psychologists phd psyd

PsyD vs PhD: Which Psychology Degree Should You Get?

Studying psychology provides a window into human behavior. Doctoral psychology programs teach both an understanding of how people think and analytical and reasoning skills to further success in various careers. But deciding to pursue a doctoral degree in psychology means dedicating yourself to the highest level of education available in the field and represents a commitment of several years and significant effort.

While both a doctor of psychology (PsyD) degree and a doctor of philosophy (PhD) promise remarkable opportunities for advancement, the two offer very different career outcomes. While a PhD puts you on a path to pursue research and further understanding, a PsyD allows you to practice as a psychologist. 

According to the  Bureau of Labor Statistics , demand for psychologists with both degrees is expected to continue growing at a rate of approximately 8% over the next decade as more and more individuals, organizations, and academic institutions have greater need of counseling services and insights into the way that people act, think, and engage with one another.

What Are PsyD and PhD In Psychology Degrees For?

While both a PsyD and a PhD provide you with a doctoral degree and the highest level of education in the field, the two provide different types of expertise, and it is important for you to understand their distinctions so that you can make the choice that best matches your goals.

A PhD in psychology trains you in research and statistical analysis in preparation for adding to the body of knowledge, either through your own scientific pursuits or by helping to educate others studying psychology . By contrast, PsyD studies focuses more extensively on providing psychological services, whether counseling or applying psychology’s principles to further an organization’s goals.

Though pursuing either one will not preclude you from crossing over to a career that’s more aligned to the other, choosing the degree that best suits your long-term interests provides you with the education that is best suited to your aspirations.

Picking Between A Doctor of Psychology or PhD In Psychology Program

To help you determine which of the two doctoral degrees is the best choice for you, let’s take a look at what each type of program entails and what type of future each prepares you for.

What is a PsyD?

A  doctor of psychology program  generally takes between 4-6 years to complete and prepares you for a career in clinical practice. It has less of an emphasis on research than human behavior and development, psychological assessment, and intervention.

Most programs require completion of approximately sixty credits of study, participation in 2,000-to-3,000 hours of clinical practice and internship, and preparation and presentation of a dissertation. 

Upon completion of the program, graduates demonstrate the understanding and skills needed to guide one-on-one, family and group therapy sessions, to guide organizational strategies around anticipated human behaviors and engagement, to conduct neuropsychological assessments, and to treat mental health problems and issues.

Who Should Get a PsyD?

Doctoral candidates best suited for a PsyD are those who want to engage directly with individuals, families or groups, using their education and training to provide service rather than conducting research.

Those enrolled in PsyD programs receive extensive training in assessment and intervention, on human development, and on the role of cultural and economic contributors, all with the goal of better facilitating their understanding of behavior. PsyD students also study the practical aspects of clinical psychology, including legal, ethical, and professional issues.

PsyD Careers and Salaries

With a PsyD degree you become prepared for professional practice within any number of applications of psychology science. A PsyD degree trains you to use your knowledge and training in service and practice, with an emphasis on assessment, diagnosis, intervention, and making improvements in the condition of and relations between humans in a variety of environments. Depending upon the career that they choose, their practice can include engaging with people in a clinical setting, at their workplace, in school, or elsewhere.

Typical careers held by those with a PsyD degree include:

• Median Salary: $51,340
• Career Outlook: +16% (2020-2030)

Family and marriage therapists work with couples and families with the goal of mediating and guiding the way that they engage with one another while providing coping strategies to improve family dynamics and to help those within these relationships deal with a wide range of issues, including behavioral problems, grief, domestic violence, marital conflicts, and substance abuse. 

Marriage and family therapists observe the interactions between the individuals in these groups and provide them with insights about troubling patterns, guidance on navigating crises, diagnosing mental health issues and disorders, and replacing disruptive or dysfunctional behaviors with alternatives that offer more positive engagement.

• Median Salary: $105,780
• Career Outlook: +8% (2020-2030)

The services of those holding doctoral degrees in psychology are increasingly in demand from a wide range of organizations and corporations seeking assistance with improving organizational behavior or providing coaching to managers and executives. These professionals apply their clinical skills in areas such as integrating systems theory or family therapy to companies hoping to address cultural issues or improve communication and cooperation within and between teams.

What is a PhD in Psychology?

A doctor of philosophy in psychology degree generally takes between 5-7 years to complete, and prepares you for a career in research and academia. The focus of a PhD in psychology program tends to be on statistics along with qualitative and quantitative research methods. The career goals of most students point towards teaching or scientific inquiry rather than private practice or direct engagement with patients.

Most PhD in psychology program require approximately a year-long internship and credit requirements that range between 60 and 125 credits. The programs require a significant level of concentration and are often so demanding that students need to dedicate themselves to the program on a full-time basis. The admission criteria into a PhD program tends to be more competitive than that of PsyD programs.

Once students in PhD in psychology programs successfully prepared and presented their dissertation, they have proven their command of the biological, intellectual and cognitive foundations of behavior, assessment, statistics and research techniques, research strategies, and more. They graduate prepared for careers in specialty areas including behavioral neuroscience, clinical psychology, human growth and development, with a particular emphasis on research and its application.

Who Should Get a PhD in Psychology?

In assessing whether you should pursue a PhD in psychology, you need to determine what type of career you hope to have and how you plan to apply your education. If your goal is to become a tenure-track professor at a research-oriented university or to dedicate yourself to academic research, then there is no doubt that a PhD is the right degree for you. The same is true if you hope to work in a business-oriented field such as market research or product development with an emphasis on consumer insights. 

The benefit of a PhD in psychology is its emphasis on research design and analytical skills, and that training can be applied to numerous fields that do not involve direct engagement with, assessment, diagnosis, or interventions with patients.

PhD in Psychology Careers and Salaries

Those who pursue a PhD in psychology tend to be less focused on the monetary benefits of their education than in the intellectual stimulation that they receive or the benefits that their education can provide to clients or to greater understanding of human behaviors gained through their efforts.

