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Thesis and Dissertation Binding

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In addition to gold embossed lettering on the spine and cover of your book, you can add your College / University’s Seal or Emblem. Click here for a list of seals and emblems, or to request your school’s seal.

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We offer archival-quality paper in 25% Cotton or 100% Cotton, as well as standard 20 lb & 60lb Bond paper. You will only pay color printing rates for your specified color pages. Lots of photos? Consider our 80lb Gloss paper. Your entire book will be printed in stunning full color at a low color printing rate. Click here to view a detailed list of available paper options.

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Our Hard Cover books include top & bottom Headbands – chequered fabric that decorate and protect the edges of the spine of your book. Hard Cover books also use archival-quality Endsheets – the pages which attach your book’s body to its Hard Cover case, as well as heavy blank/fly pages on the front & back cover.

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We can print your document from a PDF file (see sidebar), or you can mail your already printed document for Hard Cover Binding. Simply click your Hard Cover binding style above and follow the instructions. You will be prompted to print your order form. You’ll then pack it with your documents and ship us the package.

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Thesis binding and printing options

• By DiscoverPhDs
• November 29, 2020

If you have recently completed your dissertation congratulations are in order! But the work is not finished – you now have to get your dissertation in front of examiners in a professional format. There are a number of factors to consider when producing a physical copy of your thesis :

• Type of binding (for example: helical or softback)
• Paper size (are some pages better suited for A3?)
• Print options (single or double-sided?)
• Paper quality (a range of gsm options are available)

What is Thesis/Dissertation Binding?

Thesis binding involves fastening the physical pages of your dissertation together to produce a single presentable document. As simple as it sounds, there is a lot to get right, and dissertation binding is important in giving a good impression of your work.

What are the different types of dissertation binding?

Spiral/helical/wired binding.

Spiral binding (also known as helical binding) and wired binding are very common for bachelors and masters dissertations. These options give a professional look and allow pages to be rotated 360 degrees, making for easy reading. Spiral binding uses a plastic coil, whilst wire binding uses a metal wire.

Fastback/softback binding

Fastback binding (also referred to as softback binding) uses glue to keep your dissertation pages together. This is not a very common choice for dissertation binding as it is rather formal for bachelors and masters, and perhaps not formal enough for PhD theses. Fastback binding also comes with a risk of glue losing fixity over time leading to pages falling out.

Thermal binding

Thermal binding is not very common but can be used for bachelors or masters dissertations. This type of binding is permanent (so pages cannot be easily added/removed) but is generally inexpensive. Another disadvantage of thermal bindings is that pages cannot be opened 360 degrees (as with fastback binding).

Plastic comb binding

Comb binding involves punching holes down the side of the page and binding with a plastic comb strip. This binding option is also suitable for bachelors and masters dissertations. It is a cheap option but can sometimes become difficult to navigate as pages become stuck on the plastic combing. One advantage of plastic comb binding is that it is easy to add and remove pages.

Paperback binding

Paperback binding will give your manuscript the appearance of a book and comes with personalisation options i.e. a titled cover page, spine and back. This gives a very professional appearance, too formal for a bachelors or masters dissertation, but ideal for a PhD thesis.

Hardback binding

Hardback binding again gives a book like appearance, but is expensive and typically reserved only for PhD theses. In addition to custom titling, spine and back, there is a range of material and colour options for hardback binding e.g. the gold lettering you may have seen on academic books.

What Paper Size Should I use?

Most universities will provide very clear instruction on paper sizes, most often A4. However, some pages such as technical drawings or maps may be best shown on A3. In these cases ‘fold out’ pages are an option but must be approved by your university guidelines.

Print Options:

Check your university guidelines when deciding whether to print single or double sided. If printing double sided, be careful as some pages should not be printed back to back. For example, new chapters should start on the right hand page (of a double spread) so blank pages may be required.

What Paper Quality is Suitable?

Paper thickness is measured in grams per square metre (gsm). Although there is no ideal paper thickness, too thin and you risk your dissertation feeling low quality. Too high and you risk your dissertation pages feeling like cardboard, and again pointing to low quality.

Popular UK Services:

Ryman is an affordable thesis binding service, with a range of options for dissertations and theses. Ryman often have stored on University campuses or nearby, so you can check the services provided by your local store (as an alternative to ordering online).

Doxdirect is an online service which offers a large amount of customisation when choosing a thesis binding option. The door to door service also offers a wide range of delivery and production options so you get your bound thesis in your hand as quick as possible.

