Indian Journal of Medical Research, Supplement

indian journal of medical research supplement

Subject Area and Category

  • Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (miscellaneous)
  • Medicine (miscellaneous)

Publication type

2004-2005, 2012-2021

Information

How to publish in this journal

[email protected]

indian journal of medical research supplement

The set of journals have been ranked according to their SJR and divided into four equal groups, four quartiles. Q1 (green) comprises the quarter of the journals with the highest values, Q2 (yellow) the second highest values, Q3 (orange) the third highest values and Q4 (red) the lowest values.

The SJR is a size-independent prestige indicator that ranks journals by their 'average prestige per article'. It is based on the idea that 'all citations are not created equal'. SJR is a measure of scientific influence of journals that accounts for both the number of citations received by a journal and the importance or prestige of the journals where such citations come from It measures the scientific influence of the average article in a journal, it expresses how central to the global scientific discussion an average article of the journal is.

Evolution of the number of published documents. All types of documents are considered, including citable and non citable documents.

This indicator counts the number of citations received by documents from a journal and divides them by the total number of documents published in that journal. The chart shows the evolution of the average number of times documents published in a journal in the past two, three and four years have been cited in the current year. The two years line is equivalent to journal impact factor ™ (Thomson Reuters) metric.

Evolution of the total number of citations and journal's self-citations received by a journal's published documents during the three previous years. Journal Self-citation is defined as the number of citation from a journal citing article to articles published by the same journal.

Evolution of the number of total citation per document and external citation per document (i.e. journal self-citations removed) received by a journal's published documents during the three previous years. External citations are calculated by subtracting the number of self-citations from the total number of citations received by the journal’s documents.

International Collaboration accounts for the articles that have been produced by researchers from several countries. The chart shows the ratio of a journal's documents signed by researchers from more than one country; that is including more than one country address.

Not every article in a journal is considered primary research and therefore "citable", this chart shows the ratio of a journal's articles including substantial research (research articles, conference papers and reviews) in three year windows vs. those documents other than research articles, reviews and conference papers.

Ratio of a journal's items, grouped in three years windows, that have been cited at least once vs. those not cited during the following year.

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indian journal of medical research supplement

Indian Journal of Medical Research, Supplement Impact Factor & Key Scientometrics

Indian journal of medical research, supplement overview, impact factor.

indian journal of medical research supplement

I. Basic Journal Info

indian journal of medical research supplement

Journal ISSN: 3679012

Publisher: indian council of medical research, history: 2004-2005, 2012-2021, journal hompage: link, how to get published:, research categories, scope/description:.

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II. Science Citation Report (SCR)

Indian journal of medical research, supplement scr impact factor, indian journal of medical research, supplement scr journal ranking, indian journal of medical research, supplement scimago sjr rank.

SCImago Journal Rank (SJR indicator) is a measure of scientific influence of scholarly journals that accounts for both the number of citations received by a journal and the importance or prestige of the journals where such citations come from.

Indian Journal of Medical Research, Supplement Scopus 2-Year Impact Factor Trend

Indian journal of medical research, supplement scopus 3-year impact factor trend, indian journal of medical research, supplement scopus 4-year impact factor trend, indian journal of medical research, supplement impact factor history.

  • 2022 Impact Factor 0 0 2.62
  • 2021 Impact Factor 0.214 1.977 1.927
  • 2020 Impact Factor 3.1 2.854 2.288
  • 2019 Impact Factor 1.341 1.136 1.447
  • 2018 Impact Factor 1 1.369 1.278
  • 2017 Impact Factor 1.753 1.62 1.561
  • 2016 Impact Factor 0.721 0.688 0.658
  • 2015 Impact Factor 0 0.333 0.333
  • 2014 Impact Factor 0.333 NA NA
  • 2013 Impact Factor 0.111 NA NA
  • 2012 Impact Factor 0 NA NA
  • 2011 Impact Factor NA NA NA
  • 2010 Impact Factor NA NA NA
  • 2009 Impact Factor NA NA NA
  • 2008 Impact Factor NA NA NA
  • 2007 Impact Factor 0 NA NA
  • 2006 Impact Factor 1.068 NA NA
  • 2005 Impact Factor 0.828 NA NA
  • 2004 Impact Factor 0 NA NA
  • 2003 Impact Factor NA NA NA
  • 2002 Impact Factor NA NA NA
  • 2001 Impact Factor NA NA NA
  • 2000 Impact Factor NA NA NA

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Impact factor (IF) is a scientometric factor based on the yearly average number of citations on articles published by a particular journal in the last two years. A journal impact factor is frequently used as a proxy for the relative importance of a journal within its field. Find out more: What is a good impact factor?

III. Other Science Influence Indicators

Any impact factor or scientometric indicator alone will not give you the full picture of a science journal. There are also other factors such as H-Index, Self-Citation Ratio, SJR, SNIP, etc. Researchers may also consider the practical aspect of a journal such as publication fees, acceptance rate, review speed. ( Learn More )

Indian Journal of Medical Research, Supplement H-Index

The h-index is an author-level metric that attempts to measure both the productivity and citation impact of the publications of a scientist or scholar. The index is based on the set of the scientist's most cited papers and the number of citations that they have received in other publications

Indian Journal of Medical Research, Supplement H-Index History

indian journal of medical research supplement

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Indian Journal of Medical Research, Supplement - Impact Score, Ranking, SJR, h-index, Citescore, Rating, Publisher, ISSN, and Other Important Details

Published By: Indian Council of Medical Research

Abbreviation: Indian J. Med. Res. Suppl.