The career goals of those who opt for a PhD can include clinical roles, but more frequently veer towards professions that place them in a position of conducting research and applying their knowledge to educating students and providing insights that can be used by other fields. Possible careers for PhD graduates include:

• Median Salary: $82,180

The field of forensic psychology applies general principles of research in the field of clinical psychology to legal issues. This can include assessment, treatment, and evaluation of topics such as eyewitness identification, suggestibility, competence to testify, motivation and threat assessment. Forensic psychologists are often called on to provide custody evaluations, counseling services to crime victims, screening of law enforcement applicants and intervention and treatment for juvenile and adult offenders.

• Median Salary: $80,560
• Career Outlook: +12% (2020-2030)

Those who teach psychology are also frequently researchers who split their time between conducting scientific inquiry within an academic environment and teaching it to students at the undergraduate and graduate level. Professors with a PhD in Psychology gather, document and communicate psychological knowledge.

• Median Salary: $125,350
• Career Outlook: +9% (2020-2030)

The knowledge and training gained with a PhD in psychology is extremely valuable to numerous industries seeking greater understanding of human behavior, and this is particularly true of the world of politics. PhDs in psychology are well-positioned to guide candidates in the way that they present themselves to voters and to help legislators craft laws or discuss issues with their constituents, assessing what their priorities and perspectives are and how marketing efforts, speeches, votes and political positions could be received.

Best Psychology Schools

Choosing the right psychology program can be stressful, especially with so many options available. Using a  rigorous methodology , Universities.com considers these to be the 10 best psychology schools in the nation:

• Northwestern University
• Columbia University in the City of New York
• Lindsey Wilson College
• University of Pennsylvania
• Webster University
• Lamar University
• Liberty University
• Capella University
• Walden University
• University of Central Florida

To find more psychology schools, check out  our complete ranking of all psychology schools  in the nation.

If you’re looking for other schools that offer PdD programs on psychology, check out the Find Your Perfect “U” tool. You can search over 6,000 colleges and universities with 11 different filters to find the  perfect school for you !

PsyD Vs PhD At A Glance

Choosing between a PsyD and a PhD is a matter of personal choice, and your answer depends upon your personal goals. Though both doctor of psychology degrees provide you with the education, training and credentials to put you at the pinnacle of the field, there are important differences, including:

• A PsyD program better prepares you for a service-based psychology career geared towards counseling, while a PhD program better prepares you for a career geared towards discovery through research and academia.
• Acceptance into PsyD programs are generally less competitive than PhD programs.
• PsyD programs are better suited to online learning, while PhD programs favor in-person learning.
• PsyD program lengths generally take four-to-six years to complete, while PhD programs generally take five-to-eight years to complete.
• A PsyD curriculum is likely to include classes focused on assessment and intervention, while a PhD curriculum is likely to focus on statistics and analysis.

What to Look for In Psychology Doctoral Degree Programs

Doctoral degrees in psychology are offered in traditional, on-campus settings as well as online. Both options provide similarly high levels of education and the same curriculum requirements, often pairing students with an individual faculty advisor responsible for guiding their path to a doctoral degree.

There are many advantages to pursuing a degree online, including providing students the ability to choose a program based on its focus rather than on geographic proximity and allowing them to continue upholding family responsibilities. Despite this convenience, many students pursuing either a PsyD or a PhD choose an in-person program that allows them to fully immerse themselves in their studies.

As is the case with choosing between a PsyD or a PhD, there is no right or wrong choice. Students that choose online programs graduate with the same credentials as those who choose in-person programs, so each candidate should choose the option that best suits their personal needs.

Though requirements vary, most states require that psychologists counseling patients complete a doctoral degree in psychology and have a state-issued license. The requirements for these licenses generally include:

• Earning either a PsyD or a PhD from an institution of higher learning that has been accredited by the American Psychological Association
• Passing the  Examination for Professional Practice in Psychology (EPPP )
• Fulfilling a minimum number of supervised clinical practice hours.

Many graduates  recommend  investigating the credentialing requirements of the states where they are interested in working to ensure that their doctoral degree properly prepares them and meets their standards.

The best way to ensure that the PsyD or PhD program you select prepares you for licensure is to select a program that has gone beyond the basic regional accreditation of institutions of higher learning and been recognized by the  American Psychological Association . This specialized accreditation is recognized by both the Council for Higher Education Accreditation and the U.S. Department of Education, and specifically addresses the high standards needed for professional education and training in psychology.

The APA currently  accredits  hundreds of programs throughout the nation, providing those interested in pursuing their doctoral degree an extensive range of offerings for their professional future.

Applying to Psychology Doctoral Programs

Choosing to pursue a doctoral degree in psychology represents a significant investment of time, money and effort with the anticipated outcome of becoming either a noted academician and scholar or an accomplished, difference-making professional. Entry to these programs is competitive, particularly for those seeking entry into one of the programs offering a PhD in psychology program, which generally only accept 10-15% of applicants.

The first step in the application process is similar to the one you likely pursued when applying to undergraduate programs: You need to identify the programs that best match your long-term goals and your personal needs, then address each of their application requirements by assembling needed materials including letters of recommendations and personal statements and ensuring that they are in each program’s possession well in advance of their deadlines.

Admission Requirements for PsyD and PhD Programs

Individuals choosing to pursue either a PsyD or a PhD come from a wide range of backgrounds and interests, and this is reflected in the fact that programs do not necessarily require that applicants possess an undergraduate degree in Psychology, though those who have not taken foundational courses likely need to investigate how they’ll need to supplement their education before proceeding with their doctoral degrees.

