notice of assignment for benefit of creditors

assignment for benefit of creditors

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Assignment for the benefit of the creditors (ABC)(also known as general assignment for the benefit of the creditors) is a voluntary alternative to formal bankruptcy proceedings that transfers all of the assets from a debtor to a trust for liquidating and distributing its assets. The trustee will manage the assets to pay off debt to creditors, and if any assets are left over, they will be transferred back to the debtor. 

ABC can provide many benefits to an insolvent business in lieu of bankruptcy . First, unlike in bankruptcy proceedings, the business can choose the trustee overseeing the process who might know the specifics of the business better than an appointed trustee. Second, bankruptcy proceedings can take much more time, involve more steps, and further restrict how the business is liquidated compared to an ABC which avoids judicial oversight. Thirdly, dissolving or transferring a company through an ABC often avoids the negative publicity that bankruptcy generates. Lastly, a company trying to purchase assets of a struggling company can avoid liability to unsecured creditors of the failing company. This is important because most other options would expose the acquiring business to all the debt of the struggling business. 

ABC has risen in popularity since the early 2000s, but it varies based on the state. California embraces ABC with common law oversight while many states use stricter statutory ABC structures such as Florida. Also, depending on the state’s corporate law and the company’s charter , the struggling business may be forced to get shareholder approval to use ABC which can be difficult in large corporations. 

[Last updated in June of 2021 by the Wex Definitions Team ]

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Assignments for the Benefits of Creditors - "ABC's" - The Basics in California

An assignment for the benefit of creditors (“ABC”) is a contract by which an economically troubled entity ("Assignor") transfers legal and equitable title, as well as custody and control, of its assets and property to an independent third party ("Assignee") in trust, who is required to apply the proceeds of sale of the property to the assignor's creditors in accord with priorities established by law.

ABCs are a well-established common law tool and alternative to formal bankruptcy proceedings. The method only makes sense if there are significant assets to liquidate. ABCs are most successful when the Assignor, Assignee and creditors cooperate but can be imposed even if the creditors are not supportive.

Assignors - Rights and Duties

Generally, any debtor – an individual, partnership, corporation or LLC - may make an assignment for the benefit of creditors. Individuals seldom utilize ABCs, though, because there is no discharge of all debts as there would normally occur in a completed bankruptcy filing. Thus, the protection and benefit of the process is quite limited for any personal obligor.

ABCs can benefit individual principals who have personally guaranteed company obligations or have personal liability on tax claims. Once the Assignment Agreement has been executed, a trust is automatically put in place over the assets transferred. The Assignor can neither rescind the contract nor control the proceedings, but the Assignor may be consulted as necessary and appropriate by the Assignee during the liquidation process.

Assets to be Assigned

Assignor may assign any non-exempt real, personal, and/or general intangible property that can be sold or conveyed. Note that such assets as intellectual property, trade names, logos, etc. may be so transferred and sold. When a corporation makes an assignment, all corporate property, tangible and intangible is transferred including accounts, and rights and credits of all kinds, both in law and equity. The assets only can be sold, not the corporation or its stock. Thus the corporation remains existing, albeit without any significant assets left. It becomes, effectively, a shell.

Assets are typically sold without representations or warranties. The sale is free and clear of known liens, claims and encumbrances - with the consent or full payoff of lien holders. Generally, Assignee warrants only that Assignee has title to the assets.

Assignees - Rights and Duties

The Assignee is generally an unrelated professional liquidator selected by the Assignor. The Assignee gathers the Assignor’s assets and sells the Assignor’s right, title and interest in those assets, then distributes the proceeds to Creditors in accordance with statutory priorities.

The Assignee has a fiduciary duty to the Creditors. Assignee’s duties include protecting the assets of the estate, administering them fairly and representing the estate. Assignee is free to enter into contracts to recover assets or liquidated claims, e.g. filing suit or taking other action.

The Assignee may be removed by a court for violations of the Assignment contract or nonfeasance (failure to act appropriately). The Assignee may not give up his/her/its duties without liability or a superior court order until creditors receive distribution of the proceeds of sale of the assets transferred.

Assignee usually prepares the Assignment documents, though the attorney for the Assignor may draft them as well. Often the terms are negotiated at length.

Preferential Claims and Avoidance

Assignee has statutory avoidance powers, similar to those granted to a Chapter 7 bankruptcy trustee. [See Calif. CCP § 493.030 (termination of lien of attachment or temporary protective order), § 1800 et seq. (avoidance of preferential transfers); Calif. Civ.C. § 3439 et seq. (avoidance of fraudulent conveyances)]

Even so, courts may question this right outside a bankruptcy proceeding. There is also disagreement between the Federal Court (Ninth Circuit) and California state courts whether the Bankruptcy Code preempts the assignee's preference avoidance power under California statutory law.

Creditors - Rights and Duties

While not required to consent to an Assignment, secured creditors often must agree in advance since their cooperation frequently affects the liquidation of the assets. Secured creditors are not barred from enforcing their security by such an assignment. The acceptance of an Assignment by unsecured creditors is not necessary, since under common law the proceedings are deemed to benefit them through equality of treatment.

Note that all Creditors must file their claims within the statutory 150-180 day claim filing period.

ABCs in California do not require a public court filing, but most corporations require both board and shareholder approval. Costs and expenses, including the assignee’s fees, legal expenses and costs of administration, are paid first, just as in a Chapter 7 bankruptcy . Because an assignee’s fee is often based on a percentage value of the assigned assets, it can be difficult to procure assignees for smaller estates.