Thesis Online has been around for a long time (established in 1920), and have a very good reputation. They offer an online thesis binding service and have a hand online calculator which allows you to modify your binding, printing, and deliver options and see the impact on cost in real-time.

Things to Note:

Whichever service you use to bind your thesis or dissertation, there are a few important things to remember:

When using an online service check the turnaround time. Most services take around a week to print, bind, and deliver, though faster services are available at a cost. Some universities have an onsite printing service that students can use. These services likely offer binding options which satisfy your department’s dissertation submission requirements.

An electronic copy and physical copy of your dissertation will be read differently. Whilst consecutive pages are easy to compare on a computer screen, a physical copy may have pages printed on opposite sides of a single page (if double page printed) which makes side by side comparisons difficult. This is something to consider if your text frequently refers to images or tables overleaf.

Most thesis printing services only accept PDF file formats. Ensure that when you convert your dissertation to PDF that you review the document to ensure no errors occur during conversion.

Check your university dissertation guidance on margin requirements. It is also important to factor in margins when considering binding options. Typically a minimum margin of 2.5cm is required on the side of the page to be bound.

Although it comes with an additional cost, it may be useful to purchase personal copies of your bound thesis. You can then bring your bound copy to your Viva , and ensure that what you and your examiners are looking at are identical.

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• Knowledge Base
• Dissertation
• Dissertation binding and printing

Dissertation Binding and Printing Options | Comparison and Tips

Published on 3 April 2019 by Raimo Streefkerk . Revised on 10 July 2019.

Your dissertation is finally finished, you got it proofread and checked for plagiarism . The final step is printing your dissertation, which means choosing between:

• Types of binding
• Colour vs. black & white

Single vs. double sided

• Paper type and thickness

You also need to decide which printing and binding service to use. This independent article explains all options and helps you make the right decisions.

Overview of printing services

Table of contents

Types of dissertation binding, dissertation printing options, production and delivery times, last checks before printing, overview of printing and binding services.

Aside from keeping the pages of your dissertation together, the binding is also responsible for your supervisor’s first impression of your dissertation. There are various types of binding, ranging from the cheaper spiral binding to the more expensive hardcover book binding .

The type of binding should depend on:

• Guidelines from your university or professor
• Your dissertation’s version (draft vs. final)
• Type of dissertation (PhD vs. undergraduate dissertation)

Spiral binding (± £7)

• Professional appearance
• Browsing through the pages is easy (can be opened flat)
• Fairly cheap

Comb binding (± £5)

• Enables easy browsing of the pages
• Binding can be opened and closed (not easily)
• Has a cheap appearance

Fastback binding (± £8)

• Professional book-like appearance
• Available in different colours
• Risk of pages falling out after a while

Paperback binding (£10-20)

• Durable and professional
• Book-like appearance
• Opening and browsing is less smooth than with spiral or comb binding

Hardback binding (£20-40)

• Customizable cover
• Quality comes at a price

Colour vs. Black & White

Unless specifically stated in your university guidelines, it is up to you to decide whether to print your dissertation in colour or black & white. Printing in colour is on average two to four times more expensive.

In general, a colour-printed dissertation looks more professional, but it is not required. Does your dissertation contain graphs or figures that rely on colour? Be sure to print at least these pages in colour.

Printing double sided is often cheaper than printing single sided due to the paper savings – it makes your dissertation half as thick. However, some universities require you to print your dissertation single sided. Be sure to check the guidelines.

When printing your dissertation double sided, pay attention to the following points:

• New chapters should start on the right side. You will need to take this into account and insert “blank pages” when preparing your dissertation.
• Add a blank page after the title page so that the acknowledgements or abstract are not printed on the back of your title page.
• The page numbering is often placed bottom right on the right side of the page and bottom left on the left side. You can easily set this in Word by choosing “outside alignment”.

Paper weight

The thickness of the paper (measured in gsm or grams) is something most students don’t think about, but it does have a significant impact on the look and feel of your dissertation.

Standard printing paper has a weight of 75-90 gsm. For a bachelor’s or master’s dissertation this is fine. If you want the paper to look and feel more professional and durable, a paper weight of 100-130 gsm is better. This is often used for PhD dissertations.

Number of copies

It is common to print three to five copies of your dissertation. Depending on your university’s guidelines you might need to submit one to three copies to your supervisor. In addition, you might want to have a copy for yourself or your family.