Impact Score The impact Score or journal impact score (JIS) is equivalent to Impact Factor. The impact factor (IF) or journal impact factor (JIF) of an academic journal is a scientometric index calculated by Clarivate that reflects the yearly mean number of citations of articles published in the last two years in a given journal, as indexed by Clarivate's Web of Science. On the other hand, Impact Score is based on Scopus data.

Important details, about indian journal of medical research, supplement.

Indian Journal of Medical Research, Supplement is a journal published by Indian Council of Medical Research . This journal covers the area[s] related to Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (miscellaneous), Medicine (miscellaneous), etc . The coverage history of this journal is as follows: 2004-2005, 2012-2021. The rank of this journal is 26285 . This journal's impact score, h-index, and SJR are 0.00, 23, and 0.103, respectively. The ISSN of this journal is/are as follows: 03679012 . The best quartile of Indian Journal of Medical Research, Supplement is Q4 . This journal has received a total of 0 citations during the last three years (Preceding 2022).

Indian Journal of Medical Research, Supplement Impact Score 2022-2023

The impact score (IS), also denoted as the Journal impact score (JIS), of an academic journal is a measure of the yearly average number of citations to recent articles published in that journal. It is based on Scopus data.

Prediction of Indian Journal of Medical Research, Supplement Impact Score 2023

Impact Score 2022 of Indian Journal of Medical Research, Supplement is 0.00 . If a similar downward trend continues, IS may decrease in 2023 as well.

Impact Score Graph

Check below the impact score trends of indian journal of medical research, supplement. this is based on scopus data., indian journal of medical research, supplement h-index.

The h-index of Indian Journal of Medical Research, Supplement is 23 . By definition of the h-index, this journal has at least 23 published articles with more than 23 citations.

What is h-index?

The h-index (also known as the Hirsch index or Hirsh index) is a scientometric parameter used to evaluate the scientific impact of the publications and journals. It is defined as the maximum value of h such that the given Journal has published at least h papers and each has at least h citations.

Indian Journal of Medical Research, Supplement ISSN

The International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) of Indian Journal of Medical Research, Supplement is/are as follows: 03679012 .

The ISSN is a unique 8-digit identifier for a specific publication like Magazine or Journal. The ISSN is used in the postal system and in the publishing world to identify the articles that are published in journals, magazines, newsletters, etc. This is the number assigned to your article by the publisher, and it is the one you will use to reference your article within the library catalogues.

ISSN code (also called as "ISSN structure" or "ISSN syntax") can be expressed as follows: NNNN-NNNC Here, N is in the set {0,1,2,3...,9}, a digit character, and C is in {0,1,2,3,...,9,X}

Table Setting

Indian Journal of Medical Research, Supplement Ranking and SCImago Journal Rank (SJR)

SCImago Journal Rank is an indicator, which measures the scientific influence of journals. It considers the number of citations received by a journal and the importance of the journals from where these citations come.

Indian Journal of Medical Research, Supplement Publisher

The publisher of Indian Journal of Medical Research, Supplement is Indian Council of Medical Research . The publishing house of this journal is located in the India . Its coverage history is as follows: 2004-2005, 2012-2021 .

Call For Papers (CFPs)

Please check the official website of this journal to find out the complete details and Call For Papers (CFPs).

Abbreviation

The International Organization for Standardization 4 (ISO 4) abbreviation of Indian Journal of Medical Research, Supplement is Indian J. Med. Res. Suppl. . ISO 4 is an international standard which defines a uniform and consistent system for the abbreviation of serial publication titles, which are published regularly. The primary use of ISO 4 is to abbreviate or shorten the names of scientific journals using the technique of List of Title Word Abbreviations (LTWA).

As ISO 4 is an international standard, the abbreviation ('Indian J. Med. Res. Suppl.') can be used for citing, indexing, abstraction, and referencing purposes.

How to publish in Indian Journal of Medical Research, Supplement

If your area of research or discipline is related to Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (miscellaneous), Medicine (miscellaneous), etc. , please check the journal's official website to understand the complete publication process.

Acceptance Rate

  • Interest/demand of researchers/scientists for publishing in a specific journal/conference.
  • The complexity of the peer review process and timeline.
  • Time taken from draft submission to final publication.
  • Number of submissions received and acceptance slots
  • And Many More.

The simplest way to find out the acceptance rate or rejection rate of a Journal/Conference is to check with the journal's/conference's editorial team through emails or through the official website.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

What is the impact score of indian journal of medical research, supplement.

The latest impact score of Indian Journal of Medical Research, Supplement is 0.00. It is computed in the year 2023.

What is the h-index of Indian Journal of Medical Research, Supplement?

The latest h-index of Indian Journal of Medical Research, Supplement is 23. It is evaluated in the year 2023.

What is the SCImago Journal Rank (SJR) of Indian Journal of Medical Research, Supplement?

The latest SCImago Journal Rank (SJR) of Indian Journal of Medical Research, Supplement is 0.103. It is calculated in the year 2023.

What is the ranking of Indian Journal of Medical Research, Supplement?

The latest ranking of Indian Journal of Medical Research, Supplement is 26285. This ranking is among 27955 Journals, Conferences, and Book Series. It is computed in the year 2023.

Who is the publisher of Indian Journal of Medical Research, Supplement?

Indian Journal of Medical Research, Supplement is published by Indian Council of Medical Research. The publication country of this journal is India.

What is the abbreviation of Indian Journal of Medical Research, Supplement?