• Assignment Agreement is executed and ratified. Assignor turns over and assigns to Assignee all right, title and interest in the assets being assigned.
• Assignor gives Assignee a complete, certified list of creditors, including addresses and amounts owed.
• Assignee notifies Creditors within 30 days of execution that assignment has been made, provides an estimate of the probable distribution, and provides a claim form for each Creditor to file a claim in the Assignment estate.
• Creditors have 150-180 days from the date of written notice of the assignment to file their claims.
• After claim forms are returned and/or the Bar Date has passed, Assignee reconciles the claims and/or objects to any improper claim amounts.
• After liquidation, Assignee determines distribution amounts. Claim priority is determined first by state statute, then by Bankruptcy Code. First are secured creditors, then follow tax & wage claims.
• Assignee generally informs the IRS that assignment has been made and files notice with local Recorder.
• Assignee immediately searches for any previously undisclosed liens (UCC or real estate) to ensure complete notice to all creditors and interest holders.
• Assignee secures all assets. In limited situations where the business has enough cash, Assignee may continue to operate the business to maintain going-concern value - if no further debt will be incurred.

It normally takes about 12 months to conclude an ABC.

Effects of ABC

An ABC generally is faster and less costly than a bankruptcy proceeding. Parties can often agree and determine what is going to happen prior to execution of the assignment.

However, ABCs do not discharge individual Assignors from their debts, and do not provide for the reorganization of the business. There is no automatic stay, though in practice an ABC results in an informal and/or incomplete automatic stay if the creditors determine that the assets are beyond their reach.

Creditors are able to continue to pursue the Assignor. ABCs often block judgment creditors from attaching assets because the Assignor no longer has title to or interest in the assigned assets. Sometimes the Assignee is willing to allow the judgment if the judgment creditor submits its claim as described above. The assignee may also defend against a claim if the plaintiff is seeking a judgment which is unjustified and not fair to other creditors.

An ABC also provides grounds for filing an involuntary bankruptcy petition within 120 days of assignment.

The Statutes: California Code of Civil Procedure

§§493.010-493.060 “Effect of Bankruptcy Proceedings and General Assignments for the Benefit of Creditors”

§§1800-1802 “Recovery of Preferences and Exempt Property in an Assignment for the Benefit of Creditors”

A Chapter 11 Reorganization can cost hundreds of thousands of dollars and even a business Chapter 7 Liquidation bankruptcy can easily cost tens of thousands or more. The Assignment method, which pays the Assignee normally by a percentage of the assets sold, is cost-efficient but limited in the protection it may afford the Assignor, as described above. Before this method is attempted, competent legal counsel and certified public accountants should be consulted.

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In The (Red)

The Business Bankruptcy Blog

Assignments For The Benefit Of Creditors: Simple As ABC?

Companies in financial trouble are often forced to liquidate their assets to pay creditors. While a Chapter 11 bankruptcy sometimes makes the most sense, other times a Chapter 7 bankruptcy is required, and in still other situations a corporate dissolution may be best. This post examines another of the options, the assignment for the benefit of creditors, commonly known as an "ABC."

A Few Caveats . It’s important to remember that determining which path an insolvent company should take depends on the specific facts and circumstances involved. As in many areas of the law, one size most definitely does not fit all for financially troubled companies. With those caveats in mind, let’s consider one scenario sometimes seen when a venture-backed or other investor-funded company runs out of money.

One Scenario . After a number of rounds of investment, the investors of a privately held corporation have decided not to put in more money to fund the company’s operations. The company will be out of cash within a few months and borrowing from the company’s lender is no longer an option. The accounts payable list is growing (and aging) and some creditors have started to demand payment. A sale of the business may be possible, however, and a term sheet from a potential buyer is anticipated soon. The company’s real property lease will expire in nine months, but it’s possible that a buyer might want to take over the lease.

• A Chapter 11 bankruptcy filing is problematic because there is insufficient cash to fund operations going forward, no significant revenues are being generated, and debtor in possession financing seems highly unlikely unless the buyer itself would make a loan. 
• The board prefers to avoid a Chapter 7 bankruptcy because it’s concerned that a bankruptcy trustee, unfamiliar with the company’s technology, would not be able to generate the best recovery for creditors.

The ABC Option . In many states, another option that may be available to companies in financial trouble is an assignment for the benefit of creditors (or "general assignment for the benefit of creditors" as it is sometimes called). The ABC is an insolvency proceeding governed by state law rather than federal bankruptcy law.

California ABCs . In California, where ABCs have been done for years, the primary governing law is found in California Code of Civil Procedure sections 493.010 to 493.060 and sections 1800 to 1802 , among other provisions of California law. California Code of Civil Procedure section 1802 sets forth, in remarkably brief terms, the main procedural requirements for a company (or individual) making, and an assignee accepting, a general assignment for the benefit of creditors:

1802.  (a) In any general assignment for the benefit of creditors, as defined in Section 493.010, the assignee shall, within 30 days after the assignment has been accepted in writing, give written notice of the assignment to the assignor’s creditors, equityholders, and other parties in interest as set forth on the list provided by the assignor pursuant to subdivision (c).    (b) In the notice given pursuant to subdivision (a), the assignee shall establish a date by which creditors must file their claims to be able to share in the distribution of proceeds of the liquidation of the assignor’s assets.  That date shall be not less than 150 days and not greater than 180 days after the date of the first giving of the written notice to creditors and parties in interest.    (c) The assignor shall provide to the assignee at the time of the making of the assignment a list of creditors, equityholders, and other parties in interest, signed under penalty of  perjury, which shall include the names, addresses, cities, states, and ZIP Codes for each person together with the amount of that person’s anticipated claim in the assignment proceedings.

