case study questions on reproduction class 8

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Science Chapter 9 Reproduction in Animals

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Science Chapter 9 Reproduction in Animals are given below. Here we have provided the best and error-free answers to all the exercise questions that will strengthen your foundation in science. Solving NCERT questions will assist you in grasping the content in the Crop Production and Management chapter in a better way.

In these solutions, we have answered all the intext and exercise questions provided in NCERT class 8 science textbook.  NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Science Chapter 9 Reproduction in Animals provided in this article are strictly based on the CBSE syllabus and curriculum. Students can easily download these solutions in PDF format for free or can read them online.

Reproduction in Animals Class 8 Science NCERT Solutions

Exercise Questions

Question 1: Explain the importance of reproduction in organisms.

Answer: Reproduction is a biological process through which living organisms produce offspring similar to themselves. Living organisms reproduce to maintain their number and for the continuation of their species. Thus, reproduction ensures the continuation of similar kinds of individuals.

Question 2: Describe the process of fertilization in human beings.

Answer: There is sexual reproduction in human beings. Male reproductive organs produce sperms (male gametes) while the female gametes produce ova (female gametes). The sperms are ejected inside female bodies where they fuse with ovum and forms zygote (called internal fertilization). The zygote begins to develop into an embryo which attaches to the female uterus wall. The embryo further multiples into many cells and develops further into a small baby called a foetus.

Question 3: Choose the most appropriate answer:

(a) Internal fertilization occurs

(i) in female body. (ii) outside female body. (iii) in male body. (iv) outside male body.

Answer: (i) Internal fertilization occurs in the female body.

(b) A tadpole develops into an adult frog by the process of

(i) fertilization (ii) metamorphosis (iii) embedding (iv) budding

Answer: (ii) A tadpole develops into an adult frog by the process of metamorphosis.

(c) The number of nuclei present in a zygote is

(i) none (ii) one (iii) two (iv) four

Answer: (ii) The number of nuclei present in a zygote is one.

Question 4: Indicate whether the following statements are True (T) or False (F):

(a) Oviparous animals give birth to young ones. ( )

(b) Each sperm is a single cell. ( )

(c) External fertilisation takes place in frog. ( )

(d) A new human individual develops from a cell called gamete. ( )

(e) Egg laid after fertilisation is made up of a single cell. ( )

(f) Amoeba reproduces by budding. ( )

(g) Fertilisation is necessary even in asexual reproduction. ( )

(h) Binary fission is a method of asexual reproduction. ( )

(i) A zygote is formed as a result of fertilisation. ( )

(j) An embryo is made up of a single cell. ( )

Answer: (a) False (b) True (c) True (d) False (e) True (f) False (g) False (h) True (i) True (j) False

Question 5: Give two difference between a zygote and a foetus.

Question 6: Define asexual reproduction. Describe two methods of asexual reproduction in animals.

Answer: Asexual reproduction is a mode of reproduction in which only one parent is involved to reproduce offspring. In asexual reproduction, the offsprings produced are exact copies of their parents. It is generally observed in very small sized organisms. Binary fission, Budding, Fragmentation etc. are the examples of asexual reproduction.

• Budding: Budding: In budding, the organism develops a bulge called bud which further develops into an adult organism and separates itself from the parent body to lead an independent life. This type of reproduction is shown in Hydra. The following figure shows budding in Hydra.

Binary Fission: It is a type of asexual reproduction in which a single cell divides into two halves. Each of the part gets one nucleus and develops into separate individual Organisms that reproduce through binary fission are bacteria and Amoeba. The figure given below shows how binary fission occurs in Amoeba.

Question 7: In which female reproductive organ does the embryo get embedded?

Answer: The embryo gets embedded in the wall of the uterus. The embryo while it is still attached to the uterus gradually develops various body parts such as hands, legs, head, eyes, etc. The embryo is then called a foetus.

Question 8: What is metamorphosis? Give examples.

Answer: The transformation of the larva into an adult through drastic changes is called metamorphosis. Metamorphosis is a biological process which involves sudden and abrupt changes in the body structure of the animal by cell growth and differentiation. It is generally observed in amphibians and insects.

Examples: frogs and butterflies.

Question 9: Differentiate between internal fertilization and external fertilization.

Question 10: Complete the crossword puzzle using the hints given below:

Across 1. The process of the fusion of the gametes. 6. The type of fertilization in hen. 7. The term used for bulges observed on the sides of the body of Hydra. 8. Eggs are produced here.

Down 2. Sperms are produced in these male reproductive organs. 3. Another term for the fertilized egg. 4. These animals lay eggs. 5. A type of fission in amoeba.

Across 1. Fertilization 6. Internal 7. Buds 8. Ovary

Down 2. Testis 3. Zygote 4. Oviparous 5. Binary

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Science Chapter 9 – A Brief Discussion

CBSE Class 8 Science NCERT Solutions Chapter 9 helps students to clear their doubts and to score good marks in the board exam. All the questions are solved by experts with a detailed explanation that will help students complete their assignments & homework. Having a good grasp over CBSE NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Science will further help the students in their preparation for board exams and other competitive exams such as NTSE, Olympiad, etc.

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Reproduction in Animals

Class 8 - ncert science solutions.

Explain the importance of reproduction in organisms.

Reproduction is essential for the continuation of a species. It ensures the continuation of similar kinds of individuals, generation after generation and prevents them from becoming extinct.

Describe the process of fertilisation in human beings.

When sperms come in contact with an egg, one of the sperms may fuse with the egg. Such fusion of the egg and the sperm is called fertilisation. During fertilisation, the nuclei of the sperm and the egg fuse to form a single nucleus. This results in the formation of a fertilised egg or zygote.

Question 3(a)

Internal fertilisation occurs

• in female body.
• outside female body.
• in male body.
• outside male body.

in female body

Reason — Fertilisation takes place inside the oviduct in the female body. Hence, it is called internal fertilisation.

Question 3(b)

A tadpole develops into an adult frog by the process of

• fertilisation

metamorphosis

Reason — The transformation of the larva into adult through drastic changes is called metamorphosis. The tadpoles look like fish and are capable of swimming and transform into adults capable of jumping and swimming.

Question 3(c)

The number of nuclei present in a zygote is

Reason — During fertilisation, the nuclei of the sperm and the egg fuse to form a single nucleus. This results in the formation of a fertilised egg or zygote.

Indicate whether the following statements are True or False.

(a) Oviparous animals give birth to young ones.

(b) Each sperm is a single cell.

(c) External fertilisation takes place in frog.

(d) A new human individual develops from a cell called gamete.

(e) Egg laid after fertilisation is made up of a single cell.

(f) Amoeba reproduces by budding.

(g) Fertilisation is necessary even in asexual reproduction.

(h) Binary fission is a method of asexual reproduction.

(i) A zygote is formed as a result of fertilisation.

(j) An embryo is made up of a single cell.

(a) False Corrected statement — Viviparous animals give birth to young ones.

(d) False Corrected statement — A new human individual develops from a cell called zygote.