This standard abbreviation of Indian Journal of Medical Research, Supplement is Indian J. Med. Res. Suppl..

Is "Indian Journal of Medical Research, Supplement" a Journal, Conference or Book Series?

Indian Journal of Medical Research, Supplement is a journal published by Indian Council of Medical Research.

What is the scope of Indian Journal of Medical Research, Supplement?

  • Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (miscellaneous)
  • Medicine (miscellaneous)

For detailed scope of Indian Journal of Medical Research, Supplement, check the official website of this journal.

What is the ISSN of Indian Journal of Medical Research, Supplement?

The International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) of Indian Journal of Medical Research, Supplement is/are as follows: 03679012.

What is the best quartile for Indian Journal of Medical Research, Supplement?

The best quartile for Indian Journal of Medical Research, Supplement is Q4.

What is the coverage history of Indian Journal of Medical Research, Supplement?

The coverage history of Indian Journal of Medical Research, Supplement is as follows 2004-2005, 2012-2021.

Credits and Sources

  • Scimago Journal & Country Rank (SJR), https://www.scimagojr.com/
  • Journal Impact Factor, https://clarivate.com/
  • Issn.org, https://www.issn.org/
  • Scopus, https://www.scopus.com/
Note: The impact score shown here is equivalent to the average number of times documents published in a journal/conference in the past two years have been cited in the current year (i.e., Cites / Doc. (2 years)). It is based on Scopus data and can be a little higher or different compared to the impact factor (IF) produced by Journal Citation Report. Please refer to the Web of Science data source to check the exact journal impact factor ™ (Thomson Reuters) metric.

Impact Score, SJR, h-Index, and Other Important metrics of These Journals, Conferences, and Book Series

Check complete list

Indian Journal of Medical Research, Supplement Impact Score (IS) Trend

Top journals/conferences in biochemistry, genetics and molecular biology (miscellaneous), top journals/conferences in medicine (miscellaneous).

UGC CARE   Scopus  

UGC CARE   Scopus   SCI

UGC CARE   Scopus

Indian Journal Of Medical Research, Supplement

The Indian Journal of Medical Research, Supplement is published by Indian Council of Medical Research . The ISSN of this journal is 3679012 . The journal publishes research in the field related to Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (miscellaneous) (Q3); Medicine (miscellaneous) (Q3).

Indian Journal Of Medical Research, Supplement Ranking

The Impact Score of an academic journal is a measure reflecting the yearly average number of citations to recent articles published in that journal.

Each subject category of journals is divided into four quartiles: Q1, Q2, Q3 & Q4. Q1 means ranking among the top 25% of journals in the same field.

Other Important Details

How to publish in indian journal of medical research, supplement.

Please visit the official website of indian journal of medical research, supplement. Read the instructions for authors and make your submission.

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  • v.150(3); 2019 Sep

The grand challenge of regulating health foods in India

Sesikeran boindala.

1 ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India

Joseph I. Lewis

2 Regulatory Affairs Committee, Protein Foods Nutrition Development Association of India, Mumbai, India

Food is the primary source of nutrients to keep us nourished and healthy. Poor and unhealthy diets implicated with the increase of several non-communicable diseases (NCDs) require a food-based approach to reduce the ongoing rise. Traditional knowledge and science behind food-related health benefits became evident in the last three decades. Active ingredients, bioactive molecules and conventionally used herbs were clinically researched and proven to have beneficial outcomes. In the Indian scenario, the multiplicity of food products, including medicinal type formats, such as health supplements, containing plant, herbs or novel ingredients, brings in a new complexity to regulations. Several of these ingredients are pharmacologically active substances and could overlap with drug regulations. The data generated on the nutritional and health benefit of a supplement should be reproducible, outcomes measurable and disease risk reduction shown by well-designed research studies. Regulatory challenges occur at several levels, namely, harmonization of law, fair trade practice, population exposures to chemicals and contaminants, food borne illness, rise in NCD's, novel ingredients, new technologies and a legacy of regulatory practice. While regulatory and legal challenges will always exist, reliance on the role of scientific research in the regulatory context becomes significant.

Introduction

In the current era, modern lifestyles built around automation, reduced physical activity and other socio-economic factors have contributed to the rising trend in non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Consumers now recognize the need to improve their diets with additional nutrition and healthy options. Supplements are increasingly being used to maintain an active lifestyle and to address specific health concerns. Advice by regulatory agencies to improve micronutrient intakes through a well-balanced diet may be inadequate 1 . In addition to fortified foods, alternative options of non-prescribed vitamin and mineral (and botanicals) supplement offered in pills and capsules augment nutrient intakes. The emergence of this new food format poses a regulatory challenge to distinguish them from drugs. Several factors make this differentiation possible.

Categorization

Conceptually, two factors guide regulatory jurisprudence - categorization and definitions. Categorization is a facet-based classification whereby all foods are aggregated by their purpose of use or as marketed. The Codex Categorization System 2 , adopted by India 3 categorizes all foods and products into 16 categories in a hierarchical order 4 .

Foods consumed by the general population and eaten for enjoyment are placed in categories 1-16, except 13.0; foods under 13.0 are marketed to groups that require particular nutrition 4 . Category 13.0 is further divided into several sub-categories 13.1-13.5 2 , for foods especially prepared and/or formulated 'to satisfy particular dietary requirements which exist because of a particular physical or physiological condition'. Included in these sub-categories are infant foods, infant formulae and foods for special dietary use (FSDU) or foods for special medical purpose 2 .