The production (printing and binding) takes on average two days, and delivery takes another day. For an additional charge (ranging from +20 to +80%), the production and delivery time can be shortened.

Have a looming deadline? Your local printing shop is probably able to print and bind your dissertation faster, and it eliminates delivery time. However, keep in mind that this is often a little more expensive.

Before sending your dissertation to a printing shop, there are three things you should do:

1. Save your dissertation as a PDF By saving your file as a PDF, the formatting will be consistent on every computer. This way you prevent any unpleasant surprises such as offsets when receiving your printed dissertation.

2. Check for language mistakes There’s nothing worse than finding a language mistake in your printed version. Make sure to proofread your dissertation or make use of a professional dissertation proofreading service .

3. Update the contents page Before saving your dissertation as a PDF, update the (automatic) table of contents. Don’t forget to cross-check the page numbers listed in the table of contents with the actual page number.

The table below provides an overview of the most popular dissertation printing and binding shops, both online and offline. The shops are ordered by price, with information on delivery costs and review score.

*Prices are based on a spiral bound dissertation of 40 pages , printed single-sided , in black , on 80-90gsm  paper, including a clear outer front and back cover .

**Prices are based on a hardback bound dissertation of 200 pages , printed single-sided , in black , on 90-100gsm  paper.

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Dissertation Printing

Online dissertation printing and binding.

• Print hardback, paperback or spiral bound
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Print your Dissertation online

Doxdirect specialises in online dissertation printing and dissertation binding services for students around the world.

We know that it’s the most important (and possibly the most challenging) piece of work you’ll complete during your time at university. That’s why we’ve made printing and binding it easier.

Doxdirect offers undergraduate, postgraduate and PHD students a high quality and easy to use device-to-door solution to print your dissertation online, and have it bound professionally and delivered quickly.

How should I bind my Dissertation?

The most popular dissertation binding option is a full colour hardback book . We also offer a paperback version, and an economical spiral bound option (also known as coil binding, wire binding and wir-o binding). Your printed dissertation will look something like this…

Options for dissertation printing

Size / Orientation Hardback A4/A5 portrait or landscape (left binding edge) Paperback A4/A5 portrait or landscape (left binding edge) Spiral bound A4/A5 portrait or landscape (left or top binding edge) A3 landscape (left binding edge)

Paper Hardback 80-300gsm (plain or satin) Hard cover with spine Paperback 80-300gsm (plain or satin) Soft cover with spine Spiral bound 80-300gsm (plain or satin) Printed covers are 300gsm and printed single sided

Quantity / Pages Hardback 20 to 638 pages (double sided) Paperback 20 to 638 pages (double sided) Spiral bound 2 to 586 pages (double sided)

How much will my dissertation cost?

Royal Mail Tracked delivery to UK addresses is free for all orders over £10, and creating a cover for hardback or paperback dissertations is also free.

Cover Design Tool

You can create a cover online for both paperback and hardback dissertations, using the free in-browser Cover Designer. For spiral bound dissertations, the front and back page of your Word Doc or PDF can be used for the front and back cover.

When should I order my Dissertation by?

Standard Service

• 2 day processing + Royal Mail Tracked delivery = Delivery in 3-5 working days (estimated)
• Please note : Royal Mail do not guarantee delivery dates

If you have a little less time on your hands, you may want to use a faster premium service.

Premium Services

• Same day processing* + Courier delivery = Delivery next working day
• Next day production + Courier delivery = Delivery in 2 working days

*(Order before 2pm for same day processing. See the Delivery Policy for further details or Contact Us for guidance.)

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• Thesis Printing

You can now order your thesis printing & binding online with our new site:  printservices.mit.edu  

You put a great deal of work into your thesis. Now we can help you package your efforts with professional polish and style. From choosing the right paper stock to cover options and binding, we will walk you through the MIT thesis specifications to present your work with the high-quality look and feel it deserves. 

MIT Copytech uses MIT-required thesis paper for all thesis print orders. Approved thesis paper is also available for purchase by the ream (500 sheets). We have an Athena thesis printer in our 11-004 location.

We provide hard-cover bookbinding for thesis printing. You can choose from an array of color choices as well as gold lettering print options on the cover and spine. Economical soft-cover binding choices are also available. Thesis covers and binding clips (required for thesis submission) can also be obtained through MIT Copytech.

Thesis supplies

Hard-cover book binding.

(Please note that the binding colors on screen may appear slightly different than in person.)

