social problems of pakistan and their solutions essay

Social Problems Of Pakistan And Their Solutions

Social Problems of Pakistan and their solutions are discussed here in the essay form. Pakistan is a developing state which is going through various problems and issues. These issues are from various origins having long lasting impact on the stability of the economy and the goodwill of country. Th social issues in Pakistan are being divided in to several heads among which one of the very important head is the Social problems of Pakistan. Education which is considered as the cheapest way of defense is not being promoted in our country which has made the literacy rate of our country decline to a major extent. The people will not have the education so they will not be able to put any impact on the country.

The literacy rate of Pakistan is 49.9% which makes them fall on the rating of 136th in the world that shows that the world’s 6th largest populated country is being kept away form education. According to a survey the primary education completing rate in Pakistan is 33.8% in females and 47.18% in males. The solution to social issues in Pakistan is that the education at least till the secondary part should be made compulsory and free for the students so that they can get full advantage form this blessing.

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Social Problems of Pakistan and their Solutions

The gender discrimination is another very much important factor in the decline of Pakistan as males are being given priority over females in a country where females are more in number. This is a big shame as in FATA the conditions are even worse where the literacy rate of males is 29.1% and in females it is less than 3%. That is where we are going wrong. Equal opportunity should be given to both male and females although the rules and regulation of Islam should not be over ruled but weight-age should be given to both the genders.

Terrorism is another social issue which has got in to the roots of the country and is damaging it. The main cause for the terrorism is political instability, economic conditions, standard or living and the most important one is the religious extremism. For this purpose the religious scholars should poke their head up and should come forward and should demonstrate the real Islam and its ideology so that such extremist acts should be avoided and human lives and property could be saved.

Other social issues in Pakistan which include child labor, sexual harassment, inflations, injustice, smuggling and drug abuse are also getting more and more common in the country which is causing harm to the youth of the country as well as to the law and order situation of the state. So to get rid of this problem the government had to take strong and strict actions in preventing such activities to prevail in the premises of the country and not only federal government but the provincial government should also play its vital role in eliminating all such social problems from the country, otherwise they will keep eating Pakistan like pesticides.

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Social Issues in Pakistan – 10 Major Social Problems

Pakistan is a South-Asian developing country. It is 5th most populous country in the world. Given this fact, Pakistan is beset with multiple social issues. In this write-up, we shall discuss the social problems of Pakistan that are miring the progress of the country.

Some major social issues in Pakistan are:

• Over-population
• Unemployment
• Child Labour
• Lack of Rule of Law
• Violence, Terrorism, and Extremism
• Gender Discrimination
• Issues pertaining to Girls
• Early and Forced Marriages
• Acid-Throwing

…and the list goes on and on… These are some major social issues that Pakistan is currently beset with.

Top 10 Major Social Problems And Issues In Pakistan

Let us now discuss the major social issues in Pakistan in detail.

1. Over-Population

Overpopulation is a major social issue in Pakistan. The total population of Pakistan is circa 221 million making Pakistan the fifth most populous country in the world.

Moreover, the population growth rate is 2.8% which means an additional 3.6 million each year in Pakistan. As per estimates, the population of Pakistan will double from the current 221 million to 440 million by 2055. Thus, the population is increasing day by day.

Overpopulation is generally considered the root cause of all social evils. Over-population leads to crimes, social unrest, deforestation , environmental issues, water crisis, exhaustion of resources, unemployment, lawlessness, corruption , etc.

2. Illiteracy

As per reports , the literacy rate in Pakistan is 58 percent only. Illiteracy leads to inequality among the masses, class differences, social divisions, unemployment, poverty, etc. Illiteracy is the major reason why Pakistan is still a third-world developing country and lagging behind the world in various fields.

3. Unemployment

Unemployment is another major issue in Pakistan. As per reports , the unemployment rate in Pakistan was at approximately 4.45 percent in 2019. Recently, due to the recent pandemic, like in other countries, unemployment has obviously skyrocketed.

The lack of meritocracy and illiteracy on a large scale are major factors behind unemployment. Furthermore, unemployment gives rise to various social issues like poverty, backwardness, the economic downfall of the country, etc.

Poverty is another major social problem in Pakistan. According to a report submitted by the Ministry of Planning and Development in the National Assembly of Pakistan, around 29.5% of Pakistani lived below the poverty line which translates into 55 million people. Moreover, the Economic Survey 2019-20 estimates that another 10 million people are likely to slip below the poverty line.

Devoid of resources to earn, people often turn to illegal ways like snatching, stealing, corruption, extortion, etc. for survival. Thus, it will be apt to say that poverty is the mother of various social evils.

5. Child Labour

Child labor is in an inverse relationship to the literacy rate and development of the country. Due to poverty, children are often forced to earn for the family.

In Pakistan, many young boys are working in restaurants, workshops, as conductors in public transport, etc. These children without schooling often get involved in various social evils. Morality and character-building are something one can learn from his social circle, companions, and schools.

Thus, child labor gives rise to a number of other social issues.

6. Corruption

Rampant corruption in almost every stratum of society in Pakistan is another social evil. Corruption is widespread in every class of society. It leads to illiteracy when students fail to get admission where they deserve it. Moreover, it also leads to unemployment due to a lack of merit and nepotism.

Corruption also leads to economic downfall. It also leads to injustice. Moreover, corruption also gives rise to crimes and terrorism when people fail to get their rights.

7. Lack of Rule of Law

In Pakistan, lawlessness is another social problem. On the lower level, people commonly violate traffic rules i.e. breaking signals. On a higher level, the ‘one country two rules’ principle is observed when influential people even after doing massive corruption on large scale go scot-free, while a poor person gets proper punishment after committing a minor crime.

Thus, the lack of across-the-board accountability and lack of rule of law is severely tarnishing the image of Pakistan on the global stage.

8. Nepotism

Nepotism means; favoring relatives or friends, especially by giving them jobs. Nepotism falls under the category of corruption.

Due to nepotism, deserving people cannot get admissions or jobs. As a result, intelligent and skilled people couldn’t serve the country in various domains. Also, for this reason, Pakistan is lagging behind the world in many fields.

9. Violence, Terrorism & Extremism

Violence exists in many forms in Pakistan. Most women suffer from domestic violence. Moreover, many cases of violence in Madrassahs and schools often surface on social media or in the news.

On the state level, religious violence and extremism are commonplace examples. Sit-ins at Faizabad interchange Islamabad by TLP and the destruction of public properties by some extremist elements are examples of religious violence in Pakistan.

Moreover, Pakistan has remained a target of terrorism since 2001. However, the incidents of terrorism have scaled down considerably.

10. Gender Discrimination

In Pakistan, gender discrimination has remained a major social issue since independence. Women are mostly sidelined from the educational and economic sector and confined to a domestic sphere with unpaid jobs. Undue restrictions are often placed on girls mostly in rural areas.

Furthermore, women and girls are not allowed to leave the house, thus barring them from jobs. In fact, gender discrimination is a social problem in Pakistan . Pakistani society is predominantly a patriarchal society that places women in an inferior position to men.

Moreover, there are various other social problems and issues in Pakistan pertaining to women and girls that include early or forced marriages, public harassment, acid attacks, and rape.