Food products are generally marketed in conventional food forms (biscuits, bread, soups, shakes, etc .) including fortified foods, oils, milk, flour, with added vitamins A and D or folic acid or minerals 5 . Only health supplements (category 13.6), intended to supplement the diet, are offered in the physical forms of pills, capsules, etc . Categorization of foods is a key structural regulatory principle for the differential regulatory treatment of food products and harmonizing them globally.

Supplements are defined internationally and reveal a high level of harmonization. The Dietary Supplement Health Education Act (DSHEA, 1994) 6 is perhaps the first Act that deems supplements to be foods though these are marketed in formats typically associated with medicinal products, namely pills, tablets or capsules. Thereafter, several regulations have emerged 1 , 7 . The legal framework for health supplements provided in the Food Safety and Standards Act 8 is based on these pre-existing Acts and regulations.

An extract from Section 22 8 provides a description of health supplements well harmonized with the international regulations: Health supplement is “a dietary substance, such as vitamins, minerals, proteins, amino acids, enzymes, plant or botanicals or their parts in the form of powder, concentrate or extract in water, alcohol or hydro-alcoholic extract, or substances from animal sources, for use by human beings to supplement the diet by increasing the total dietary intake and whereby such products may be formulated in the form of tablets, capsules, powders, granules, liquids and other dosage forms and is not represented for use as conventional foods. They shall not contain drugs, hormones, steroids or psychotropic substances” 4 .

In the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), the definition reads 'Health supplements mean any product that is used to supplement a diet and to maintain, enhance and improve the healthy function of a human body and may contain one or more or combinations of nutrients or substances including botanicals, in various forms such as extracts or concentrates, presented in dosage forms' 9 .

The EU directive defines food supplements as 'food stuffs the purpose of which is to supplement the normal diet and which are concentrated sources of nutrients or other substances with a nutritional or physiological effect, alone or in combination, marketed in dose form, namely forms such as capsules, pastilles, tablets, pills and other similar forms, sachets of powder, ampoules of liquids, drop dispensing bottles, and other similar forms of liquids and powders designed to be taken in measured small unit quantities' 1 .

In the US, the term 'dietary supplement' means a product (other than tobacco) intended to supplement the diet that bears or contains one or more of the following dietary ingredients; vitamin, mineral, herb or other botanical, amino acid, a dietary substance for use by human, to supplement the diet by increasing the total dietary intake or a concentrate, metabolite, constituent, extract or combination of any ingredient described above and enzymes. It is not represented for use as a conventional food or as a sole item of a meal or the diet 6 .

Codex 7 provides guidelines for vitamin and mineral food supplements. 'Vitamin and mineral food supplements are sources in concentrated forms of those nutrients alone or in combination, marketed in forms such as capsules, tablets, powders, solutions etc ., that are designed to be taken in measured small-unit quantities but are not in a conventional food form and whose purpose is to supplement the intake of vitamin and/or minerals for the normal diet' 7 . The terms health supplements used in ASEAN countries or food supplements in the EU countries and dietary supplements in the US are all placed under food category 13.6 4 and have the same regulatory meaning. The term 'nutraceuticals' while not recognized in international regulations, to describe a similar food category, is an additional term in the Indian regulations 9 .

FSDUs are specially prepared for persons with specific dietary needs due to an existing physiological condition or disorder and when normal foods are incapable of meeting their needs. Low- and very low-calorie diets (400 or 800-1200 kcal) are formulated for weight control and provide vitamins and minerals at recommended dietary allowance (RDA) levels 10 . These foods are presented in conventional food forms (biscuits, shakes and soups) and provide daily dietary needs for energy and macronutrients. Hence, FSDUs are not produced and marketed in the form of tablets, capsules, etc 9 .

Several regulatory declarations further distinguish health supplements from drugs; these do not provide or possess the properties to diagnose, mitigate or prevent a disease in humans and prohibited from making such claims. Mandatory labelling declarations such as 'HEALTH SUPPLEMENTS' and 'NOT FOR MEDICINAL USE' are required on product labels 10 .

Safety and efficacy of ingredients

Foods and their components or any substance added to food are subject to safety assessment using a scientific methodology of risk assessment, comprising hazard identification, characterization, exposure assessment and finally risk characterization 8 . Appropriate regulatory controls are applied taking into account risk assessments done through another methodology namely risk management; e.g ., establishing maximum limits and/or a permitted list of foods to which these may be added, and/or label declarations on advisories or warnings, if required. Risk assessment and risk management processes rely on the scientific evidence and relevant data before rulemaking. Both processes are separate and performed by relevant subject matter experts.

Health supplements with combinations of vitamins and/or minerals are a major segment by demand globally. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that worldwide, 'more than 2 billion people experience deficiencies in essential vitamins and mineral intakes' 11 . The maximum amount of vitamins and minerals permitted in health supplements under the Act 8 is the RDA, which may imply that intakes above are unsafe. Concerns arise from overconsumption on one hand while also a realization that sub-optimal intakes continue due to an unwillingness to adopt a balanced diet. Codex guidelines 7 require maximum amounts of vitamins and minerals in food supplements per daily portion of consumption to be set, taking into account 'upper safe levels of vitamins and minerals established by scientific risk assessment' and considering the 'daily intake from other dietary sources' 7 .

Several countries including the EU and ASEAN have used a risk management approach required by Codex. Indian regulations will move into a safety-based approach based on a report on safe upper level limits of vitamins/minerals and the setting the maximum limits for health/dietary supplements and nutraceuticals by the Expert Committee of the Indian Council of Medical Research 12 .