In California, the company and the assignee enter into a formal "Assignment Agreement." The company must also provide the assignee with a list of creditors, equityholders, and other interested parties (names, addresses, and claim amounts). The assignee is required to give notice to creditors of the assignment, setting a bar date for filing claims with the assignee that is between five to six months later.

ABCs In Other States . Many other states have ABC statutes although in practice they have been used to varying degrees. For example, ABCs have been more common in California than in states on the East Coast, but important exceptions exist. Delaware corporations can generally avail themselves of Delaware’s voluntary assignment statutes , and its procedures have both similarities and important differences from the approach taken in California. Scott Riddle of the Georgia Bankruptcy Law Blog has an interesting post discussing ABC’s under Georgia law . Florida is another state in which ABCs are done under specific statutory procedures . For an excellent book that has information on how ABCs are conducted in various states, see Geoffrey Berman’s General Assignments for the Benefit of Creditors: The ABCs of ABCs , published by the American Bankruptcy Institute .

Important Features Of ABCs . A full analysis of how ABCs function in a particular state and how one might affect a specific company requires legal advice from insolvency counsel. The following highlights some (but by no means all) of the key features of ABCs:

• Court Filing Issue . In California, making an ABC does not require a public court filing. Some other states, however, do require a court filing to initiate or complete an ABC.
• Select The Assignee . Unlike a Chapter 7 bankruptcy trustee, who is randomly appointed from those on an approved panel, a corporation making an assignment is generally able to choose the assignee.
• Shareholder Approval . Most corporations require both board and shareholder approval for an ABC because it involves the transfer to the assignee of substantially all of the corporation’s assets. This makes ABCs impractical for most publicly held corporations.
• Liquidator As Fiduciary . The assignee is a fiduciary to the creditors and is typically a professional liquidator.
• Assignee Fees . The fees charged by assignees often involve an upfront payment and a percentage based on the assets liquidated.
• No Automatic Stay . In many states, including California, an ABC does not give rise to an automatic stay  like bankruptcy, although an assignee can often block judgment creditors from attaching assets.
• Event Of Default . The making of a general assignment for the benefit of creditors is typically a default under most contracts. As a result, contracts may be terminated upon the assignment under an ipso facto clause .
• Proof Of Claim . For creditors, an ABC process generally involves the submission to the assignee of a proof of claim by a stated deadline or bar date, similar to bankruptcy. (Click on the link for an example of an ABC proof of claim form .)
• Employee Priority . Employee and other claim priorities are governed by state law and may involve different amounts than apply under the Bankruptcy Code. In California, for example, the employee wage and salary priority is $4,300, not the $10,950 amount currently in force under the Bankruptcy Code.
• 20 Day Goods . Generally, ABC statutes do not have a provision similar to that under Bankruptcy Code Section 503(b)(9) , which gives an administrative claim priority to vendors who sold goods in the ordinary course of business to a debtor during the 20 days before a bankruptcy filing . As a result, these vendors may recover less in an ABC than in a bankruptcy case, subject to assertion of their reclamation rights .
• Landlord Claim . Unlike bankruptcy, there generally is no cap imposed on a landlord’s claim for breach of a real property lease in an ABC.
• Sale Of Assets . In many states, including California, sales by the assignee of the company’s assets are completed as a private transaction without approval of a court. However, unlike a bankruptcy Section 363 sale , there is usually no ability to sell assets "free and clear" of liens and security interests without the consent or full payoff of lienholders. Likewise, leases or executory contracts cannot be assigned without required consents from the other contracting party.
• Avoidance Actions . Most states allow assignees to pursue preferences and fraudulent transfers. However, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit has held that the Bankruptcy Code pre-empts California’s preference statute , California Code of Civil Procedure section 1800. Nevertheless, to date the California state courts have refused to follow the Ninth Circuit’s decision and still permit assignees to sue for preferences in California state court . In February 2008, a Delaware state court followed the California state court decisions , refusing either to follow the Ninth Circuit position or to hold that the California preference statute was pre-empted by the Bankruptcy Code. The Delaware court was required to apply California’s ABC preference statute because the avoidance action arose out of an earlier California ABC.

The Scenario Revisited. With this overview in mind, let’s return to our company in distress.

• The prospect of a term sheet from a potential buyer may influence whether our hypothetical company should choose an ABC or another approach. Some buyers will refuse to purchase assets outside of a Chapter 11 bankruptcy or a Chapter 7 case. Others are comfortable with the ABC process and believe it provides an added level of protection from fraudulent transfer claims  compared to purchasing the assets directly from the insolvent company. Depending on the value to be generated by a sale, these considerations may lead the company to select one approach over the other available options.
• In states like California where no court approval is required for a sale, the ABC can also mean a much faster closing — often within a day or two of the ABC itself provided that the assignee has had time to perform due diligence on the sale and any alternatives — instead of the more typical 30-60 days required for bankruptcy court approval of a Section 363 sale. Given the speed at which they can be done, in the right situation an ABC can permit a "going concern" sale to be achieved.
• Secured creditors with liens against the assets to be sold will either need to be paid off through the sale or will have to consent to release their liens; forced "free and clear" sales generally are not possible in an ABC.
• If the buyer decides to take the real property lease, the landlord will need to consent to the lease assignment. Unlike bankruptcy, the ABC process generally cannot force a landlord or other third party to accept assignment of a lease or executory contract.
• If the buyer decides not to take the lease, or no sale occurs, the fact that only nine months remains on the lease means that this company would not benefit from bankruptcy’s cap on landlord claims. If the company’s lease had years remaining, and if the landlord were unwilling to agree to a lease termination approximating the result under bankruptcy’s landlord claim cap, the company would need to consider whether a bankruptcy filing was necessary to avoid substantial dilution to other unsecured creditor claims that a large, uncapped landlord claim would produce in an ABC.
• If the potential buyer walks away, the assignee would be responsible for determining whether a sale of all or a part of the assets was still possible. In any event, assets would be liquidated by the assignee to the extent feasible and any proceeds would be distributed to creditors in order of their priority through the ABC’s claims process.
• While other options are available and should be explored, an ABC may make sense for this company depending upon the buyer’s views, the value to creditors and other constituencies that a sale would produce, and a clear-eyed assessment of alternative insolvency methods. 