Mostly, in rural areas, child marriage at an early age is very common. It leads to excessive childbearing and health deterioration. Moreover, girls remain uneducated which ultimately impacts the upbringing of children.

Moreover, in the urban sphere and cities, girls often face public harassment. Most girls are sexually harassed at their workplaces. Many relevant cases have been reported so far in Pakistan.

Apart from these, cases of acid throwing at girls are also increasing day by day. Usually, when a girl rejects a proposal, considering this humiliation, the rejection is often avenged by acid thrown on the face of the girl leaving her disfigured for good and spoiling her future.

Also, rape cases are also rampant in Pakistan. Almost every day we hear such news on television.

Stringent law-making is the need of the hour to curb the issues pertaining to girls and women in Pakistan.

Wrapping Up

So these were the major social problems of Pakistan . For the progress and development of the country, it is the need of the hour that the state must make policies and take pragmatic measures to tackle these social issues.

Otherwise, these social problems and issues will keep hampering Pakistani society from making progress.

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About the author.

A versatile human being with a passion for reading and writing - always striving for growth, living in the moment but trying to keep pace with the evolving world.

[…] But, with the introduction of social media at all levels, the gap between rulers and those ruled vanished. Today, people are vocal about their problems on social media that usually results in swift action from concerned authorities. Thus, governance structures have considerably improved now. Moreover, corruption cases are highlighted more frequently today due to social media. Thus, social media has given people a medium to highlight various social issues. […]

[…] we dig deep, first we will discuss why this article is significant to read. Given large scale unemployment, rampant poverty, and economic crisis, a huge bulk of Pakistani youngsters are struggling with a […]

very helpful and well said by author i am agreed with them

informative and comprehensive explanation

can you please give the refrences for all these headings up there ?

you declared TLP protest as a social evil-extremism that is nothing but merely to protect the Law of Khatm e Nabuwat…Truth is that wrong is so common to people like you so right thing will obviously appear as an extremism in your senses.

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What are the Social Problems in Pakistan and its Solution

Table of contents toggle what are the social problems in pakistan and its solution:   poverty: illiteracy: corruption: terrorism:, what are the social problems in pakistan and its solution:.

Pakistan is a country with a rich history, culture, and diversity. It is also a country with many challenges and opportunities. As the sixth most populous country in the world, with over 220 million people. Pakistan faces a range of social, economic, political, and environmental problems that affect its development and stability. Some of these problems include poverty, illiteracy, corruption, terrorism, health care, etc. These problems not only hinder Pakistan’s progress and prosperity, but also threaten its security and sovereignty.

Therefore, it is crucial to identify and address these problems and their recommended solutions in order to improve the quality of life for Pakistanis and ensure a peaceful and prosperous future for Pakistan. In this article, we will discuss some of the major problems in Pakistan and their recommended solutions. We will analyze the causes and effects of each problem, and propose some possible ways to solve them. We will also highlight some of the benefits and challenges of implementing these solutions. Our goal is to raise awareness and inspire action among Pakistanis and other stakeholders who care about Pakistan’s well-being.

Poverty is one of the most pervasive and persistent problems in Pakistan. According to the World Bank, about 24% of Pakistan’s population lives below the national poverty, which means that they cannot afford basic needs such as food, clothing, shelter, education, and health care. Poverty is also unevenly distributed across regions, genders, and ethnic groups, with rural areas, women, and minorities being more vulnerable to poverty than urban areas, men, and majorities. Poverty has many negative consequences for individuals and society, such as malnutrition, disease, illiteracy, crime, violence, social exclusion, etc.

One of the main causes of poverty in Pakistan is the lack of economic opportunities and growth. Pakistan’s economy has been struggling with low productivity, high inflation, fiscal deficits, trade imbalances, debt burdens, etc. The Covid-19 pandemic has further worsened the economic situation by disrupting businesses, trade, tourism, remittances, etc.

Another cause of poverty is the unequal distribution of resources and wealth among different segments of society. Pakistan has a high level of income inequality, with the richest 10% of the population owning 27% of the total income. Moreover, there are significant disparities in access to land, water, energy, education, health care, etc., among different regions and groups.

One of the possible solutions to poverty in Pakistan is to promote inclusive and sustainable economic growth that creates more jobs and income for the poor. This can be achieved by investing in infrastructure development, industrialization, agriculture modernization, innovation, Another solution is to improve social protection and welfare systems that provide basic services and support to the poor and vulnerable.

This can be done by expanding social safety nets such as cash transfers (e.g., Ehsaas program ), food subsidies (e.g., Utility Stores), health insurance (e.g: Sehat Sahulat program ), etc. Moreover, there is a need to reform the tax system to make it more progressive and equitable so that the rich pay their fair share of taxes and the poor benefit from public spending.

Illiteracy:

Illiteracy is another major problem in Pakistan that affects its human development and potential. According to UNESCO, Pakistan has an adult literacy rate of 59%, which means that 41% of its population aged 15 years and above cannot read or write. The literacy rate is even lower for women (46%) than for men (71%), reflecting the gender gap in education. Illiteracy limits the opportunities and capabilities of individuals and society in various aspects such as employment, health care , civic participation , etc.

One of the main causes of illiteracy in Pakistan is the lack of access to quality education for all. Pakistan has one of the lowest public spending on education in the world , at only 2.4% of its GDP. As a result , there are not enough schools , teachers , textbooks , facilities , etc., to meet the demand for education , especially in rural areas , where 70% of out-of-school children live. Another cause of illiteracy is the socio-cultural barriers that prevent many children , especially girls , from attending school . These include poverty , child labor , early marriage , gender discrimination , religious extremism , etc.

One of the possible solutions to illiteracy in Pakistan is to increase public investment in education and ensure its efficient allocation and utilization . This can be done by raising more revenues from taxes and donors , allocating more funds to education , improving governance and accountability in the education sector , etc. Another solution is to improve the quality and relevance of education and make it more inclusive and equitable for all . This can be done by standardizing the curriculum and assessment , training and retaining qualified teachers , providing adequate learning materials and resources , enhancing the use of technology and innovation , promoting girls’ education and gender equality , etc.

Corruption:

Corruption is a serious problem in Pakistan that undermines its democracy and development. According to Transparency International, Pakistan ranks 124 out of 180 countries in the Corruption Perceptions Index 2020, with a score of 31 out of 100, where 0 is highly corrupt and 100 is very clean. Corruption affects all sectors and levels of government, as well as the private sector and civil society, in Pakistan. Corruption erodes public trust and confidence in institutions, wastes public resources, distorts policies and markets, hampers economic growth, fuels social injustice, and threatens national security.

One of the main causes of corruption in Pakistan is the weak rule of law and accountability. Pakistan has a complex and fragmented legal system that is often influenced by political interference, patronage networks, nepotism, favoritism, etc. The judiciary, the police, the anti-corruption agencies, etc., are not independent, efficient, or effective in enforcing the law and holding the corrupt accountable. Another cause of corruption is the lack of transparency and participation in governance. Pakistan has a low level of access to information, public consultation, civic engagement, media freedom, etc., that enable citizens to monitor and influence government decisions and actions.