(f) False Corrected statement — Amoeba reproduces by binary fission.

(g) False Corrected statement — Fertilisation is not necessary in asexual reproduction.

(j) False Corrected statement — A zygote is made up of a single cell.

Give two differences between a zygote and a foetus.

Define asexual reproduction. Describe two methods of asexual reproduction in animals.

Asexual reproduction is the type of reproduction in which only a single parent is involved. It takes place by different methods like budding, binary fission etc.

Two methods of asexual reproduction in animals are:

• Budding — In budding, new individuals develop from buds. A bulge or outgrowth appears on the parent's body that goes on to develop into a full organism. It then detaches from the parent and continues to develop into a new individual. Budding is seen in hydra and yeast.
• Binary Fission — In binary fission, a single-celled organism divides to form two new individuals. The process begins with the division of its nucleus into two nuclei. This is followed by division of its body into two, each part receiving a nucleus. Finally, two cells are produced from one parent cell. It is seen in Amoeba.

In which female reproductive organ does the embryo get embedded?

The embryo gets embedded in the wall of the uterus of females for further development.

What is metamorphosis? Give examples.

The transformation of the larva into an adult through drastic changes is called metamorphosis. For example, it is seen in frog and butterfly. In frogs, there are three distinct stages, that is, egg, tadpole (larva) and adult. In butterfly the four distinct stages are egg, caterpillar, pupa and adult.

Differentiate between internal fertilisation and external fertilisation.

Question 10

Complete the crossword puzzle using the hints given below.

1. The process of the fusion of the gametes. 6. The type of fertilisation in hen. 7. The term used for bulges observed on the sides of the body of hydra. 8. Eggs are produced here.

2. Sperms are produced in these male reproductive organs. 3. Another term for in vitro fertilisation. 4. These animals lay eggs. 5. A type of fission in amoeba.

The solution of word puzzle is given below:

1. Fertilisation. 6. Internal. 7. Buds. 8. Ovary.

2. Testes. 3. IVF. 4. Oviparous. 5. Binary.

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Reproduction in Animals

Ncert solutions for chapter 9 reproduction in animals class 8 science.

NCERT Solutions for Chapter 4 The Age of Industrialisation Class 10 History

Related chapters.

• Crop Production and Management
• Microorganisms : Friend and Foe
• Synthetic Fibres and Plastics
• Materials: Metals and Non-Metals
• Coal and Petroleum

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• NCERT Revision Notes Chapter 9 Reproduction in Animals Class 8 Science

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Cbse, ncert and icse solution online, class 8 science case study question, case study question class 8 science (cbse / ncert board).

Class 8 Science Case Study Question and Answer: CBSE / NCERT Board Class 8 Science Case Study Question prepared by expert Science Teacher. Students can learn Case Based Question / Paragraph Type Question for NCERT Class 8 Science.

There are total 18 chapter Crop Production and Management, Microorganisms: Friend and Foe

, Synthetic Fibres and Plastics, Materials: Metals and Non-Metals, Coal and Petroleum, Combustion and Flame, Conservation of Plants and Animals, Cell – Structure and Functions, Reproduction in Animals, Reaching the Age of Adolescence, Force and Pressure, Friction, Sound, Chemical Effects of Electric Current, Some Natural Phenomena, Light, Stars and the Solar System, Pollution of Air and Water

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CBSE Class 8 Science Case Study Question

• Chapter 1 Crop Production and Management Case Study Question
• Chapter 2 Microorganisms: Friend and Foe Case Study Question
• Chapter 3 Synthetic Fibres and Plastics Case Study Question
• Chapter 4 Materials: Metals and Non-Metals Case Study Question
• Chapter 5 Coal and Petroleum Case Study Question
• Chapter 6 Combustion and Flame Case Study Question
• Chapter 7 Conservation of Plants and Animals Case Study Question
• Chapter 8 Cell – Structure and Functions Case Study Question
• Chapter 9 Reproduction in Animals Case Study Question
• Chapter 10 Reaching the Age of Adolescence Case Study Question
• Chapter 11 Force and Pressure Case Study Question
• Chapter 12 Friction Case Study Question
• Chapter 13 Sound Case Study Question
• Chapter 14 Chemical Effects of Electric Current Case Study Question
• Chapter 15 Some Natural Phenomena Case Study Question
• Chapter 16 Light Case Study Question
• Chapter 17 Stars and the Solar System Case Study Question
• Chapter 18 Pollution of Air and Water Case Study Question

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Case Study Questions Class 8 Science Crop Production and Management

Case study questions class 8 science chapter 1 crop production and management.

CBSE Class 8 Case Study Questions Science Crop Production and Management. Important Case Study Questions for Class 8 Board Exam Students. Here we have arranged some Important Case Base Questions for students who are searching for Paragraph Based Questions Crop Production and Management.

At Case Study Questions there will given a Paragraph. In where some Important Questions will made on that respective Case Based Study. There will various types of marks will given 1 marks, 2 marks, 3 marks, 4 marks.

CBSE Case Study Questions Class 8 Science Crop Production and Management

Case study 1.

When plants of the same kind arecultivated at one place on a large scale,it is called a crop. For example, crop ofwheat means that all the plants grownin a field are that of wheat.You already know that crops are ofdifferent types like cereals, vegetablesand fruits. These can be classified on thebasis of the season in which they grow.India is a vast country. The climaticconditions like temperature, humidityand rainfall vary from one region toanother. Accordingly, there is a richvariety of crops grown in different partsof the country. Despite this diversity,two broad cropping patterns can beidentified. These are:(i) Kharif Crops: The crops which aresown in the rainy season are calledkharif crops. The rainy season in Indiais generally from June to September.Paddy, maize, soyabean, groundnut andcotton are kharif crops.(ii) Rabi Crops: The crops grown in thewinter season (October to March) arecalled rabi crops. Examples of rabicrops are wheat, gram, pea, mustardand linseed.Besides these, pulses and vegetables are grown during summer at manyplaces.

Que. 1) Soyabean which is generally sown from June to September isan example of …………………………………………………………………………………….. crops.

Que. 2) Which of the following mentioned crop is included in the category of Rabi Crop?

(c) Groundnut

(d) Mustard

Que. 3) Which among the following factors or conditions does NOT affect the crop production?

(a) Temperature

(b) Humidity

(c) Literacy

(d) Rainfall

Que. 4) What do you understand by the term “Crop”?

Que. 5) What are Rabi Crops? Enlist some of the examples of Rabi Crops.

Que. 1) (a) Kharif

Que. 2) (d) Mustard

Que. 3) (c) Literacy

Que. 4) Answer: When plants of same kind are cultivated at one place on a large scale in order to provide food for a large population, it is called a crop.

Que. 5) Answer: Rabi crops are grown in winter season mainly from October to March. Examples of Rabi crop include wheat, gram, pea, linseed and mustard.