Acceptance into both PsyD and PhD programs generally requires:

• Transcripts from accredited baccalaureate program showing a minimum 3.0 GPA,  preferably in psychology
• Personal statement or statement of purpose
• Submission of scores on both the general GRE exam and the GRE subject exam in Psychology
• Three letters of recommendation
• Personal Interview (in person or by phone or video conference)
• A PsyD is a doctoral degree in psychology. It is an indication that an individual has attained the highest level of education available in the study of psychology, but they are not a medical doctor.
• PsyD and PhD are both terminal degrees in psychology that indicate having attained the highest level of education and expertise in the field. The determination of which is better depends upon the goals of the individual pursuing the degree.
• The PsyD degree provides education and training geared towards clinical practice and a professional career in treating patients, while a PhD education focuses more heavily on research and academic pursuits. The PhD generally takes longer to attain.
• In the majority of states, psychologists are not able to write prescriptions for medication. Illinois, Louisiana and New Mexico permit licensed psychologists to qualify for prescribing authority after taking additional courses in psychopharmacology.

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Choosing Between a PhD and PsyD: Some Factors to Consider

Your degree choice will determine your training, as well as your career options..

Posted March 2, 2016 | Reviewed by Ekua Hagan

Like many people who are interested in psychology, you may be considering a career involving clinical psychology. This is a good choice because clinical psychology covers a broad range of interest areas—children, adults, families, sports, forensics and many more.

In addition, there are many paths you can take toward a degree involving clinical psychology. You can earn a master’s or doctoral degree and you can receive training in clinical psychology, counseling psychology, social work, sports psychology, or even medicine as a psychiatrist. Finally, your career path can lead to a job involving research, treatment (including therapy ), teaching, or a combination of these areas.

Today, I (Jonathan) want to focus on a question I hear a lot from students and others—should you get a PhD or PsyD? (I will hold off on other clinical psychology question, such as getting a Master’s or Doctoral degree for now.) This question is very important because it will impact how you will get trained in graduate school and the career options you will have once you earn your advanced degree. There are a number of websites that describe the distinction between a PhD and PsyD.

For brevity, let’s just be clear that:

• A PhD is a Doctor of Philosophy , whereas a PsyD is a Doctor of Psychology.
• PhD students are generally trained following the scientist-practitioner model that puts greater emphasis on research than PsyD students, while PsyD students are generally trained with greater emphasis on clinical work than PhD students.
• A PhD degree is earned in 5-7 years, while a PsyD degree is earned in 4-6 years, keeping in mind that this includes 1 internship year.

Now that I presented the distinction, let’s get right to it—what are the critical factors to consider when deciding whether to be trained as a PhD or a PsyD? In presenting these factors, I stuck to the general premise that the individual making this decision could go to either a PhD or Psych program. Of course, the ability to choose a PhD or a PsyD program may not be available to all students, because they do not meet the criteria of a particular program. These criteria may include grades, GRE scores, or life experiences. In addition, it is very important to keep in mind that, as a rule, the number of students selected for graduate school is quite small for a PhD program (typically 10 or fewer) compared to a PsyD program (which can reach as high as 100).

Let's get back to the factors important for making a PhD-PsyD decision. The first factor you need to consider is whether you will be funded during your years in graduate school.

It is typically the case that students in a PhD program receive some type of funding. This includes tuition, a stipend (a fixed sum of money paid for being a Teaching or Research Assistant), or in many cases, both types of aid. This can add up to literally tens of thousands of dollars each year in financial assistance. You will not be rolling in dough, but the fact that you will not have to pay tuition alone is a big deal because it will significantly reduce any debt you might incur in graduate school. This can turn out to be very important in the sense that the amount of money you will earn as a PhD clinical psychologist may not be as high as you imagined. (Check out careersinpsych.com to see salary info.)

PsyD programs, in general, are unable to provide the same type of support as a PhD program. Part of this is tied to the fact that PhD students serve as Teaching Assistants or Research Assistants, but the same is generally not true of PsyD students at a particular school. In addition, because PhD programs have far fewer graduate students than PsyD programs, schools are able to afford to support PhD students.

I feel it is important to bring up an issue that takes into account the factor of funding—the length time you will be in graduate school. As stated above, the time in graduate school is typically shorter for a PsyD student than a PhD student. In a practical sense, this means that a PsyD student is able to get out and earn a real salary (on average) a year before a PhD student.

Now, this is where things get a bit interesting. Say you get out of school and earn about $60,000 with your PsyD. Of course, this is way more than the stipend at any PhD program; the stipend might be close to $20,000. However, the $60,000 you earn in your year out of graduate school will be needed to start paying back what could be at least $100,000 in tuition costs. To find out tuition costs for any APA accredited PhD or PsyD program, go to their website and look for the link that says “Student Admissions, Outcomes and Other Data.” I think you will be very surprised to see the tuition costs at both PhD and PsyD programs. As stated earlier, a PhD student will typically not have any tuition debt hanging over their head. Thus the $40,000 extra in salary for the PsyD student in the year they are working compared to the stipend of a PhD student is offset by the tuition debt the PsyD student must repay.

The second factor to think about when deciding to apply to a PhD or PsyD program involves APA accreditation, for both graduate school and internship. APA states that, “Although graduating from an accredited program does not guarantee jobs or licensure for individuals, it may facilitate such achievement. It reflects the quality by which an educational institution or a program conducts its business. It speaks to a sense of public trust, as well as to professional quality.” Based on this statement, it would be wise to search out APA-accredited programs.

With regard to internships (that every PhD and PsyD student must complete), APA also notes that, “Students who take unaccredited internships are ineligible for positions with the Department of Veterans Affairs, the single largest employer of psychologists. They are also barred from civilian positions with the military. In addition, a handful of states require aspiring psychologists to have had an APA-accredited internship to be licensed, and many others require them to show that they completed the equivalent of an APA-accredited internship.” Once again, there are real advantages to your ultimate employment plans by completing an APA-accredited internship.

One nice thing about this second factor is that you have the ability to find out the percentage of students who received an APA accredited internship vs. non-APA non-accredited internship for any APA accredited PhD or PsyD program. Go to the program’s website and again look for the link that says “Student Admissions, Outcomes and Other Data.” If a school does not list this information, it is not APA-accredited and should be viewed with caution.

The third factor to consider is what career path you would like to follow. On the one hand, if you want to conduct research both in graduate school and beyond, you should probably go for a PhD. On the other hand, if your career goals lean toward more practical work (e.g., being a therapist) with no real intention of conducting research in graduate school or upon graduation, you should probably get a PsyD. There is an important caveat to this distinction, however. You might be a person who wants to conduct research in a particular area (e.g., ADHD ) because you feel the research experience will help you understand a particular mental health issue. Moreover, you might hope to graduate and get a job working with individuals who reflect that research area, but you have no plans to continue your research work. In this case, a PhD is probably for you.

In presenting these important factors to think about if you are choosing to be a PhD or PsyD, we of course understand that each individual has unique circumstances that must be taken in account. Still, we hope that presenting these factors gives you some food for thought as you consider your ultimate career path in clinical Psychology.

Please note that the comments of Dr. Golding, Dr. Lippert, and the others who post on this blog express their own opinion and not that of the University of Kentucky.

Jonathan Golding, Ph.D. , is a professor of psychology at the University of Kentucky. Anne Lippert, Ph.D. , is a post-doctoral fellow at the University of Kentucky.

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What Is a PsyD? Your Degree Guide

A Doctor of Psychology is a doctoral degree that prepares you for a career as a psychologist in a clinical setting. Learn more about what a PsyD entails, how long it takes to earn it, and popular concentrations to consider.

A PsyD is a doctoral degree held by many psychologists who work in private practice, academia, and public organizations. The degree is a terminal degree , similar to the PhD and EdD. In many states, the PsyD can lead to licensure as long as you also meet the other requirements established by the state's licensing board.

If you're considering a career in psychology and have not decided which degree is right for you, learning more about the PsyD may help you choose. In this article you'll learn more about the PsyD, including what it covers, requirements to obtain it, and concentrations in the field.

What does PsyD stand for?

PsyD is an abbreviation for the term Doctor of Psychology. The origins of the degree date back to the 1960s, when a group of psychologists identified a need for training programs to prepare for clinical practice instead of laboratory work and research. This doctoral degree is one of the options available to you when you want to work with patients in the field of psychology.

What is covered in a PsyD?

Coursework in a PsyD program covers various topics, including human development, biological and cognitive foundations of behavior, statistics, and research design. During your first year in the program, you will likely take foundation courses in human development and behavior, psychological theories, and research methods. 

The courses you take during the rest of the program typically depend on the concentration you choose. For example, a forensic psychology concentration may include criminal and family law courses. If you choose a concentration in organizational psychology, you may take courses in applied psychology theory, including social, cognitive, and media psychology. Some programs also require clinical work or an internship. 

What is the difference between a PsyD and a PhD?

The biggest difference between a PsyD and a PhD in psychology program is the focus of the coursework. A PsyD program emphasizes how psychology applies to patient care, allowing students to apply clinical psychology research and principles to work with people. A PhD program emphasizes research and theory, allowing students to complete a dissertation.

Another important difference between these degrees is the length of time it takes to finish them. You can typically complete a PsyD in five years or less, but you may need as many as eight years to earn a PhD in psychology. Factors like the type of master's degree you hold, full-time or part-time status, and degree pathways offered by the school can affect how long it will take you to earn the doctorate. 

Admission requirements for a Doctor of Psychology

Each school establishes its entry requirements for PsyD programs, and many of them require at least a bachelor's degree , an application, and a resume or letters of recommendation . Some schools require a minimum score on the Graduate Record Examination (GRE) or the GRE Psychology Subject Test. Students from outside the United States may need to take an English proficiency test. 

If your bachelor's degree is in an area other than psychology, you may need to take prerequisite courses in psychology or a related field before taking the doctoral courses. 

How long does a PsyD take to complete?

People usually complete a PsyD in three to five years, but some may need up to seven years to complete. The amount of time it takes you to complete the degree depends on several factors, including the number of credit hours you take each year and the program you choose. 

If you need to take prerequisite courses or choose a program that combines a master's degree with the PsyD, you may be in school for five years or longer. Those who finish the degree in three or four years typically already have a master's degree in psychology or credits they can apply toward the degree.

Read more: How Long Does It Take to Get a PhD?

Psychology concentrations

Individuals who earn a PsyD typically plan to work as counselors and consultants. Depending on the program, you may be able to select a concentration or specialization based on your career goals.  Some possible concentrations include:

Addiction psychology: Focus on applying psychological principles to help treat addictions

Child psychology: Focus on the behavior, development, and social interactions of children

Counseling: Focus on assessing and treating individuals, couples, families, or groups

Forensic psychology: Focus on how principles of psychology relate to the law and legal cases 

Geropsychology: Focus on helping older people and their families cope with the aging process

Organizational psychology: Focus on the way humans behave at work and in organized groups

Psychoanalysis: Focus on working with patients one on one to explore unconscious and recurring thought and behavior patterns

Rehabilitation psychology: Focus on assisting patients with emotional and mental issues related to injury and disability

School psychology: Focus on assessing and developing interventions to help children learn

Sleep psychology: Focus on assessing psychological factors of sleep disorders and developing treatments for patients 

Am I a licensed psychologist with a PsyD?

Earning a PsyD degree does not automatically make you a licensed psychologist; you have to apply for licensure in the state where you want to practice. Licensing requirements vary from state to state, but they typically include the following: 

Background check: You will likely need to submit your fingerprints and go through a background check. 

Coursework: The state may ask you to complete classes covering child and spousal abuse, aging, or substance abuse. 

Examinations: Most states expect you to earn a passing score on exams like the Examination for Professional Practice in Psychology (EPPP) and an ethics exam.

Professional experience: The state may ask you to complete a minimum number of hours working in a clinical setting under the supervision of a licensed practitioner or as part of an internship.

You must have a doctoral degree from a program accredited by the American Psychological Association in many states. Check with the licensing board in the state where you want to practice for the most accurate and up-to-date information.

Read more: What Is Accreditation? Guide to Accreditation and Alternatives

What can I do with a PsyD?

Earning a PsyD is often a step toward a clinical psychologist or psychotherapist career. Some PsyD holders go into private practice as child psychologists or marriage and family therapists. Others may work for organizations as an organizational psychologist, neuropsychologist, or forensic psychologist. You may also choose to go into teaching or research.

Next steps 

Psychology is a fascinating subject that seeks to understand how our minds shape our lives and perceptions of the world around us. Start developing your own view on the subject by taking a cost-effective, flexible course through Coursera today.

In Yale's Introduction to Psychology course, you'll explores topics such as perception, communication, learning, and decision-making to better understand how these aspects of the mind develop in children, how they differ across people, how they are wired-up in the brain, and how they break down due to illness and injury.

In the University of Sydney's Positive Psychiatry and Mental Health , meanwhile, you'll explore different aspects of good mental health and the major kinds of mental disorders, their causes, treatments and how to seek help and support.

Keep reading

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This content has been made available for informational purposes only. Learners are advised to conduct additional research to ensure that courses and other credentials pursued meet their personal, professional, and financial goals.

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What You Can Do with a PsyD (Doctor of Psychology

Kendra Cherry, MS, is a psychosocial rehabilitation specialist, psychology educator, and author of the "Everything Psychology Book."

Emily is a board-certified science editor who has worked with top digital publishing brands like Voices for Biodiversity, Study.com, GoodTherapy, Vox, and Verywell.

• History of PsyD
• Alternatives to PsyD

A PsyD, or Doctor of Psychology, is one of the highest degrees you can earn in psychology. It’s also one of the highest-paying psychology jobs. Another advanced psychology degree is a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), which is different from a PsyD.

Let’s go over what a PsyD can do for a job, what they’ll study, and an example “day in the life” of someone who has a PsyD degree. 

At a Glance

If you want to get an advanced degree in psychology and be able to do clinical work in your career, you may want to consider pursuing a Doctor of Psychology or PsyD. This degree can prepare you for some of the highest-paying jobs in psychology, including clinical psychology and psychotherapy.

Why Was the PsyD Developed?

Until the late 1960s, a  PhD in psychology  was the only degree that professional psychologists could get. However, there was concern that a PhD degree wasn’t preparing people to do clinical work in psychology. In the 1970s, the PsyD was developed as an applied clinical doctoral degree to help train psychologists as practitioners.

There are a few ways that a PsyD is different from a PhD:

Focused on clinical work

Often work with patients in clinical settings

Can take four to seven years to complete (shorter times are more typical)

Evaluation usually consists of exams and practical work

Focused on research

May teach at the university level or do research

Can take four to seven years to complete (longer times are more typical)

Evaluation usually involves writing a dissertation

How You Earn a PsyD

A PsyD program trains psychologists to use their understanding of the science of the mind and behavior to treat and diagnose mental illnesses. 

A PsyD degree program usually takes four to seven years to finish, depending on the specialty and your previous education. You’ll learn about and get practice in a wide variety of topics, like psychological assessment, diagnosis, and clinical interventions.

Here are some examples of courses you may take in a PsyD program:

• Adult, adolescent, and child development
• Psychopathology
• Ethics and legal issues
• Clinical assessments
• Theories of counseling and therapy 
• Cognitive assessment
• Psychotherapy practices, models, and theories 
• Research design and methods
• Cognition and emotion 
• Evidence-based psychology
• Health psychology 
• Health care system 
• Consultation
• Personality assessment
• History and philosophy of psychology
• Psychobiology
• Professional development
• Psychometrics and statistics
• Psychopharmacology 

Depending on whether you want to focus on a specific concentration, you could also take courses in: 

• Forensic psychology 
• Neuropsychology
• Cross-cultural psychology
• Gender and sexuality
• Group psychology 
• Family psychology
• Military psychology
• Couples therapy

As a PsyD student, you’ll also do a supervised practicum and a supervised internship in a clinical setting. You’ll usually work part-time under the supervision of a licensed psychologist in different clinical settings. Your internship is a full-time position and usually lasts at least one year. After completing an internship, you’ll be able to take state and national exams to become a  licensed psychologist .

The  American Psychological Association  accredits both PsyD and PhD programs. No matter what type of program you are thinking about doing, check to see if the program is APA-accredited. Most state licensing boards require applicants to have finished their degree and a supervised internship at an APA-accredited institution.

Jobs You Could Get with a PsyD 

After earning a PsyD in  clinical  or  counseling psychology  and passing the required licensing exams, you will be able to diagnose and treat mental disorders. Other job duties include administering evaluations, conducting psychological tests, and  providing psychotherapy  services.

People with a PsyD work in a wide variety of settings, including hospitals, mental health clinics, government offices, and schools. Some professionals choose to open psychotherapy practices or work as consultants for private corporations.

Some of the highest-paying psychology jobs are those you can get with a PsyD. Here are just some examples of the kinds of careers you could pursue with a PsyD: 

• Clinical psychologist 
• Forensic psychologist
• Case manager
• Correctional facility psychologist
• School psychologist
• Neuropsychologist
• Biopsychologist 
• Sports psychologist
• Rehabilitation psychologist
• Evolutionary psychologist
• Industrial organization psychologist
• Environmental psychologist 
• Public health psychologist
• Military psychologist
• Consumer psychologist 
• Crisis negotiator 
• Art therapist
• Human Resources director 
• Executive coach
• Human factors engineer
• Behavioral analyst 
• Psychometrist 
• Social services director

How Much Can You Make With a PsyD?

Since it’s an advanced degree, having a PsyD can open your career up to some of the highest-paying jobs in psychology. According to PayScale , the average base salary in the United States for a PsyD is $92,000 a year. ZipRecruiter says that pay rates for PsyD jobs can go up to $125 per hour. Salary.com says the medium annual income for a PsyD is $113,000.

Alternatives to the PsyD Degree

Getting a PsyD can be a great choice if you want to focus on being a practitioner of psychology and doing clinical work. However, if you are more interested in research or teaching, a PhD in psychology might be a better option.

It’s also important to know that in most states, having a PsyD alone is not enough to be able to prescribe clients medication There are just five states—Louisiana, New Mexico, Iowa, Idaho, and Illinois—where PsyD’s can prescribe mediation as long as they meet strict criteria. If being able to help clients with medication is something you want to be able to do, you’ll need to pursue a medical degree like an MD or DO to become a psychiatrist.

If you know that you want to work in the field of mental health but aren’t sure if you want to invest the time and money in getting a doctorate, you may want to consider  social work , counseling,  school psychology , education, and health science degrees.

American Psychological Association. Doctoral degrees in psychology: How are they different, or not so different? .

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Psychologists . Occupational Outlook Handbook .

American Psychological Association. APA accreditation .

Grand Canyon University. How to become a psychiatrist .

UCLA. Difference between a psychologist and a psychiatrist .

APA. About prescribing psychologists .

American Psychological Association. How long does it take to earn a research doctorate in psychology? Monitor on Psychology. 2017;48(2):15.

Loyala University of Maryland. Can I get my Psy.D. without a master's in psychology?

By Kendra Cherry, MSEd Kendra Cherry, MS, is a psychosocial rehabilitation specialist, psychology educator, and author of the "Everything Psychology Book."

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A psychologist explains the terrifying phenomenon of ‘sleep paralysis’.

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Research reveals how “sleep paralysis” can turn us into prisoners within our own bodies.

Imagine waking up from a peaceful night’s sleep, only to find yourself unable to move or speak. It’s a terrifying experience, feeling trapped within your own body. For many, however, this experience is not simply a case of being left paralyzed; it’s a moment of sheer terror amplified by the inability to move or call for help, often accompanied by strange and horrifying hallucinations.

This phenomenon—known as “sleep paralysis”—is not just perplexing; it can be deeply unsettling. Sleep paralysis can destroy one's relationship with sleep, especially when they don’t understand what’s happening to them. However, research offers insights into this condition, revealing simple ways to stay calm and regain control during these frightening episodes.

What Is Sleep Paralysis?

According to research from Sleep Medicine Reviews, sleep paralysis is characterized by a discrete period of time in which voluntary muscle movement is inhibited—yet eye and respiratory movements remain unaffected, and senses remain clear. However, one of the most well-known features of sleep paralysis is the vivid hallucinations that often accompany the experience. These hallucinations can vary widely, ranging from seeing shadowy figures or demonic entities to experiencing intense sensations of fear or dread.

Interestingly, the authors explain how these hallucinations often reflect cultural beliefs and folklore. For example, in some cultures, sleep paralysis is interpreted as an encounter with malevolent spirits or witches, while in others, it’s seen as a visitation from extraterrestrial beings. These culturally-specific interpretations can influence how individuals perceive and cope with their experiences of sleep paralysis.

What Causes Sleep Paralysis?

According to research from the journal of Neurotherapeutics , sleep paralysis—characterized as a dissociated state—suggests a disconnection between different aspects of consciousness or physiological processes. Through early research involving induced sleep paralysis, the findings indicate that episodes usually occur during the transition between REM (rapid eye movement) sleep and wakefulness.

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Through polysomnography, a method for monitoring sleep activity, researchers have uncovered a typical sequence during sleep paralysis episodes. Initially, alpha brain-waves associated with wakefulness intrude into REM sleep, followed by an arousal response, which indicates a shift towards wakefulness. However, despite this awakening, the body remains in a state of “REM atonia”—characterized by the loss of muscle tone typical of REM sleep—leaving individuals paralyzed.

Notably, REM sleep is renowned as the prime time for vivid dreaming experiences. However, during episodes of sleep paralysis, the boundary between REM sleep and wakefulness becomes weakened. This weakening of the barrier between dream and waking realities can lead to an overlap between the two, where elements of our dream world seep into our waking consciousness.

As a result of this, individuals may confront strange hallucinations during sleep paralysis episodes. The panic and helplessness experienced during episodes—fueled by the inability to move or speak—can further darken these hallucinations, intensifying their eerie and disturbing nature.

Research from Consciousness and Cognition explains that some sufferers feel a weight pressing down on their chest, making it difficult to breathe. Others describe seeing “evil presences” lurking in the darkness, or experience the sensation of someone—or something—hovering menacingly above them. These hallucinations can feel so real that it’s hard to distinguish them from reality, making the already frightening experience even more horrifying.

How To Combat Sleep Paralysis

Given the literal paralyzing nature of this condition, many individuals may believe that they are helpless in battling sleep paralysis. However, research from the journal of Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment highlights that there are various ways in which individuals battling with sleep paralysis can reclaim agency over their sleep routines.

According to the authors, knowledge of sleep paralysis alone can be reassuring for those suffering with it. Many individuals experiencing sleep paralysis often feel ashamed of their condition, or unjustly attribute the experience to paranormal events or “going crazy.” Albeit scary, reminding yourself of the fact that sleep paralysis is not abnormal and that you’re not losing your mind can be reassuring.

Beyond educating yourself on the nature of sleep paralysis, there are small steps you can take to combat sleep paralysis, both during and outside of episodes:

• Focus on breathing. During episodes, try to focus on your breath. Slow, deep breathing can help reduce feelings of panic and anxiety.
• Mental reassurance. Remind yourself that sleep paralysis is a temporary and harmless condition. Knowing that it will pass can help alleviate fear.
• Attempt to move small muscles. While it may be difficult to move large muscles during sleep paralysis, try focusing on small movements like wiggling your fingers or toes. This can help signal the brain to fully awaken and end the episode.
• Visualize positive images. You may find it helpful to visualize calming or positive images during a sleep paralysis episode. This can distract from the sensations of paralysis and promote self-soothing.
• Practice sleep hygiene. Maintaining good sleep habits—such as sticking to a regular sleep schedule, creating a comfortable sleep environment and avoiding stimulants like caffeine close to bedtime—is shown to reduce the likelihood of experiencing sleep paralysis. Additionally, consider sleeping positions other than laying flat on your front or back, as the above studies find sleep paralysis to occur more often when sleeping in supine or prone positions.

The phenomenon of sleep paralysis exemplifies the complex relationship between our minds and our bodies, and that, sometimes, they might work against one another. Our brains, flawed and sometimes cruel, can wreak havoc on us when we least expect it—even during moments that are meant to be peaceful. Although it can be hard to acknowledge in the moment, it is reassuring to remember that sleep paralysis is harmless, and that it does not last forever.

Experiencing repeated episodes of sleep paralysis could be a sign of chronic anxiety. Take the Anxiety Sensitivity Test to learn more.

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Yale psychologist: Feeling too busy can damage your brain health—here are 3 easy ways to fix it

There's a reason you dread looking at the stacked blue, yellow and green blocks on your Google calendar.

Feeling too busy, or like you don't have time to do what you want, can lead to "time famine," according to Yale University psychology professor Laurie Santos . Time famine can lead to poorer work performance and burnout, and is just as harmful to your mental health as being unemployed , Santos told attendees at SXSW earlier this month.

It even makes you less productive, because it makes you less happy, she said: "I think we feel strapped for time because we think working ... as much as we work all the time is essential for achieving the things we want to achieve in life."

Four in five employed U.S. residents feel time-poor, according to a 2018 study . And Americans, particularly those under the age of 30, aren't that happy these days: The U.S. was recently ranked the 23 rd happiest country in the world by Gallup's World Happiness Report, down eight spots from last year.

Happier people typically live longer, healthier lives, research shows. Companies that support employees' well-being also are more profitable, according to a 2023 Indeed Survey .

The good news: There are three simple actionable ways to build "time affluence," as Santos calls it, and improve your happiness. We should all think "about time the way we think about money," she said.

3 ways to build 'time affluence'

1. limit time blocking.

Plenty of productivity experts hail the practice of time blocking — transposing your to-do list onto your calendar, so you can give each task a dedicated amount of time. That includes calendar blocks for meal breaks and focused work times, alongside all your meetings and phone calls.

Santos isn't a fan. A jam-packed calendar might look impressive, she said, but it can make you feel like there's no time to eat lunch, chat with colleagues or even finish that day's Wordle.

Some tasks that belong on a to-do list don't deserve to take up space in your planner, Santos said. Giving yourself time, with fewer interruptions, to work on larger projects can psychologically make you feel less busy, less stressed and as result, more productive, she added.

2. Celebrate with 'time confetti'

Say you're in a meeting that ends early, or you finish a task ahead of schedule. Whenever you find a couple of unexpected free minutes, celebrate it.

Those tiny chunks of freedom are called "time confetti" — a term coined by author Brigid Schulte — and using them deliberately can also make you happier, said Santos.

Instead of finding a new task or scrolling on your phone, use those five minutes to do something that'll make you feel better, she suggested. You could go for a walk, meditate or even exchange pet photos with a colleague.

3. Spend money, when needed, to get time back

Working hard is draining. Some of the best ways to rest, recover and reward yourself do cost money, Santos noted.

If you have to work late one day, don't feel guilty eating leftovers or ordering takeout that night, she said. If you need a couple of extra minutes to get ready for an event, and public transit or parking is unpredictable, consider splurging on an Uber.

Extra credit: Limit your 'yes, damns' and track your 'no, yays'

Everyone's had a "yes, damn" moment. We accept meetings or take on extra tasks far in advance, and when the day comes, we resent how much time they eat up.

Instead, try a "no, yay" moment — an idea comes from a 2005 psychology study — Santos suggested. The next time you turn down a small opportunity for the sake of getting something else done, set a reminder on the day it was supposed to happen. Then, instead of dreading it, you can celebrate the time you saved.

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Coventry school psychologist who died March 18 was 'advocate for the underdog'

COVENTRY − The town's schools are mourning the death on March 18 of school psychologist Louis F. Ruffolo, who was involved with many students with special-education plans over the last two decades.

"Over his 23-plus years in Coventry, he worked at almost every school and level," said Schools Supt. Don Cowart, who noted that Ruffolo, 54, of North Kingstown, had been at Coventry High School for the last 11 years.

It was not uncommon for Ruffolo to work at the high school with students he had previously worked with in elementary or middle school, Cowart said. He also coached the high school's unified basketball team, which blends athletes who have special-education plans with those who do not, and the boy's junior varsity soccer team.

"He typically worked with kids who were in crisis, kids who struggled," Cowart said.

He also helped students with special needs transition from the highly supportive school environment to a more independent life after graduation, often taking students on outings to stores and other nonacademic environments, Cowart said, "so they could learn the life skills they needed to be successful."

Ruffolo was not shy about speaking his mind on behalf of students, the superintendent said.

"He was a strong advocate for the underdog," Cowart said. "He wanted to make sure kids got what they deserved, so he worked hard to advocate for them.

"Everybody respected his opinion. When he spoke, people listened."

Cowart declined to say how Ruffolo had died, deferring to Ruffolo's family, who did not respond to a message left by The Providence Journal.

The North Kingstown police, who confirmed Sunday that they had investigated Ruffolo's death, declined to say more.

Tributes to Ruffolo poured in online, both on a GoFundMe set up to pay for his children's education and in comments on Facebook posts announcing his death.

"Dr. Ruffolo was a huge inspiration," Carissa Sanatagata posted on the GoFundMe entry. "Thank you for all that you did for me at my time at Coventry High School. I will always remember the first time he trusted me to cut his hair. Rest in peace to an amazing soul."

"His kindness never went unnoticed in our community," Gabrielle Beaulieu also stated at the GoFundMe site.

"Lou was loved and respected by the RI community of school psychologists," wrote Jenlyn Furey, also on GoFundMe. "He was an outstanding mentor, colleague and friend. He made a profound impact on the lives of so many people, always going above and beyond."

"I'm not even sure how to talk to my son about this," Jen Chabot wrote on Facebook . "Dr. Lou has been so good with Tommy over the years. Whether it was playing basketball or sitting and chatting over coffee, he always connected with the kids."

"Lou Ruffalo was very instrumental in my sons' successes throughout the Coventry School System," Lisa Andrade Avedisian wrote on Facebook . "He will always be remembered as a teacher who went the extra yard to get to know the child within the student."

The Autism Project , based in Johnston, posted a farewell on its Facebook page : "Lou, you touched the hearts and minds of everyone within The Autism Project family. Your openness and warmth welcomed all, and each day, we were privileged to learn from you. As a psychologist, you were a beacon of inspiration for your students, providing them with the greatest role model."

Perhaps the most eloquent valediction was posted by Ruffolo's wife, Jessica, on the GoFundMe site: "Lou, may you rest in peace, and know you were truly loved and appreciated."

Where to turn if you are considering suicide

Anyone in immediate danger should call 911.

Other resources:

• BHLink:  For confidential support and to get connected to care, call (401) 414-LINK (5465) or visit the BHLink 24-hour/7-day triage center at 975 Waterman Ave., East Providence. Website:  https://www.bhlink.org
• The Samaritans of Rhode Island:  (401) 272-4044 or (800) 365-4044. Website:  samaritansri.org
• The National Suicide Prevention Lifeline:  (800) 273-TALK, or (800) 273-8255
• The Crisis Text Line:  Text HOME to 741741 “from anywhere in the USA, anytime, about any type of crisis.”
• Butler Hospital Behavioral Health Services Call Center:  Available 24/7 “to guide individuals seeking advice for themselves or others regarding suicide prevention.” (844) 401-0111
• Thrive Behavioral Health's Emergency Services' 24-hour crisis hotline:  401-738-4300.

A millennial psychologist shares how she built a side hustle selling art on Etsy and booked $32,000 in revenue

• Kate Segal sells her art on Etsy as a side hustle to her full-time role as a licensed psychologist.
• Segal's art has been used by brands like HBO, Trader Joe's, and Jiggy Puzzles.
• Segal booked $32,000 in revenue from Etsy since joining in 2020.

When Kate Segal was a child, she used drawing as her creative outlet. Today, the 37-year-old sells her art online as a side hustle .

Segal, who lives in Manhattan, is a licensed psychologist but spends a couple of hours a day maintaining her Etsy store , updating her social media accounts, and making new digital art pieces on her iPad with Procreate.

Since she began selling her art in 2020, Segal said she has made $32,000 in revenue Etsy, according to documents viewed by Business Insider. She's also earned money from non-Etsy licensing deals but did not disclose those earnings.

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As more people look for job options beyond the traditional 9-to-5 , side hustles and freelancing have gained traction. More than seven million people sell art or handmade goods on Etsy, according to company data reviewed by Business Insider, a 60% increase from 2020 . The vast majority of sellers are people who work from home, and last year, $11.6 billion worth of goods were sold on the platform.

Segal's art has been used on greeting cards and as wall decorations, she said. Segal has also been recognized by big-name brands — HBO's set decorator used her art in an episode of " Succession ," Trader Joe's printed her art on stationary, and she recently collaborated with Jiggy Puzzles , she said.

Segal's business is also her creative outlet

Segal draws almost every day to relieve stress. However she decided to sell her art after her social media followers asked to buy the drawings she posted.

Not only is Segal's business a creative outlet, but it also allows her flexibility in her daily schedule. Her psychologist job is also remote, she said, so she can set her own hours and spend extra time on art when she is able.

To maintain her side hustle, she said she regularly turns her art into content for her Instagram and TikTok accounts. And, on Etsy, she pays a small amount to boost her pieces to buyers through the platform's algorithm.

She would describe her art as maximalist, whimsical, and colorful — leaning on themes of nature and spirituality. Segal said she encourages other artists to promote their work.

"Each person on earth has their own taste in art, and your art is going to resonate with people," she said "Don't be self-conscious."

Segal isn't quite sure if she will ever turn to art full-time, but she looks forward to continuing to build her business. Next, she plans to dive into quilting. She has also had requests from customers to put her work on album and book covers.

"By the end of my art career, my art will have been on every possible type of thing you can imagine," she said.

Have you left your traditional 9-to-5 job for a side hustle or freelance gig? Are you willing to share how you make and spend your money? Reach out to this reporter at [email protected] .

Watch: Artsy CMO, Everette Taylor, tells Insider that the online art marketplace is more inclusive, and lucrative

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What a cancer nurse and psychologist say about sharing a diagnosis with others

In the wake of a cancer diagnosis, you might feel overwhelmed about who to share the news with, and how.

"The person being diagnosed often carries with them a sense of responsibility for disseminating that information in a way that is positive, and wanting to reduce the distress to those around them," says Kate White from the Cancer Nursing Research Unit at the University of Sydney.

"How to find the words to tell someone can be the hardest thing — especially those very close — partners, parents, children."

Catherine, Princess of Wales, recently shared her shock diagnosis with the world in a personal video message , and also shared it had taken time to explain the diagnosis to her children first.

While most people won't face the same level of scrutiny the princess will, there are things that might be helpful to know ahead of disclosing a diagnosis with loved ones, your workplace, and your broader community.

There is no right or wrong

After receiving a cancer diagnosis, you may feel a range of emotions including shock, disbelief, anger, deep confusion and anxiety, explains Carly Dober, a psychologist in Naarm/Melbourne, who is also the director of the Australian Association of Psychologists.

"That sense of shock can last for some time and can leave people feeling absolutely dissociated … they know this is reality, but understanding that can feel very difficult."

Professor White says while we are all different, some people might find it helpful not to rush into disclosing their diagnosis.

"Find a space where you can … just be still with what it is you've been told," she says.

She says speaking to a medical professional, such as specialist cancer nurse, can help you manage those "initial moments".

Ms Dober says sharing with one key person, like a partner, parent or best friend, means they can assist with decision-making around who else to disclose to, and how.

Other people might find themselves telling "the first person they run into", Professor White says, or reaching out to people who have experienced something similar, says Ms Dober.

Ultimately, it is up to you. