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CBSE Class 12 Political Science Term 2 Question Paper 2022 | Download Free PDF with Solutions

Class 12 Political Science is an extensive subject of the Humanities stream. This subject is chosen by higher secondary students. Its CBSE syllabus aims at developing the concepts related to bipolarity, centres of power, south Asian political scenario, globalisation and security in the contemporary world.

To prepare for this subject, focus on solving the CBSE Class 12 Political Science Question Paper 2022 and refer to the solutions. Find out how the experts have framed the answers perfectly. Follow the pattern and score more in the board exam.

CBSE Class 12 Political Science Term 2 Question Paper 2022 with Solutions - PDF will be uploaded soon

Importance of CBSE Class 12 Political Science Term 2 Question Paper 2022

As mentioned earlier, this subject is all about the political scenario of India and South Asia. It holds immense importance in the academic curriculum of students who have chosen humanities. To score more in this subject, students must follow the syllabus better.

Once all the chapters have been studied perfectly, students can proceed to solve the CBSE Class 12 Political Science 2022 Question Paper . They can judge their preparation level and find the chapters that need more attention.

Developing a conceptual foundation becomes easier when the students have an assessment tool. The previous year’s question paper is the ideal tool to assess preparation and find out the sections that need more practice.

By solving such question papers, students will also become aware of the question pattern and exam format for this subject. The education board always maintains a format to help students focus on the sections and marking scheme.

By understanding the marking scheme, students will get highly benefitted. They can distribute their study sessions accordingly and can complete the syllabus accordingly. The question paper will also guide the students to understand the questions and the ideal answering format to follow.

Hence, download this question paper and give a mock exam at home. Get a good hold of the fundamental principles of the chapters and assess your answering skills in this subject.

Benefits of CBSE Class 12 Political Science Question Paper 2022 with Solutions

The prime benefits of solving the Class 12 Political Science 2022 question paper are:

Manage Your Exam Time : The time allotted for solving the question paper can be managed accordingly when you are accustomed to giving mock exams based on the previous year’s question paper.

Refine Your Preparation Session : Find the chapters that need more focus by solving the question paper at home. This way, you can revise the chapters well and strengthen your preparation.

Resolve Doubts based on Board Questions : Resolve doubts based on the exam format, marking scheme, and answering format by referring to this exam paper and solution. It will help you design a strategy to attempt all the questions accordingly.

Download Political Science Question Paper Class 12 PDF 2022

Get the free PDF version of the Class 12 Political Science 2022 Question Paper with a solution and complete your preparation for this subject. Find your preparation level by assessing your answers. Learn how the experts answer Political Science questions and become better at scoring in the board exams.

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FAQs on CBSE Class 12 Political Science Term 2 Question Paper 2022 with Solutions

1. What are the sections of Class 12 Political Science?

There are two sections in this syllabus. The first section is about contemporary world politics. The second section is about politics in India since independence . Each section has 40 marks allotted for the final exam.

2. How can I prepare the Class 12 Political Science curriculum?

The best approach is to finish one chapter at a time and complete the corresponding exercises. While doing so, make revision notes , or you can rely on the notes made by Vedantu experts. Once the entire syllabus is done, solve board exam papers and check your answering skills.

3. Why should I download the Class 12 Political Science 2022 Question Paper with a solution?

You can download this question paper and its solution for free. Give a mock test and refer to the solution for assessment at your convenience.

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CBSE Sample Papers Class 11 Political Science 2024

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CBSE Sample Question Paper for Class 11 Political Science – in PDF

Political Science is one of the most popular subjects in the humanities stream. Although this subject demands comprehensive study but the practice of the question paper is also very important. We provide CBSE Sample Papers 2024 for class 11 Political Science based on the new marking scheme and blueprint.  These Sample Papers are available for free download in the myCBSEguide app and website in PDF format.

Download Political Science Sample Papers as PDF

Class 11 – Political Science Sample Paper – 01 (2023-24)

Maximum Marks: 80 Time Allowed: : 3 hours

General Instructions:

  • All questions are compulsory.
  • Question numbers 1-12 are multiple choice questions of one mark each.
  • Question numbers 13-18 are of 2 marks each. Answers to these questions should not exceed 50 words each.
  • Question numbers 19-23 are of 4 marks each. Answers to these questions should not exceed 100 words each.
  • Question numbers 24-26 are passage, cartoon and map-based questions. Answer accordingly.
  • Question numbers 27-30 are of 6 marks each. Answers to these questions should not exceed 170 words.
  • There is an internal choice in 6 marks questions.

Class 11 Pol Sc Sample Paper Section A

  • Provisions of the Panchayat system to tribal areas.
  • Central government introduced two constitutional amendments.
  • The 73rd and 74th constitutional amendments were passed.
  • The 73rd and 74th Amendments came into force.
  • Campaigns take place for a period of between the announcement of the final list of candidates and the date of polling? a) One week b) Three weeks c) Two weeks d) One month
  • Which of the following is also known as the Council of States? a) Vidhan Parishad b) Vidhan Sabha c) Lok Sabha d) Rajya Sabha
  • Which one of the following arguments is against the Universal Adult Franchise? a) It ensures political equality b) It makes people politically awakened c) It inculcates anti-nationalism d) It is democratic
  • Which of these is not a function of the Constitution? a) It gives expression to some shared values. b) It marks out different spheres of power for different branches of the government. c) It ensures that good people come to power. d) It gives a guarantee of the rights of the citizen.
  • Assertion (A): Indian secularism allows for principled state intervention in all religions. Reason (R): Religiously sanctioned caste-hierarchies are not acceptable within Indian secularism. a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A. c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.
  • How many years maximum can a Vice President serve the country? a) Three b) Ten c) Six d) Five
  • The feeling or sentiment for having an independent state is called a) Religion b) Nationalism c) Spiritualism d) Capitalism
  • Assertion (A): The Constitution has separately listed Fundamental Rights and made special provisions for their protection. Reason (R): Fundamental Rights are different from other rights available to us. a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A. c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.
  • Free market is a product of a) Socialism b) Patriarchy c) Feminism d) Neo-liberalism
  • Which of the following try to minimize existing inequality and distribute resources justly? a) Equalism b) Socialism c) Gandhism d) Capitalism

Class 11 Pol Sc Sample Paper Section B

  • Write the main features of Constitution of India.
  • Was Mahatma Gandhi in favour or against the implementation of Panchayati Raj System.
  • The Prime Minister is the link between the Council of Ministers and the President.
  • Describe in brief the natural equality.
  • What do you mean by protective discrimination?
  • Prove from the contemporary world situation that the process of redrawing state boundaries is continued even since after the beginning of seventh decade of 20th century.