Case study 2

The preparation of soil is the first step before growing a crop. One of the mostimportant tasks in agriculture is to turn the soil and loosen it. This allows theroots to penetrate deep into the soil. The loose soil allows the roots to breatheeasily even when they go deep into the soil. Why does the loosening of soil allowthe roots to breathe easily? The loosened soil helps in the growthof earthworms and microbes present in the soil. These organisms are friends ofthe farmer since they further turn and loosen the soil and add humus to it.But why the soil needs to be turned and loosened? You have learnt in the previousclasses that soil contains minerals, water, air and some living organisms.In addition, dead plants and animals get decomposed by soil organisms. Inthis way, various nutrients in the dead organisms are released back into thesoil. These nutrients are again absorbed by plants. Since only a few centimetres of thetop layer of soil supports plant growth, turning and loosening of soil brings thenutrient-rich soil to the top so that plants can use these nutrients. Thus, turning and loosening of soil is very important for cultivation of crops. The process of loosening and turning of the soil is called tilling or ploughing. This is done by using a plough. Ploughsare made of wood or iron. If the soil is very dry, it may need watering beforeploughing. The ploughed field may have big clumps of soil called crumbs. It isnecessary to break these crumbs. Levelling the field is beneficial for sowing as well as for irrigation. Levelling of soil is done with the help of a leveller.Sometimes, manure is added to the soil before tilling. This helps in propermixing of manure with soil. The soil is moistened before sowing.

Que. 1) Which of the following organism is widely known as the friends of farmers?

(b) Earthworm

(d) Cockroach

Que. 2) The process of loosening and turning of soil is commonly termed as ………………………………………………………………………………………….. .

(a) Watering

(b) winnowing

(c) Ploughing

(d) Harvesting

Que. 3) Why is manure sometimes added to the soil before the process of tilling?

(a) For proper mixing of manure in soil

(b) To reduce the workload

(c) To disinfect soil

(d) For levelling properly

Que. 4) Explain in detail the importance of turning the soil and loosening it.

Que. 5) How is levelling of the soil done? What is the benefit of levelling?

Que. 1) (b) Earthworm

Que. 2) (c) Ploughing

Que. 3) (a) For proper mixing of manure in soil

Que. 4) Answer: Turning of soil allows roots to penetrate deep into the soil. This loosening allows roots to breathe easily. Turning and loosening also helps in the growth of earthworms and microbes present in soil.

Que. 5) Answer: Levelling of soil is done with the help of a leveller. Levelling in the field is beneficial for sowing as well as for irrigation.

Case study 3

Before sowing the seeds, it is necessary tobreak soil clumps to get better yield. Thisis done with the help of various tools.The main tools used for this purpose arethe plough, hoe and cultivator.Plough: This is being used sinceancient times for tilling the soil, addingfertilisers to the crop, removing the weedsand turning the soil. This is made ofwood and is drawn by a pair of bulls orother animals (horses and camels). Itcontains a strong triangular iron stripcalled ploughshare. The main part of theplough is a long log of wood which iscalled a plough shaft. There is a handleat one end of the shaft. The other end isattached to a beam which is placed onthe bulls’ necks. One pair of bulls and aman can easily operate the plough.The indigenous wooden plough isincreasingly being replaced by ironploughs nowadays.Hoe: It is a simple tool which is usedfor removing weeds and for looseningthe soil. It has a long rod of wood oriron. A strong, broad and bent plate ofiron is fixed to one of its ends and works like a blade. It is pulled byanimals Cultivator: Nowadays ploughing isdone by tractor-driven cultivator. Theuse of cultivator saves labour and time.

Sowing is an important part of cropproduction. Before sowing, good quality,clean and healthy seeds of a goodvariety—are selected. Farmers prefer touse seeds which give high yield.

Are there seeds which float onwater? Would those be lighter orheavier than those which sink? Whywould they be lighter? Damaged seedsbecome hollow and are thus lighter.Therefore, they float on water.This is a good method forseparating good, healthy seeds fromthe damaged ones.Before sowing, one of the importanttasks is to know about the tools usedfor sowing seeds. Traditional tool: The tool usedtraditionally for sowing seeds isshaped like a funnel. Theseeds are filled into the funnel,passed down through two or threepipes having sharp ends. Theseends pierce into the soil and placeseeds there.Seed drill: Nowadays the seed drillis used for sowing with the helpof tractors. This sows the seedsuniformly at equal distance and depth.It ensures that seeds get covered by thesoil after sowing. This protects seedsfrom being eaten by birds. Sowing byusing a seed drill saves time and labour.Appropriate distance between theseeds is necessary to avoid overcrowdingof plants. This allows plants to getsufficient sunlight, nutrients and waterfrom the soil. At times a few plantsmay have to be removed to preventovercrowding.

Que. 1) Which one of the following equipment is NOT used for the purpose of tilling of soil?

(c) Cultivator

Que. 2) ………………………………………………………………………………… is used to sow seeds uniformly at equal distance and depth?

(b) Spade fork

(c) Seed drill

Que. 3) What is the most important thing to be done before sowing of the seeds?

(a) Tilling

(b) seeding

(c) Harvesting

(d) Threshing

Que. 4) What needs to be taken care of before the process of sowing?

Que. 5) Explain a method to determine the damaged seeds before sowing.

Que. 1) (d) Hammer

Que. 2) (c) Seed drill

Que. 3) (a) Tilling

Que. 4) Answer: Thing to be taken care of before sowing are to select good quality, clean and healthy seeds of good variety. It is also important to select the seeds which give high yield.

Que. 5) Answer: To determine damaged seeds, they are put in a vessel containing water. Some seeds will float and some seeds will sink. The seeds floating are lighter because they are hallow from inside. Thus, damaged seeds can be separated from good quality seeds.

Case study 4

The substances which are added to thesoil in the form of nutrients for thehealthy growth of plants are calledmanure and fertilisers.Soil supplies mineral nutrients to thecrop plants. These nutrients areessential for the growth of plants. Incertain areas, farmers grow crop aftercrop in the same field. The field is neverleft uncultivated or fallow. Imagine whathappens to the nutrients?Continuous cultivation of cropsmakes the soil poor in nutrients.Therefore, farmers have to add manureto the fields to replenish the soil withnutrients. This process is calledmanuring. Improper or insufficientmanuring results in weak plants.Manure is an organic substanceobtained from the decomposition ofplant or animal wastes. Farmers dumpplant and animal waste in pits at openplaces and allow it to decompose. Thedecomposition is caused by somemicroorganisms. The decomposedmatter is used as organic manure.Fertilisers are chemicals which arerich in a particular nutrient. How arethey different from manure? Fertilisersare produced in factories. Someexamples of fertilisers are— urea,ammoniumsulphate,superphosphate, potash, NPK (Nitrogen,Phosphorus, Potassium).The use of fertilisers has helpedfarmers to get better yield of cropssuch as wheat, paddy and maize. Butexcessive use of fertilisers has madethe soil less fertile. Fertilisers have alsobecome a source of water pollution.Therefore, in order to maintain thefertility of the soil, we have tosubstitute fertilisers with organicmanure or leave the field uncultivated(fallow) in between two crops.The use of manure improves soiltexture as well as its water retainingcapacity. It replenishes the soil withnutrients.Another method of replenishingthe soil with nutrients is through croprotation. This can be done by growingdifferent crops alternately. Earlier,farmers in northern India used togrow legumes as fodder in one seasonand wheat in the next season. Thishelped in the replenishment of the soilwith nitrogen. Farmers are beingencouraged to adopt this practice.