India and China, among several other countries, have a rich traditional practice in the administration of plant and herbal remedies for health and medicinal purposes. While traditional medicine is well recognized and regulated, health supplements are yet to achieve a similar acceptance in the regulatory space particularly for claims. The WHO acknowledges traditional knowledge in its definition 'traditional and complementary medicine is the sum total of the knowledge, skills, and practices based on the theories, beliefs, and experiences indigenous to different cultures, whether explicable or not, used in the maintenance of health as well as in the prevention, diagnosis, improvement or treatment of physical and mental illness' 13 . While the classical methodology of clinical evaluations and dose-response studies form the core of evaluating safety of substances added to foods ( e.g ., food additives), a regulatory approach of 'history of safe use' 14 and 'qualified presumption of safety' are also relied upon where traditional knowledge exists about the food or food component (botanicals and their extracts), in the country or elsewhere. The Scientific Committee of European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) 15 used 'qualified presumption of safety approach for microorganisms in food to propose criteria presuming a botanical or a botanical preparation to be safe' 14 , 15 .

Nutrition and health claims

Food claims are messages that convert scientific knowledge into consumer benefits and applicable to all foods with a few exceptions. They should be truthful, well supported by scientific substantiation and not mislead the consumer through false and exaggerated language. Globally, the claims framework is well harmonized 16 , 17 , 18 , 20 ( Fig. 1 ).

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
Object name is IJMR-150-248-g001.jpg

Harmonization of claims framework. NLEA, Nutrition Labeling and Education Act; FSS, Food Safety and Standards; CAC/GL, Codex Alimentarius Commission/Guidelines.

Broadly, claims may be described as 'functional' (non-disease) and reduction of risk factors (disease related) ( Fig. 1 ). Functional claims comprise nutrient function claims, other function claims 18 and structure or function claims 6 , 20 and the reduction of disease risk claims 18 . Two Indian regulations 10 , 19 on claims address provisions with some overlap.

All claims must be scientifically substantiated to protect the consumer interest and health. Claims may be authorized and listed in regulations, on the strength of existing scientific evidence 21 , 22 , 23 , described as significant scientific agreement (US, Canada); general-accepted scientific evidence of beneficial physiological effect in humans (EU); established food-health relationships based on the totality and weight of evidence (Australia, New Zealand). The need for a further substantiation is generally not required for functional claims (nutrient function or other function) when the level of evidence obtained is acceptable across the scientific community 22 . Structure or function claims used under the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) 6 must bear a disclaimer 'This statement has not been evaluated by the FDA. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease'.

Often, the route to verify claims is a systematic review of scientific literature and where required a clinical verification. In case of botanicals and herbal remedies, a systematic review of traditional texts should be considered as equivalent to clinical verification for claim substantiation.

Characterization of food safety systems

Modern food control systems based on risk have replaced traditional frameworks. 'Risk analysis provides a means to strengthen the ability of traditional food safety systems to meet current challenges' 24 ( Fig. 2 ). India moved to a risk-based system of food control in 2006 8 .

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Object name is IJMR-150-248-g002.jpg

Characterization of food safety systems. Source : Ref 24 .

A regulatory challenge posed by the Act 8 is institutionalizing functional competencies required for risk assessment and risk management. Second, for risk-based systems to emerge from an outdated predecessor - the Prevention of Food Adulteration Act 1954 8 , the inherited architecture of 'standards making' - needs complete overhaul and revision. A simplified structural arrangement between regulations is critically required to remove ongoing complexities, arising from overlap and duplicity, poor cross-referencing and contextual misplacements of clauses. An illustrated example is the approval of plant sterols.

Indian regulations approved phytosterols (an ingredient) under two regulations; the first under the heading 3.1 Food Additives 3 . In another regulation, phytosterols are placed under the heading 'nutraceutical ingredients' (Schedule VIB) 10 . Plural regulatory treatments across regulations for the same ingredient create complexities and misrepresentation: whether the substance is a food additive, nutraceutical ingredient or novel food? International regulations may use different regulatory instruments to approve phytosterols, but these are made contextually clear to all involved in the standards-setting process 25 .

Well-established regulatory mechanisms exist for the control of food safety and effective communication of health benefits to the consumer. Regulatory methodologies of risk assessment and risk management provide a scientific basis for effective laws and regulations for public health outcomes. A spinoff from these methodologies is the developmental need of specific skill sets required for regulatory sciences and governance. The Food Safety and Standards Act through its mandates ensures the capability to face the emerging challenges of food safety and health of its people.

Financial support & sponsorship : None.

Conflicts of Interest : None.

Volume 24 Supplement 1

Point-of-care Testing for Sexually Transmitted Infections: results of an independent multi-country clinic-based and clinic-utility evaluation of STI diagnostics (PRoSPeRo project)

Publication of this supplement was funded by the UNDP-UNFPA-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP), a co-sponsored programme executed by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Government of Canada. The articles have undergone the journal's standard peer review process for supplements. The Supplement Editors declare that they have no competing interests.

Edited by Ronald Ballard, WHO, and David Lewis, University of Sydney.

Independent clinic-based evaluation of dual POCTs for screening for HIV and syphilis in men who have sex with men in Italy, Malta, Peru, and the United Kingdom

Globally, the incidence of HIV and syphilis can be reduced by the use of validated point of care tests (POCTs). As part of the WHO PRoSPeRo Network, we aimed to evaluate the performance, acceptability, and ope...