 Soft-cover binding

Soft-cover accessories, print & copy services.

• Printing & Copying
• Large-format Printing
• Finishing & Binding
• Business Cards

Printing and binding a doctoral thesis or portfolio

How to print and hard bind the final version of your thesis or portfolio after examination..

• Hard binding for your final submission

In the first instance refer to the Specifications for Higher Degree Theses for information on the presentation of your thesis.

Follow our step by step guide to getting the final version of your doctoral thesis or portfolio printed and hard bound:

• Convert your file to PDF format and save the file with your last name at the beginning of the file name.
• Email the PDF to [email protected] .
• Include in your email the number of copies required, whether you would like it printed single or double sided, whether the file is to be printed black and white or colour and that hard binding is required.
• We will email you the total cost for the printing and binding and an editable PDF form for you to fill out and email back to us with the full details. See our printing and binding price lists. Cloth colour for hard binding: PhD- Maroon Professional Doctorate (EdD, DBA, EngD, DHealth, DClinPsy and DPRP) – dark green MPhil – Black MD – Red MS – Royal Blue
• Payment is required before we print and bind your thesis, Payment can be made by using our online system, Email [email protected] for further details.
• Once payment has been received we will provide you with a receipt and aim to print your thesis within 24 hours.
• We recommend the printed copies of the hard bindings be checked over by yourself before they are sent for binding as we cannot be held accountable for any printing errors made otherwise. Extra time for completion may be incurred if there are delays in checking the printed copies.
• Once checked and approved, your thesis will be sent off campus for hard binding by 10am Thursday and will be returned the following Thursday by 4pm. Allow 7 to 10 working days for the whole process to be completed.
• We will email when your theses are ready for collection from Print Services in 8 West Room 1.35 , alternativley we can arrange a postal option and arrange for a copy of your thesis to be delivered directly to the Doctoral College.
• How to submit your files for printing

Follow our guide about how to submit your files for printing .

• How to find us and opening times

Find us on campus in 8 West Room 1.35. Take a look at our opening times and and how to find us guide .

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Print shop with 3D preview & look inside function

Configure your dream binding in our online print shop with our 3D live preview. NEW: the look inside function allows for a final check online before printing and binding!

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Thesis printing

Your thesis is a significant document. With our thesis printing and binding services, you’ll get the most out of your work! Select from our large range of binding options for your thesis.

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Find the perfect binding for your dissertation, resonating with the hard work you invested. Take advantage of our extensive binding services and our variety of high-quality binding options.

Paper printing

We help you to make the best first impression with your paper! Count on our service for printing and binding, as we offer you premium quality and a large selection of bindings.

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Last Check before Printing

With our look inside feature, you can flip through your thesis virtually before sending it off for the printing and binding process. This way, you can be sure that your thesis will look exactly the way you want it to when receiving the physical product.

NEW: Final Check with Look Inside Function

Our look inside function allows you to check your thesis before placing the order. You can browse through your paper online with a 3D live preview of your binding. By this, you can make sure that everything meets your expectations and standards.

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The BachelorPrint online shop shows you every feature you configure in your binding with an accurate visualization in a 3D live preview. You will also get a price calculation for your configuration and the estimated day of delivery in the process.

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Mastering Your PhD pp 151–159 Cite as

Writing Your Doctoral Thesis with Style

• Patricia Gosling 3 &
• Bart Noordam 4  
• First Online: 29 November 2022

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All the raw material for your thesis is ready—at least it should be if you’ve successfully worked your way through the countdown plan described in Chap. 19.

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Print Your Thesis

We can help you print a professional thesis, print your thesis.

Printing your thesis is simple, and most people tend to do this at home or at their university library. If you’re looking to make an impression however, you might want to print your thesis as a book. This is of course standard for PhD theses, but we’re here to offer you a method of printing any type of thesis in book form without breaking the bank.

Not only does a proper book look better and more professional than a ring binder, but we’re able to print it cheaper than most libraries, copy shops, or even home printers could!

Our platform provides clear step-by-step instructions and automates most of the technical bits to make it as easy as possible for you to print your thesis. We also let you select from various different materials, sizes, and finishing details, allowing you to create a tailor-made thesis in no time.

Lastly, we don’t require a minimum order quantity. It doesn’t matter whether you want a single copy or one hundred; we’ll print your order and ship it to you.

What does it cost? Well, that depends on the number of pages and the various formatting options you select. Click the button below to use our price calculator to find and compare prices.