In the previous classes, you havelearnt about Rhizobium bacteria.These are present in the nodules ofroots of leguminous plants. They fixatmospheric nitrogen.Advantages of Manure: The organicmanure is considered better thanfertilisers. This is because:

• it enhances the water holding capacity of the soil.
• it makes the soil porous due to which exchange of gases becomes easy.
• it increases the number of friendly microbes.
• it improves the texture of the soil.

Que. 1) Organic substance obtained from the decomposition of plant and animal waste that helps in the healthy growth of plants are called:

(a) Fertilisers

(b) Chemicals

(d) Cow dung

Que. 2) Excessive use of fertilisers is generally observed to …………………………………………………..…………………………………… ?

(a) Decrease the fertility of soil

(b) Increase the soil content

(c) Rise the amount of microbes

(d) Rise the amount of water in soil

Que. 3) Which of the following nitrogen fixing bacteria is present in the root nodules of leguminous plants?

(a) E. coli

(b) Rhizobium bacteria

(c) Archaebacteria

(d) Eubacteria

Que. 4) Write down some of the examples of commonly used fertilisers.

Que. 5) What do you understand by the term “crop rotation”? Give its importance.

Que. 1) (c) Manure

Que. 2) (a) Decrease the Fertility of soil

Que. 3) (b) Rhizobium bacteria

Que. 4) Answer: Some of the examples of fertilisers include: super phosphate, potash, NPK (Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium), urea, ammonium sulphate.

Que. 5) Answer: Crop rotation is the process of growing different crops alternately. It is important because it replenishes the soil with nutrients.

Case study 5

All living beings need water to live.Water is important for proper growthand development. Water is absorbed bythe plant roots. Along with water,minerals and fertilisers are alsoabsorbed. Plants contain nearly 90%water. Water is essential becausegermination of seeds does not take placeunder dry conditions. Nutrientsdissolved in water are transported toeach part of the plant. Water alsoprotects the crop from both frost andhot air currents. To maintain themoisture of the soil for healthy cropgrowth, fields have to be wateredregularly.The supply of water to crops atregular intervals is called irrigation. Thetime and frequency of irrigation variesfrom crop to crop, soil to soil and seasonto season. In summer, the frequency ofwatering is higher. Why is it so? Couldit be due to the increased rate ofevaporation of water from the soil andthe leaves?Sources of irrigation: The sources ofwater for irrigation are— wells,tube wells, ponds, lakes, rivers, damsand canals.Traditional Methods ofIrrigationThe water available in wells,lakes and canals is lifted upby different methods indifferent regions, for taking itto the fields.Cattle or human labour isused in these methods. Sothese methods are cheaper,but less efficient. The varioustraditional ways are:(i) moat (pulley-system)(ii) chain pump(iii) dhekli, and(iv) rahat (Lever system).Pumps are commonlyused for lifting water. Diesel,biogas, electricity andsolar energy is used to runthese pumps.Modern Methods ofIrrigationModern methods of irrigationhelp us to use watereconomically.

The mainmethods used are as follows:(i) Sprinkler System: Thissystem is more useful on theuneven land where sufficientwater is not available. Theperpendicular pipes, havingrotating nozzles on top, arejoined to the main pipelineat regular intervals. Whenwater is allowed to flowthrough the main pipe under pressurewith the help of a pump, it escapes fromthe rotating nozzles. It gets sprinkledon the crop as if it is raining.Sprinkler is very useful for lawns, coffeeplantation and several other crops(ii) Drip system: In this system, thewater falls drop by drop directly nearthe roots. So, it is called drip system. Itis the best technique for watering fruitplants, gardens and trees.Water is not wasted at all. It is a boon inregions where availability of water is poor.

Que. 1) Which of the following is NOT an example of source of irrigation?

Que. 2) Which one of the following examples is a traditional method of irrigation?

(a) Sprinkler

(b) Drip system

Que. 3) …………………………………………………………………………………. is used in uneven land where sufficient water is not available and has a rotating nozzle?

(a) Sprinkler system

(b) Pulley system

(c) Drip system

(d) Chain pump system

Que. 4) Why is irrigation important in crop cultivation?

Que. 5) Explain in detail about the drip irrigation system.

Que. 1) (b) Forest

Que. 2) (d) Dhekli

Que. 3) (a) Sprinkler system

Que. 4) Answer: Irrigation is the process of supplying water to crops at regular intervals. Irrigation is important for the proper growth and development of the plants. Along with water irrigation also helps absorb minerals and fertilisers and also helps in the germination of seeds.

Que. 5) Answer: In the drip irrigation system, water falls drop by drop directly near the roots. It is considered to be a best technique for watering fruit plants, gardens and trees. It reduces wastage of water and ideal for places with poor availability of water.

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Reproduction in Animals - Class 8 Notes & Olympiad Questions

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Reproduction in Animals - Class 8 Science

Reproduction in animals, asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction, sexual reproduction in humans, viviparous, oviparous and ovoviviparous animals, young ones to adults.

• Solved Questions on Reproduction in Animals

a) Reproduction in animals is the biological process through which new offspring are produced to ensure the continuation of the species. b) There are two main modes of reproduction in animals: asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction.

Asexual reproduction is a mode of reproduction in which only one parent is involved in producing offspring. In this process, offspring are generated without the need for the fusion of specialised reproductive cells (gametes) from two parents. As a result, the offspring produced are genetically identical to the parent and to each other, creating clones. Asexual reproduction is common in many unicellular organisms and some higher plants and animals.

Methods of Asexual Reproduction

Some methods of asexual reproduction in animals include budding in hydra, binary fission in amoeba, and fragmentation and regeneration in planaria and starfish.

Budding is a form of asexual reproduction commonly observed in organisms like hydra, coral, and sponges. The process of budding involves the following steps:

a) A bud appears on the parent's body: A small outgrowth, or bud, forms on the body of the parent organism. This bud contains a portion of the parent's body cells. b)   The bud grows into a full organism: The bud continues to grow and develop, eventually becoming a complete and independent organism. During this process, the bud receives nourishment and energy from the parent organism. c)   Separation from the parent: Once the bud reaches a sufficient size and matures into a fully functional organism, it separates from the parent's body. This separation can occur in different ways, depending on the organism. In some cases, the bud breaks off entirely, becoming a new, individual organism. In other cases, like in certain corals and sponges, the bud remains attached to the parent's body, forming colonies of interconnected individuals.

Budding allows these organisms to reproduce rapidly and efficiently. It results in the production of genetically identical offspring, as the new organism originates from a portion of the parent's body. This form of reproduction is advantageous in stable and favourable environments where conditions support the growth and survival of the offspring.