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External quality assessment to support the WHO ProSPeRo study for the evaluation of two dual HIV/syphilis point-of-care tests in seven countries

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as syphilis and HIV remain to be a significant public health issue worldwide. Dual rapid point-of-care tests (POCTs) have shown promise for detecting antibodies to H...

Quality control and external quality assessment for the independent clinic-based evaluation of point-of-care testing to detect Chlamydia trachomatis , Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Trichomonas vaginalis in eight countries

Sexually transmitted infections caused by Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) and Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) remain significant global health problems. The World Health Organization (WHO) has r...

Clinic-based evaluation of the dual Xpert CT/NG assay on the GeneXpert System for screening for extragenital chlamydial and gonococcal infections amongst men who have sex with men

Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) infections have increased globally. Asymptomatic infections represent a significant risk of long-term complications. Men who have sex with men (MSM) are d...

A clinical utility evaluation of dual HIV/Syphilis point-of-care tests in non-clinical settings for screening for HIV and syphilis in men who have sex with men

Dual point-of-care tests (POCTs) for the simultaneous detection of antibodies to HIV and syphilis have been developed. Since community-based organisations (CBO) are effective providers of HIV and syphilis test...

Independent clinic-based evaluation of point-of-care testing for the screening of Chlamydia trachomatis , Neisseria gonorrhoea and Trichomonas vaginalis in women-at-risk in Australia, Guatemala, Morocco, and South Africa

In 2018, the World Health Organization commenced a multi-country validation study of the Cepheid GeneXpert for a range of molecular-based point-of-care (POC) tests in primary care settings. One study arm focus...

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BMC Infectious Diseases

ISSN: 1471-2334

Memory supplements lack ingredients touted for Alzheimer's patients, study finds

indian journal of medical research supplement

Some versions of a dietary supplement sold as a memory enhancer for Alzheimer's patients contained wildly inaccurate amounts of the drug, a new study shows.

Galantamine, a plant extract, is sold as a generic – approved by the Food and Drug Administration – that requires a prescription to treat mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease. It's also sold without a prescription as an over-the-counter supplement. Vendors market these products as aids for boosting memory or promoting lucid dreams.

The labels on the generic drugs and dietary supplements all say they include identical amounts of galantamine, however, a Harvard University-led study published on Friday in the Journal of the American Medical Association showed the products' contents vary widely.

Researchers concluded, based on product testing, that the generics were largely accurate, containing at least 97.5% of the ingredients listed on their labels. However, the dietary supplements' labels were far less accurate. In one case, a supplement contained just 2% of the ingredients in the quantities the label listed.

Furthermore, three of the 10 supplements, purchased from vendors on Amazon, contained a type of bacteria known to cause diarrhea, the study said.

Researchers said the study illustrates how differently the FDA regulates prescription drugs compared to over-the-counter supplements.

The FDA must approve applications from drug companies before they are allowed to market or sell a prescription drug. However, companies do not need FDA approval before they sell a dietary supplement. No regulator checks before a company markets a supplement, but the makers must present evidence that what they're selling is safe and the label on the product is accurate.

The researchers said their findings raise questions about the lack of oversight.

"There's no checks required prior to supplements going on store shelves," said Dr. Pieter Cohen, lead author of the study and an associate professor at Harvard Medical School. Cohen is also an internist at Cambridge Health Alliance.

In the case of galantamine, Cohen said, consumers should be wary about purchasing over-the-counter supplements. While these products purport to carry the same ingredients as prescription medicines, his team found "what's actually in the bottle is completely different."

'Lack of appropriate quality control'

Researchers purchased 10 versions of galantamine from over-the-counter retailers on Amazon. They also bought 11 generic versions of FDA-approved medication through a hospital pharmacy.

Both the generic drugs and supplements said on their labels they included 4, 8, or 12 milligrams of galantamine per tablet, pill, or serving. Researchers also evaluated a supplement that stated it contained 6 mg of galantamine.

All of the generic prescription drugs contained close to the amount of galantamine listed on the label. The generic with the least amount had 97.5% of the amount it said it had; the generic with the greatest quantity had 104.2%.

The amount of galantamine present in the supplements, however, ranged from 2% to 110% of the amount listed on the labels. Only one supplement tested had within 10% of the galantamine amount listed on its label.

In addition, three of the supplement brands the researchers tested were contaminated with the bacteria Bacillus cereus sensu stricto , which "may suggest lack of appropriate quality control during manufacturing," the study said.

There wasn't enough bacteria found in the supplements to make a person sick, Cohen said.

Sold as a 'memory optimizer' and for 'lucid dreams'

The study does not identify the names of the dietary supplement companies or the products evaluated for this study. The researchers said that's because the medical journal requested the names be removed before publication.

One product promotes itself as a "memory optimizer"; another says it "supports and maintains cognitive function."

Other products were sold to support "dream recall" or "lucid dream induction," a state in which a person is aware they are dreaming while asleep. "That's another marketing area for these," supplements, Cohen said.

The generic drugs were approved for patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease, however, the drugs are not proven to prevent Alzheimer's or slow mild cognitive impairment.

Industry group: Galantamine supplements are 'illegally marketed'

The Council for Responsible Nutrition, a trade association for the dietary supplement and functional food industry, distanced itself from the galantamine products in a statement to USA TODAY.

"Products containing galantamine are not legitimate dietary supplements and, if offered as such, are illegally marketed," the statement said. "The Council for Responsible Nutrition urges the FDA and any retailers who are selling these fake supplements to immediately remove them from the market to protect consumers."