One of the possible solutions to corruption in Pakistan is to strengthen the rule of law and accountability. This can be achieved by reforming the legal system to make it more coherent, consistent, and impartial; empowering the judiciary, the police, the anti-corruption agencies, etc., to perform their duties without fear or favor; enhancing the oversight and sanction mechanisms for public officials; etc. Another solution is to improve transparency and participation in governance. This can be done by implementing the right to information law; encouraging public consultation and feedback; supporting civil society and media; etc.

Terrorism is a grave problem in Pakistan that poses a threat to its peace and stability. According to the Global Terrorism Index 2020, Pakistan ranks seventh out of 163 countries in terms of the impact of terrorism, with a score of 7.861 out of 10, where 0 is no impact and 10 is highest impact. Terrorism has caused thousands of deaths and injuries, as well as massive damage to property and infrastructure, in Pakistan. Terrorism also has negative effects on social cohesion, economic development.

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18 Major Social Problems of Pakistan and Their Solutions

Nobody we know wishes to become a substance abuser or a poor person. Most of us want to be cool, lucky, rich, and successful. Some of us are, luckily, but many of us are not. A part of our success and failure is associated with what we are given biologically in terms of intelligence and good health . The other part of it is related to the social problems of Pakistan.

From the moment Pakistan came into being, we have faced many issues in the shape of poverty, unemployment, crime, low status of women, child marriage, rape, and gender inequality. These are the social problems of Pakistan that, if solved, can make life more comfortable and society more productive in some manner.

A social problem is an issue that prevents society from functioning at an optimal level. Understanding that not all events in society can be considered social problems is essential. A problem is considered a social problem when:

• The public recognizes the situation as a problem.
• The situation is against all those values which are accepted by society.
• A large number of the population recognizes the issue as a valid concern.
• The problem can be alleviated through joint action of community resources or citizens.

Table of Content

Health Sector

Health care availability is one of the major social problems of Pakistan. According to the World Health Organization , Pakistan is ranked 122 out of 190 countries regarding healthcare. And if we look at infant mortality, Pakistan stands third-highest ranked country in the world.

Even after decades of Pakistan’s existence, there is no equal distribution of resources and wealth. Many of us still suffer from emotional and physical issues, but no proper healthcare system exists. The stigma surrounding mental illness persists. There are still many children suffering from malnutrition because of widespread poverty. Many patients with an emergency condition only visit a physician when they get a violent and nervous breakdown.

Due to a large number of infectious and vaccine-preventable diseases in Pakistan, it is clear that the healthcare system of Pakistan is still struggling. Thousands of new instances of COVID-19 arrive every day, putting Pakistan’s healthcare system under tremendous strain.

Illiteracy 

According to a survey, Pakistan has a 60 percent literacy rate which means that 40% of the population is illiterate. People in rural regions are uneducated because they are focused on earning a living rather than attending school. Therefore, advancement in our country is relatively slow. Because of illiteracy, crime rates are high in our culture.

Crime As A Social Problem

There is a very deep connection between crime and illiteracy. In countries with fewer literacy rates, the crime rate is at a peak, and in the countries with good literacy rates, the crime rate is lower. Education makes a person civilized, and also aware of their right or wrong. But due to illiteracy, unemployment increased, which forced the people to get money from unfair means. The increasing crime rate is one of those social problems of Pakistan which are associated with unemployment, inflation, and poverty that are directly or indirectly linked to illiteracy.

Poor Law Enforcement

In Pakistan, the situation of law enforcement agencies is miserable. Like if we talk about the police, they lack professionalism. They don’t have proper training on managing a case or even how to investigate it properly. In the police department, the bribe is common. Most of the issues are pending even not reported by our police department. There are several events in which our law and enforcement agencies are failed to control the situation or protests.

Social Problems Of Women In Pakistan

Some of the leading causes of social problems of women in Pakistan are:

Gender Discrimination

Gender inequality in Pakistan, and its influence on malnutrition, begins at the time of childbirth. Despite significant shifts in beliefs, a girl’s birth is still not celebrated today. There is a difference in attention paid to women and men. Several taboos prevent females from routinely eating nutrient-dense foods like meat and eggs when it comes to girls’ diets. This is associated with the girls reaching puberty early, and many parents believe that it would be harder to protect their daughters from sexual harassment and males after puberty.

The main social problem of Pakistan is that girls are typically seen as somebody’s possession, whereas males are seen as an asset to their parents’ well-being as they mature. As a result, boys are well-fed, well-educated, and given high priority. A woman is usually the last one to eat in most homes, and she may not even get enough food to fill her stomach in some cases, especially in poorer households.

It is undisputed that men enjoy unfair advantages over women in certain circumstances. Many private and government institutions have unofficial policies regarding hiring women since it is widely believed that they will either get married and quit or take maternity leave days. As a result of this discrimination, women are deprived of many opportunities that place them at the bottom.

Sexual Harassment

Sexual harassment is one of the current social problems in Pakistan. A working woman is often considered to be “public property” and exploited. In Pakistan, unhealthful and unsafe environments are widespread, encouraging men to view fragile women as an easy target.

Read the diary of a rape survivor here.

Finding a work-life balance.

Being from Pakistan and having a desi background means that the first thing your family expects of you is that you take care of household chores and the responsibilities your elders have entrusted to you. If you want to be an independent working woman, you will find yourself living a double life of a cook at home and a professional worker in the office.

Education And Marriage

So many parents ask why their daughter wants a higher degree when she is at the perfect age for marriage. Marriage is the only and ultimate destination for any Pakistani lady. Be it death threats from her brother or physical abuse from her parents, the majority of Pakistani girls are likely to be compelled to give up their dreams of getting an education overseas or in their nation in favor of marrying older men.

Husband’s Insecurities

It’s likely that if you’ve been lucky enough to continue work after you get married, you’ll have to deal with your husband’s ego and obscure anxieties regularly. As a general rule, men in Pakistan think that they should be the sole breadwinners in their families. When you deal with male coworkers, they may perceive your successes as a threat.

Log Kya Kahain Gai?

Compared to any other reason or claim, this one has damaged the lives of most women more than any other. Whether you work or stay at home, there is always the fear of ‘log kya kahain gai’ and how people see you via their judgments. Assuming you neglect your home, family, and children, they will probably give you dirty or insulting labels for working or doing anything for yourself.

Rape And Honor Killing

Rape and honor killing is one of those social issues in Pakistan that many people choose to ignore. Rape culture is wrong, yet in Pakistan, it is justified. It is explained with an excuse that Islam encourages modesty and assigns males the responsibility of safeguarding weaker women. In addition, the most harmful of all excuses, established norms, is used to justify it. And the tribal jirgas, which are the backbone of Pakistan’s rural power structure, function as the opposite of state law, making unsympathetic judgments about women and favoring these terrible acts.

Social Problems In Family

In Pakistani families, some of the common social problem examples are:

Child Marriage As A Social Problem

Child marriage is one of the social problems in Pakistan. As soon as a woman marries, she becomes an adult and is held to a higher standard of maturity and responsibility. It seems unfair to make her accountable for someone else’s care while she is at the most vulnerable stage of her life. Sexual activity puts a burden on these young brides since they are unprepared physically and emotionally. Early marriage can have a negative impact on the personal and social development of a girl. Besides this, it affects a child’s mental and emotional health as well.