Conclusion . When weighing all of the relevant issues, an insolvent company’s management and board would be well-served to seek the advice of counsel and other insolvency professionals as early as possible in the process. The old song may say that ABC is as "easy as 1-2-3," but assessing whether an assignment for the benefit of creditors is best for an insolvent company involves the analysis of a myriad of complex factors.

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What are assignments for the benefit of creditors?

Assignments for the benefit of creditors (ABCs) are an alternative to formal bankruptcy proceedings. Under Florida law, an ABC is a voluntary, out-of-court process where a debtor transfers their assets to an assignee, who then liquidates these assets and distributes the proceeds to the debtor’s creditors.

For example, a struggling business in Florida may pursue an ABC instead of filing for bankruptcy. This choice can be advantageous because it is often faster, less expensive, and less public than a formal bankruptcy filing. The business would transfer its assets to an assignee responsible for selling these assets and distributing the proceeds to the creditors following the priorities established by Florida law.

Need a bankruptcy law advocate? Schedule your consultation today with a top bankruptcy and restructuring attorney.

Which Florida laws and regulations apply to assignments for the benefit of creditors?

The primary source of law governing ABCs in Florida is Chapter 727 of the Florida Statutes . This chapter outlines the process for initiating an ABC, the assignee’s role, and the creditors’ rights. Additionally, the Florida Rules of Civil Procedure may apply to certain aspects of an ABC, such as serving notice to creditors and managing creditor claims.

Federal laws, such as the Bankruptcy Code , generally do not apply to ABCs because they are state law alternatives to bankruptcy. However, it is essential to note that federal laws may still impact an ABC in certain situations, such as when a debtor’s assets are subject to federal tax liens or other federal claims. In these cases, debtors must consult a knowledgeable attorney to navigate the interplay between state and federal laws.

How do assignments for the benefit of creditors connect to the bankruptcy process?

The connection between pursuing an ABC and bankruptcy legal services for debtors lies in their shared goal of providing relief to financially distressed individuals or businesses. Both processes involve the liquidation of assets and the distribution of proceeds to creditors. However, ABCs are generally less formal, less expensive, and more private than bankruptcy filings, making them an attractive option for debtors seeking to avoid the stigma and complexities associated with bankruptcy.

In an ABC, a debtor voluntarily transfers their assets to an assignee who liquidates them and distributes the proceeds to creditors. This process differs from a bankruptcy proceeding, where a court-appointed trustee oversees the operation. Furthermore, while strict federal rules and procedures bind bankruptcy cases, ABCs offer more flexibility, allowing parties to tailor the process to their needs.

When a set of facts is appropriate for bankruptcy services, there are many paths a claimant may take. We are value-based attorneys at Jimerson Birr, which means we look at each action with our clients from the point of view of costs and benefits while reducing liability. Then, based on our client’s objectives, we chart a path to seek appropriate remedies.

To determine whether your unique situation may necessitate litigation or another form of specialized bankruptcy advocacy, please contact our office to set up your initial consultation.

What are the prerequisites for debtors to pursue assignments for the benefit of creditors?

Consider the following:

• Voluntary action: The debtor must willingly initiate an ABC, as this process is a voluntary alternative to bankruptcy.
• Valid assignment: The debtor must properly execute and deliver the assignment to a qualified assignee, who is often an attorney, accountant, or insolvency professional.
• Recording the assignment: The assignee must record the assignment in the county’s public records containing the debtor’s principal place of business.
• Filing notice: The assignee must file a notice of the assignment with the circuit court clerk in the county where the debtor recorded the assignment.
• Notifying creditors: The assignee must provide written notice to all known creditors of the debtor within 20 days of the assignment, informing them about the ABC process and their rights.

By satisfying these requirements, the debtor can effectively pursue an ABC in Florida, which allows for a more personal and flexible approach to resolving financial difficulties compared to bankruptcy.

Please contact our office to set up your initial consultation to see what forms of legal protection and advocacy may be available for your unique situation.

Frequently Asked Questions

• Can a debtor choose any person as an assignee for an ABC?

No, not just anyone can be an assignee. The assignee must be a disinterested person who is not an insider of the debtor and is qualified to manage the debtor’s assets and affairs. Assignees are typically professionals, such as attorneys, accountants, or insolvency experts.

• Does an ABC in Florida prevent creditors from pursuing legal action against the debtor?

Unlike bankruptcy, an ABC does not automatically halt legal actions by creditors. However, creditors may agree to a standstill or moratorium on legal actions while the ABC process is ongoing. This outcome may depend on the specific circumstances and the willingness of the creditors to cooperate.