One problem in terms of controlling the output of supplements like these is that the FDA doesn't know what dietary supplements are sold, when new products are introduced, or what those products contain. The FDA this year proposed legislation that would require companies to list which dietary supplements they sell. The federal regulatory agency also has sought the authority to take more action against companies that produce noncompliant products.

Cohen, the study author, explained, "I see this as mainly a problem with the regulatory framework."

He said, "Congress has stipulated that the FDA has no role in vetting or checking the quality of dietary supplements before they land on the market."

FDA spokesperson Courtney Rhodes said the agency does not comment on specific studies, but confirmed officials would review the galantamine study. Rhodes added that such studies help the agency to "further our understanding about a particular issue and assist in our mission to protect public health."

Dr. Peter Lurie, president and executive director of the Center for Science in the Public Interest, said the study was a rare direct comparison of prescription drugs and dietary supplements.

"This is a massive black eye for the supplement industry," said Lurie, a former associate director at the FDA. "And it shows the quality of their products does not meet the kind of standard that any American would expect."

Ken Alltucker is on X, formerly Twitter, at @kalltucker, or can be emailed at [email protected] .

PsyPost

Ketone supplements vs. alcohol: New study uncovers a surprising interaction

N ew findings suggest ketone supplements could significantly impact alcohol consumption and cravings. The research, published in the International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology , found that ketone supplements not only reduced breath and blood alcohol concentrations but also diminished the subjective appeal of alcohol.

Ketogenic diets have gained significant attention not only for their weight loss benefits but also for their potential therapeutic effects on various health conditions. At their core, ketogenic diets are high in fats, moderate in proteins, and very low in carbohydrates. By drastically reducing carbohydrate intake and replacing it with fat, the body is pushed into a metabolic state known as ketosis.

In this state, the body turns fat into ketones in the liver, which can supply energy for the brain. Ketones are three water-soluble molecules (acetone, acetoacetate, and beta-hydroxybutyrate) that are produced as by-products when fatty acids are broken down for energy. This metabolic process is a natural response to food scarcity, allowing the body to utilize its fat reserves as a primary energy source.

The motivation behind the current study stems from the sobering statistics regarding alcohol use disorder (AUD) and its widespread impact in the United States, where a significant portion of the population engages in binge drinking and exhibits criteria for AUD. Excessive alcohol consumption is linked with a myriad of health risks, including increased reckless behaviors, cognitive decline, liver disease, and various cancers, positioning it as a leading cause of preventable death.

Previous research has highlighted the potential of nutritional ketosis, induced either through ketogenic diets or exogenous ketone supplements, to alleviate symptoms of alcohol withdrawal and reduce alcohol craving and consumption. In their new study, the researchers sought to better understand how consuming exogenous ketones (supplements) might influence physiological and subjective responses to alcohol intake.

“We previously found that a ketogenic diet intervention reduced alcohol withdrawal and alcohol craving in patients with AUD during alcohol detoxification treatment, and in animal models found that a ketogenic diet decreased alcohol consumption,” said study author Corinde E. Wiers , an assistant professor of psychiatry at the University of Pennsylvania.

“Because a ketogenic diet is difficult to maintain, we are studying the use of ketone supplements (Kenetik) for the treatment of alcohol use disorder. Because the ketone supplement and alcohol require similar enzymes in the liver to break down, we wanted to understand how people responded to alcohol after the intake of a ketone supplement. To our surprise, blood and breath levels were significantly lower for the same alcohol dose, when paired with ketones, and alcohol liking and wanting were also down.”

The study was carried out at the University of Pennsylvania and was structured as a single-blinded, cross-over trial, ensuring that each participant served as their own control by receiving both the ketone supplement and a placebo in a randomized order across two separate visits.

Participants were carefully selected to include healthy individuals between the ages of 21 and 50 who had consumed alcohol at least once in the prior month. The study excluded anyone with significant medical conditions, psychiatric or substance use disorders (other than nicotine or cannabis), pregnant or lactating females, individuals over a certain weight threshold, or those with a baseline breath alcohol level above 0.00%. This resulted in a cohort of ten participants who completed the study.

On each study visit, participants were asked to arrive after an overnight fast and were provided with a standardized meal. Approximately one hour after meal consumption, they consumed either the ketone supplement or placebo, followed by an oral dose of alcohol 30 minutes later.

The ketone drink contained ketones and the low-calorie sweetener allulose, whereas the placebo consisted of a non-ketogenic sweet and sour mix. The alcohol dose was adjusted for body weight and sex to target a specific breath alcohol concentration (0.05%), aiming to standardize the alcohol exposure across participants.

The researchers observed significant reductions in both breath and blood alcohol concentrations (BrAC and BAL) following the intake of the ketone supplement compared to the placebo. This indicated that the ketone supplement could attenuate the physiological presence of alcohol in the body.

Subjectively, participants reported a decrease in alcohol liking and wanting and an increase in alcohol disliking after consuming the ketone supplement, suggesting that the supplement could alter the rewarding effects of alcohol.

In addition to these primary outcomes, the study also noted changes in blood glucose and ketone levels, providing insights into the metabolic effects of the ketone supplement. Blood glucose levels were significantly lower following the intake of the ketone supplement, while ketone levels were elevated, reinforcing the metabolic shift induced by the supplement.

The findings suggest that “pairing a ketone supplement with alcohol reduces alcohol intoxication – it makes you less tipsy! We need to understand more whether the supplement slows down the absorption of alcohol in the stomach, and/or if it increases the metabolism of alcohol in the liver,” Wiers told PsyPost.