2. Binary Fission

a) Binary fission is a method of asexual reproduction commonly observed in single-celled organisms like bacteria and protozoa. In this process, a single parent cell divides into two daughter cells, each identical to the parent. It is a simple and efficient way for these organisms to reproduce and increase their population rapidly. b) Amoeba, a common microscopic organism, reproduces through binary fission.

During binary fission in amoeba:

• The nucleus of the parent amoeba divides into two nuclei.
• The other cell organelles in the cytoplasm also undergo division.
• Finally, the cytoplasm splits, resulting in the formation of two separate amoeba cells.
• Each newly formed amoeba is genetically identical to the parent cell, and they continue to grow and function as independent organisms.

Binary fission allows amoebas to rapidly reproduce and populate their surroundings, ensuring their survival and spread in various environments.

3. Fragmentation

a) Fragmentation is a mode of asexual reproduction where the parent organism breaks itself into multiple fragments or pieces. b) Each fragment has the potential to develop into a new, complete organism. c) This process is common in organisms like planaria, which are flatworms found in freshwater. d) When a planaria divides itself into fragments, each fragment can regenerate the missing body parts and form a new planaria individual.

4. Regeneration

a) Regeneration is the ability of an organism to regrow or replace lost or damaged body parts. b) In some organisms, like lizards, certain body parts can be lost due to predation or accidents. c) Unlike fragmentation, where the entire organism breaks into fragments, in regeneration, only specific body parts or tissues are lost or damaged. d) The organism then regrows these lost body parts over time. For example, lizards can regrow their tails if they lose them in a predator attack.

Sexual reproduction is a mode of reproduction in which two parents, typically one male and one female, are involved in producing offspring. This process involves the fusion of specialized reproductive cells called gametes from each parent, resulting in the formation of genetically diverse offspring. Sexual reproduction is the most common mode of reproduction in higher animals, including humans, and many plants.

I. Male Reproductive System

a) The male reproductive system is responsible for producing and delivering sperm, the male gametes required for sexual reproduction. The main male reproductive organs are the testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, and urethra. b) Sperm from the testes move through the sperm ducts and mix with the secretions from the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands to form semen. The semen is then ejaculated through the penis during sexual intercourse. c) Each sperm cell is unicellular and consists of a head, a middle piece, and a tail. The head contains the genetic material (DNA), the middle piece is rich in mitochondria for energy production, and the tail allows the sperm to swim towards the egg for fertilisation.

Male Reproductive Organs

Testes: The testes are located in the scrotum and produce sperm and male sex hormones, such as testosterone.

Epididymis: The epididymis is a coiled tube attached to each testis where sperm mature and are stored.

Vas Deferens: The vas deferens is a muscular tube that carries mature sperm from the epididymis to the urethra.

Seminal Vesicles: The seminal vesicles secrete a fluid rich in nutrients that mix with sperm to form seminal fluid.

Prostate Gland: The prostate gland produces a milky fluid that helps neutralize acidity in the urethra and female reproductive tract.

Bulbourethral Glands: These glands secrete a lubricating fluid that aids in the passage of semen during ejaculation.

Urethra: The urethra is a tube that carries semen from the reproductive system and urine from the bladder out through the penis.

II. Female Reproductive System

The female reproductive system is a complex and intricate system responsible for the production of female gametes (ova or eggs), the nurturing and development of the embryo during pregnancy, and the production of female sex hormones. It consists of several organs and structures working together to facilitate reproduction. The ovum, or egg cell, is the female gamete. It is a single cell containing a nucleus and cytoplasm. Once released from the ovary during ovulation, the ovum can be fertilized by sperm if sexual intercourse occurs around the same time.

Female Reproductive Organs

The female reproductive system consists of the following organs and structures:

Ovaries: A pair of ovaries are located in the lower abdomen on either side of the uterus. They are the primary female reproductive organs and are responsible for producing female gametes called ova (eggs). Ovaries also secrete the female sex hormones estrogen and progesterone, which play crucial roles in the menstrual cycle and pregnancy.

Fallopian Tubes (Oviducts): There are two fallopian tubes, one on each side, that extend from near the ovaries to the upper part of the uterus. These tubes serve as a pathway for the ova to travel from the ovaries to the uterus. fertilisation of the egg by sperm usually occurs in the fallopian tubes.

Uterus: The uterus, commonly known as the womb, is a hollow, muscular organ located in the pelvic cavity. It provides the environment for the developing embryo or fetus during pregnancy. If fertilisation occurs, the fertilised egg (zygote) implants itself into the lining of the uterus and begins to grow into a baby. If pregnancy does not occur, the uterine lining is shed.

III. Fertilisation and Development of the Embryo

Fertilisation is the process of fusing the male and female gametes (sperm and egg) to form a zygote, which is the first cell of the new organism. Here's a summary of the subsequent events:

Fusion of Nuclei: During fertilisation, the nuclei of the sperm and egg come together, combining their genetic material to form a single nucleus in the zygote.

Cell Division: After fertilisation, the zygote undergoes multiple rounds of cell division through a process called mitosis. These divisions produce a cluster of cells, which eventually forms an embryo.

Embryo Development: As cell division continues, the embryo starts taking shape, and its cells differentiate into different types to form the basis of various tissues and organs.

Implantation: The developing embryo, now called a blastocyst, travels down the fallopian tube and reaches the uterus. It attaches itself to the uterine wall and starts embedding itself in the uterine lining through a process called implantation.

Growth and Development: Once implanted, the embryo continues to grow and develop inside the uterus. It receives nourishment and oxygen from the mother's bloodstream through the placenta, a structure that develops from the tissues of both the embryo and the mother.

Foetus Formation: At a certain stage of development, typically around the eighth week after fertilisation, the embryo is recognizable as a human, and it is then termed a foetus. During this foetal stage, all major organs and body systems form, and the foetus goes through various growth phases.

Birth: After a gestation period of around nine months, the fetus is fully developed and ready for birth. The process of childbirth, also known as delivery, occurs when the fetus passes through the birth canal (vagina) and is born into the world.

Types of Fertilisation

Fertilisation can be classified into two main types based on where it takes place: internal and external fertilisation.

Viviparous, oviparous, and ovoviviparous are terms used to classify animals based on their method of giving birth or reproduction. They refer to how the offspring are developed and born.

Viviparous Animals

a) Viviparous animals are those that give birth to live young ones. b) In this reproductive strategy, the embryo develops and grows inside the mother's body, receiving nourishment directly from her through a specialized placenta or other means. c) When the offspring have completed their development, they are born as live and fully-formed individuals. d) The term "viviparous" comes from Latin and means "to give live birth." e) Examples of viviparous animals:

• Most mammals, including humans, dogs, cats, elephants, and whales.
• Some reptiles, such as certain species of snakes and lizards.
• Certain fish, such as some sharks and rays.

