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The Communist Manifesto

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The Communist Manifesto: Introduction

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Historical Context of The Communist Manifesto

Other books related to the communist manifesto.

• Full Title: The Communist Manifesto
• When Written: January 1848
• Where Written: Brussels
• When Published: February 21, 1848
• Literary Period: Victorian
• Genre: Nonfiction, political science
• Setting: Europe
• Climax: Marx and Engels declare that all people in the working class must band together.
• Antagonist: The Bourgeoisie
• Point of View: First person

Extra Credit for The Communist Manifesto

Procrastination. Marx procrastinated massively in the writing of the manifesto, and it was only the imposition of a tight deadline that inspired the work to be finished quickly.

Translations. Since its publication, The Communist Manifesto has been published in over 200 different languages.

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The Communist Manifesto Essay Topics & Writing Assignments

Essay Topic 1

The Communist Manifesto was created to inspire change in society, that's easy to see. However, the overall application of these changes is a little trickier in practice, it seems.

Part 1: Who do you think the target audience of this manuscript is? Why?

Part 2: Do you think the target audience has the power to change their position? Why or why not?

Part 3: What do you think Marx intended for the target audience to do once they read this manuscript?

Essay Topic 2

The idea of class being the root of all troubles is one that Marx describes at length.

Part 1: Define the idea of class in society then and now.

Part 2: What does class structure do to cause the trouble that Marx feels needs to be changed?

Part 3: Why is class structure so important to the argument for Communism?

Essay Topic 3

Communism is something many people have grown...

(read more Essay Topics)

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The Main Points of "The Communist Manifesto"

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"The Communist Manifesto," written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in 1848, is one of the most widely taught texts in sociology. The Communist League in London commissioned the work, which was originally published in German. At the time, it served as a political rallying cry for the communist movement in Europe. Today, it offers a shrewd and early critique of capitalism and its social and cultural implications.

For sociology students, the text is a useful primer on Marx's critique of capitalism, but it can be a challenging read for those outside this field of study. A summary that breaks down its main points can make the manifesto easier to digest for readers just getting acquainted with sociology.

History of the Manifesto

"The Communist Manifesto" stems from the joint development of ideas between Marx and Engels, but Marx alone wrote the final draft. The text became a significant political influence on the German public and led to Marx being expelled from the country. This prompted his permanent move to London and the pamphlet's 1850 publication in English for the first time. 

Despite its controversial reception in Germany and its pivotal role in Marx's life, the text didn't receive a great deal of attention until the 1870s. Then, Marx took a prominent role in the International Workingmen's Association and publicly supported the 1871 Paris commune and socialist movement. The text also grew in popularity because of its role in a treason trial held against German Social Democratic Party leaders.

After it became more widely known, Marx and Engels revised and republished the book into the version familiar with readers today. The manifesto has been widely read around the world since the late 19th century and remains the foundation for critiques of capitalism. It has inspired calls for social, economic, and political systems organized by equality and democracy rather than exploitation.

Introduction to the Manifesto

"A spectre is haunting Europe—the spectre of communism."

Marx and Engels begin the manifesto by pointing out that the European powers-that-be have identified communism as a threat. These leaders believe that communism could change the power structure and the economic system known as capitalism. Given its potential, according to Marx and Engels, the communist movement requires a manifesto, and that is what the text in question intends to be.

Part 1: Bourgeois and Proletarians

"The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles ."

In the first part of the manifesto, Marx and Engels explain the evolution of capitalism and the exploitative class structure that resulted from it. While political revolutions overturned the unequal hierarchies of feudalism, in their place sprung a new class system composed primarily of a bourgeoisie (owners of the means of production) and proletariat (wage workers). Marx and Engels explain:

"The modern bourgeois society that has sprouted from the ruins of feudal society has not done away with class antagonisms. It has but established new classes, new conditions of oppression, new forms of struggle in place of the old ones."

The bourgeoisie achieved state power by creating and controlling the post-feudal political system. Consequently, Marx and Engels explain, the state reflects the world views and interests of the wealthy and powerful minority and not those of the proletariat, who make up the majority of society.