On the other hand, male children who are married at a young age are also under financial stress, interfering with their education and training. While both boys and girls are married off at a young age, the number of girls who fall prey to this practice is significantly higher.  According to research, twenty-one percent of Pakistani females marry before the age of 18, while 3 percent marry before 15. The number of child brides in Pakistan is the sixth highest in the world.

Traditional Dowry

None of the parents want to give their daughter anything, but when the bride’s parents start expecting dowry at the time of marriage, this “something” takes on a whole new dimension. You may be asked to provide expensive jewelry, a large sum of money, or even an expensive automobile. It doesn’t matter to the wealthy, but those who can’t afford it have to deal with many issues. As a result of poverty, some females remain unmarried, while others go to extreme means such as suicide out of frustration. There are more dowry deaths in Pakistan than anywhere else in the world.

Caste System

There are an estimated 260 million individuals in the globe who are affected by caste prejudice, with the great majority of them living in South Asia. These rights are being violated in large numbers daily. People are divided into unequal and hierarchical social groupings based on caste which is one of the prevalent social problems of Pakistan.

Social Problems Of Youth In Pakistan

Pakistan’s youth is also a victim of many problems. Social problems of teens in Pakistan include:

Unemployment

Unemployment is one of the current social problems of Pakistan, especially for the youth. When they have finished their schooling, they cannot find a position where they may put their abilities to serve their nation. The inability of the government to properly employ youth is the cause of this. Deteriorating economic conditions also cause reduced investment and fewer job possibilities. In addition to being a multi-faceted and complex issue, unemployment may lead to many other types of social problems, such as young engagement in radical politics, bank and home burglaries, social insecurity, and drug usage.

Child Labor

Pakistan has a long history of being known as one of the worst ones for child labor which is considered a violation of human rights by the United Nations. A poor child is regarded as an earning hand of the families in Pakistan which deprive the child of primary education. Since the future and success of every country rely on a well-educated and well-informed young, child labor is a significant social issue in Pakistan.

Drug Addiction

Some young people who find themselves in a bad position have no other option than to turn to drugs for relief. The usage of drugs by our kids is on the rise. They believe that is the cheapest way to alleviate their suffering. Nevertheless, they are unaware that this practice is wasting their valuable skills and bringing them to the edge of death.

Depression and Suicide

Our young, the saddest of all, are committing suicide as a result of their disappointment. They waste their lives because they don’t realize what their worth is. Major causes of this social problem include drug use, poverty, unemployment, and failure in life.

Learn how to control social anxiety here.

Ways to prevent social problems.

The social problems of Pakistan can be solved by:

• Eradicating poverty through education, skill development, and job opportunities in society.
• Maintaining law and order situation in the country.
• Various awareness programs such as street drama, procession, and advertisements of tobacco and alcohol on media should be banned to solve the social problems.

Social problems are as old as human history. If you too are victimized, do not wait for more. Consult a Psychologist as soon as possible. Depending upon your condition, your therapist might refer you to a Psychiatrist, take your mental health seriously and get yourself treated at the earliest via Marham.pk.

1- Why is teenage pregnancy a social problem?

Teenage pregnancy is among the social problems of Pakistan because besides posing a health risk to the mother and baby, it continues the poverty cycle, including early school dropout by pregnant teenagers.

2- How can a school help abolish social problems?

As today’s students are tomorrow’s society, teaching starts from school makes a moral society.

3 – Is mental health a social problem?

Well, mental health itself is not a major social problem. It results from many of the social issues that individuals have to face.

4- Why is it important to study social problems?

To change society for the better, it is essential to study social problems.

Book an appointment now, to answer all your queries. You can book an appointment with the top Psychiatrist in Pakistan through Marham by calling at Marham helpline: 0311-1222398 or by online booking facility through the website or Marham mobile app.

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A Biotechnologist graduated from Lahore College for Women University. A passionate and dedicated writer who believes that words can bring in revolution.

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Pakistan: Five major issues to watch in 2023

Subscribe to the center for middle east policy newsletter, madiha afzal madiha afzal fellow - foreign policy , center for middle east policy , strobe talbott center for security, strategy, and technology @madihaafzal.

January 13, 2023

1. Political instability, polarization, and an election year

Politics will likely consume much of Pakistan’s time and attention in 2023, as it did in 2022. The country’s turn to political instability last spring did not end with a dramatic no-confidence vote in parliament last April that ousted then Pakistani Prime Minister Imran Khan from office. Instability and polarization have only heightened since then: Khan has led a popular opposition movement against the incumbent coalition government and the military, staging a series of large rallies across the country through the year.

The struggle for power in Pakistan continues into 2023. While the incumbent government has not ceded to Khan’s demand for early elections, country-wide elections are constitutionally mandated to be held by October this year. It benefits the government politically to hold them off as long as it possibly can as it tries to dig itself out of Pakistan’s urgent economic crisis and its lackluster domestic performance (its diplomatic foreign policy approach has fared better, but that may not matter for elections). The last year has cost it precious political capital, and Khan’s party did very well in a set of by-elections held in July and October. The state has tried to mire Khan and his party in legal cases, relying on a familiar playbook used against opposition politicians in Pakistan, albeit to limited effect, with the courts’ involvement.

Khan’s party still controls two of Pakistan’s four provinces, Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), and the incumbent federal government’s (extra-legal) efforts to try to wrest power from it in Punjab, the largest province, have been unsuccessful (thanks to the courts). The year is off to a dramatic start, with Khan’s party initiating the process to dissolve the Punjab and KP assemblies this month to pressure the federal government into early elections.

For politics-obsessed Pakistan, the biggest question remains who will win the next general election. Will former Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif (brother of current Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif) return to Pakistan to run as the head of his party, the PML-N? Can Imran Khan win on the strength of his popular support, despite his confrontation with the military? Regardless of the outcome, we can say this much given the histories of the main contenders: The direction of the country is unlikely to change.

2. A precarious economic situation

Pakistan’s economy has been in crisis for months, predating the summer’s catastrophic floods. Inflation is backbreaking, the rupee’s value has fallen sharply, and its foreign reserves have now dropped to the precariously low level of $4.3 billion, enough to cover only one month’s worth of imports, raising the possibility of default.

An economic crisis comes around every few years in Pakistan, borne out of an economy that doesn’t produce enough and spends too much, and is thus reliant on external debt. Every successive crisis is worse as the debt bill gets larger and payments become due. This year, internal political instability and the flooding catastrophe have worsened it. There is a significant external element to the crisis as well, with rising global food and fuel prices in the wake of Russia’s war in Ukraine. The combination of all these factors has spelled perhaps the greatest economic challenge Pakistan has ever seen. Yet the government has been mired in politicking, and the release of a $1.1 billion loan tranche from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) remains stalled as Islamabad has pushed back on the IMF’s conditions. The government has now resorted to limiting imports and shutting down malls and wedding halls early, small measures that fail to adequately address the problem.

