assignment on international trade of bangladesh

• Encyclopedia of the Nations
• Asia and the Pacific

Bangladesh - International trade

Bangladeshi international trade is extremely small relative to the size of its population, although it experienced accelerated growth during the last decade. It is not very diversified and depends on the fluctuations of the international market. The Bangladeshi government struggles to attract export-oriented industries, removing red tape and introducing various financial and tax initiatives. Between 1990 and 1995 Bangladesh doubled its exports from US$1.671 billion in 1990 to US$3.173 billion in 1995 and then almost doubled them again from US$3.173 billion in 1995 to US$5.523 billion in 1999.

During the 1990s, the United States has been the largest trading partner for Bangladesh, with its exports to the United States reaching 35.7 percent in 1998-99. This percentage consisted mainly of Ready-Made Garments (RMG). Germany is the second-largest export market, with the proportion of goods reaching 10.4 percent; and the United Kingdom is in third place at 8.3 percent. Other export destinations are France, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium, and Japan.

India, China, and Singapore are the 3 largest sources of imports. Most Bangladeshi imports originate from

neighboring India, reaching 20.8 percent in 1998-99. The second most important source is China, totaling 9.3 percent, third is Singapore with 8.6 percent, with Hong Kong fourth at 7.6 percent.

During the last decade, Bangladeshi exports shifted from the sale of agricultural products and raw and processed natural resources to labor-intensive manufactured goods (including clothing, footwear, and textiles), but the country, unlike neighboring India, could not catch up with the exporters of skill-intensive products. While India is becoming an important international player in the field of software and applications development, Bangladesh lags far behind, despite the government's efforts to promote this area.

Bangladesh has a long history of maintaining a negative trade balance, importing more goods than it exports. In the 1970s and 1980s it imported goods and services twice and sometimes 3 times as much as it exported. Even during the relatively successful 1999 financial year, the country exported just US$5.523 billion worth of products while it imported US$8.381 billion worth of products, leaving a large trade shortfall of US$2.858 billion.

At present, Bangladesh faces growing economic competition from India, Pakistan, and Indonesia, countries which could offer better infrastructure and larger and growing domestic markets. A border conflict between Bangladesh and India, the worst in the last 30 years erupted in April 2001, bringing political and economic uncertainty to the region and undermining international investor confidence in the Bangladeshi market. If the investors move out, they could cause further social polarization and increased poverty in the country.

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Concluding remarks by the Chairperson

The fifth Trade Policy Review of Bangladesh has offered us a good opportunity to deepen our understanding of recent developments in, and challenges to, its trade, economic, and investment policies. Since its last Review in 2012, Bangladesh's initiatives to further integrate into the multilateral trading system and take advantage of the opportunities it offers have been greatly appreciated. Indeed, the more than 150 advance written questions submitted by 16 Members and the 30 delegations that took the floor during the first day underline the importance attached by Members to Bangladesh's trade and investment policies and practices.

I would like to thank the Bangladeshi delegation, led by the Honourable Minister of Commerce, Tipu Munshi, for its active participation in this exercise. Also, I would like to thank our discussant H.E. Mr. Stephen C. De Boer, Ambassador of Canada, for his insightful remarks, and all the delegations that took the floor for their valuable contributions to this Review.

Members commended Bangladesh for its strong economic performance, which was enabled by prudent macroeconomic management. Robust GDP growth over the period under review has allowed the reduction of poverty and the improvement of other social indicators, as well as enabling Bangladesh to cross the World Bank's threshold for lower-middle-income countries in 2015 and to be on track to graduate from least developed country (LDC) status by 2024. Members commended Bangladesh for implementing several policies, including Vision 2021 and 2041, the National Industrial Policy 2016, the Export Policy 2018-21 and for its efforts in areas of regulatory reform, taxation and improving its business environment, including the One-Stop Shop (OSS) Act and promoting trade facilitation. On the other hand, Members stressed that in order to keep the growth momentum and address post-LDC graduation challenges, Bangladesh would have to engage further in ongoing reforms, which would enhance the diversification of its economy and the competitiveness of its industries, as well as improve its business environment and fiscal conditions.

Members praised Bangladesh for its strong support and active participation in the Multilateral Trading System, as well as for its role as a prominent coordinator for LDCs at the WTO. It was also commended for expanding its WTO commitments including through the ratification of the Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA). Bangladesh was encouraged to consider joining the WTO Government Procurement Agreement as an observer, and to participate actively in the joint statement initiatives on e-commerce, investment facilitation, MSMEs, and women empowerment agreed at the 11th Ministerial Conference in Buenos Aires. Members noted Bangladesh's record of WTO notification, in part due to lack of administrative constraints, and encouraged the strengthening of efforts in this area and furthering regulatory transparency. Bangladesh's participation in several RTAs was also noted.