• How does an ABC affect the debtor’s credit rating?

Although an ABC may be less public and stigmatizing than bankruptcy, it can still harm the debtor’s credit rating. Credit reporting agencies may treat an ABC as a similar event to a default, which can lower the debtor’s credit score and make it more difficult for them to obtain future credit or loans. However, the impact on the credit rating may vary depending on the specific circumstances of the case and the debtor’s credit history before the ABC. Therefore, debtors must work closely with financial advisors and credit counselors to rebuild their credit after an ABC process.

Have more questions about how bankruptcy services could positively impact your business operations and relationships?

Crucially, this overview of assignments for the benefit of creditors does not begin to cover all the laws implicated by this issue or the factors that may compel the application of such laws. Every case is unique, and the laws can produce different outcomes depending on the individual circumstances.

Jimerson Birr attorneys guide our clients to help make informed decisions while ensuring their rights are respected and protected. Our lawyers are highly trained and experienced in the nuances of the law, so they can accurately interpret statutes and case law and holistically prepare individuals or companies for their legal endeavors. Through this intense personal investment and advocacy, our lawyers will help resolve the issue’s complicated legal problems efficiently and effectively.

Having a Jimerson Birr attorney on your side means securing a team of seasoned, multi-dimensional, cross-functional legal professionals. Whether it is a transaction, an operational issue, a regulatory challenge, or a contested legal predicament that may require court intervention, we remain tireless advocates at every step. Being a value-added law firm means putting the client at the forefront of everything we do. We use our experience to help our clients navigate even the most complex problems and come out the other side triumphant.

If you want to understand your case, the merits of your claim or defense, potential monetary awards, or the amount of exposure you face, you should speak with a qualified Jimerson Birr lawyer. Our experienced team of attorneys is here to help. Call Jimerson Birr at (904) 389-0050 or use the contact form to schedule a consultation .

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United States: Assignment For The Benefit Of Creditors: An Overview

What is an assignment for the benefit of creditors? An assignment for the benefit of creditors ("ABC") is an alternative to a chapter 7 bankruptcy proceeding. As in a chapter 7, the debtor's assets are shepherded and liquidated for the benefit of the debtor's creditors. An ABC is governed by statute and can either be court-supervised or conducted out of court. In New York, an ABC is governed by Article 2 of the Debtor and Creditor Law.

In an ABC proceeding, the debtor is referred to as an assignor, because it makes a transfer of all its assets to an assignee who serves as a trustee. The assignee is charged with placing all the assets in trust in order to liquidate and distribute the proceeds to creditors. While an ABC has many similarities with a chapter 7 liquidation, the two do differ in two important regards:

• an ABC does not afford a debtor an automatic stay from creditor collection; and
• a sale does not provide the purchaser with the right to purchase the assets free and clear of liens – unlike a 363 sale in Bankruptcy.

To commence an ABC, an assignor executes an assignment conveying all its assets to the assignee, who becomes a fiduciary on behalf of the assignor and its creditors. The assignee then collects and liquidates assets by collecting accounts receivable, conducting an auction sale, sometimes to a stalking horse bidder who starts the bidding, or through a going out of business sale.

An assignor also has powers under state law to recover fraudulent pre-ABC transfers of assets and preferential payments made to creditors. In New York, the "look-back period" for recovering these transfers is four years.

When it comes to distribution of the assets collected by the assignee, an ABC proceeding follows an established order of priority, which is set forth in either the state's unique ABC laws or in the deed of assignment. The assignee tallies the proofs of claim that were filed by the creditors in the proceeding and pays the claims, either in full or on a pro rata basis in accordance with the priority scheme.

After the assignor's assets have been liquidated and creditors have been paid out, the assignee must prepare an accounting detailing the flows of monies in and out of the estate during the case, which may have to be filed with the court supervising the proceedings. As part of the accounting process, the assignee asks the court to close the estate, which notifies all interested parties that (i) the estate has been fully administered, (ii) that the assignee's work is complete, (iii) that no further distributions need be made, and (iv) that the assignment is terminated.

An ABC is a useful, cost-effective alternative to a traditional chapter 7 bankruptcy liquidation, and may suitably serve liquidation requirements in some situations.

Originally published 03/07/2023

The content of this article is intended to provide a general guide to the subject matter. Specialist advice should be sought about your specific circumstances.

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Assignment for the Benefit of Creditors - Defenses to Preference Suit By an Assignee

At one time or another, many of our commercial litigation clients have been sued by an “assignee for the benefit of creditors.” When our clients receive a summons and complaint notifying them they are being sued by an assignee, it may be unclear to them why they are being sued. The answer is often that our client’s former customer has made an "assignment for the benefit of creditors." The former customer has authorized a person or entity, often an attorney, to collect and liquidate the customer’s assets and sue our client in an attempt to obtain payments that the former customer previously made to our client. In other words, having been paid for goods sold or services performed, our client now faces the possibility of having its money earned taken away. This post aims to explain why this is a possibility and the potential defenses to such an action.

What Is An Assignment for the Benefit of Creditors?

In layman’s terms, an “assignment for the benefit of creditors” is when a company, usually suffering from financial difficulties, can sell off its assets to pay its creditors. It functions much like a bankruptcy proceeding, except it is based upon state law. In New Jersey, assignment for the benefit of creditors proceeding are governed by the Assignment for Benefit of Creditors Statute (the statute), N.J.S.A. 2A:19-1 to 50. The statute's purpose is to treat all creditors equally and avoid disproportionately favoring any single creditor. N.J.S.A. 2A:19-2.