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Pakistan may end up avoiding default for the time being with IMF help and loans from friendly countries, especially Saudi Arabia and other Gulf nations. But those won’t address the clear underlying malaise of the economy – and the fact that something fundamentally will need to change, in terms of how much the economy produces versus how much it spends, to avoid default down the road. But none of Pakistan’s political parties seem to have the political will or ability to bring about such change.

Pakistan must reportedly pay back $73 billion by 2025; it won’t be able to do so without debt restructuring.

3. Flood recovery

A “ monsoon on steroids ” – directly linked to climate change – caused a summer of flooding in Pakistan so catastrophic that it has repeatedly been described as biblical. It left a third of the country under water – submerging entire villages – killed more than 1,700, destroyed homes, infrastructure, and vast cropland, and left millions displaced.

More than four months after the worst of the flooding, nearly 90,000 people are still displaced from their homes, and the floodwater is still standing in some areas. It would be enormously difficult for any country to recover from such a disaster and rebuild lost infrastructure, including roads and schools, let alone a government dealing with a cash crunch like Pakistan’s.

But the Pakistani government – in particular the foreign minister Bilawal Bhutto Zardari, who has visited the United States twice since the summer, and the minister for climate change, Sherry Rehman – has done an admirable job bringing awareness of the flooding catastrophe to the world stage. A donors’ conference Sharif co-hosted with the United Nations Secretary General Antonio Guterres in Geneva this month raised pledges for more than $9 billion for flood recovery over the next three years (the money is mostly in the form of project loans). Pakistan has also played an important role in discussions about the devastating effects of climate change on developing nations, spearheading the effort to place loss and damage on the agenda at COP27 for the first time, and pushing for COP delegates in Egypt to agree to a loss and damage fund.

With billions of dollars in help promised, the government has passed one hurdle. But the road for recovery ahead will be tough: Displaced people are still sleeping under open skies in Sindh province. Implementing a sustainable recovery will require enormous capacity, resources, and transparency in a country already mired in other troubles.

4. Mounting insecurity

The Pakistani Taliban (or TTP), the terrorist group responsible for killing tens of thousands of Pakistanis from 2007 to 2014, have been emboldened – predictably so – by a Taliban-ruled Afghanistan, and once again pose a threat to Pakistan, albeit in a geographically limited region (for now). The group engaged in at least 150 attacks in Pakistan last year, mostly in the northwest. Because the TTP have sanctuary in Afghanistan, the Pakistani state increasingly finds itself out of options when it comes to dealing effectively with the group. The state’s negotiations with the TTP have failed repeatedly, as they are bound to, because the group is fundamentally opposed to the notion of the Pakistani state and constitution as it exists today. The Afghan Taliban have, unsurprisingly, also not proved to be of help in dealing with the TTP – and Pakistan’s relations with the Afghan Taliban have deteriorated significantly at the same time over other issues, including the border dividing the two countries.

At this point, Pakistan’s first preference will be to strike kinetically at TTP targets within its borders, but that will be limited by TTP movement across the border into Afghanistan. That movement is what leaves Pakistan with the difficult-to-resolve TTP issue and complicates things beyond the military operation it launched against the group in 2014. Still, the Pakistani Taliban at this point is not the biggest threat Pakistan faces, given the country’s major political and economic challenges – but left unchecked, it could morph into a significant crisis.

5. Civil-military relations

Pakistan has a new chief of army staff as of November 29 last year. General Asim Munir replaced General Qamar Javed Bajwa, who had held the all-powerful post for six years (due to a three-year extension). The appointment of the army chief was a subject of considerable political contention last year; a major part of the reason Khan was ousted from power was his falling out with the military on questions over the appointments of top army officials.

All eyes are now on how civil-military relations shape up under Munir. Under Bajwa, the military solidified its control over all manner of policy behind the scenes. Bajwa presided over a close “same-page” relationship with Khan; when that frayed, the PML-N was eager to take Khan’s place as the military’s ally and head of the civilian government. Bajwa left office saying the army would no longer be involved in political matters; few in Pakistan believe him. With politics set to dominate the agenda this year and an election imminent, Munir has a chance to show the country whether he will follow in his predecessor’s footsteps, or chart a new course for civil-military relations in Pakistan. Pakistan’s history indicates the former.

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Education in Pakistan: Problems and Their Solutions

This study was meant to explore and report the problems being confronted by the education in Pakistan and suggest for the resolution of these problems. Education plays the role of leadership in the society. The functions of the educational institutions are to develop the people physically, mentally, psychologically, socially and spiritually. It improves and promotes the economic, social, political and cultural life of the nation. There is no doubt in accepting the fact that education brings about a change in the social, political and cultural scenario of the country; though the change remains slow but it does have an impact on the society at large. Until now the role of secondary and college education in Pakistan has been simply preparation for tertiary education, which in the minds of most people means strictly a university education. All over the world universities are guiding and co-operating with the industrial and agricultural development organizations and they are developing their economics rapidly and meaningfully. There is a close link between education and development. In Pakistan, after more than five decades, the developmental indicators are not showing positive results. The participation rate at higher education is low comparatively to other countries of the region. There are problems of quality of staff, students, library and laboratory. Considering the gigantic problems of education in Pakistan, I select this topic for research.

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Journal of Management and Social …

This paper reviews the current key issues and problems in the education system of Pakistan that pose a challenge for the future growth of the country. The paper uses documentary analysis as the research methodology for data collection. The paper attempts to understand which factors have contributed to the downfall of Pakistani education system. The first part of the paper explains how the system is operated by the government. Moving on, the problems be them external or internal in nature are highlighted and it is delineated how these problems have contributed to greater social demise. The paper further looks into some solutions to the problems aforementioned and urges the government to contribute in due diligence what is required to the education system.

International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development

Hafsa Fayyaz

Dr. Z U B A I D A ZAFAR

Education is a key to political stability and socio-economic development of a nation. Unfortunately, there are diverse systems of education providing different types of education leading to stratified education system. The researchers investigated education system of Pakistan, its functioning and problems and used mixed method approach. In quantitative section researchers adopted survey method and questionnaire as tool for a sample of 210 respondents through multi-stage systematic sampling and SPSS for analysis. In qualitative part researchers used interview guide as a tool for 35 respondents (university level teaching faculty and students) and adopted Domain Analysis technique for qualitative data analysis. The results of present study indicate that education brings political stability by realizing the people their national rights and duties and thus through such awareness leads to harmony, participation and cooperation. Education shapes the personality of the people to play part i...

The Pakistan Development Review

Nadia Tahir

After six decades of its existence, Pakistan finds itself in an educational quagmire. There is not much to show in terms of national, provincial and local indicators of a standard variety. At the international level, the country has earned the notoriety of being regularly lower down on all known indices and league tables on human development, competitiveness and governance. Neglect of education lies at the heart of the problem. This is surprising because the thinking on the nature of the educational system required for the newly emerging country had started quite early. An All Pakistan Educational Conference was held on November 27, 1947 in Karachi. Education thus was the subject of the very first professional conference held in the country, bringing together all the stakeholders. The Father of the Nation set the guidelines in his detailed message: “Under foreign rule for over a century, in the very nature of things, I regret, sufficient attention has not been paid to the education ...