Members congratulated Bangladesh for its achievements in trade facilitation, including the implementation of the Authorised Economic Operator system, as well as measures to make customs formalities and procedures simpler, more transparent and more efficient, including through the Customs Modernization Action Plan 2013-17 and plans to establish a national single window for traders by end 2021. However, despite praise for the use of mainly ad valorem tariff rates, some concern was raised regarding the overall gap between the simple averages of bound rates and MFN applied rates and the lack of predictability that this gap could lead to. Consequently, Bangladesh was encouraged to find ways to provide more certainty to importers and traders and consider taking tariff liberalization action. Some Members appreciated efforts in implementing the regulatory and institutional framework for competition policy as well as for strengthening its IPR protection legislation.

Some other issues were also raised by certain Members. They included climate change vulnerability, efforts at improving workers' safety, diversification of the economy, policies to encourage privatization, expansion of special economic zones, power generation capacity, transport infrastructure development, regulatory guidelines for pharmaceuticals and medical devices, support to the textiles sector, development of the ICT sector, liberalization of trade in services and challenges to the banking sector.

The above are some of the key issues that had emerged in our discussion. I hope that the Bangladesh delegation will take into account and further reflect on these issues and on the many constructive comments, both broad and detailed, that it has received during this Review. Finally, I would like to thank all those that participated in our discussion, and I look forward to receiving the answers from Bangladesh to any outstanding questions within one month, at which point the Review will be successfully concluded.

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Foreign trade figures of Bangladesh

Foreign trade in figures.

Trade represents only 34% of Bangladeshi GDP (World Bank, latest data available). According to government data, ready-made garments comprise the majority of exports, followed by jute, shrimps and prawns, and footwear; whereas imports are led by Iron & steel, edible oil, fertilizers, and petroleum products. The country's main export partners are the U.S. (19.8%), Germany (14.4%), the UK (9.1%), Spain (6%), and France (5.1%). Imports come chiefly from China (21.3%), India (17%), Singapore (8%), Indonesia (5%), and Malaysia (3.9% - data NBS). The country acts as a passageway between the center of India and its Eastern provinces. Customs duties in Bangladesh are relatively high; however, the country is implementing a series of measures to reduce its trade barriers, including concessional tariffs, a customs duty recovery system, export processing zones, as well as high-level negotiations with key countries. Bangladesh has benefited from more simplified procedures and regulations to export its products to the European Union as an LDC (least developed country). Since becoming independent, Bangladesh has had a negative trade balance, with its deficit being financed by international aid and expatriate transfers. In 2022, exports of goods from Bangladesh increased to USD 54.7 billion (from 44.2 billion the previous year) and imports of goods increased to USD 88.2 billion (from 80.4 billion in 2021 – data WTO). With regards to services, the imports for 2022 were USD 12.1 billion, while the exports were USD 8.2 billion. The World Bank estimated the country’s trade deficit at 8% of its GDP (from 6.4% one year earlier). In the first half of the 2023-24 fiscal year (July 2023-June 2024), Bangladesh's total exports increased by 0.84% year on year to USD 27.54 billion, as per the latest official data. Meanwhile, imports fell by 18.19% year on year to USD 33.68 billion during the same period.

Source: World Trade Organisation (WTO) ; Latest available data

Source: World Bank ; Latest available data

Source: IMF, World Economic Outlook ; Latest available data

Note: (e) Estimated Data

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Source: United Nations Statistics Division, 2023. Because of rounding, the sum of the percentages may be smaller/greater than 100%.

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Bangladesh faces the challenge of globalization.

DHAKA: Bangladesh faces the challenge of achieving accelerated economic growth and alleviating the massive poverty that afflicts nearly two-fifths of its 135 million people. To meet this challenge, market-oriented liberalizing policy reforms were initiated in the mid-1980s and were pursued much more vigorously in the 1990s. These reforms were particularly aimed at moving towards an open economic regime and integrating with the global economy.

During the 1990s, notable progress was made in economic performance. Along with maintaining economic stabilization with a significantly reduced and declining dependence on foreign aid, the economy appeared to begin a transition from stabilization to growth. The average annual growth in per capita income had steadily accelerated from about 1.6 per cent per annum in the first half of the 1980s to 3.6 percent by the latter half of the 1990s. This improved performance owed itself both to a slowdown in population growth and a sustained increase in the rate of GDP growth, which averaged 5.2 percent annually during the second half of the 1990s. During this time, progress in the human development indicators was even more impressive. Bangladesh was in fact among the top performing countries in the 1990s, when measured by its improvement in the Human Development Index (HDI) as estimated by the United Nations Development Project (UNDP). In terms of the increase in the value of HDI between 1990 and 2001, Bangladesh is surpassed only by China and Cape Verde.