Class 11 Pol Sc Sample Paper Section C

  • What is meant by Minority Representation?
  • What is the jurisdiction of the high courts?
  • Political Science is not Science. Explain with reasons.

Class 11 Pol Sc Sample Paper Section D

  • The constitution of nation safeguards and guarantees fundamental rights
  • In terms of our other rights, fundamental rights are similar.
  • The leaders understood the value of rights during the time of our struggle for independence
  • Ordinary law safeguards and upholds the ordinary legal rights.
  • As early as 1928, the Motilal Nehru Committee was seeking a ________. a) Bill of Rights b) Bill of Constitution c) All of these d) Bill of Duties
  • The term “________” was used in the Constitution to describe the rights that would receive special protection. a) Ordinary rights b) Fundamental rights c) Bill of rights d) Directive Principles of State Policy
  • The State with the largest number of seats in its Legislative Assembly.
  • The State to which the first Indian Governor General (1948 – 1950) belonged.
  • The State where the Congress Party did not get majority in 1967 Assembly polls, but formed a government with the help of others.
  • Why does the cartoonist describe the new Iraqi Constitution as the castle of cards?  (2)
  • Would this description apply to the Indian Constitution?  (3)

Class 11 Pol Sc Sample Paper Section E

Write the right of equality under the following points:

  • Equality before law.
  • No Discrimination.
  • Equality of Opportunity.

Class 11 Political Science Sample Paper Solution

CBSE syllabus for class 11 Political Science is already updated for the academic session 2023-24. We have also updated the model question papers of 11th Pol Sc accordingly. We advise our students that they must go through the latest sample papers of class XI pol Sc and make sure that they are studying the updated content.

Here is the solution of 11th Pol Sc sample paper. We have uploaded many such sample papers on myCBSEguide app. You can also access them and prepare for your class 11 annual exams 2024.

Class 11 Pol Sc Sample Paper Solution Section A

  • (b) b, c, d, a Explanation: In 1989 , the central government introduced two constitutional amendments. Later in 1992 , the 73rd and 74th constitutional amendments were passed by the Parliament. The 73rd and 74th Amendments came into force in 1993 . In 1996 , a separate act was passed extending the provisions of the Panchayat system to tribal areas.
  • (c) Two weeks Explanation: Two weeks
  • (d) Rajya Sabha Explanation: The ‘Council of States’ which is also known as Rajya Sabha, a nomenclature that was announced by the chair in the House on the 23rd August 1954 has its own distinctive features.
  • (c) It inculcates anti-nationalism Explanation: It inculcates anti-nationalism
  • (c) It ensures that good people come to power. Explanation: It ensures that good people come to power.
  • (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. Explanation: Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
  • (c) Policy of quotas in education and jobs Explanation: In our country, we have adopted a policy of quotas or reserved seats in education and jobs to provide equality of opportunity to deprived groups.
  • (d) Five Explanation: The Vice-President of India is the second-highest constitutional office in the country. He serves for a five-year term but can continue to be in the office, irrespective of the expiry of the term.
  • (b) Nationalism Explanation: Nationalism
  • (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. Explanation: Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. To practice more questions & prepare well for exams, download myCBSEguide App . It provides complete study material for CBSE, NCERT, JEE (main), NEET-UG and NDA exams. Teachers can use Examin8 App to create similar papers with their own name and logo.
  • (d) Neo-liberalism Explanation: Neo-liberalism is a political approach that favours free-market capitalism, deregulation, and reduction in government spending. A free market is a product of neo-liberalism.
  • (b) Socialism Explanation: Socialism refers to a set of political ideas that emerged as a response to the inequalities present in, and reproduced by, the industrial capitalist economy. The main concern of Socialism is how to minimise existing inequality and distribute resources justly.

Class 11 Pol Sc Sample Paper Solution Section B

  • It establishes a sovereign, democratic, republic in India.
  • It establishes a parliamentary form of government (Bi-cameral legislature).
  • It provides fundamental rights and fundamental duties of the citizens.
  • It establishes a secular state.
  • Mahatma Gandhi was a strong contender for implementation of Panchayati Raj System. His idea of independence of the country was that independence must start from the bottom most level of the country, that is, the villages. He was against centralization of power at the centre only and wanted that every village must be self-sustained as far as local issues are concerned.
  • It is the duty of the Prime Minister to convey the decisions of the Council of Ministers to the President. The President can demand information from the Prime Minister regarding the working of the administration. The Council of Ministers can discuss any issue with the President only through the Prime Minister.
  • Natural equality implies that all men are born free and equal and are endowed with equal gifts and talents. It also means that the state should try to reduce inequality rather than perpetuate it. The state should promote those social &nd economic opportunities that offer equal chances. Natural equality is rather an ideal and not immediate reality. This ideal should be attained in society as far as possible.
  • It implies discrimination in favour of weaker section and unprivileged section of society.
  • The reservation is given to scheduled castes and tribes and OBCs.
  • These sections are not provided with the special advantages to a particular section but raise them to a level to compete with other sections of society on equal footing.
  • Thus, protective discrimination removes imbalances from society.
  • Since 1960, even stable nations have been confronted by nationalist demands put forward by regions to include demands for separate statehood.
  • Even today, many nationalist struggle threaten to divide existing states, i.e. Quebecots in Canada, the Basques in northern Spain, the Tamils in Sri Lanka, Kurds in Turkey and Iraq, etc.
  • Some linguistic groups also develop nationalism, i.e. Arab nationalism today may hope to unite Arab countries in a pan Arab Union.

Class 11 Pol Sc Sample Paper Solution Section C

  • In the simple majority system of representation, minorities do not get fair representation in the legislative body of their country. The term ‘minority representation’ means the provision of some special devices (like reservation) through which all the minorities get sufficient representation in the elective bodies of the country. Many methods have been suggested for the representation of minorities. Any of them suitable in the particular conditions of a country can be adopted.
  • The high courts are empowered to issue orders, directions, and writs for the enforcement of fundamental rights and for any other purpose also.
  • The high courts of Mumbai, Chennai, and Kolkata exercises original jurisdiction as they had before the enforcement of the new constitution on the cases involving the hearing of Christians Parsis.
  • The above-mentioned high courts also exercise the original jurisdiction when the amount involved is more than 2,000 and in criminal cases, it extends to cases committed to them by the presidency Magistrates.
  • The jurisdiction of the high courts also extends to the matters of administration, matrimonial, contempt of court and cases transferred from a lower court.
  • Friendly relations with other countries.
  • Contempt of court.
  • Morality and decency.
  • Security of the state.
  • During the law making process, members of the legislature get an opportunity to deliberate on the policy direction of the executive and the ways in which policies are implemented.
  • Apart from deliberating on bills, control may also be exercised during the general discussions in the House. The members of the Parliament can ask the ministers any questions (during Question Hour) regarding the functioning of the administration. The ministers are to give a satisfactory reply to all these questions.
  • The most powerful weapon that enables the Parliament to ensure executive accountability is the no-confidence motion.
  • The members of the Parliament by introducing ‘Adjournment Motion’ can invite the attention of the government to a serious problem or event.