Oviparous Animals

a) Oviparous animals are those that lay eggs as part of their reproductive process. The embryo develops and grows within the protective environment of the egg outside the mother's body. The egg contains all the necessary nutrients and materials needed for the embryo's development. After a period of incubation, the egg hatches, and the young offspring emerge. b) Examples of oviparous animals:

• Birds are classic examples of oviparous animals, laying eggs in nests or suitable locations.
• Many reptiles, including snakes, lizards, turtles, and crocodiles, lay eggs.
• Amphibians, such as frogs, toads, and salamanders, typically lay eggs in water or damp environments.

Ovoviviparous Animals

a) There are also ovoviviparous animals, which produce eggs that are retained and hatch within the mother's body. b) These animals give birth to live young, similar to viviparous species, but the live young result from hatched eggs inside the mother rather than direct internal development. c) Great white sharks, rattlesnakes, and sea horses are a few examples of ovoviviparous animals.

The journey from young ones to adults is a process known as growth and development. It is a fundamental aspect of the life cycle of most organisms, including animals. Throughout this process, individuals undergo significant changes in their physical structure, behaviour, and reproductive capabilities. Below are some examples that illustrate this remarkable transformation.

Life Cycle of a Frog

In the life cycle of certain animals like frogs, there are distinct stages of growth and development, starting from the egg to the adult stage. In the case of frogs, the life cycle consists of three main stages: egg, tadpole (larva), and adult.

Egg: The life cycle begins with the laying of eggs by adult female frogs in water bodies like ponds or lakes. The eggs are usually laid in clusters and are protected by a jelly-like substance.

Tadpole (Larva): Once the eggs hatch, they give rise to tadpoles, which look very different from adult frogs. Tadpoles are aquatic, have long tails, and breathe through gills. During this stage, tadpoles feed on algae and other aquatic plants.

Adult: As the tadpoles grow and undergo a process called metamorphosis, they gradually transform into adult frogs. Metamorphosis is a series of drastic changes in the body structure and function, leading to the development of legs, lungs, and a more suitable body form for terrestrial life. Eventually, the tadpoles develop into fully-formed frogs capable of jumping and swimming on land.

Life Cycle of Insects

Insects, a diverse group of animals, also undergo remarkable transformations during their life cycle. This process is known as metamorphosis and can take two primary forms: incomplete metamorphosis and complete metamorphosis.

Incomplete Metamorphosis: In insects such as grasshoppers and cockroaches, the life cycle includes three stages – egg, nymph, and adult. Nymphs resemble miniature adults but lack certain mature features. As they grow, nymphs moult several times, each time resembling the adult form more closely. Eventually, they reach full maturity.

Complete Metamorphosis: Many insects, like butterflies and beetles, undergo complete metamorphosis with four distinct stages – egg, larva (caterpillar or grub), pupa (cocoon or chrysalis), and adult. The larval stage is markedly different from the adult and serves for feeding and growth. The pupal stage involves a transformation within a protective case, leading to the emergence of the adult insect with wings and reproductive capabilities.

Life Cycle of Humans

In contrast, human beings do not undergo the same type of metamorphosis as frogs or insects. Humans have a relatively gradual growth and development process, and their body parts, such as limbs and vital organs, are present from birth. Human growth involves a combination of cell division, tissue differentiation, and hormonal changes that lead to the development of various body systems over time.

While there are no drastic transformations like metamorphosis in humans, the process of growth and development is still critical for reaching adulthood and achieving the full potential of an individual's physical and mental capabilities. The human life cycle involves stages such as infancy, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood, each marked by specific milestones and changes in physical appearance, behaviour, and cognitive abilities.

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Class 8 Science Chapter 6 HOTS Questions - Reproduction in Animals

Q1: Although two cells called gamete fuse, the product formed is a single cell called zygote. Justify. Ans:  During fertilisation, only the male nucleus moves into the egg cell and fuses to the egg nucleus to form zygote which is thus a single cell. The sperm remain outside the egg cell and degenerates after some time.

Q2:  The eggs of frogs do not have shells for protection, yet they are safe in water. How? Ans:   A layer of jelly covers the eggs of frog and provides protection. Water help them to float and retain moisture. If eggs are laid in land then they will dry up and die.

Q3:  Mother gives birth to a baby but the baby has characters of both parents. How? Ans:  Human beings show sexual reproduction. During fertilisation, two gametes, one from the mother and the other from father, fuse together to form zygote. Therefore baby developed from zygote has characters of both parents though mother gives birth to a baby.

Q4:  Why do only male gametes have a tail? Ans:   Male gametes have to reach non-motile female gamete in oviduct from the vagina. So they have a tail to reach the egg cell.

Q5:  Though hen and frog both are oviparous but they have different types of fertilisation. Justify. Ans:  In hen, internal fertilisation takes place. The fertilised egg develops into an embryo inside the body. But development of chick from the embryo takes place outside the body. On the other hand, frog shows external fertilisation. The female frog discharge many eggs in the water and the male frog discharge sperms. The sperms swim to the eggs and fertilise them.

Q6:  How does twinning occurs during sexual reproduction? Ans:  Twins are two offspring produced by same pregnancy. Non-identical twins results from two fertilised eggs when get implanted in the uterus wall at the same time. Identical twins occur when a single egg is fertilised to form one zygote which then divides into two separate embryos.

Q7: Ram with his family went to a picnic spot near a pond. He saw some jelly-like mass floating on the sides of the pond. He asked about this to his father. His father explained him that these are frog’s egg and are millions in number. Ram wondered if all of them get hatched, what will happen to other aquatic animals?

• What type of fertilisation is shown by frog?
• Why do frog lay eggs in large amount?
• Is Ram’s concern about hatching of too many eggs at a time will affect the aquatic animals correct? Why?
• What Value of Ram is shown here?
• Frog shows external fertilisation.
• Mortality rate is very high for tadpoles as their predators are more. Many of the eggs do not develop due to being not get fertilised. So for continuation of their species, they lay egg in large amount.
• No, his concern is not correct because most of the eggs either never develops or are preyed by other animals. So survival chance of a frog from its egg to an adult frog is very low.
• Ram is inquisitive, future thinker and eco-concerned.

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MCQ Questions for Class 8 Science Chapter 9 Reproduction in Animals with Answers

We have compiled the NCERT MCQ Questions for Class 8 Science Chapter 9 Reproduction in Animals with Answers Pdf free download covering the entire syllabus. Practice MCQ Questions for Class 8 Science with Answers on a daily basis and score well in exams. Refer to the Reproduction in Animals Class 8 MCQs Questions with Answers here along with a detailed explanation.

Reproduction in Animals Class 8 MCQs Questions with Answers

Choose the correct option.