In parallel to the human study, the researchers conducted a investigation using rodents. This study involved a total of eight Wistar rats, evenly divided by sex. Each rat received one of three treatments via oral gavage: a dose of ketone supplement, allulose, or water (serving as the control). Thirty minutes following this administration, the rats were given a dose of alcohol orally, simulating the human study’s alcohol challenge but adjusted for the physiological differences between species.

Unlike in humans, where the ketone supplement led to significant changes in alcohol sensitivity and subjective responses, the rodent study focused on the physiological metrics of BAL, blood glucose, and ketone levels. The results showed that the ketone supplement significantly reduced BAL compared to both the water and allulose treatments at several time points following alcohol administration.

Notably, the study found no significant effects of the allulose treatment on BAL, indicating that the observed reductions in alcohol levels were specifically attributable to the ketone supplement rather than the sweetener component. Additionally, the study reported significant increases in blood β-hydroxybutyrate levels following ketone administration, confirming the efficacy of the supplement in inducing ketosis in rodents.

“We previously found that rats on a 6-week ketogenic diet could not tolerate alcohol well: Rats on the ketogenic diet vs control diet had 6x higher blood alcohol levels than rats on a regular chow diet,” Wiers noted. “We were wondering if an acute dose of a ketone supplement would also had an effect on blood and breath alcohol levels. With the ketone supplement, we found the exact opposite effect ( lower breath and blood alcohol levels, both in humans and rats), which was very surprising to us. The ketogenic diet and ketone supplement affect alcohol metabolism differently.”

The study’s limitations include its small sample size and the focus on healthy volunteers rather than individuals with AUD. Furthermore, the placebo and ketone supplement were not calorically matched, and the unpleasant taste of the ketone supplement may have influenced subjective responses to alcohol.

“We gave very little alcohol” in the current study, Wiers noted. “We are recruiting for a new study now in which we give 3 different diets to social drinkers for 3.5 days: (1) ketogenic diet, (2) control diet, (3) control diet + ketone supplement before breakfast lunch and dinner. We will bring up alcohol levels to approximately 0.08% (the legal drinking limit), so that we can also assess effects of ketosis (diet vs supplement) on alcohol-induced cognitive impairments.”

“The long-term goals are to develop ketone therapy for individuals with alcohol use disorder (reducing alcohol withdrawal, reducing consumption), to improve brain energetics and decrease alcohol consumption/withdrawal in outpatient and inpatient settings e.g.: Mahajan, 2021 . The current study may also suggest that ketone drinks could aid in sober drinking cultures.”

The study, “ Ketone Supplementation Dampens Subjective and Objective Responses to Alcohol: Evidence From a Preclinical Rat Study and a Randomized, Cross-Over Trial in Healthy Volunteers ,” was authored by Xinyi Li, Zhenhao Shi, Dustin R. Todaro, Timothy Pond, Juliana I Byanyima, Sianneh A. Vesslee, Rishika Reddy, Ravi Prakash Reddy Nanga, Gabriel Kass, Vijay Ramchandani, Henry R. Kranzler, Janaina C M Vendruscolo, Leandro F Vendruscolo, and Corinde E. Wiers

(Photo credit: Adobe Stock)

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    The Indian registry on current patient profiles & treatment trends in hypertension (RECORD): One year interim analysis. Rajadhyaksha, Girish Chandrakant; Reddy, Himanshu; Singh, Amresh Kumar; More. Indian Journal of Medical Research. 158 (3):244-255, September 2023. Abstract.

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  14. Vitamin D Supplements in the Indian Market

    In our country, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) recommends a daily supplement of 400 IU/day of vitamin D for Indians under situations of minimal exposure to sunlight. However, in light of recent evidence, there is a need to update these guidelines regarding vitamin D intake and supplementation in adults, vulnerable population and ...

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    The Indian Journal of Medical Research is a peer-reviewed open-access medical journal. [1] [2] It is published by Medknow Publications on behalf of the Indian Council of Medical Research. [1] Since 1977, it has been published monthly with six issues per volume. [3] The journal publishes original "technical and clinical studies related to health ...

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  20. The grand challenge of regulating health foods in India

    Definition. Supplements are defined internationally and reveal a high level of harmonization. The Dietary Supplement Health Education Act (DSHEA, 1994) 6 is perhaps the first Act that deems supplements to be foods though these are marketed in formats typically associated with medicinal products, namely pills, tablets or capsules. Thereafter, several regulations have emerged 1,7.

  21. Volume 155

    Evaluation of the International Society on Thrombosis & Haemostasis scoring system & its modifications in diagnosis of disseminated intravascular coagulation: A pilot study from southern India. Muddana, Pooja Sai; Kar, Sitanshu Sekhar; Kar, Rakhee. Indian Journal of Medical Research. 155 (2):306-310, February 2022.

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    Research. Publication of this supplement was funded by the UNDP-UNFPA-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP), a co-sponsored programme executed by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Government of Canada. ... and the Government of Canada. The articles have ...

  23. Galantamine supplements lack amounts required for Alzheimer's

    The labels on the generic drugs and dietary supplements all say they include identical amounts of galantamine, however, a Harvard University-led study published on Friday in the Journal of the ...

  24. Ketone supplements vs. alcohol: New study uncovers a surprising ...

    N ew findings suggest ketone supplements could significantly impact alcohol consumption and cravings. The research, published in the International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, found that ...