Composition of the Upper House (Legislative Council): Election:  The members of the Legislative Council are not elected directly by the voters. They are elected in the following ways:

  • One-third of the members of the Council are elected by the State Legislative Assembly. These persons are not to be the members of the House.
  • One-third of the members are elected by the local bodies namely Corporations, Municipalities, Zila Parishads, Panchayats, etc.
  • One-twelfth of the members are elected by the university graduates of at least 3 years of standing.

Powers and Functions of the Legislative Council:

  • Legislative Powers: Any non-money Bill which can be introduced in the Legislative Assembly can also be introduced in the Legislative Council. Any Ordinary Bill on the subjects mentioned in the State List and Concurrent List can be introduced in the Legislative Council. After the Bill is passed by the Legislative Council it is sent to the Government for his assent unless it is passed by the Legislative Assembly. The Legislative Council can delay a non-Money bill for 4 months.
  • Financial Powers: In financial matters, the Legislative Council does not enjoy many powers. Money Bills cannot be introduced in this chamber. The Money Bill can only be introduced in the Legislative Assembly and after it is passed by it, it is sent to the Legislative Council and the Council can delay it only for 14 days. It may reject the bill or may not take any action over it for 14 days and in both cases, the bill is considered as passed by both the Houses.
  • Control over the Executive: The Legislative Council does not exercise much control over the executive. Some ministers are of course taken from the Council. Its members can ask questions to the ministers and they are to give satisfactory answers to the questions. The Council can criticise the functioning of the department under the ministers. More than this it does not have any control over the Council of Ministers.
  • Electoral Functions: The Legislative Council elects its Chairman and Deputy Chairman. The Chairman is responsible for running smoothly the business of the House. In his absence, the Deputy Chairman performs his duty. The Legislative Council has no right to take part in the election of the President of India, as the Legislative Assembly.
  • Lack of Unanimity of Fundamentals: The scholars of Political Science do not hold unanimous opinions regarding the theories, subject-matter and conclusions of Political Science.
  • Impossibility of subject-matter: Like Physical Sciences, Political Science has neither laboratory nor object for experiments. Experiments are not possible in Political Science like those of Physical Sciences.
  • Prediction is difficult: The claim of Political Science as a Science is also ruled out on the ground that prediction is difficult in this subject. It cannot predict the coming events. In all other Physical Sciences prediction is possible.
  • Cause-effect relationship not clear: In Political Science relationship between cause and effect cannot be established.

Class 11 Pol Sc Sample Paper Solution Section D

  • (a) Option (b) Explanation: Fundamental Rights are different from other rights available to us.
  • (a) Bill of Rights Explanation: Bill of Rights
  • (b) Amendment in Constitution Explanation: Amendment in Constitution
  • (b) Fundamental rights Explanation: Fundamental rights
  • The cartoonist describes the new Iraqi Constitution as the castle of cards because it is being prepared by pro-US. The people, as well as the Constituent Assembly of lraq is not representing all ethnic groups of the country. Hence, the Constitution is imposed and will be scattered as a castle of cards.
  • Indian Constitution is not imposed on Indians, but it was framed from among different shades of opinion after long discussions and debates.
  • It was adopted by people willfully.
  • It is a living document to be amended from time to time at par aspirations of people.

Class 11 Pol Sc Sample Paper Solution Section E

Nationalism is a desire for having a separate region for free and independent development of one’s culture, race, language, etc. Merits of Nationalism: 

  • Nationalism makes an individual feel that the nation is above all and raises the standard of thinking and behaving of individuals about the nation.
  • It asserts independent living and thinking among the citizens of the country.
  • It creates a sense to make the country free from colonial rule or from those who rule over the nation from outside (foreigners, etc.).
  • It gives an opportunity to each nation for the development of its culture and develops a sense of pride towards the culture and heritage of a nation.
  • It makes a country self-sufficient to meet the basic necessities of a nation during a crisis.
  • It creates healthy rivals at the international level to get a better standard of living, social life, etc.

Demerits of nationalism: 

  • Nationalism has resulted in World War I and II due to the greed of people to expand their own nationalism beyond territories.
  • In nationalism, each fact is exaggerated, i.e. national achievements are given wide publicity to pose a major problem.
  • Nationalism misuses the authority which creates a larger gap between the rich and the poor by making the rich richer and the poor poorer.
  • Nationalism can be used against slave countries by capitalist countries. Hence, colonialism can never come to an end.
  • The one who thinks freedom is to do whatever one likes to do is a wrong opinion. So the authority imposes restrictions which are a number of times undesirable.
  • On the contrary, the basic idea is that liberty and authority go hand-in-hand because authority not only guarantees the freedom but for equal opportunities also.
  • Both authority and liberty must remain within their limits for the existence of both the state and individuals.
  • If one crosses the limits, one is bound to destroy the purpose for which it was being maintained.
  • Excess of liberty may destroy authority and concentration of authority can abolish the existence of liberty.
  • Equality before law: It means there can be no discrimination between one citizen and another on the basis of caste, class, creed, sex or any of them. Article 14 of the Constitution of India guarantees all person equality before the law and equal protection of law within the territory of India. There can be no discrimination against the citizens.
  • For the success of democracy, all the citizens should have an equal right to enjoy universal adult suffrage.
  • Every individual must have the right to be elected as a representative also to contest elections.
  • The citizens must enjoy the right to hold public offices also without any. discrimination except for qualification.
  • Equality of Opportunity: The term “equal opportunities for all” means that every human being should get the opportunity to progress without any discrimination. The citizens of India have been granted six Fundamental Rights. One of them is: “The Right to Equality”. This right has five parts, the third part of this right deals with equality of opportunity. According to this right, every individual gets an equal opportunity to hold the public office or to get the government service. Accordingly, the state will treat everyone equally without the consideration of religion, caste, sex or language.
  • Generous and more extensive use of Article 258 which empowers central government to give power to state governments.
  • Whenever the Union proposes to undertake legislation from the concurrent list, prior consultations should be carried out with state governments collectively.
  • The Planning Com mission and the National Development Council should be reformed so that they consult and involve the states as equal participants in development.
  • Before deploying para-military forces in disturbed areas, the concerned state government should be consulted.
  • Bills reserved for President’s consideration should be disposed of within four months.
  • Article 356 should be used sparingly and only when all alternatives fail.
  • Safeguards should be incorporated in Article 356 so that it is not used frequently.
  • National Development Council (NDC) should be renamed as the National Economic Development Council (NEDC). It should emerge as the highest inter-governmental body for giving directions at the political level.
  • An expert committee should be constituted to review from time to time in consultation with the states, the operational feasibility of the scope for levying taxes and duties under Article 269. (Taxes collected by a union and given to states).
  • An expert committee with representatives from states should be appointed to recommend reforms in taxation.
  • The state Chief Minister should be consulted before the appointment of a Governor.
  • Residuary powers other than taxation should be placed on the concurrent list.
  • Inter-state River Water Disputes Act should be amended to create a tribunal to solve water-sharing problems within one year of the receipt of such a complaint.
  • The Inter-state council should have an independent secretariat.