Next, Marx and Engels discuss the cruel, exploitative reality of what happens when workers are forced to compete with each other and sell their labor to the owners of capital. When this occurs, the social ties that used to bind people together are stripped away. Workers become expendable and replaceable, a concept known as a " cash nexus. "

As the capitalist system grows, expands, and evolves, its methods and relations of production and ownership are increasingly centralized within it. The global scale of today's capitalist economy and the extreme concentration of wealth among the global elite show us that the 19th-century observations of Marx and Engels were accurate.

While capitalism is a widespread economic system, Marx and Engels argue that it is designed for failure. That's because as ownership and wealth concentrate, the exploitative conditions of wage laborers worsen over time, sowing the seeds of revolt. The authors assert that, in fact, that revolt is already fomenting; the rise of the Communist Party signals this. Marx and Engels end this section with this conclusion:

"What the bourgeoisie therefore produces, above all, are its own grave-diggers. Its fall and the victory of the proletariat are equally inevitable."

Often quoted, this section of the text is considered the manifesto's main body. It is also taught as an abridged version to students. The other parts of the text are less well-known.

Part 2: Proletarians and Communists

"In place of the old bourgeois society, with its classes and class antagonisms, we shall have an association, in which the free development of each is the condition for the free development of all."

In this section, Marx and Engels explain what the Communist Party wants for society. They begin by pointing out that the organization stands out because it does not represent a particular faction of workers. Rather, it represents the interests of workers (the proletariat) as a whole. The class antagonisms that capitalism creates and bourgeoisie rule shape these interests, which transcend national borders.

The Communist Party seeks to turn the proletariat into a cohesive class with clear and unified class interests, to overthrow the rule of the bourgeoisie, and to seize and redistribute political power. The key to doing this, Marx and Engels say, is the abolition of private property. Marx and Engels acknowledge that the bourgeoisie respond to this proposition with scorn and derision. To this, the authors reply:

You are horrified at our intending to do away with private property. But in your existing society, private property is already done away with for nine-tenths of the population; its existence for the few is solely due to its non-existence in the hands of those nine-tenths. You reproach us, therefore, with intending to do away with a form of property, the necessary condition for whose existence is the non-existence of any property for the immense majority of society.

Clinging to the importance and necessity of private property only benefits the bourgeoisie in a capitalist society. Everyone else has little to no access to it and suffers under its reign. (In a contemporary context, consider the vastly unequal distribution of wealth in the U.S., and the mountain of consumer, housing, and educational debt that buries most of the population.)

Marx and Engels go on to state the 10 goals of the Communist Party:

• Abolition of property in land and application of all rents of land to public purposes.
• A heavy progressive or graduated income tax.
• Abolition of all rights of inheritance.
• Confiscation of the property of all emigrants and rebels.
• Centralization of credit in the hands of the state, by means of a national bank with State capital and an exclusive monopoly.
• Centralization of the means of communication and transport in the hands of the State.
• Extension of factories and instruments of production owned by the State; the bringing into cultivation of waste-lands, and the improvement of the soil generally in accordance with a common plan.
• Equal liability of all to work. Establishment of industrial armies, especially for agriculture.
• Combination of agriculture with manufacturing industries; gradual abolition of all the distinction between town and country by a more equable distribution of the populace over the country.
• Free education for all children in public schools. Abolition of children’s factory labor in its present form. Combination of education with industrial production, etc.

Part 3: Socialist and Communist Literature

In the third part of the manifesto, Marx and Engels present an overview of three types of critique against the bourgeoisie. These include reactionary socialism, conservative or bourgeois socialism, and critical-utopian socialism or communism. They explain that the first type either seeks to return to a feudal structure or preserve conditions as they are. This type is actually opposed to the goals of the Communist Party.

Conservative or bourgeois socialism stems from members of the bourgeoisie savvy enough to know that one must address some grievances of the proletariat to maintain the system as it is. Marx and Engels note that economists, philanthropists, humanitarians, those who run charities, and many other "do-gooders" espouse and produce this particular ideology, which seeks to make minor adjustments to the system rather than change.

Finally, critical-utopian socialism or communism offers real critiques of the class and social structure. A vision of what could be, this type of communism suggests that the goal should be to create new and separate societies rather than fight to reform the existing one. It opposes a collective struggle by the proletariat.