Printing Your Thesis: The Process

Format and print your thesis in a few easy steps

Basic settings

Select your book size, format, and paper type. These things are most likely determined by university guidelines, so check if there are specific requirements for your thesis. You can skip the ISBN step, unless of course you want to put your thesis up for sale.

Upload files

Upload your thesis as a Word or PDF file. We have pre-formatted Word templates you can download, though you might want to check if they are compatible with the formatting guidelines provided by your university.

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Printing costs vary depending on a variety of factors, e.g. the number of pages, the paper, and whether you’re printing in colour. We strongly recommend ordering a proof copy before settling on the final version of your thesis.

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• What Is a Thesis? | Ultimate Guide & Examples

What Is a Thesis? | Ultimate Guide & Examples

Published on September 14, 2022 by Tegan George . Revised on November 21, 2023.

A thesis is a type of research paper based on your original research. It is usually submitted as the final step of a master’s program or a capstone to a bachelor’s degree.

Writing a thesis can be a daunting experience. Other than a dissertation , it is one of the longest pieces of writing students typically complete. It relies on your ability to conduct research from start to finish: choosing a relevant topic , crafting a proposal , designing your research , collecting data , developing a robust analysis, drawing strong conclusions , and writing concisely .

Thesis template

You can also download our full thesis template in the format of your choice below. Our template includes a ready-made table of contents , as well as guidance for what each chapter should include. It’s easy to make it your own, and can help you get started.

Download Word template Download Google Docs template

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Table of contents

Thesis vs. thesis statement, how to structure a thesis, acknowledgements or preface, list of figures and tables, list of abbreviations, introduction, literature review, methodology, reference list, proofreading and editing, defending your thesis, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about theses.

You may have heard the word thesis as a standalone term or as a component of academic writing called a thesis statement . Keep in mind that these are two very different things.

• A thesis statement is a very common component of an essay, particularly in the humanities. It usually comprises 1 or 2 sentences in the introduction of your essay , and should clearly and concisely summarize the central points of your academic essay .
• A thesis is a long-form piece of academic writing, often taking more than a full semester to complete. It is generally a degree requirement for Master’s programs, and is also sometimes required to complete a bachelor’s degree in liberal arts colleges.
• In the US, a dissertation is generally written as a final step toward obtaining a PhD.
• In other countries (particularly the UK), a dissertation is generally written at the bachelor’s or master’s level.

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The final structure of your thesis depends on a variety of components, such as:

• Your discipline
• Your theoretical approach

Humanities theses are often structured more like a longer-form essay . Just like in an essay, you build an argument to support a central thesis.

In both hard and social sciences, theses typically include an introduction , literature review , methodology section ,  results section , discussion section , and conclusion section . These are each presented in their own dedicated section or chapter. In some cases, you might want to add an appendix .

Thesis examples

We’ve compiled a short list of thesis examples to help you get started.

• Example thesis #1:   “Abolition, Africans, and Abstraction: the Influence of the ‘Noble Savage’ on British and French Antislavery Thought, 1787-1807” by Suchait Kahlon.
• Example thesis #2: “’A Starving Man Helping Another Starving Man’: UNRRA, India, and the Genesis of Global Relief, 1943-1947″ by Julian Saint Reiman.

The very first page of your thesis contains all necessary identifying information, including:

• Your full title
• Your full name
• Your department
• Your institution and degree program
• Your submission date.

Sometimes the title page also includes your student ID, the name of your supervisor, or the university’s logo. Check out your university’s guidelines if you’re not sure.

Read more about title pages

The acknowledgements section is usually optional. Its main point is to allow you to thank everyone who helped you in your thesis journey, such as supervisors, friends, or family. You can also choose to write a preface , but it’s typically one or the other, not both.

Read more about acknowledgements Read more about prefaces

An abstract is a short summary of your thesis. Usually a maximum of 300 words long, it’s should include brief descriptions of your research objectives , methods, results, and conclusions. Though it may seem short, it introduces your work to your audience, serving as a first impression of your thesis.

Read more about abstracts

A table of contents lists all of your sections, plus their corresponding page numbers and subheadings if you have them. This helps your reader seamlessly navigate your document.

Your table of contents should include all the major parts of your thesis. In particular, don’t forget the the appendices. If you used heading styles, it’s easy to generate an automatic table Microsoft Word.

Read more about tables of contents

While not mandatory, if you used a lot of tables and/or figures, it’s nice to include a list of them to help guide your reader. It’s also easy to generate one of these in Word: just use the “Insert Caption” feature.