 The factors can be studied in three divisions:

  • The effects of the Act of 1935: Right from 1858, when the Indian administration was transferred to the British Parliament, the tendency to decentralization was increasing for administrative conveniences. New provinces were formed, and they were given more powers. Gradually, the provinces became administrative units with increasingly more self-governing powers. The Act of 1919 initiated the selfGovernment in the provinces. The Act of 1935 made these provinces fully autonomous. During this time, eleven provinces had fully autonomous and responsible governments.
  • The Problems of the Princely States: India was divided into two parts—The Princely States and British India. The British Indian provinces were united under a single administration at the Centre, but about 600 Princely States were spread over India as separate autonomous entities. When the British left India, their suzerain power over the princely states ended and these states were declared independent. These states had the freedom to merge with India or Pakistan or to remain separate and independent. The national leaders faced the herculean task of uniting the British Indian Provinces with their uniform nature and the princely states with their diversity in administration, size and geographical, political and economic conditions. This was not possible in the unitary centralized form of Government.
  • Compulsions due to Indian Conditions: India is a vast country with people having diversity in religion, language, food, living conditions, dress, customs, and manners, etc. Actually, Indian culture shows unity in diversity. This diversity is the unique characteristic of Indians giving an opportunity to the development of their personality. So it was realised that the federal form of Government would help the growth of this basic Indian characteristic. Secondly, the vastness of the country encouraged the tendency towards federalism because it was not possible to rule the country efficiently from one Centre.
  • Secularism promotes religious freedom and equality. But sometimes argued to be anti-religions, i.e. to undermine some forms of religious identity to be dogmatic, violent, exclusivist and those to faster hatred of other religions.
  • Secularism is sometimes linked to Christianity, unsuited to Indian conditions. India evolved a variant of secularism not just an implant from the west on Indian soil. Hence, secularism has booth western and non-western origins and the idea of peaceful coexistence of different religious communities has been important.
  • Secularism is charged with minorities but it is to treat them with some respect and dignity with which all others are being treated.
  • Secularism is criticised to be coercive and to interfere excessively with religions freedom. Though secularism permits state-supported religions reform it should not be equated false but the mere fact that secular parties utilise vote banks is not troublesome. All parties do so in relation to some social group.
  • Secularism is criticised to be an impossible project to be far from pursuing an impossible objective India secularism mirrors the future of the world.

The scope of Political Theory is as discussed ahead:

  • State and Government are the Main Subjects of Political Theory:  State is the main subject of political science and theory because the machinery of political science revolves around the State. In the sphere of political theory, we study the nature and size of the existing State and the practicability of the fundamental principle of the present government. But the nature of the State and government have changed with time. Now, their present nature is different from the past. Political theorists study the reasons for the origin of State and its process of development.
  • Study of Power:  Political theory also includes the study of power. In other words, “Political theory is the study of power process”. Power has many forms — political, economic and social power, individual and public power, national and international power, etc.
  • Wider Scope of the Subject:  The study of the political theory consists of study in different fields i.e., formal, informal, economy, social, psychological, geographical, ethical, political, religious and cultural. These factors influence the political system. In political theory, we study society, state, and international politics.
  • Study of Political Ideology:  Political theorists also study political ideologies. Various ideologies have been prevalent in the society from Plato to nowadays. For example, Idealism, Individualism, Marxism, Gandhism, Socialism, Utilitarianism, etc.
  • Study of Associations and Institutions:  Another feature of political theory is that it studies the various organizations, associations, and institutions established in the State.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 11 2024

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  • Accountancy
  • Business Studies
  • Computer Science
  • Informatics Practices
  • English Core
  • Hindi Elective
  • Physical Education
  • Other Subjects

To download sample paper for class 11 Physics, Chemistry, Biology, History, Political Science, Economics, Geography, Computer Science, Home Science, Accountancy, Business Studies and Home Science; do check myCBSEguide app or website. myCBSEguide provides sample papers with solution, test papers for chapter-wise practice, NCERT solutions, NCERT Exemplar solutions, quick revision notes for ready reference, CBSE guess papers and CBSE important question papers. Sample Paper all are made available through  the best app for CBSE students  and myCBSEguide website.

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The Writing Center • University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Political Science

What this handout is about.

This handout will help you to recognize and to follow writing standards in political science. The first step toward accomplishing this goal is to develop a basic understanding of political science and the kind of work political scientists do.

Defining politics and political science

Political scientist Harold Laswell said it best: at its most basic level, politics is the struggle of “who gets what, when, how.” This struggle may be as modest as competing interest groups fighting over control of a small municipal budget or as overwhelming as a military stand-off between international superpowers. Political scientists study such struggles, both small and large, in an effort to develop general principles or theories about the way the world of politics works. Think about the title of your course or re-read the course description in your syllabus. You’ll find that your course covers a particular sector of the large world of “politics” and brings with it a set of topics, issues, and approaches to information that may be helpful to consider as you begin a writing assignment. The diverse structure of political science reflects the diverse kinds of problems the discipline attempts to analyze and explain. In fact, political science includes at least eight major sub-fields:

  • American politics examines political behavior and institutions in the United States.
  • Comparative politics analyzes and compares political systems within and across different geographic regions.
  • International relations investigates relations among nation states and the activities of international organizations such as the United Nations, the World Bank, and NATO, as well as international actors such as terrorists, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and multi-national corporations (MNCs).
  • Political theory analyzes fundamental political concepts such as power and democracy and foundational questions, like “How should the individual and the state relate?”
  • Political methodology deals with the ways that political scientists ask and investigate questions.
  • Public policy examines the process by which governments make public decisions.
  • Public administration studies the ways that government policies are implemented.
  • Public law focuses on the role of law and courts in the political process.

What is scientific about political science?

Investigating relationships.

Although political scientists are prone to debate and disagreement, the majority view the discipline as a genuine science. As a result, political scientists generally strive to emulate the objectivity as well as the conceptual and methodological rigor typically associated with the so-called “hard” sciences (e.g., biology, chemistry, and physics). They see themselves as engaged in revealing the relationships underlying political events and conditions. Based on these revelations, they attempt to state general principles about the way the world of politics works. Given these aims, it is important for political scientists’ writing to be conceptually precise, free from bias, and well-substantiated by empirical evidence. Knowing that political scientists value objectivity may help you in making decisions about how to write your paper and what to put in it.