Part 4: Position of the Communists in Relation to the Various Existing Opposition Parties

In the "Communist Manifesto's" final section, Marx and Engels point out that the Communist Party supports all revolutionary movements that challenge the existing social and political order. The manifesto ends with a call for the proletariat, or working class, to come together. Invoking their famous rally cry, Marx and Engels say, "Working men of all countries, unite!"

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The Communist Manifesto

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117 Communism Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

🏆 best communism topic ideas & essay examples, 👍 good essay topics on communism, 💡 most interesting communism topics to write about, ❓ questions about communism.

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• How Did Communism Succeeding in China Affect U.S. Foreign Policy?
• What Does Animal Farm Tell Us About George Orwell’s Attitude to Communism Under Stalin?
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• How Was Cuba and China Lost to Communism?
• Why Does Communism Work for China but Not for Russia?
• How Was Soviet Life During Communism?
• Why Did Karl Marx Think Communism Was the Ideal Political Party?
• What Is Socialism and How Is It Different From Communism?
• Why Is Communism Considered as Evil (Like Fascism and Nazism) In the United States?
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• Chicago (N-B)

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Communist Manifesto

By karl marx, communist manifesto quiz 1.

• 1 This history of all societies is the history of struggles between what? classes countries religions races
• 2 According to Marx, the class struggle in his day was primarily between what two classes? proletariat and the clergy bourgeoisie and proletariat aristocracy and proletariat bourgeoisie and aristocracy
• 3 The modern state is committed to managing the affairs of what class? clergy aristocracy proletariat bourgeoisie
• 4 What socioeconomic system proceeded bourgeois capitalism? anarchism feudalism communism socialism
• 5 The bourgeoisie are committed to what kind of trade policy? free trade only within national boundaries free trade between politically allied nations free trade only between members of the same social class free trade between all nations
• 6 Capitalism necessarily suffers from crises of what? overproduction trade embargoes from other countries underproduction labor shortages
• 7 What new class has capitalism brought into existence? aristocracy burgesses proletariat warriors
• 8 The development of the bourgeoisie does what to the development of the proletariat? does not effect it stops it advances it regresses it
• 9 The use of division of labor and machinery has done what to the industrial worker? it has no effect decreased the demand for industrial workers removed the individual character and charm from his working experience enhanced his working experience
• 10 As capitalism develops, what happens to the vast majority of the lower middle classes who are neither bourgeois nor proletariat? they become proletariat they become capitalist they maintain their separate existence they immigrate to other countries
• 11 Of all the classes in conflict with the bourgeoisie, which is the truly revolutionary class, capable of advancing the progress of society? lower middle class artisans and shop-owners proletariat clergy aristocracy
• 12 Why does the bourgeoisie no longer deserve to rule society? it cannot assure a continued existence to the proletariat its rule is not consented to by all people it does not allow for the creation of genius it defies God
• 13 The essential condition for the existence of the bourgeoisie is the creation and augmentation of what? Art Manufactured goods Technological innovation Capital
• 14 The proletariat revolution against the bourgeoisie will have what probability of success? low but not impossible impossible high but not certain certain
• 15 What is the relationship between communism and the proletariat? Communist aid the bourgeoisie in exploiting the proletariat Communists only represent the interests of proletariat in their country Communists represent the interests of the entire proletariat Communists are indifferent to the plight of the proletariat
• 16 The immediate aim of the communism is what? conquest of political power by the proletariat overthrow of bourgeois supremacy formation of the proletariat into a class all of the above
• 17 The theory of Communism can be best summed up in what single sentence? Abolition of private property The greatest happiness for the greatest number Every person has an inviolable right to life Might makes right
• 18 What is Marx's definition of the minimum wage? the lowest wage at which the government will allow someone to work the lowest wage for which a person will work the lowest wage necessary to keep a worker alive the lowest wage required to keep someone above the poverty line
• 19 The necessary condition for the existence of bourgeois property, i.e., capital, is what? unequal distribution of property favoring the bourgeoisie meritocratic allocation of property equal distribution of property among members of society unequal distribution of property favoring the working classes
• 20 Bourgeois culture does what for the vast majority of people? enables them to determine their own destiny threatens the survival of their immortal soul prepares them for a life as a machine in industry fulfills their desire for knowledge
• 21 Bourgeois culture can be best described as a reflection of what? capitalism common consensus on the best way to live the conscious bourgeois desire to oppress the masses rational appreciation of true values
• 22 What aspect(s) of bourgeois society do communist wish to undermine? jurisprudence family organization religion all of the above
• 23 The bourgeois family is founded primarily on what? the authority of the patriarch private gain on the part of the capitalist love for all its members respect for Nature
• 24 According to Marx, how will public education in a communist society differ from public education in a capitalist society? Communism will use introduce society into education while capitalism does not Communism will teach practical skills while capitalism does not Communism will use education to rescue society from bourgeois culture while capitalism uses education to ensure the survival of bourgeois culture Communism will not tolerate dissent in education while bourgeois culture does
• 25 What effect will communism within nations have on the relations between nations? it will weaken international antagonism it will heighten international antagonism it will leave communist nations prone to attacks from bourgeois nations it will have no affect on international relations