While most low-income countries depend largely on the export of primary commodities, Bangladesh has made the transition from being primarily a jute-exporting country to a garment-exporting one. This transition has been dictated by the country's resource endowment, characterized by extreme land scarcity and a very high population density, making economic growth dependent on the export of labor-intensive manufactures.

Although Bangladesh still does not rank among the most globally integrated developing economies, the pace of integration has been quite rapid. Until hit by the global recession in 2001, there had been robust and sustained growth of export earnings, averaging about 15 percent per year in the 1990s. As a result, the ratio of export earnings to GDP had nearly doubled to about 14 percent by the end of the decade. In 2001-02, however, export earnings declined in US dollar terms for the first time in nearly 15 years. Although there was a recovery in the following year, the medium term outlook indicates that it will be difficult to regain the export momentum of the 1990s.

A greater integration with the global economy seems to fit well with the kind of pro-poor growth envisaged by Bangladesh's development efforts. The export-oriented garment industry presently employs around 1.8 million workers - mostly women from low-income, rural backgrounds. The second dominant export-oriented activity, shrimp farming, is also very labor intensive, presently employing nearly half a million rural poor. More generally, import liberalization is likely to have contributed to the creation of productive employment for the poor through the strengthening of many small-scale and informal sector activities that have benefited from improved access to imported inputs.

The relatively strong growth of the Bangladeshi economy in the 1990s was underpinned by the even stronger export growth. Unfortunately, the removal of the Multi-Fiber Arrangements (MFA) quotas now threatens to increase competition in the global garment industry and thus limit Bangladesh's growth. The strength of the industry depends on the export quotas dictated by the MFA and preferential access in the major Western markets. Moreover, other export industries are unlikely to take its place if the garment industry shrinks; excluding the garment industry, the growth of the large-scale manufacturing industries was a meager 4 percent annually in the 1990s. That may partly reflect the overall poor investment climate, but also partly the effect of increased competition from imports on industries catering to the domestic market. In such a situation, the desirability of further import liberalization may be put to question. Since the country depends heavily on imported raw materials, machinery and components, cutting back on imports would hurt prospects for creating jobs by adversely affecting production and investment activities.

It is not easy for a Least Developed Country (LDC) like Bangladesh to specialize in manufactured exports. Having low wage costs can hardly compensate for its lack of marketing skills and infrastructure and poor overall investment climate. Moreover, the high degree of dependence of domestic industries on imported raw materials and industrial inputs makes it difficult for Bangladesh to satisfy the so-called "rules of origin" in getting preferential access for its exports in the markets of the developed countries. Thus, most of Bangladesh's garment exports are not eligible for the tariff concessions given under the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) in the EU market. This problem has not received adequate attention, since the other major players in textile trade among developing countries are hardly affected by it.

Bangladesh can hopefully benefit from the European Union's decision to allow duty-free import of "everything but arms" from the LDCs, and it would like to see the replication of such trade concessions in other industrialized countries. Unfortunately, the same rules of origin as under GSP apply here as well. The GSP rules were devised decades ago to help developing countries promote export-oriented industrialization. But, in effect, the rules proved discriminatory against LDCs like Bangladesh that count on low value-addition processing activities. On top of these rules, Bangladesh also has to worry about non-tariff barriers such as those relating to environmental or labor standards. Anti-dumping actions are already under way against exports from Bangladesh, and they are an important latent threat when the MFA is dismantled. The tough sanitary and phytosanitary regulations of the developed countries are also an impediment for diversifying into agro-processed export items for Bangladesh and other countries that lack product standards and certification facilities.

Another issue of great importance to Bangladesh is that the free movement of temporary workers across borders be expanded, for workers' remittances play an important role in its economy. Indeed, a redeeming feature in the face of the export slowdown in Bangladesh is the continued increase in the inflow of migrant workers' remittances, which grew from about 2.5 percent of GDP in the beginning of the 1990s to above 5 percent in 2001-02 (amounting to about US$2.5 billion). Migrant workers are mostly unskilled or semi-skilled, and most of them come from poor rural families, making their remitted savings an important means for their families to escape poverty. There is, however, considerable uncertainty about the continuation of these remittance inflows, which depend on the economic fortunes of the host countries and their changing policies and attitudes towards guest workers. Most of Bangladesh's temporary migrant workers are in the Middle East, but increasingly they are going to more diverse destinations in East Asia and Europe, though often illegally.

In the wake of the 2001 global recession, Bangladesh's reliance on foreign countries as a market for exports and as a source of remittances has become obvious. If Bangladesh is to become less vulnerable to the economic fortunes of others, it will need to strengthen its domestic economy, creating jobs and markets at home. A strong domestic sector and an improved overall investment environment will provide a more stable source of income - like what the garment industry has provided so far - and will rekindle and sustain Bangladesh's economic growth.