Political theory is an important exception to this empirical approach. You can learn more about writing for political theory classes in the section “Writing in Political Theory” below.

Building theories

Since theory-building serves as the cornerstone of the discipline, it may be useful to see how it works. You may be wrestling with theories or proposing your own as you write your paper. Consider how political scientists have arrived at the theories you are reading and discussing in your course. Most political scientists adhere to a simple model of scientific inquiry when building theories. The key to building precise and persuasive theories is to develop and test hypotheses. Hypotheses are statements that researchers construct for the purpose of testing whether or not a certain relationship exists between two phenomena. To see how political scientists use hypotheses, and to imagine how you might use a hypothesis to develop a thesis for your paper, consider the following example. Suppose that we want to know whether presidential elections are affected by economic conditions. We could formulate this question into the following hypothesis:

“When the national unemployment rate is greater than 7 percent at the time of the election, presidential incumbents are not reelected.”

Collecting data

In the research model designed to test this hypothesis, the dependent variable (the phenomenon that is affected by other variables) would be the reelection of incumbent presidents; the independent variable (the phenomenon that may have some effect on the dependent variable) would be the national unemployment rate. You could test the relationship between the independent and dependent variables by collecting data on unemployment rates and the reelection of incumbent presidents and comparing the two sets of information. If you found that in every instance that the national unemployment rate was greater than 7 percent at the time of a presidential election the incumbent lost, you would have significant support for our hypothesis.

However, research in political science seldom yields immediately conclusive results. In this case, for example, although in most recent presidential elections our hypothesis holds true, President Franklin Roosevelt was reelected in 1936 despite the fact that the national unemployment rate was 17%. To explain this important exception and to make certain that other factors besides high unemployment rates were not primarily responsible for the defeat of incumbent presidents in other election years, you would need to do further research. So you can see how political scientists use the scientific method to build ever more precise and persuasive theories and how you might begin to think about the topics that interest you as you write your paper.

Clear, consistent, objective writing

Since political scientists construct and assess theories in accordance with the principles of the scientific method, writing in the field conveys the rigor, objectivity, and logical consistency that characterize this method. Thus political scientists avoid the use of impressionistic or metaphorical language, or language which appeals primarily to our senses, emotions, or moral beliefs. In other words, rather than persuade you with the elegance of their prose or the moral virtue of their beliefs, political scientists persuade through their command of the facts and their ability to relate those facts to theories that can withstand the test of empirical investigation. In writing of this sort, clarity and concision are at a premium. To achieve such clarity and concision, political scientists precisely define any terms or concepts that are important to the arguments that they make. This precision often requires that they “operationalize” key terms or concepts. “Operationalizing” simply means that important—but possibly vague or abstract—concepts like “justice” are defined in ways that allow them to be measured or tested through scientific investigation.

Fortunately, you will generally not be expected to devise or operationalize key concepts entirely on your own. In most cases, your professor or the authors of assigned readings will already have defined and/or operationalized concepts that are important to your research. And in the event that someone hasn’t already come up with precisely the definition you need, other political scientists will in all likelihood have written enough on the topic that you’re investigating to give you some clear guidance on how to proceed. For this reason, it is always a good idea to explore what research has already been done on your topic before you begin to construct your own argument. See our handout on making an academic argument .

Example of an operationalized term

To give you an example of the kind of rigor and objectivity political scientists aim for in their writing, let’s examine how someone might operationalize a term. Reading through this example should clarify the level of analysis and precision that you will be expected to employ in your writing. Here’s how you might define key concepts in a way that allows us to measure them.

We are all familiar with the term “democracy.” If you were asked to define this term, you might make a statement like the following:

“Democracy is government by the people.”

You would, of course, be correct—democracy is government by the people. But, in order to evaluate whether or not a particular government is fully democratic or is more or less democratic when compared with other governments, we would need to have more precise criteria with which to measure or assess democracy. For example, here are some criteria that political scientists have suggested are indicators of democracy:

  • Freedom to form and join organizations
  • Freedom of expression
  • Right to vote
  • Eligibility for public office
  • Right of political leaders to compete for support
  • Right of political leaders to compete for votes
  • Alternative sources of information
  • Free and fair elections
  • Institutions for making government policies depend on votes and other expressions of preference

If we adopt these nine criteria, we now have a definition that will allow us to measure democracy empirically. Thus, if you want to determine whether Brazil is more democratic than Sweden, you can evaluate each country in terms of the degree to which it fulfills the above criteria.

What counts as good writing in political science?

While rigor, clarity, and concision will be valued in any piece of writing in political science, knowing the kind of writing task you’ve been assigned will help you to write a good paper. Two of the most common kinds of writing assignments in political science are the research paper and the theory paper.

Writing political science research papers

Your instructors use research paper assignments as a means of assessing your ability to understand a complex problem in the field, to develop a perspective on this problem, and to make a persuasive argument in favor of your perspective. In order for you to successfully meet this challenge, your research paper should include the following components:

  • An introduction
  • A problem statement
  • A discussion of methodology
  • A literature review
  • A description and evaluation of your research findings
  • A summary of your findings

Here’s a brief description of each component.

In the introduction of your research paper, you need to give the reader some basic background information on your topic that suggests why the question you are investigating is interesting and important. You will also need to provide the reader with a statement of the research problem you are attempting to address and a basic outline of your paper as a whole. The problem statement presents not only the general research problem you will address but also the hypotheses that you will consider. In the methodology section, you will explain to the reader the research methods you used to investigate your research topic and to test the hypotheses that you have formulated. For example, did you conduct interviews, use statistical analysis, rely upon previous research studies, or some combination of all of these methodological approaches?

Before you can develop each of the above components of your research paper, you will need to conduct a literature review. A literature review involves reading and analyzing what other researchers have written on your topic before going on to do research of your own. There are some very pragmatic reasons for doing this work. First, as insightful as your ideas may be, someone else may have had similar ideas and have already done research to test them. By reading what they have written on your topic, you can ensure that you don’t repeat, but rather learn from, work that has already been done. Second, to demonstrate the soundness of your hypotheses and methodology, you will need to indicate how you have borrowed from and/or improved upon the ideas of others.

By referring to what other researchers have found on your topic, you will have established a frame of reference that enables the reader to understand the full significance of your research results. Thus, once you have conducted your literature review, you will be in a position to present your research findings. In presenting these findings, you will need to refer back to your original hypotheses and explain the manner and degree to which your results fit with what you anticipated you would find. If you see strong support for your argument or perhaps some unexpected results that your original hypotheses cannot account for, this section is the place to convey such important information to your reader. This is also the place to suggest further lines of research that will help refine, clarify inconsistencies with, or provide additional support for your hypotheses. Finally, in the summary section of your paper, reiterate the significance of your research and your research findings and speculate upon the path that future research efforts should take.