Question 1. The number of modes by which animals reproduce are (a) two (b) three (c) four (d) none of these

Answer: (a) two

Question 2. Binary fission is observed in (a) Hydra (b) yeast (c) Amoeba (d) human being

Answer: (c) Amoeba

Question 3. Asexual reproduction is observed in (a) cow (b) buffalo (c) sponge (d) hen

Answer: (c) sponge

Question 4. In Hydra, the mode of reproduction is (a) asexual (b) sexual (c) both (a) and (b) (d) none of these

Answer: (c) both (a) and (b)

Question 5. The animals that produce new young ones are called (a) viviparous (b) oviparous (c) both (d) none of these

Answer: (a) viviparous

Question 6. The male gamete or sperm consists of (a) three parts (b) two parts (c) four parts (d) none of these

Answer: (a) three parts

Question 7. Ovum or eggs are formed in (a) ovary (b) testes (c) penis (d) oviduct

Answer: (a) ovary

Question 8. Internal fertilisation takes place (a) inside male body (b) inside female body (c) outside female body (d) outside male body

Answer: (b) inside female body

Question 9. In humans, the development of fertilised egg takes place in the (a) ovary (b) oviduct (c) testis (d) uterus

Answer: (d) uterus

Question 10. The cell formed after fertilisation is called (a) embryo (b) foetus (c) zygote (d) egg

Answer: (c) zygote

Question 11. The fusion of sperm and ova usually occur in the (a) ovary (b) uterus (c) testes (d) oviduct

Answer: (d) oviduct

Question 12. Sets of reproductive terms are given below. Choose the set that has an incorrect combination. (a) Sperm, testis, sperm duct, penis (b) Menstruation, egg, oviduct, uterus (c) Sperm, oviduct, egg, uterus (d) Ovulation, egg, oviduct, uterus

Answer: (c) Sperm, oviduct, egg, uterus

Question 13. Which of the following shows external fertilisation? (a) Frog (b) Human being (c) Cow (d) Hen

Answer: (a) Frog

Question 14. Which one of the following is not a part of female reproductive organs? (a) Uterus (b) Ovary (c) Oviduct (d) Penis

Answer: (d) Penis

Question 15. In the list of animals given below, hen is the odd one out. ‘human being, cow, dog, hen’ The reason for this is (a) it undergoes internal fertilisation (b) it is oviparous (c) it is viviparous (d) it undergoes external fertilisation

Answer: (b) it is oviparous

Question 16. Animals exhibiting external fertilisation produce a large number of gametes. Pick the appropriate reason from the following (a) The animals are small in size and want to produce more offsprings. (b) Food is available in plenty in water. (c) To ensure better chance of fertilisation. (d) Water promotes production of large number of gametes.

Answer: (c) To ensure better chance of fertilisation.

Question 17. Which is not a viviparous animal? (a) Human being (b) Cow (c) Dog (d) Butterfly

Answer: (d) Butterfly

Question 18. Budding occurs in (a) Amoeba (b) dog (c) Paramecium (d) yeast

Answer: (d) yeast

Question 19. The female gamete is called (a) ova (b) sperm (c) zygote (d) uterus

Answer: (a) ova

Question 20. The male gamete is called (a) sperm (b) ova (c) embryo (d) zygote

Answer: (a) sperm

Question 21. The gestation period in humans is of how much duration? (a) 10 weeks (b) 20 weeks (c) 30 weeks (d) 40 weeks

Answer: (d) 40 weeks

Question 22. How many daughter cells are produced after binary fission in Amoeba? (a) One (b) Two (c) Three (d) Four

Answer: (b) Two

Question 23. In humans, how many eggs are released by an ovary every month? (a) One (b) Two (c) Four (d) Many

Answer: (a) One

Question 24. Where does the fertilisation take place in the female reproductive system? (a) Uterus (b) Fallopian tubes (c) Ovary (d) Testis

Answer: (b) Fallopian tubes

Question 25. Which of the following is a viviparous animal? (a) Salmon (b) Cobra (c) Salamander (d) Dolphin

Answer: (d) Dolphin

Question 26. Which of the following shows external fertilisation? (a) Rohu (b) Crocodile (c) Tortoise (d) Crow

Answer: (a) Rohu

Question 27. The male gametes are called (a) ovaries (b) sperms (c) zygote (d) eggs

Answer: (b) sperms

Question 28. The female gametes are called (a) ovaries (b) sperms (c) zygote (d) eggs

Answer: (d) eggs

Question 29. The female gametes are produced by the (a) ovaries (b) sperms (c) zygotes (d) testes

Answer: (a) ovaries

Question 30. The male gametes are produced by the (a) ovaries (b) testes (c) eggs (d) sperms

Answer: (b) testes

Question 31. The fusion of male and female gametes that takes place outside the body of the female is called (a) internal fertilisation (b) fertilisation (c) external fertilisation (d) reproduction

Answer: (c) external fertilisation

Question 32. The zygote that begins to develop tissues of the body is known as (a) fertiliser (b) zygote (c) embryo (d) foetus

Answer: (c) embryo

Question 33. The stage of the embryo where all the body parts can be identified is known as (a) zygote (b) foetus (c) embryo (d) infant

Answer: (b) foetus

Question 34. The animals which give birth to young ones are known as (a) oviparous animals (b) viviparous animals (c) wild animals (d) domestic animals

Answer: (b) viviparous animals

Question 35. The animals which lay eggs are known as (a) oviparous animals (b) viviparous animals (c) domestic animals (d) wild animals

Answer: (a) oviparous animals

Fill in the Blanks

Question 1. …………… is the process that ensures continuity of life on earth.

Answer: Reproduction

Question 2. ……………. are the cells involved in sexual reproduction.

Answer: Gametes

Question 3. The animals which lay eggs are called …………….

Answer: oviparous

Question 4. The animals which give birth to young ones are called …………….

Answer: viviparous

Question 5. ……………. is the process of fusion of gametes.

Answer: Fertilisation

Question 6. The process of reproduction involving fusion of male and female gametes is called ……………. reproduction.

Answer: sexual

Question 7. The testes produce the male gametes called …………….

Answer: sperms

Question 8 Sperms are ……………. in size.

Answer: very small

Question 9. Sperm is a ……………. cell.

Answer: single

Question 10. The female reproductive organ consists of ……………. , ……………. and …………….

Answer: ovaries, oviduct, uterus

Question 11. The ovary produces female gamete called …………….

Answer: ova (egg)

Question 12. An ova or egg is a ……………. cell.

Question 13. …………… is a fertilised egg.

Answer: Zygote

Question 14. Internal fertilisation takes place inside …………….

Answer: emale body

Question 15. Babies born through ……………. technique are called test tube babies.

Answer: IVF

Question 16. …………… fertilisation takes place outside the female body.

Answer: External

Question 17. Fertilisation results in the formation of ……………. and …………….

Answer: zygote, embryo

Question 18. All living organisms have the power to …………….

Answer: reproduce

Question 19. ……………. produces sperm in male.

Answer: Testes

Question 20. In ……………. reproduction only a single parent is involved.

Answer: asexual

Question 21. Fertilisation in human beings takes place in the …………………….

Answer: fallopian tube

Question 22. In a mosquito, the egg hatches to produce …………………….

Answer: larva

Question 23. Hydra reproduces by the process of …………………….

Answer: budding

Question 24. As a result of fertilisation, ……………………. is formed.