What is an Assignee?

An “assignee” is an independent third party to whom the business distributing its assets, known as the “assignor”, conveys or assigns, all of its assets in trust.

What can an Assignee Do?

The assignee is empowered with two roles. Subject to certain exceptions, the assignee has the power to dispose of all of the property that the assignor owned at the time of the assignment. The assignment is the document that establishes the transfer of property from assignor to assignee. Pursuant to N.J.S.A. 2A:19-13, the assignee

[M]ay sue for and recover in his own name everything belonging or appertaining to the estate. He may compromise, settle and compound all claims, disputes and litigations of the assignor, refer the same to arbitration, agree with any person concerning the same, redeem all mortgages and conditional contracts, and generally act as and do whatsoever the assignor might have lawfully done in the premises.

In short the assignee may do anything with the property of the assignor that the assignor could do. The second role of the assignee is to represent all of the assignor’s creditors.

How Can the Assignee Take Money Away From My Business?

The answer to this question lies in the second role of the assignee. Because the assignee is obligated to represent all of the assignor’s debtors equally, the assignee has a limited right to recover payments made by the assignor to third parties within 4 months of the general assignment. N.J.S.A. 2A:19-3. In short, if your former customer is the assignor, and your former customer paid you, then made a general assignment less than 4 months later, the assignee can sue you in an attempt to force you to return the money. The reasoning behind this is that in making the original payment to you prior to making the assignment, the assignor has given you preferential treatment in comparison to the other creditors. This type of payment is known as a “preference.”

How Can I Stop the Assignee from Claiming Taking My Money As a Preference?

Whether or not you can stop an assignee from taking your money boils down to the whether you received the money as a preference. The statute governing assignment for the benefit of creditors is vague and there is a limited amount of case law interpreting the statute. There is no definition of “preference” in the assignment for the benefit of creditors statute. One must look elsewhere for answers to this question.

The New Jersey statutory scheme governing corporations does define “preference.” In addition, New Jersey’s Rules of Court provide that "The practice relating to assignments for the benefit of creditors under N.J.S.A. 2A: 19-1 et seq. shall conform as nearly as practicable to the procedure relating to insolvent corporations." Thus, the definition of “preference” in the statute governing corporations is a good place to look. There, a preference is deemed to arise when:

(a) a corporation which, while insolvent, and within four months of the commencement of a receivership action by or against it, transfers any property to or for the benefit of a creditor for or on account of an antecedent debt; and

(b) the effect of such transfer will be to enable such creditor to obtain a greater percentage of his debt than some other creditor of the same class; and

(c) the creditor receiving or to be benefited by the transfer, or his agent acting with reference thereto, has, at the time when the transfer is made, reasonable cause to believe that the corporation is insolvent.

N.J.S.A. 14A:14-14(1). Payments made to satisfy pre-existing debts within 4 months of an assignment would constitute preferences under this definition if the effect is to prefer the recipient of the payment to other creditors and the creditor has reasonable cause to believe the debtor is insolvent. By contrast, payments not meeting this description would not be recoverable by an assignee. This suggests that bankruptcy defenses to a preference, like a contemporaneous exchange for new value, where payment is made to the creditor not to satisfy a pre-existing debt, but to pay for newly delivered goods or services, are also valid defenses against an assignee.

Is It Worth Fighting An Assignee Trying to Recover a Preference From Me?

When the payment at issue is obviously a preference, it is likely not possible to stop the assignee from taking money that was made as part of a preferential transfer. In such situations, a careful analysis should be made as to whether or not it is more cost effective to fight a lawsuit filed by the assignee or agree to a settlement. However, where a payment is not clearly a preference, you may be able to stop the assignee from taking your money and there may be good reason to fight the assignee’s lawsuit.

New Jersey Business and Collection Lawyers

The New Jersey business lawyers at the Law Office of Bart J. Klein advise clients on issues relating to New Jersey a broad range of business disputes and commercial disputes , including breach of contract and commercial collection cases. We represent both creditors and debtors and are well versed in the law governing judgment collection. We welcome you to call us at (973) 763-6060, email [email protected] , or complete our online contact form for more information.

Disclaimer: The Law Office of Bart J. Klein maintains this website exclusively for informational purposes. It is not legal or other professional advice and does not necessarily represent the opinion of The Law Office of Bart J. Klein or its clients. Viewing this site, using information from it, or communicating with The Law Office of Bart J. Klein through this site by Internet or email does not create an attorney-client relationship between you and The Law Office of Bart J. Klein. Online readers should not act or decline to act, based on content from this site, without first consulting an attorney or other appropriate professional. Because the law changes constantly, this website's content may not indicate the current state of the law. Nothing on this site predicts or guarantees future results. The Law Office of Bart J. Klein is not liable for the use or interpretation of information contained on this site, and expressly disclaims all liability for any actions you take or do not take, based on this site's content.

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• Assignment for the Benefit of Creditors

Helping Florida business owners exit gracefully and move on with less time and hassle than bankruptcy

An assignment for the benefit of creditors (ABC) is one way for an insolvent company to wind down its operations in an orderly fashion. Like a Chapter 7 business bankruptcy, an ABC involves selling the company’s assets and using the proceeds to pay off creditors, but without the stigma of a bankruptcy on their credit report or the mind of the public.

The business attorneys at Edelboim Lieberman have successfully helped many South Florida companies with an assignment for the benefit of creditors. Learn more about ABCs below, and call Edelboim Lieberman in Miami or Fort Lauderdale to find out if an ABC is right for you.