Writing in political theory

Political theory differs from other subfields in political science in that it deals primarily with historical and normative, rather than empirical, analysis. In other words, political theorists are less concerned with the scientific measurement of political phenomena than with understanding how important political ideas develop over time. And they are less concerned with evaluating how things are than in debating how they should be. A return to our democracy example will make these distinctions clearer and give you some clues about how to write well in political theory.

Earlier, we talked about how to define democracy empirically so that it can be measured and tested in accordance with scientific principles. Political theorists also define democracy, but they use a different standard of measurement. Their definitions of democracy reflect their interest in political ideals—for example, liberty, equality, and citizenship—rather than scientific measurement. So, when writing about democracy from the perspective of a political theorist, you may be asked to make an argument about the proper way to define citizenship in a democratic society. Should citizens of a democratic society be expected to engage in decision-making and administration of government, or should they be satisfied with casting votes every couple of years?

In order to substantiate your position on such questions, you will need to pay special attention to two interrelated components of your writing: (1) the logical consistency of your ideas and (2) the manner in which you use the arguments of other theorists to support your own. First, you need to make sure that your conclusion and all points leading up to it follow from your original premises or assumptions. If, for example, you argue that democracy is a system of government through which citizens develop their full capacities as human beings, then your notion of citizenship will somehow need to support this broad definition of democracy. A narrow view of citizenship based exclusively or primarily on voting probably will not do. Whatever you argue, however, you will need to be sure to demonstrate in your analysis that you have considered the arguments of other theorists who have written about these issues. In some cases, their arguments will provide support for your own; in others, they will raise criticisms and concerns that you will need to address if you are going to make a convincing case for your point of view.

Drafting your paper

If you have used material from outside sources in your paper, be sure to cite them appropriately in your paper. In political science, writers most often use the APA or Turabian (a version of the Chicago Manual of Style) style guides when formatting references. Check with your instructor if they have not specified a citation style in the assignment. For more information on constructing citations, see the UNC Libraries citation tutorial.

Although all assignments are different, the preceding outlines provide a clear and simple guide that should help you in writing papers in any sub-field of political science. If you find that you need more assistance than this short guide provides, refer to the list of additional resources below or make an appointment to see a tutor at the Writing Center.

Works consulted

We consulted these works while writing this handout. This is not a comprehensive list of resources on the handout’s topic, and we encourage you to do your own research to find additional publications. Please do not use this list as a model for the format of your own reference list, as it may not match the citation style you are using. For guidance on formatting citations, please see the UNC Libraries citation tutorial . We revise these tips periodically and welcome feedback.

Becker, Howard S. 2007. Writing for Social Scientists: How to Start and Finish Your Thesis, Book, or Article , 2nd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Cuba, Lee. 2002. A Short Guide to Writing About Social Science , 4th ed. New York: Longman.

Lasswell, Harold Dwight. 1936. Politics: Who Gets What, When, How . New York: McGraw-Hill.

Scott, Gregory M., and Stephen M. Garrison. 1998. The Political Science Student Writer’s Manual , 2nd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Turabian, Kate. 2018. A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, Dissertations , 9th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

You may reproduce it for non-commercial use if you use the entire handout and attribute the source: The Writing Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

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Introduction to Political Science

(3 reviews)

political science term paper pdf

Mark Carl Rom, Georgetown University

Masaki Hidaka, American University

Rachel Bzostek Walker, Collin College

Copyright Year: 2022

Publisher: OpenStax

Language: English

Formats Available

Conditions of use.

Attribution

Learn more about reviews.

Reviewed by Michelle Payne, Associate Professor, Political Science, Texas Wesleyan University on 2/29/24

Selected key terms are both relevant and clearly defined read more

Comprehensiveness rating: 5 see less

Selected key terms are both relevant and clearly defined

Content Accuracy rating: 5

The book is packed with both cumulative, foundational knowledge and associated current event references, and as far as I have read, both reflect superior accuracy

Relevance/Longevity rating: 5

The book is packed with both cumulative, foundational knowledge and associated current event references, which tie together theory, concept, and relevancy is an easy to understand format.

Clarity rating: 5

Form an Instructor viewpoint, very clearly written- particularly the review questions. The text to video connections are also concisely and clearly stated.

Consistency rating: 5

This is one of the reasons I would like to use the text- the terminology, structure and general outlay of the material are logically connected and lend to a smooth integration and adaptation.

Modularity rating: 5

I set out a tentative outline for moving context around, and had no transitional issues- I also tentatively integrated my material into the mix and it reads well, with no loss of integrity to the material.

Organization/Structure/Flow rating: 5

Very straightforward- easy to adapt if need to.

Interface rating: 5

Didn't see any issues- I will say that the links to government websites were placed discreetly yet noticeably in the text and I see that ease of accessibility as an added bonus for students

Grammatical Errors rating: 5

I haven't found any

Cultural Relevance rating: 5

The diverse pictures, stories, illustrations and video links cover this aspect well.

I am excited to find a text that is so packed with info, yet approachable for students, even in a dual enrollment course.

Reviewed by Larry Carter, Distinguished Senior Lecturere, University of Texas at Arlington on 4/4/23

Covers all areas needed for American intro course. read more

Covers all areas needed for American intro course.

Content is accurate and unbiased.

Should hold up well.

Good clarity.

Layout and content consistent

Easily and readily divisible.

Good flow. Layout good.

Free of interface questions.

No grammatical errors

Not culturally insensitive

Good layout and content.

Reviewed by Katrina Heimark, Lecturer, Century College on 3/7/23

Introduction to Political Science covers all the major topics and has a global focus, using examples from around the world. My only observation on content that was not covered in-depth was regarding regime change and the factors that cause... read more

Comprehensiveness rating: 4 see less

Introduction to Political Science covers all the major topics and has a global focus, using examples from around the world. My only observation on content that was not covered in-depth was regarding regime change and the factors that cause democracies to fail or authoritarian regimes to rise. This is an important part of the comparative political science literature that could have been focused on in more detail.

I have found the content to be accurate, unbiased, and with citation of sources.

Students are so impressed with the real-world examples of this text book, and the fact that it was published in 2022 makes it a great resources for them. The content is relevant today, but should also be relevant for the next 5-10 years. Updates/more relevant examples should be easy to find once this text is a bit older.

This is a great intro text for any student who has no experience or exposure to political science. It is straightforward and complex terms are explained in such a way that it is easy for all audiences to understand.

I have found this text to be consistent in terms of its organization, terminology, and framework.