Answer: zygote

Question 25. Organisms in which male and female gametes are present in the same organism are called …………………….

Answer: hermaphrodites

Question 26. The tube that carries the sperm to the urethra is called …………………….

Answer: sperm duct

Question 27. The zygote gets implanted in the …………………….

Answer: uterus

True or False

Question 1. Zygote is an unfertilised egg.

Answer: False

Question 2. External fertilisation occurs in frog.

Answer: True

Question 3. An embryo is made up of multicells.

Question 4. Amoeba reproduces by budding.

Question 5. Fertilisation is not necessary in asexual reproduction.

Question 6. Each sperm is multicellular.

Question 7. A new young one is developed from a cell called gamete.

Question 8. Cloning is a sexual reproduction method in any living organisms.

Question 9. Viviparous animals give birth to young ones.

Question 10. Male gametes are sperms.

Question 11. Female gametes are ovum.

Question 12. Starfish reproduces by external fertilisation.

Question 13. Two individuals are needed for sexual reproduction.

Question 14. Internal fertilisation occurs in dogs and cats.

Question 15. An embryo grows in uterus.

Question 16. Sperm is the male reproductive gamete.

Question 17. External fertilisation takes place in birds.

Question 18. A new human individual develops from a single cell called zygote.

Question 19. Egg of an ostrich is a single cell.

Question 20. Amoeba reproduces by binary fission.

Question 21. Fertilisation is generally not necessary in sexual reproduction.

Question 22. Binary fission is a method of sexual reproduction.

Question 23. A zygote is a multicellular structure.

Match the following

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• CBSE Notes For Class 8
• Class 8 Science Notes
• Chapter 9: Reproduction In Animals

Reproduction in Animals Class 8 Notes - Chapter 9

According to the CBSE Syllabus 2023-24, this chapter has been renumbered as Chapter 6.

Introduction to Reproduction

• Reproduction is the process of giving rise to offspring.
• Reproduction is essential for the continuation of a species.
• There are two modes of reproduction:

Sexual reproduction

Asexual reproduction.

The type of reproduction in which only a single parent is involved is called asexual reproduction.

• There is no mixing of genetic information.
• For example, buds in Hydra

The type of reproduction, which involves two parents to give rise to an offspring is called sexual reproduction.

• The males and females have different reproductive parts or organs.
• These organs produce the male and female gametes, which fuse together to form the offspring.
• Genetic information from both parents is inherited.
•  For example, humans

To know more about Modes of Reproduction, visit here .

It is a type of asexual reproduction in which a single-celled organism divides into two.

• Division of a nucleus is followed by the division of other cell organelles in the cytoplasm and finally the cytoplasm.
• Thus, two cells are produced from one parent cell.
• Example: Amoeba.
• Amoeba reproduces by binary fission, which is dividing into two cells.

If one parent cell gives rise to many daughter cells, this type of fission is called multiple fission.

To know more about Binary Fission, visit here .

• A bud starts as an outgrowth of the parent body.
• As this bud grows, it becomes a new individual organism.
• In some organisms, the buds remain attached to the parent’s body (example: yeast)
• In some organisms, it detaches from the parent body and develops into a completely mature individual (hydra).
• This type of reproduction is called budding.

To know more about Budding, visit here .

Cell Division

• Reproduction essentially involves cell division.
• Without cell division, life will not propagate.
• The two types of reproductive processes involve two different types of cell divisions.

Cell division is the process in which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells.

Cell division provides more cells:

• Regeneration
• Repair and damage control
• Gamete formation

To know more about Cell Division, visit here .

There are two types of cell division:

Mitosis is a process where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells.

• DNA replication occurs once, followed by a single division.
• The number of chromosomes is maintained in this type of division.
• This type of division happens in asexual reproduction.
• It is also used for growth, repair and regeneration of tissues.

To know more about Mitosis, visit here .

This is a cell division in which a single cell divides into four haploid cells.

• DNA replication occurs once followed by two divisions.
• The number of chromosomes are halved in meiosis.
• Meiosis takes place in sex organs to produce haploid gametes.
• Thus, the gametes have only half the number of chromosomes in them.

To know more about Meiosis, visit here .

Sexual Reproduction in Humans

To know more about Male and Female Reproductive System, visit here .

Male reproductive system

• The male reproductive system consists of a pair of testes, a pair of sperm ducts and a penis .
• The testes are located outside the male body.
• Sperms are produced in testes.
• Sperms are the male gametes.

To know more about the Male Reproductive System, visit here .

Testosterone

• Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone and is produced by the testes.
• Testosterone is responsible for the development of sex organs, the production of sperm and also the development of secondary sexual characteristics.
• Sperms are the male gametes produced by testes in humans.
• Millions of sperms are produced by the testes in a day.
•  Each sperm is a single, microscopic cell having a head, a middle piece and a tail as its parts.
• The head contains a nucleus with a single set of chromosomes.
• The middle piece contains a large number of mitochondria that provide energy during active movement.
• Sperm is a motile gamete which moves through the female reproductive tract with the help of the tail.

Female reproductive system

• The female reproductive system consists of a pair of ovaries, a pair of fallopian tubes (oviducts) and a single uterus.
• Ova are produced by ovaries.
• Fallopian tubes (oviducts) carry the ova from the ovaries to the uterus.
• Uterus holds the growing embryo/foetus and thus helps in holding the pregnancy.

To know more about the Female Reproductive System, visit here .

• Estrogen or oestrogen, is the primary female sex hormone secreted by ovaries.
• It is responsible for the development of female reproductive organs, secondary sexual characteristics, development of female gamete, i.e. Ovum and maintenance of menstrual cycle.
• The ovary produces the female gametes known as ovum or ova (plural).
• In human beings, a single mature egg or ovum is released into the oviduct/fallopian tube by the respective side ovary every month.
• The ovum is a single cell and is much larger than the sperm.
• It is non-motile and is carried to the uterus by the oviduct.

Fertilization

Fertilization is the process of fusion of the male gamete with the female gamete.

• Both the gametes containing haploid (single) sets of chromosomes fuse and thus maintain the diploid (double) number of chromosomes.
• The fertilized ovum is now called a zygote.
• In human fertilization takes place in the fallopian tube, and then the zygote is carried to the uterus.
• Inside the uterus, it undergoes repeated divisions and grows and becomes an embryo.

To know more about Fertilization, visit here .

For more information on Reproduction in Animals, watch the below video

Learn more about reproduction in animals and other related topics, including NCERT Class 8 Science notes , at BYJU’S.

Also Read:-

Frequently Asked Questions on CBSE Class 8 Science Notes Chapter 9: Reproduction in Animals

What is ‘budding’.

A form of asexual reproduction in which a new individual develops from some generative anatomical point of the parent organism.

What is a ‘Hydra’?

Genus of invertebrate freshwater animals of the Class Hydrozoa (phylum Cnidaria) is called a ‘Hydra’.

What is an ‘Embryo’?

An unborn human or animal in the earliest stages of growth when its basic structures are being formed is called an ‘Embryo’.

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