Wahiduddin Mahmud is professor of economics, University of Dhaka and a former Minster of Finance and Planning of the Caretaker Government of Bangladesh.

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In addition to high tariff rates and supplementary duties, Bangladesh has registration procedures and other regulatory requirements which often impede market access.

Foreign companies are allowed to provide services in Bangladesh, except in sectors subject to administrative licensing processes.  Yet, new market entrants face significant restrictions and the process for establishing legal entities is subject to strict regulatory requirements.  There have been reports licenses are not always awarded transparently.  Transfer of control – the ability to control the board of directors or a majority of directors – of a business from local to foreign shareholders requires prior approval from the Bangladesh Bank.

In 2016, the Bangladesh Investment Development Authority (BIDA) was formed from the Board of Investment and the Privatization Commission merger to serve as Bangladesh’s primary private investment promotion and facilitation agency.  In May 2020, BIDA announced rules to implement the One Stop Service Act of 2018, which aims to improve the ease of doing business in Bangladesh.  In addition to BIDA, the Government of Bangladesh has formed three other Investment Promotion Agencies (IPAs) – the Bangladesh Export Processing Zone Authority (BEPZA), Bangladesh Economic Zones Authority (BEZA), and Bangladesh Hi-Tech Park Authority (BHTPA) – to promote investment and offer “one-stop” services to investors.

Bureaucratic inefficiencies often discourage investment in Bangladesh.  Overlapping administrative procedures and a lack of transparency in regulatory and administrative systems can frustrate investors seeking to undertake projects in the country.  Frequent transfers of top- and mid-level officials in various Bangladeshi ministries, directorates, and departments are disruptive and prevent timely implementation of both strategic reform initiatives and routine duties.

Repatriation of profits and external payments are allowed under current law, but U.S. and other international investors have raised concerns outbound transfers from Bangladesh remain cumbersome and applications to repatriate profits or dividends can be held for additional information gathering or otherwise delayed, if tax disputes arise.  Government officials cite concerns that allowing even limited outward transfers would lead to a flood of capital from Bangladesh, as reasons to delay or prevent repatriation of profits and external payments.

U.S. and other international companies have raised concerns that the National Board of Revenue has arbitrarily reopened sometimes decades-old tax cases, with particular targeting of cases involving multinational companies.

Extortion of money from businesses by individuals claiming political backing is common in Bangladesh.  Other impediments to business include transportation blockades called by political parties, which can both keep workers away and block deliveries, resulting in productivity losses.  Vehicles and other property are at risk from vandalism or arson during such blockades and looting of businesses has also occurred.

Land disputes are common, and both U.S. companies and citizens have filed complaints about fraudulent land sales.  For example, sellers fraudulently claiming ownership have transferred land to good faith purchasers while the actual owners were living outside of Bangladesh.  In other instances, U.S.-Bangladeshi dual citizens have purchased land from legitimate owners only to have third parties make fraudulent title claims to extort compensation.

Likewise, corruption remains a serious impediment to investment in Bangladesh.  While the government has established legislation to combat bribery, embezzlement, and other forms of corruption, enforcement is inconsistent.

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Assignment on International Trade: Barriers and facilitation

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Trade facilitation is an effort of simplification and harmonization of international trade procedures. Trade facilitation that manifested in the form of policy packages that aim to reduce trade costs and improve export growth. Export growth can be sourced from the level of diversity of exported goods (extensive margin) and the volume of exported goods (intensive margin). This study aims to analyze the effect of trade facilitation on the extensive and intensive margin of trade eight member countries of ACFTA during the years 2006-2014. Trade facilitation indicators used in this study consisted of exporters and importers port efficiency. This study uses gravity model and estimation techniques Random Effect Model. The results showed that exporter port efficiency have a positive and significant effect on the extensive margin while importer port efficiency has a positive and significant effect on the intensive margin.

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TUYOBOKE Jimmy

International Trade is also concerned with allocation of economic resources among countries. Such allocation is done in the world markets by means of international trade under the concept of free trade, the best products are produced and sold in competitive market, and benefits of efficient production like better quality and lower price are available to all people of the world. In the most countries trade presents a significant share of gross domestic product. Real exchange rate, as the price of one current in relation to another as with any good the relative price of two currencies is determine by the supply and demand currencies in exchange rate market. We can use basic fundamental to explain how domestic currencies price change in relation to another Net exports are the value of a nation's minus the value of import. Net export are also called the trade balance Trade deficitis a situation in which net export (NX) are negative (import>export) A trade surplusis a situation in which net exports (NX) arepositive(Export>Import)

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