The online version of this text is fantastic in terms of the layout and accessibility of the different content modules. The modules are broken up in a way that makes sense, is logical, and also can stand alone.

The book has a great mix of video, text, and images and is clearly organized both within chapters, sub-chapters, and as a textbook as a whole.

The interface is easy to use, particularly the online textbook. Allows for highlighting in different colors and also creation of notes.

No grammatical errors.

This book has excellent examples from across different country and cultural contexts. While designed for a US audience, the textbook does a fantastic job of using examples from different regions, cultures, and countries to illustrate the different political examples. One region is not overly represented, nor is one region used exclusively for negative examples. I found this book to be incredibly fair, accurate, and presenting an amazing culturally diverse content across subject areas.

This book has been great for an introductory political science course that I have taught to first year college students. I find it to be at the perfect level for these students--clear, relevant, and also challenges them to see the world through multiple perspectives.

Table of Contents

  • Introduction
  • 1.1  Defining Politics: Who Gets What, When, Where, How, and Why?
  • 1.2  Public Policy, Public Interest, and Power
  • 1.3  Political Science: The Systematic Study of Politics
  • 1.4  Normative Political Science
  • 1.5  Empirical Political Science
  • 1.6  Individuals, Groups, Institutions, and International Relations
  • Review Questions
  • Suggested Readings
  • 2.1  What Goals Should We Seek in Politics?
  • 2.2  Why Do Humans Make the Political Choices That They Do?
  • 2.3  Human Behavior Is Partially Predictable
  • 2.4  The Importance of Context for Political Decisions
  • 3.1  The Classical Origins of Western Political Ideologies
  • 3.2  The Laws of Nature and the Social Contract
  • 3.3  The Development of Varieties of Liberalism
  • 3.4  Nationalism, Communism, Fascism, and Authoritarianism
  • 3.5  Contemporary Democratic Liberalism
  • 3.6  Contemporary Ideologies Further to the Political Left
  • 3.7  Contemporary Ideologies Further to the Political Right
  • 3.8  Political Ideologies That Reject Political Ideology: Scientific Socialism, Burkeanism, and Religious Extremism
  • 4.1  The Freedom of the Individual
  • 4.2  Constitutions and Individual Liberties
  • 4.3  The Right to Privacy, Self-Determination, and the Freedom of Ideas
  • 4.4  Freedom of Movement
  • 4.5  The Rights of the Accused
  • 4.6  The Right to a Healthy Environment
  • 5.1  What Is Political Participation?
  • 5.2  What Limits Voter Participation in the United States?
  • 5.3  How Do Individuals Participate Other Than Voting?
  • 5.4  What Is Public Opinion and Where Does It Come From?
  • 5.5  How Do We Measure Public Opinion?
  • 5.6  Why Is Public Opinion Important?
  • 6.1  Political Socialization: The Ways People Become Political
  • 6.2  Political Culture: How People Express Their Political Identity
  • 6.3  Collective Dilemmas: Making Group Decisions
  • 6.4  Collective Action Problems: The Problem of Incentives
  • 6.5  Resolving Collective Action Problems
  • 7.1  Civil Rights and Constitutionalism
  • 7.2  Political Culture and Majority-Minority Relations
  • 7.3  Civil Rights Abuses
  • 7.4  Civil Rights Movements
  • 7.5  How Do Governments Bring About Civil Rights Change?
  • 8.1  What Is an Interest Group?
  • 8.2  What Are the Pros and Cons of Interest Groups?
  • 8.3  Political Parties
  • 8.4  What Are the Limits of Parties?
  • 8.5  What Are Elections and Who Participates?
  • 8.6  How Do People Participate in Elections?
  • 9.1  What Do Legislatures Do?
  • 9.2  What Is the Difference between Parliamentary and Presidential Systems?
  • 9.3  What Is the Difference between Unicameral and Bicameral Systems?
  • 9.4  The Decline of Legislative Influence
  • 10.1  Democracies: Parliamentary, Presidential, and Semi-Presidential Regimes
  • 10.2  The Executive in Presidential Regimes
  • 10.3  The Executive in Parliamentary Regimes
  • 10.4  Advantages, Disadvantages, and Challenges of Presidential and Parliamentary Regimes
  • 10.5  Semi-Presidential Regimes
  • 10.6  How Do Cabinets Function in Presidential and Parliamentary Regimes?
  • 10.7  What Are the Purpose and Function of Bureaucracies?
  • 11.1  What Is the Judiciary?
  • 11.2  How Does the Judiciary Take Action?
  • 11.3  Types of Legal Systems around the World
  • 11.4  Criminal versus Civil Laws
  • 11.5  Due Process and Judicial Fairness
  • 11.6  Judicial Review versus Executive Sovereignty
  • 12.1  The Media as a Political Institution: Why Does It Matter?
  • 12.2  Types of Media and the Changing Media Landscape
  • 12.3  How Do Media and Elections Interact?
  • 12.4  The Internet and Social Media
  • 12.5  Declining Global Trust in the Media
  • 13.1  Contemporary Government Regimes: Power, Legitimacy, and Authority
  • 13.2  Categorizing Contemporary Regimes
  • 13.3  Recent Trends: Illiberal Representative Regimes
  • 14.1  What Is Power, and How Do We Measure It?
  • 14.2  Understanding the Different Types of Actors in the International System
  • 14.3  Sovereignty and Anarchy
  • 14.4  Using Levels of Analysis to Understand Conflict
  • 14.5  The Realist Worldview
  • 14.6  The Liberal and Social Worldview
  • 14.7  Critical Worldviews
  • 15.1  The Problem of Global Governance
  • 15.2  International Law
  • 15.3  The United Nations and Global Intergovernmental Organizations (IGOs)
  • 15.4  How Do Regional IGOs Contribute to Global Governance?
  • 15.5  Non-state Actors: Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs)
  • 15.6  Non-state Actors beyond NGOs
  • 16.1  The Origins of International Political Economy
  • 16.2  The Advent of the Liberal Economy
  • 16.3  The Bretton Woods Institutions
  • 16.4  The Post–Cold War Period and Modernization Theory
  • 16.5  From the 1990s to the 2020s: Current Issues in IPE
  • 16.6  Considering Poverty, Inequality, and the Environmental Crisis

Ancillary Material

About the book.

Designed to meet the scope and sequence of your course, OpenStax  Introduction to Political Science  provides a strong foundation in global political systems, exploring  how  and  why  political realities unfold. Rich with examples of individual and national social action, this text emphasizes students’ role in the political sphere and equips them to be active and informed participants in civil society. Learn more about what this free, openly-licensed textbook has to offer you and your students.