Read more about lists of figures and tables

If you have used a lot of industry- or field-specific abbreviations in your thesis, you should include them in an alphabetized list of abbreviations . This way, your readers can easily look up any meanings they aren’t familiar with.

Read more about lists of abbreviations

Relatedly, if you find yourself using a lot of very specialized or field-specific terms that may not be familiar to your reader, consider including a glossary . Alphabetize the terms you want to include with a brief definition.

Read more about glossaries

An introduction sets up the topic, purpose, and relevance of your thesis, as well as expectations for your reader. This should:

• Ground your research topic , sharing any background information your reader may need
• Define the scope of your work
• Introduce any existing research on your topic, situating your work within a broader problem or debate
• State your research question(s)
• Outline (briefly) how the remainder of your work will proceed

In other words, your introduction should clearly and concisely show your reader the “what, why, and how” of your research.

Read more about introductions

A literature review helps you gain a robust understanding of any extant academic work on your topic, encompassing:

• Selecting relevant sources
• Determining the credibility of your sources
• Critically evaluating each of your sources
• Drawing connections between sources, including any themes, patterns, conflicts, or gaps

A literature review is not merely a summary of existing work. Rather, your literature review should ultimately lead to a clear justification for your own research, perhaps via:

• Addressing a gap in the literature
• Building on existing knowledge to draw new conclusions
• Exploring a new theoretical or methodological approach
• Introducing a new solution to an unresolved problem
• Definitively advocating for one side of a theoretical debate

Read more about literature reviews

Theoretical framework

Your literature review can often form the basis for your theoretical framework, but these are not the same thing. A theoretical framework defines and analyzes the concepts and theories that your research hinges on.

Read more about theoretical frameworks

Your methodology chapter shows your reader how you conducted your research. It should be written clearly and methodically, easily allowing your reader to critically assess the credibility of your argument. Furthermore, your methods section should convince your reader that your method was the best way to answer your research question.

A methodology section should generally include:

• Your overall approach ( quantitative vs. qualitative )
• Your research methods (e.g., a longitudinal study )
• Your data collection methods (e.g., interviews or a controlled experiment
• Any tools or materials you used (e.g., computer software)
• The data analysis methods you chose (e.g., statistical analysis , discourse analysis )
• A strong, but not defensive justification of your methods

Read more about methodology sections

Your results section should highlight what your methodology discovered. These two sections work in tandem, but shouldn’t repeat each other. While your results section can include hypotheses or themes, don’t include any speculation or new arguments here.

Your results section should:

• State each (relevant) result with any (relevant) descriptive statistics (e.g., mean , standard deviation ) and inferential statistics (e.g., test statistics , p values )
• Explain how each result relates to the research question
• Determine whether the hypothesis was supported

Additional data (like raw numbers or interview transcripts ) can be included as an appendix . You can include tables and figures, but only if they help the reader better understand your results.

Read more about results sections

Your discussion section is where you can interpret your results in detail. Did they meet your expectations? How well do they fit within the framework that you built? You can refer back to any relevant source material to situate your results within your field, but leave most of that analysis in your literature review.

For any unexpected results, offer explanations or alternative interpretations of your data.

Read more about discussion sections

Your thesis conclusion should concisely answer your main research question. It should leave your reader with an ultra-clear understanding of your central argument, and emphasize what your research specifically has contributed to your field.

Why does your research matter? What recommendations for future research do you have? Lastly, wrap up your work with any concluding remarks.

Read more about conclusions

In order to avoid plagiarism , don’t forget to include a full reference list at the end of your thesis, citing the sources that you used. Choose one citation style and follow it consistently throughout your thesis, taking note of the formatting requirements of each style.

Which style you choose is often set by your department or your field, but common styles include MLA , Chicago , and APA.

Create APA citations Create MLA citations

In order to stay clear and concise, your thesis should include the most essential information needed to answer your research question. However, chances are you have many contributing documents, like interview transcripts or survey questions . These can be added as appendices , to save space in the main body.

Read more about appendices

Once you’re done writing, the next part of your editing process begins. Leave plenty of time for proofreading and editing prior to submission. Nothing looks worse than grammar mistakes or sloppy spelling errors!

Consider using a professional thesis editing service or grammar checker to make sure your final project is perfect.

Once you’ve submitted your final product, it’s common practice to have a thesis defense, an oral component of your finished work. This is scheduled by your advisor or committee, and usually entails a presentation and Q&A session.

