data collection and interpretation?
(3). Differentiate between correlation and regression analysis.
(4). What is Chi-Square test? Explain its significance in statistical analysis of any research problem.
(5). Add a short note on negative and positive correlation.
(6). Explain one-way and two-way ANOVA.
(7). Explain bibliography.
(8). What is hypothesis testing?
(9). How relevant in ethics and the role of ethical committees in the field of research?
(10). Explain in detail about the different steps involved in developing a research plan.
(11). Explain deliberate sampling.
(12). What is systematic sampling?
(13). Explain the methods of graphical representation of data.
(14). What are the advantages of graphical representation of data?
(15). Describe Student -t Test.
(16). What you meant by stratified sampling?
(17). What are the characteristics of multi-stage sampling?
(18). What is the importance of research funding? Provide an account on how to write a project proposal for research.
(19). Give an account on the copy right issues and plagiarism. What are the protective measures adopted in scientific research to check plagiarism?
(20). Describe the different styles of reference citation. What is reference manager software?
Research Methodology Model Question Paper Set – 2 | Set – 3 |
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Research methodology mcqs | research methodology short questions & answers.
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Free download in PDF Research Methodology Multiple Choice Questions(MCQs) & Answers. These multiple choice questions on Research Methodology are very useful for PhD entrance exam.
View Answer
Answer: Helps those interested in further research and studying the problem from another angle
Answer: It depends on your point of view
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Answer: Pr absorbs red light and becomes Pfr
Answer: Involves testing an explicitly defined hypothesis
Answer: A hypothesis
Answer: Sampling people, newspapers, television programmes etc.
Answer: Introduction; Literature review; Research methods; Results; Discussion; Conclusion
Answer: Research questions
Answer: Experimental studies
Answer: Laboratory and field experiments
Answer: Reference collection
Answer: Emphasis upon the control of the immediate situation
Answer: Longitudinal
Answer: Cross-sectional studies
Answer: Variables
Answer: All of these
Answer: General terms
Answer: Inadequate sample
Answer: Fact finding (historical) studies
Answer: Booth
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PhD Entrance Test 2020-21 Model-Question paper Duration: 2 hours Max Marks: 140 Note : This is a sample paper. The main examination paper will be online and consists of 35 questions each in section A and section B Section A: Research Methodology 1. Research is a. ability to teach a given topic
Coursework – Research Methodology -Sample Question paper with answers Multiple Choice Questions Conference proceedings are considered as.documents. a. Conventional b. Primary c. Secondary d. Tertiary Answer : b. Primary Informationis….. a. RawData b. Processed Data c. Inputdata d. Organized data Answer : b. Processed Data
You can get research methodology notes and syllabi from HIGS for PhD entrance preparation. Also avail of the latest pre-PhD research methodology MCQ, Anna university PhD written test question paper, research aptitude test for PhD entrance, research methodology objective questions, and advanced research methodology question paper.
Paper 1 Phd Course Work- Research Methodology Exam Dr. Shivananda Koteshwar Follow Group Director, Synopsys Advertisement Recommended Research Methodology sh_neha252 285.5k views • 27 slides research-methodology-ppt sheetal321 288.3k views • 78 slides Research, Types and objectives of research Bindu Kshtriya 28.1k views • 13 slides
Ph.D. ENTRANCE EXAMINATION MODEL QUESTION PAPER RESEARCH METHODOLOGY & STATISTICS Set – 1 / 3 (1). Discuss the importance of illustrations, graphs and photographs in research papers. (2). What is the relevance of questionnaires in data collection and interpretation? (3). Differentiate between correlation and regression analysis. (4).
research-methodology-multiple-choice-questions-and-answers Questions Download PDF 1 Bibliography given in a research report A Helps those interested in further research and studying the problem from another angle B Shows the vast knowledge of the researcher C Makes the report authentic D None of the above 2 Which comes first, theory or research?