About the Contributors

Dr. Mark Carl Rom is an associate professor of government and public policy at the McCourt School of Public Policy and the Department of Government. His recent research has focused on assessing student participation, improving grading accuracy, reducing grading bias, and improving data visualizations. Previously, Rom has explored critiques and conversations within the realm of political science through symposia on academic conferences, ideology in the classroom, and ideology within the discipline. He continues to fuel his commitment to educational equity by serving on the AP Higher Education Advisory Committee, the executive board of the Political Science Education section (ASPA), and the editorial board of the Journal of Political Science Education. Prior to joining McCourt, Rom served as a legislative assistant to the Honorable John Paul Hammerschmidt of the US House of Representatives, a research fellow at the Brookings Institution, a senior evaluator at the US General Accounting Office, and a Robert Wood Johnson Scholar in Health Policy Research at the University of California, Berkeley. His dissertation, “The Thrift Tragedy: Are Politicians and Bureaucrats to Blame?,” was the cowinner of the 1993 Harold Lasswell Award from the American Political Science Association for best dissertation in the public policy field. Rom received his BA from the University of Arkansas and his MA and PhD in political science from the University of Wisconsin-Madison in 1992.

Masaki Hidaka has a master of public policy from the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, where she wrote her thesis on media coverage of gaming ventures on Native American tribal lands. She completed her PhD at the Annenberg School for Communication at the University of Pennsylvania, where her dissertation examined the relationship between issue publics and the Internet. She is currently a professorial lecturer at the School of Public Affairs at the American University in Washington, DC, but has taught in numerous institutions, including the National University of Singapore, University College London, and Syracuse University in London. She also worked as a press aide for former San Francisco mayor Willie L. Brown Jr. (and she definitely left her heart in San Francisco).

A native of Fort Worth, Rachel Bzostek Walker is the associate dean of academic affairs at Collin College Technical Campus in Allen, Texas. She earned her PhD in political science from Louisiana State University and has a master’s in Israeli politics from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Her dissertation focused on the preemptive or preventive use of force, and she continues to research in this area as well as exploring the use of active learning in the classroom. She taught full-time for over 15 years at colleges and universities in Missouri, California, and Texas, teaching a wide variety of classes on subjects including international relations, American foreign policy, and Middle Eastern politics, as well as introductory classes in American and Texas government.

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Chapter 1 Nature, Scope and Significance of Political Science Definition and Meaning of Political Science

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Ore Ga WINNER

A V Satish Chandra

The last few decades of the twentieth Century have been co-terminus with the reemergence and growth of political theory. It is a well known fact that prior to this political theory has been overshadowed by the so called scientific methods that sought to understand society and politics by using empirical and statistical methods. It took a while before the failure of behaviouralism and other methods of study inspired by it failed, and political theory was rightfully restored its place in the study of politics. However, this should not be construed as an argument that says that political theory had ceased to exist at this time when empiricism reigned supreme. It is just that not many people took notice of it (1). On of the eminent theorists responsible for the rekindling of interest in political theory has been John Rawls. Here it may be courageously asserted that in the twentieth century, there have been very few philosophers and none with the stature of Rawls. His magnum opus 'A Theory of Justice' has done for more for the revival of interest in political theory than any other work. It is only after the recognition that has been given to Rawlsian writings that we see other writers attempting original theoretical and philosophical tracts one of the names that comes up immediately for consideration here is Charles Taylor. It is in the era of Rawls that we also find the emergence of new forms of thinking emerging within theory, namely multiculturalism. From what has been presented so far it may appear that political theory and its revival have something do only with liberalism. It would not be entirely untrue if we were to argue that the revival of political theory happened within the gamut of a liberal framework of thinking. This has happened mainly because of the fact that in Marxism, which is the alternative to liberal thinking, there has been too much orthodoxy and an unwillingness to consider some of its theoretical foundations in the light of the failure of what it promised, and the lack of the desired results. It must be acknowledged that there have been introspective traditions within Marxism as represented by Lukacs and the critical theory tradition, but these have been caught in a vocabulary that has been the preserve of only those who knew the intricacies of Marxist thinking and theorizing. (2) On the other hand we can see that liberalism has shown a tendency to evolve much more as a result of a greater desire for introspection. This has been the most important reason for the survival of liberalism and its sustaining interest in a wide spread audience. However, let this not be construed as a lionizing of liberalism and the traditions that it has spawned. The fact that there have been so many traditions within liberalism, and that there are fundamental disagreements among them suggest very clearly that liberalism is nowhere near perfection.

The Role of Political Power within Analytical Marxism

Jarryd Louw

Shehryar Khan

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Grade 12 Political Science 2nd Term Test Paper With Answers 2020 | North Western Province

Political Science second Term Test Paper With Answers 2020 in Sinhala Medium

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Maharashtra Board SSC Social Sciences Paper 1 Exam Analysis, Question Paper 2024 PDF with Answer Key

MSBSHSE Class 10 Social Sciences Paper 1 Exam Analysis: Here, find Maharashtra Board SSC Social Sciences Paper 1 question paper 2024 PDF download link along with exam analysis. Also, check MSBSHSE 10th Social Science Paper 1 answer key here.

Tanisha Agarwal

Maharashtra 10th Social Sciences Paper 1 Question Paper 2024: Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education (MSBSHSE), the official education board of Maharashtra is currently conducting its annual board examinations for students of Class 10 known as Maha SSC Board Exams 2024. Today, on March 22, 2024, the board has conducted the Maharashtra Board SSC Social Sciences Paper 1 exam from 11:00 AM to 1:00 PM, spanning three hours. In this article, you can get Maharashtra SSC Social Science Paper 1 exam analysis 2024 where you will get to know about the overall difficulty level of the question paper, section-wise challenges faced by students, types of questions asked, and a lot more. Also, find MSBSHSE Class 10 Social Science 1 Question Paper 2024 PDF with the answer key. 

Maha SSC Class 10 Social Sciences Paper I 2024: Highlights

Maharashtra board ssc class 10 social sciences paper 1 exam analysis 2024: student reactions & experts opinion.

  • The question paper was moderately challenging
  • Equal proportions of History and Political Science were seen in the paper
  • The paper was not too difficult. All the questions were from inside the syllabus
  • The paper was not too lengthy either
  • Experts have also shared similar opinion on the paper mentioning that it was not too difficult
  • A variety of questions were asked in the paper to test students on various grounds

Maha SSC 10th Social Sciences Paper 1 2024 Question Paper and Answer Key

Maharashtra ssc social science paper 1 answer key 2024.

1. A (1) a. Kushana Period

(2) a. Books

(3) d. Karl Marx

B. 1. (ii) is wrong pair, Ramman is the dance form of Uttarakhand

2. (i) is wrong pair, Dashavatara was started by a Brahmin named Gore

3. (i) James Mill was a Scotish historian

More answers to be updated soon

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