Communist Manifesto Questions and Answers

The Question and Answer section for Communist Manifesto is a great resource to ask questions, find answers, and discuss the novel.

According to Marx, how did capitalism break apart the traditional system?

• According to Marx, capitalism exploited the working class.

• Accroding to Marx, capitalism intensified class struggles, favoring the bourgeoisie.

• According to Marx, capitaism set the stage for revolution.

What is Marx's tone in paragraph 3?

Paragraph three of the first chapter?

Marx and The Communist Manifesto

Marx admired the way capitalism contributed to the end of feudalism and slavery, and he admired the way capitalism transformed a society's ability to produce more goods.

Study Guide for Communist Manifesto

Communist Manifesto study guide contains a biography of Karl Marx, literature essays, a complete e-text, quiz questions, major themes, characters, and a full summary and analysis.

• About Communist Manifesto
• Communist Manifesto Summary
• Chapter 1 Summary and Analysis

Essays for Communist Manifesto

Communist Manifesto literature essays are academic essays for citation. These papers were written primarily by students and provide critical analysis of Communist Manifesto.

• The Foundation of the Communist Movement
• Marx and Freud: Human Happiness and Human Nature
• The Communist Manifesto and the Industrial Proletariat
• Marx: Idealism vs. Materialism
• Marx: Alienation, Unity, and Human Nature

Lesson Plan for Communist Manifesto

• About the Author
• Study Objectives
• Common Core Standards
• Introduction to Communist Manifesto
• Relationship to Other Books
• Bringing in Technology
• Notes to the Teacher
• Related Links
• Communist Manifesto Bibliography

E-Text of Communist Manifesto

Communist Manifesto E-Text contains the full text of Communist Manifesto

• Chapter I. Bourgeois and Proletarians
• Chapter II. Proletarians and Communists
• Chapter III. Socialist and Communist Literature
• Chapter IV. Position of the Communists in Relation to the Various Existing Opposition Parties

Wikipedia Entries for Communist Manifesto

• Introduction
• Publication

Home — Essay Samples — History — Communist Manifesto — Karl Marx Communist Manifesto

Karl Marx Communist Manifesto

• Categories: Communism Communist Manifesto Karl Marx

About this sample

Words: 699 |

Published: Nov 26, 2019

Words: 699 | Pages: 2 | 4 min read

Works Cited

• Marx, K., & Engels, F. (1848). The Communist Manifesto. Verso Books.
• Bottomore, T. (1991). Karl Marx: Selected Writings. Oxford University Press.
• McLellan, D. (Ed.). (2000). Karl Marx: Selected Writings. Oxford University Press.
• Hobsbawm, E. J. (1998). The Age of Capital: 1848-1875. Vintage.
• Harvey, D. (2010). A Companion to Marx's Capital. Verso Books.
• Callinicos, A. (2010). The Revolutionary Ideas of Karl Marx. Bookmarks Publications.
• Sayer, D. (2004). Marx's Method: Ideology, Science, and Critique in Capital. Haymarket Books.
• Wood, E. M. (2017). The Origin of Capitalism: A Longer View. Verso Books.
• Fromm, E. (2000). Marx's Concept of Man. Continuum.
• McLellan, D. (1995). Marxism: Essential Writings. Oxford University Press.

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