After your defense , your committee will meet to determine if you deserve any departmental honors or accolades. However, keep in mind that defenses are usually just a formality. If there are any serious issues with your work, these should be resolved with your advisor way before a defense.

If you want to know more about AI for academic writing, AI tools, or research bias, make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples or go directly to our tools!

Research bias

• Survivorship bias
• Self-serving bias
• Availability heuristic
• Halo effect
• Hindsight bias
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• Supervised vs. unsupervised learning

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The conclusion of your thesis or dissertation shouldn’t take up more than 5–7% of your overall word count.

If you only used a few abbreviations in your thesis or dissertation , you don’t necessarily need to include a list of abbreviations .

If your abbreviations are numerous, or if you think they won’t be known to your audience, it’s never a bad idea to add one. They can also improve readability, minimizing confusion about abbreviations unfamiliar to your reader.

When you mention different chapters within your text, it’s considered best to use Roman numerals for most citation styles. However, the most important thing here is to remain consistent whenever using numbers in your dissertation .

A thesis or dissertation outline is one of the most critical first steps in your writing process. It helps you to lay out and organize your ideas and can provide you with a roadmap for deciding what kind of research you’d like to undertake.

Generally, an outline contains information on the different sections included in your thesis or dissertation , such as:

• Your anticipated title
• Your abstract
• Your chapters (sometimes subdivided into further topics like literature review , research methods , avenues for future research, etc.)

A thesis is typically written by students finishing up a bachelor’s or Master’s degree. Some educational institutions, particularly in the liberal arts, have mandatory theses, but they are often not mandatory to graduate from bachelor’s degrees. It is more common for a thesis to be a graduation requirement from a Master’s degree.

Even if not mandatory, you may want to consider writing a thesis if you:

• Plan to attend graduate school soon
• Have a particular topic you’d like to study more in-depth
• Are considering a career in research
• Would like a capstone experience to tie up your academic experience

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• Manuscript Preparation

Know How to Structure Your PhD Thesis

• 4 minute read
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Table of Contents

In your academic career, few projects are more important than your PhD thesis. Unfortunately, many university professors and advisors assume that their students know how to structure a PhD. Books have literally been written on the subject, but there’s no need to read a book in order to know about PhD thesis paper format and structure. With that said, however, it’s important to understand that your PhD thesis format requirement may not be the same as another student’s. The bottom line is that how to structure a PhD thesis often depends on your university and department guidelines.

But, let’s take a look at a general PhD thesis format. We’ll look at the main sections, and how to connect them to each other. We’ll also examine different hints and tips for each of the sections. As you read through this toolkit, compare it to published PhD theses in your area of study to see how a real-life example looks.

Main Sections of a PhD Thesis

In almost every PhD thesis or dissertation, there are standard sections. Of course, some of these may differ, depending on your university or department requirements, as well as your topic of study, but this will give you a good idea of the basic components of a PhD thesis format.

• Abstract : The abstract is a brief summary that quickly outlines your research, touches on each of the main sections of your thesis, and clearly outlines your contribution to the field by way of your PhD thesis. Even though the abstract is very short, similar to what you’ve seen in published research articles, its impact shouldn’t be underestimated. The abstract is there to answer the most important question to the reviewer. “Why is this important?”
• Introduction : In this section, you help the reviewer understand your entire dissertation, including what your paper is about, why it’s important to the field, a brief description of your methodology, and how your research and the thesis are laid out. Think of your introduction as an expansion of your abstract.
• Literature Review : Within the literature review, you are making a case for your new research by telling the story of the work that’s already been done. You’ll cover a bit about the history of the topic at hand, and how your study fits into the present and future.
• Theory Framework : Here, you explain assumptions related to your study. Here you’re explaining to the review what theoretical concepts you might have used in your research, how it relates to existing knowledge and ideas.
• Methods : This section of a PhD thesis is typically the most detailed and descriptive, depending of course on your research design. Here you’ll discuss the specific techniques you used to get the information you were looking for, in addition to how those methods are relevant and appropriate, as well as how you specifically used each method described.
• Results : Here you present your empirical findings. This section is sometimes also called the “empiracles” chapter. This section is usually pretty straightforward and technical, and full of details. Don’t shortcut this chapter.
• Discussion : This can be a tricky chapter, because it’s where you want to show the reviewer that you know what you’re talking about. You need to speak as a PhD versus a student. The discussion chapter is similar to the empirical/results chapter, but you’re building on those results to push the new information that you learned, prior to making your conclusion.
• Conclusion : Here, you take a step back and reflect on what your original goals and intentions for the research were. You’ll outline them in context of your new findings and expertise.

Tips for your PhD Thesis Format

As you put together your PhD thesis, it’s easy to get a little overwhelmed. Here are some tips that might keep you on track.

• Don’t try to write your PhD as a first-draft. Every great masterwork has typically been edited, and edited, and…edited.
• Work with your thesis supervisor to plan the structure and format of your PhD thesis. Be prepared to rewrite each section, as you work out rough drafts. Don’t get discouraged by this process. It’s typical.
• Make your writing interesting. Academic writing has a reputation of being very dry.
• You don’t have to necessarily work on the chapters and sections outlined above in chronological order. Work on each section as things come up, and while your work on that section is relevant to what you’re doing.
• Don’t rush things. Write a first draft, and leave it for a few days, so you can come back to it with a more critical take. Look at it objectively and carefully grammatical errors, clarity, logic and flow.
• Know what style your references need to be in, and utilize tools out there to organize them in the required format.
• It’s easier to accidentally plagiarize than you think. Make sure you’re referencing appropriately, and check your document for inadvertent plagiarism throughout your writing process.

PhD Thesis Editing Plus

Want some support during your PhD writing process? Our PhD Thesis Editing Plus service includes extensive and detailed editing of your thesis to improve the flow and quality of your writing. Unlimited editing support for guaranteed results. Learn more here , and get started today!

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PhD & MPhil Thesis printing

Binding and printing can be done by  University Printing Service .

If you have a scholarship that covers binding and publication costs please email the CBE HDR student administration at  [email protected] . Otherwise please contact your Research School Office Manager who can advise regarding any school support available. If  APA scholarship , details are noted in the  APA Scholarship Thesis Allowance Policy .

If you are close to  submitting your thesis , and haven’t already done so, please notify of your intent to submit.  Please see the  Guidelines for Research Theses Submission and Examination .

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Templates for PhD Theses and Scientific Posters

When you start writing your PhD thesis or designing a scientific poster, we recommend that you use the following templates:

• Template in Word in book format 17 x 24 cm or in A4-format 17 x 24 cm is a standard book format.  In A4 format please use the template for reports.  The cover has a fixed layout and is made by Graphic Center.
• Templates for scientific posters

The templates have the proper layout, logo and colours with visual consistency across the University

Setting Up a Thesis Without a Template

If you have not used SDU’s  template  to set up your PhD thesis, please pay attention to the following:

• If your PhD thesis is in A4 format, we can adapt it to the book format 17 x 24 cm.   ‘Adapting’ the file means that we print your thesis at 80% scale. You may therefore want to do a test printing of a few pages at 80% scale to check whether your text is too small. If you are using the font Times New Roman font size 12, this would be approximately equivalent to a font size 10.
• Minimum margin is 2 cm on all four sides of your printed matter.
• Page numbers are positioned either centred at the bottom of the page or alternately right and left.

As for fonts, we recommend using Times New Roman in minimum font size 12 for your content and Arial for headings.

Covers for PhD Theses

Covers for all PhD theses have a fixed layout to ensure  visual consistency across the University (see examples here ).  You can choose from 10 different colours on the cover.

Graphic Center produces the cover as part of the assignment. This means that when ordering your print job, the cover is included.

Fill in this order form and we will produce your cover.

Ordering Your Printed PhD Thesis incl. Testprint

You have the option of getting a test print so you can see if everything is as it should be, before we print the entire order. Please make a note when ordering if a test print is desired.

All Ph.D. students can get up to 100 books printed for free. Order thoughtfully and only order the quantity you need. You need to use your SDU email account to order in our webshop .

We only print PDF files, so please remember to convert your file into a PDF before sending it for printing. If you have created your file in PowerPoint, if possible simply select the ‘Save as Adobe PDF’ option .

Delivery and Production Times of PhD Thesis

The production time of a PhD thesis is approx. 6-10 business days. If you want a test print, the production time may be longer, especially if the test print is to be sent by post.  We will not proceed with the production of your thesis until the test print is approved. 

The delivery time comes on top of the production time. Go to  Delivery and Production Times  to see our delivery times and who we deliver to.

Here you can find answers to how to get an ISBN number, copyright on text and images, etc.

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Last Updated 11.03.2024