How does an ABC work?

The owner of the company (the assignor) makes an assignment, or transfer, of company assets and debts to another company or law firm (the assignee). The assignee is then responsible to sell the assets and use the proceeds to pay off the creditors. By using an ABC, the assignor gets to move on quickly from the insolvent company without having to personally go through the process of liquidating assets and paying creditors or going through the Chapter 7 bankruptcy process.

ABCs Under Florida Law

Unlike a Chapter 7 bankruptcy, which takes place in federal bankruptcy court and is supervised by a federal bankruptcy trustee, ABCs are filed in and supervised by the Florida state courts. Florida Statutes Chapter 727 governs an assignment for the benefit of creditors.

Following are some important points about the way ABCs operate in Florida:

• ABCs must be in writing. Florida statutes provide a sample form of assignment; the ABC should be in substantially the same form.
• An ABC represents an irrevocable assignment.
• The assignee files the assignment with the court, publishes a notice of the assignment as required by law and also notifies creditors of the assignment.
• In certain situations, the assignee can carry on the business for a period to maximize return.
• The assignee can reject an unexpired lease.
• The assignee can hire professionals as needed, such as accountants, appraisers, auctioneers, and attorneys, to assist in the liquidation of assets.
• The assignee can examine the validity and priority of claims and litigate disputed claims.
• The assignee can sue to enforce claims the assignee may have by virtue of the assignment or assign a cause of action to another party.
• The assignee must file interim and final reports with the court.
• Any monies left over after creditors are paid goes back to the assignor.

Is an ABC better than bankruptcy?

An ABC liquidates assets and winds down business operations similar to a Chapter 7 bankruptcy, and an ABC is conducted under court supervision like Chapter 7. However, an ABC can offer advantages over Chapter 7 in many instances. Importantly, an assignee typically gets a greater return when selling assets since the assignee is frequently knowledgeable about the industry and is often a skilled and experienced negotiator. Additionally, an assignee can continue to run the business as a going concern for a while and even sell it as such, which a bankruptcy trustee won’t do.

ABCs also offer more privacy to the assignor, as opposed to going through the public court filings of a bankruptcy. And the ABC is faster for the assignor. The assignor makes the assignment and is done, rather than going through bankruptcy which can take months or years depending on the assets to be liquidated.

On the other hand, an assignor does not get the benefit of the automatic stay afforded by bankruptcy, which might encourage a company to file for bankruptcy instead. Yet one could argue there is no reason a creditor would go after an assignor after the ABC has been executed, knowing the assignor no longer has assets. Generally speaking, ABCs are usually a less litigious process than Chapter 7 for businesses.

Is an ABC right for me?

If you have racked up a large amount of debt with a lot of different creditors and you see that your business is not going to make it, an assignment for the benefit of creditors might be the smart move. Especially if you have a large number of assets, liquidating the business to pay off your creditors can take months or even years. An ABC lets you transfer all your assets and debts at once, allowing you to move on immediately while the assignee takes on the burden of handling the liquidation and paying off creditors.

Since there are pros and cons to both Chapter 7 bankruptcy and ABCs, and there may be other unexplored alternatives as well, the best thing to do is sit down with an experienced business bankruptcy attorney to analyze your situation and look at all your options, so you can choose the best path forward that makes sense for you.

Get Help Today With an Assignment for the Benefit of Creditors in Miami and South Florida

For help with an Assignment for the Benefit of Creditors or other aspects of business bankruptcy in South Florida, contact Edelboim Lieberman at their offices in Miami and Fort Lauderdale by calling 305-768-9909 for a no-cost, confidential consultation.

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Assignments for the Benefit of Creditors: Texas | Practical Law

Assignments for the Benefit of Creditors: Texas

Practical law state q&a w-035-5772  (approx. 26 pages).

Parsippany: (973) 538-4700

Fein Such Kahn & Shepard

Is an Assignment for the Benefit of Creditors like a Bankruptcy?

At first, an assignment for the benefit of creditors (ABC) may seem similar to a bankruptcy claim. However, upon a deeper look, it is clear that an assignment for the benefit of creditors is different. Similar to liquidation proceedings in chapter 7 or chapter 11 bankruptcy proceedings, an ABC can be used by either an individual or a business if they are going through significant financial difficulties. In both cases, the struggling debtor sells off all its assets in order to pay back its outstanding debts to its creditors. This mechanism helps to maximize the return for creditors.

An assignment for the benefit of creditors is distinct from bankruptcy proceedings because it is a much less formal process governed by state law rather than federal law. The informal nature of these proceedings means that it is faster and easier to marshal a debtor’s assets, liquidate same, and distribute proceeds equitably to creditors under an assignment rather than under federal bankruptcy law. Furthermore, an ABC often requires less court involvement and provides more flexibility to the assignee to make liquidation decisions as required. This is generally beneficial for both creditors and debtors because it is faster, less expensive, and more private than traditionally afforded bankruptcy liquidations.

Understanding Assignment for the Benefit of Creditors in New Jersey

In New Jersey, an assignment for the benefit of creditors is governed by New Jersey statutes that codify the preexisting common law. The proceedings are voluntary processes whereby the debtor designates an assignee who is empowered to marshal and liquidate (sell) the assets of the debtor and then distribute the proceeds of the sale to the debtor’s creditors. The assignee must ensure that all of the financial liquidations are done for the benefit of the creditors and with the sole goal of repaying outstanding debts. This is significant because in New Jersey, the debtor can choose its assignee rather than relying on a court-appointed trustee in bankruptcy who may not understand the nuances of the debtor’s finances. The ability to choose the assignee can be beneficial because an assignee with an understanding of the debtor’s finances can expedite the liquidation process rather than spend valuable time learning the ropes.

An ABC in New Jersey is generally cheaper than filing formal bankruptcy proceedings because it is faster and usually requires less litigation. The expeditious nature cuts down on the debtor’s and creditor’s legal bills and other costs associated with ongoing litigation. Still, creditors should be counseled to make sure that the liquidation is being conducted properly, and that the assignee is obtaining a fair return on the sale of the assets to maximize the recovery of the debts owed to the creditors.

FSKS is on Your Side

At FSKS, our attorneys are experienced in both bankruptcy and assignments for the benefit of creditors in New Jersey. We have a strong track record of success in the area of creditor’s rights and pride ourselves on being one of the strongest and most successful Creditors’ Rights firms in New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania. We’re ready to give you trusted advice and help maximize your return.

If you require assistance with or have questions regarding an assignment for the benefit of creditors in New Jersey, please contact Vincent DiMaiolo, Jr. ( [email protected] ), Nicholas Canova ( [email protected] ), or Tammy L. Terrell-Benoza ( [email protected] ) at (973) 538-4700 .

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2023 Code of Virginia Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure Chapter 18.1 - Assignments for Benefit of Creditors § 8.01-525.1. Recordation; notice of sale; preferences prohibited

Whenever a deed of assignment for the benefit of creditors is executed, the deed shall be recorded. If no notice of the sale has previously been given, the trustee named in such deed, or the one substituted in the manner prescribed in this article, before selling under the deed of assignment, shall, at least 10 days before the sale, notify each of the creditors named in the deed by certified mail, return receipt requested, advising of (i) the execution of such sale; (ii) when, where, and how the sale will be held; (iii) the terms of such sale; and (iv) whether or not the deed provides that acceptance shall be in full satisfaction. No creditor shall be preferred in the deed except those given a lien or preference by law, or those having a valid lien upon the property conveyed, or some part of such lien, and those having a lien shall be preferred only to the extent of the value of the property upon which they have a lien.

1924, p. 657; Michie Code 1942, § 5278b; Code 1950, § 55-156; 2019, c. 712.

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Release Summary

Ocho Candy, Inc. executes creditors' assignment, initiates sale of intellectual property & proprietary recipes. Contact: Tom Frey, (312) 263-4141.

• #FoodIndustryNews
• #FoodBusiness
• #BusinessLiquidation
• #TurnaroundConsulting
• #ConfectioneryBusiness
• #MergersAndAcquisitions
• #PlantBasedRecipes
• #FoodIndustry
• #FoodEconomy
• #IntellectualProperty
• #ChocolateBusiness
• #InvestmentOpportunity
• #Confections
• #FinancialAdvisory
• #RecipesForSale
• #FoodEntrepreneur

Social Media Profiles

• Development Specialists, Inc. on LinkedIn

Ocho Candy, Inc. Executes Assignment for the Benefit of Creditors, Initiates Sale of Intellectual Property & Proprietary Recipes

On February 8, 2024, Ocho Candy, Inc., a Delaware Corporation (“Ocho” or the “Company”), executed a General Assignment for the Benefit of Creditors (the “Assignment”) in favor of Ocho ABC a Delaware Series limited liability company (the “Assignee”) in accordance with the applicable provisions of California law governing General Assignments for the Benefit of Creditors.

This press release features multimedia. View the full release here: https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20240403981508/en/

Pursuant to the Assignment, the Company transferred to the Assignee for liquidation all of the Company’s ownership of, and all of its rights to and in, the Company’s tangible and intangible assets. The Assignee will, as appropriate, liquidate any such assets and rights, wind down the Company, and distribute any net proceeds to creditors of the Company that timely submit claims as instructed below.

The Company was an organic chocolate confection manufacturer that operated out of Oakland, California until 2021 when it outsourced its manufacturing operations. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the company continued to be unprofitable, with no clear path to profitability. In early 2024, Ocho made the decision to shut down operations permanently and entered into the Assignment for the benefit of creditors.

The Assignee has begun the process of marketing and selling off the intellectual property including the Company’s proprietary recipes as listed below:

Milk Chocolate Recipes

• Caramel & Peanut
• Peanut Butter & Jelly
• Peanut Butter

Dark Chocolate Recipes

Plant Based Recipes

• Classic Caramel
• Chocolate Caramel
• Coffee Caramel
• Cinnamon Caramel

All inquiries should be directed to representatives of the Assignee, Development Specialists, Inc. .

Please contact Tom Frey at (312) 263-4141 or [email protected] with a copy to Matthew Sorenson at [email protected] .

Development Specialists, Inc. (DSI) is one of the leading providers of management consulting and financial advisory services, including turnaround consulting, financial restructuring, litigation support, fiduciary services and forensic accounting. Our clients include business owners, private-equity investors, corporate boards, financial institutions, secured lenders, bondholders and unsecured creditors. For almost 48 years, DSI has been guided by a single objective: maximizing value for all stakeholders. With our highly skilled and diverse team of professionals, offices in the U.S. and international affiliates and an unparalleled range of experience, DSI has built a solid reputation as an industry leader.

View source version on businesswire.com: https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20240403981508/en/

Media Contact: Mark Fleming, [email protected]

• Schedule of Events

Assignment for Benefit of Creditors Committee

• Discussion 0
• Documents 3

2024 April 16 Committee Meeting 

(312) 450-6600

[email protected]

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