Eresearch Journal ISSN: 2706-8242 , Shamaila Hasan

This paper aimed to look at present education system of Pakistan. There exists an inherent promise and intensive potential in educational policies of Pakistan for revolutionizing socioeconomic change in the country through education. Pakistan since its independence in 1947 has faced the insufficient educational institutions and lack of qualified teachers which resulted in challenges of access and quality. To deal with educational problems, a number of educational policies were released. The policies came at different times, during different regimes, in with diverse policy document. They varied in their size, intention and seriousness. The existing education system in Pakistan is considered not being adequately responsive to the demand of quality education. There is a wide range of issues and concerns related to the teaching and learning setup. To improve the existing education system of Pakistan development of any strategy should give due consideration to these issues and concerns. Introduction:

Saadat Rana

Pakistan is a rapidly growing economy, with a strategy of reducing poverty and generating prosperity for all through industrial development by technology up-gradation and greater export orientation. Such circumstances define the relevance of a robust education sector in Pakistan, which would allow it to meet its human resource requirements. Pakistan needs to produce more workers, technicians, supervisors, managers, and researchers. It needs to expand its education base by improving the retention rate of students at primary, secondary and tertiary levels and by establishing more educational institutions across the country. Further, the quality of education needs considerable improvement by inducting better qualified teachers, adopting better education techniques and implementing effective examination mechanisms.

ashiq hussain dogar , intzar butt , Tahir Mahmood Butt

Pakistan Education System is not according to the Constitution of Pakistan 1973. It is moulding youth in divergent matrixes that cause injustice and disappointment in society. Therefore, it a barrier in achieving the goal of national harmony and social cohesion; and also, it is one of the contributory factors in dispersing the nation from its ideals. This paper discusses the key flaw in the educational structure of Pakistan, and suggests the ways to achieve the goal of " uniform, equitable and effective system of education " through a " national education system " as ensured in the Constitution of Pakistan.

Ashraf Muhammad Azeem

This paper aimed to look at past educational developments in Pakistan through case study and its analysis with the present world. It primarily addressed the causes of illiteracy in Pakistan, and overcame the flaws of earlier works. Pakistani government claims that they have accomplished significantly in the educational development. Pakistani law requests government to provide free basic education system to every citizen of Pakistan. However, the enrollment rate has remained below 60%. Similarly, literacy rate has also remained below 60%. Therefore, the government and other stakeholders in education sector could not perform well enough to provide the impressive results so far.

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Major Problems of Pakistan And Their Solutions

Table of Contents

Here we are going to discuss the Major Problems of Pakistan And Their Solutions which have to be sorted out in order to hold a steady position in the country’s rank. If we glance through history we find that the world has developed a lot in every field. When in-country, the size of pollution overcomes the size of available resources, then the country is called overpopulated. Pakistan is victimized by overpopulation which has been stopped its progression in every field. The total population of Pakistan was 3.25 crore in 1947 in former West Pakistan. It rose to 6.551 crores in 1972.  It has now crossed the figure of 15 crores in 2016. Now a day Pakistan has become the most populous country in the world. Well, there are many other problems of Pakistan like corruption, the use of hush money, and the bad sense of rich and poor. The rich are getting richer and the poor are getting poorer due to unequaled treatment in the community. So, have a look at some major problems of the country.

There are many major problems in Pakistan some problems are very highlighted and everyone well aware of them. So that is Corruption , unemployment , Populations , Transportation , Water issues , Political Failure , Judicial System, and Mass Media.  These are the major and common problems in Pakistan but we have said that many of the silent major problems exist. Other silent major problems is going to mentioned below.

Effect of Overpopulation

There are the following conditions to define overpopulation obstacle in Pakistan which we discussed below:

• The danger for Economic Development
• Low per capita income
• Low rate of saving
• Problems for the education sector
• Housing problems
• Transportation problems
• Food shortage
• Population & Environment
• Population & capital formation
• Problems for the agricultural sector
• Unemployment
• To provide more recreation
• Electricity Crisis In Pakistan

Overpopulation is a great danger for economic development as it swallows up the progress made by the economic sector. With the increase in population, there is low capital income in the country which badly affects the economy of the country. There per capita income of Pakistan is 479 dollars compared to 27000 dollars in Japan and 14000 dollars in Singapore

Unemployment 

raise in the number of population generate unemployment. Yes of course! it is because whenever there are 10 vacancies are lying vacant, there are 100 applications are submitted on it. In this condition there are 90 candidates are left who don’t have a job. So unemployment also generates some other obstacles like below…

Corruption is one of the biggest problems in the country. Peoples are coercing to use the hush money when they have done a job. In this problem, our authorities are also somehow involved in it. Whenever someone is in crisis and he really needs a job to meet his family’s expenses he will do everything to obtain a job and in this case, the authorities demand black money to grant a job to them.

When a country becomes overpopulated then its rate of saving becomes very low, as a result of which there is low investment & unemployment in the country.  The rate of saving in Pakistan is only 15% which is very low overpopulation creates a great problem in the education sector because proper facilities are not available for the whole of the population.  Overpopulation also creates a housing problem because given. Resources are not sufficient to proved houses to the whole of the population.

Results on the Economy of Pakistan

Overpopulation also creates a problem of transportation because Govt. resources are not sufficient to provide better transport facilities to the whole of the population whine a country becomes overpopulated, there is a food shortage in the country because its resources are not sufficient to meet the needs of the people. Overpopulation creates air, water & noise pollution in the environment & in this way, badly affects the environment & in this way, badly affects the environment. When a country becomes overpopulated, then its rate of saving becomes very low as a result of which rate of investment also falls which in return, reduces the capital formation in the country. Our farmers are very poor & increased in population badly affects their financial position because of this, they are not in a position to buy modern technology & machinery or other agricultural implements.

Major Problems Solutions

When a country becomes overpopulated, then its rate of savings also becomes very low as a result of which there is low investment & unemployment in the country which badly affects the economy. Overpopulation can be controlled if most of the people are educated. Educated people can easily understand and feel the benefits of family planning.  It is, of course, the need of the hour to educate our masses. As overpopulation is swallowing up all the economic progress made by the country so the Govt. Pakistan is taking a keen interest in solve the Major Problems of Pakistan of overpopulation by educating the people & making effective use of its resources. Every year a large sum of money is spent on population planning programs to solve the problem of overpopulation.

All the Social problems of pakistan and their solutions have mentioned and those students who are preparing the CSS firstly will read content about these topics. Becasue many times these topics have come in exam.

I am professional education consultant and Teacher, my primary goal is to support students in accessing educational services through Pakistan's rapidly expanding educational website. I strive to provide valuable guidance and assistance to help students make informed decisions about their academic paths and future careers.

13 Comments

Problem related to the very first year of Pakistan

ALLAH IS RAZIQ : Muslims have a solid belief that God gives food to everyone to an ant living in a stone.so,why they reduce the size of family.if a person gives zakat and alms to poor people who are deserve for that so,no body should be left poor.see the dynesty of UMAR FAROOQ.

i think over population iz a major problem in pakistan……….All incidents occurs due to overpopulation……..

I think major reason of increase in population in Pakistan is due to lack of education, peoples are not aware how to control & educate their children. Government should invest more money to educate people.We should think at individual level to control population.

I think by good planning and devicing a way to manage the population, we can make the population a woking force. More the population is, more will be the outcome of the work. Population is certainly not an issue, issue is the corruption, lack of planning, unwise use of resources, etc.

my region problem is mismangement of all programe.if we properly fellow rule e regualation in our country then our country or by ur self u feel that devoping in our courtey.be honest be active in this world

its the responsibility of each and every individual to follow against the above effects it may help us in decreasing overpopulation

Its not merely a Pakistan problem. Its a subcontinent problem.

Between India, Pakistan and Bangladesh there are 1.6 billion people. This will double in 40 years! Probably sooner, unless something drastic happens.

all r corect. education can change the minds of people

I think the rerason of overlimit population in pakistan is Lack of aeducation.In backword areas people think if they born many child then they also earn more money but thy can’t understand in this way ourresources will be also divided.Only one thing change them mind and That is (EDUCATION)

I think the reason of growth a population in Pakistan is lack of Education.Our 50 Percent population is uneducated .In backword areas people think if they born many people then they earned more money but they can’t understand if population ‘ll be increase then our resources will be also divided.

overpopulation in Pakistan is also a threat for our National Security

Lack of proper education in pakistan is one of the common problem due to which most of the guys from that location are opting the field which is not acceptable in human society. I think , education is the only key which can divert the current situation of Pakistan

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Social Issues In Pakistan And Their Solutions

If we are going to discuss social issues, first of all, it is important to know what social issues actually mean and how they affect a country. That is why in this article we are going to know what the social issues of Pakistan are and what their causes and solutions are.

"Social problems of a country" refer to problems that affect the people or society of that country. These include issues such as poverty, instability, corruption, education, discrimination, and violence, and they adversely affect society. These problems are due to many factors, including financial, cultural, economic, political, and environmental.

Issues In  Pakistan

Pakistan is one of the developing countries of the world, and like other countries, it is facing many issues. Due to these problems, Pakistan has not yet become a developed country, and the people of Pakistan are living a miserable life.

Pakistan has been surrounded by many social issues since its inception, but no adequate efforts have been made to solve them. Our rulers only give priority to their own interests and do not care about the people. In Pakistan, the poor are getting poorer while the rich are getting richer. Most of the people in Pakistan do not have access to basic facilities like clean drinking water, bread, clothing, housing, and education.

The rulers make big claims to the people but do not fulfill these promises. The current situation in Pakistan is not only responsible for the rulers but also for our people. Everywhere in Pakistan, people are doing injustice to each other, and bribery, theft, feudalism, and oppression of the weak are common in the society. Social problems in the society of Pakistan are increasing day by day, and the government has failed to control them.

Social Problems In Pakistan

There are many serious issues in Pakistan, some of which are listed below:

• Justice System
• Unemployment
• Education System
• Child Labor
• Health Issues
• Over Population

Poverty is a major problem in Pakistan, with nearly 30% of the population living below the poverty line. This situation is alarming and needs immediate attention. There are various reasons for the increase in poverty in Pakistan, including a lack of employment opportunities, inflation, the unequal distribution of wealth, and natural calamities. These factors are the cause of the country's economic instability and have hindered progress towards poverty eradication.

2) Corruption

There are many problems in Pakistan, but corruption is such a serious problem that if it is not stopped, it will continue to have disastrous effects on the country. Since the beginning of Pakistan, corruption has been a dangerous social problem because of which the country could not develop. Bribery and corruption have become the norm in almost all government and non-government institutions in Pakistan. Corruption is happening in every small and big work in Pakistan.

Corruption is a social problem that affects the common man very badly. Pakistan has many anti-corruption laws and institutions to prevent corruption, but they fail to stop corruption. The government of Pakistan should enact legislation to prevent corruption and empower these institutions so that corruption can be eradicated from the country.

3) Literacy Rate 

The literacy rate is the percentage of people in a country who are able to read, write, and understand. The literacy rate in Pakistan is about 62.3%, which means only 62.3% of the total population can read and write. Lack of access to education and poverty are the main causes of low literacy rates. In Pakistan, it has become impossible for parents to educate their children, due to which the literacy rate is low.

The literacy rate in Pakistan has reached a disappointing level, which is a serious social problem. The government of Pakistan should provide free educational opportunities for people so that poor people can also get education. The government educational institutions of Pakistan should provide better and free education to the people so that the literacy rate in the country increases.

4) Justice System

The development of any country depends on the rule of law in that country. In developed countries around the world, the law is equal for all, and the secret of their development is also the supremacy of the law. When talking about the justice system in Pakistan, it is sad to say that the law is not equal for all. Pakistan has a separate law for the rich and the poor, where the rich and powerful always get bail while the poor spend their entire lives in jail. The cases of the poor go on in the courts for years without being decided.

One of the major social issues in Pakistan is its justice system. In Pakistan, the attitude of the police towards the public is very rude and violent, due to which the public is losing confidence in the police. The government of Pakistan should increase the confidence of the people in the law and the constitution and ensure the delivery of justice to the common people.

5) Unemployment

One of the major social issues in Pakistan is the lack of employment opportunities for people. About 63% of Pakistan's population is youth between the ages of 15 and 30, and Pakistan has the 5th largest youth population in the world. The youth of Pakistan are very talented and intelligent, but unfortunately, their talents are not valued. Due to a lack of employment opportunities, highly educated youth are forced to do menial jobs, wasting their skills.

One of the major reasons for the increase in the poverty rate in Pakistan is unemployment. Unemployment leads to many problems in Pakistan, including the migration of people to other countries for employment and an increase in the theft rate. 

In 2022, about 8 lakh skilled people left Pakistan and migrated to other countries in search of employment.

The government of Pakistan should increase foreign investment in the country, which will create employment opportunities in the country. Awareness programs should be started to skill the youth, and interest-free loans should be provided to people so that they can start their own businesses.

Read also: 13 Best Online Jobs For Students In Pakistan

6) Education System

The condition of the education system in Pakistan is very bad and alarming. The education system has become an important social problem in Pakistan. There has been a double standard in education where poor children go to government schools where educational facilities are nonexistent. While there are higher education institutions for rich children where every facility of modern education is available, In Pakistan, students are asked to score high marks in exams, and the aim of education is only to get a job. It has become impossible for poor people in Pakistan to get higher education.

The education curriculum of Pakistan should be changed according to modern education, and students should learn things practically along with books. The government should make students skilled with education so that they are not limited to jobs only. In addition, educational institutions should have highly qualified teachers who have good knowledge of the relevant subjects. The government of Pakistan should provide higher education facilities in government institutions so that even poor students can get a good education. The improvement of the education system is so important that Pakistan cannot develop without it.

7) Child Labor

Making children work is called "child labor." Child labor is a serious social problem in Pakistan that is increasing day by day. If we look around in society, we will see many young children working. These are the children who are the future of Pakistan, and they are being deprived of education and forced to work as laborers. Due to child labor, children are deprived of education and spend their whole lives working as laborers.

There are many reasons for child labor, like poverty, inflation, expensive education, and lack of awareness. To stop this cruelty to children, we all should spread awareness against child labor. The government of Pakistan should take effective measures to prevent child labor. Child labor can be controlled in society by reducing inflation and providing free education.

8) Health Issues

The increasing health problems in Pakistan are a matter of concern. Pakistan faces a number of health issues, including infectious diseases like hepatitis, dengue, and malaria. Non-communicable diseases like diabetes, high blood pressure, and heart diseases are increasing in Pakistan. If we talk about the health system of Pakistan, its condition is very bad. It has become impossible for people to access basic health resources. Health resources in Pakistan's government hospitals are negligible. Free medicines given to hospitals to treat people are being sold in medical stores outside.

Poor health system is a major social problem in Pakistan. The government of Pakistan claims to provide free medical treatment to the people, but it is not implemented. The government should take steps to provide free and best treatment to the people. The budget of Pakistan's govt hospitals should be increased to improve the health system.

9) Over Population

The growing population in Pakistan is a major social problem, due to which the government is facing many challenges. According to statistics, the population of Pakistan in 1960 was 45.95 million, which had increased to about 231.4 million by 2021 and was increasing gradually. Due to the increasing population, many problems arise, including inflation, reductions in health facilities, reductions in employment opportunities, etc. 

If the government takes better measures, it is not difficult to overcome the problems arising from the growing population. The government should increase the basic resources of the people, like health, education, and employment opportunities, keeping in mind the growing population.

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Challenges Facing Pakistan in 2023

• February 3, 2023 |

Mary Hunter ,

• Image Credit: Unsplash

A challenging year lies ahead for Pakistan as it negotiates the aftermath of the unprecedented floods, economic turmoil, the desire among the youth to leave and the ongoing struggle against terrorism. The reader should not conclude that because this article only tackles challenges, the author has not noted recent positives and opportunities for Pakistan. To the contrary, 2022 saw Pakistan lead the international community in matters of climate justice, helping to secure the historic loss and damage deal. Depending on how much progress is made by COP28 this year, this could mark a fundamental shift in climate negotiations that works to support further countries vulnerable to climate change, like Pakistan itself.

Pakistan is also stepping out of a global year for popular culture and the arts, which will motivate the creation of further artistic outlets and help to bridge Pakistans film and music industries with others around the world. Academic events like ThinkFest held in Lahore and the Pakistan Conference hosted by Harvard University last year, marking 75 years of independence, testified to a burgeoning intellectual culture, an interest among the youth in tackling contemporary challenges and a strong international interest in Pakistan Studies. Pakistan will have to balance these positives and opportunities with very challenging circumstances, not all of the origins of which were avoidable.

Pakistan will have to balance these positives and opportunities with very challenging circumstances, not all of the origins of which were avoidable.

The Aftermath of the Floods

It has been well-documented that the floods in Pakistan last year, caused by increased monsoon rainfall, have affected over 33 million people. The ongoing consequences of much of Pakistan going underwater have made dire conditions a daily reality for many, especially children. UNICEF, whose health interventions have reached nearly 1.5 million people to date, has warned that up to 4 million children are still living near contaminated and stagnant flood waters: Frail and hungry children are fighting a losing battle against severe acute malnutrition, diarrhoea, malaria, dengue fever, typhoid, acute respiratory infections, and painful skin conditions. (sic)

Besides health concerns, UNICEF has found that 2 million additional children have been locked out of learning, on top of the estimated 22.8 million children aged 5-16 not in school after the destruction of nearly 27,000 schools. Thus, the floods have exacerbated poor health and educational outcomes for the next generation of Pakistanis, who will also have to contend with more serious and frequent extreme weather events unless the world gets serious about reducing global temperatures. Given Pakistans acute vulnerability to climate change, it will have to increasingly treat the phenomenon as a non-traditional threat and prepare accordingly in its national security estimations.

Economic Turmoil

While the human impact of floods must be the most central concern for Pakistan and the international community, the economic impact is unprecedented. The World Bank has estimated that total damages exceed 14.9 billion USD and total economic losses amount to around 15.2 billion USD, while rehabilitation and reconstruction will cost close to 16.3 billion USD. The organisation also projected that Pakistan lost around 2.2 per cent of Fiscal Year 2022 GDP as a direct result of the floods.

To make matters worse, there are concerns that Pakistan may default on its loans to the IMF. Miftah Ismail, the former finance minister, has warned that Pakistans expenses are much higher than its income and that the country could default if it fails to approach the IMF. The IMF defines defaulting in simple terms as a broken promise, or a breach of contract, such as through missed payments or data misreporting. The consequences of Pakistan defaulting on its loans include an inability to import fuels to generate electricity, resulting in blackouts, as well as increased unemployment. Pakistanis already have to cope with inflated food prices and competition for subsidised products.

The Desire Among the Youth to Leave

Pakistanis rightly emphasise how the countrys youthful population is a great source of potential, but the young are among the most likely to express a desire to leave Pakistan. This desire, as reflected in a survey published in November 2022 by the Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, has translated into reality for a considerable number. Official documens allegedly show that 765,000 people left Pakistan in 2022, nearly triple the number in 2021. Given that 92,000 of these people were classed as highly educated, this flurry of departures has been presented as a continuation of the countrys brain drain. The government of Pakistan thus faces the challenge of incentivising its talented youth to remain in Pakistan and encourage those who have left to return. Based on anecdotal evidence, some Pakistanis who have left the country for higher education feel that there are not the same opportunities at home, leaving their only options to be jobs for which they are overqualified.

Ongoing Struggle Against Terrorism

Three police officers sadly lost their lives in the first terror attack in Pakistan of 2023, when heavily armed terrorists attacked a police station in Peshawar on the 14 January. This comes after the conclusion of an indefinite ceasefire between the government of Pakistan and the Tehreek-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) on the 23 rd of November, that was agreed upon in June. Following an absence of attacks in the capital of Islamabad for eight years, the first suicide bombing occurred at the end of December inside a taxi, leaving the driver, bomber and a police officer dead.

Outside of the capital, the inhabitants of Swat demonstrated in October against increased killings in one of the largest protests the valley has seen to voice not only the rejection of political violence but also to demand protection as a constitutional right. While the progress and sacrifices made by the Pakistani military and police forces in addressing terrorism should be noted, attacks will continue until more successful peace talks are held with the TTP. This is by no means a simple task, given the mutually opposing demands of the TTP and the government of Pakistan, especially in terms of the TTPs rejection of the constitution of Pakistan as un-Islamic.

Dealing with any of these challenges in isolation would be difficult, but their simultaneous existence will require the government of Pakistan to rehabilitate and reconstruct those communities devastated by the floods while also seeking long-term security, economic, and educational solutions that also give hope and opportunities to the youth of Pakistan. The more the youth become central to policy-making, both as stakeholders and as visionaries, the more sustainable and forward-looking Pakistan will become.

Mary Hunter

Mary Hunter is a PhD candidate at the University of St Andrews, researching the Islamisation of Pakistan. She is also a freelance writer on issues relating to Islamophobia, Pakistan and its diaspora in the UK.

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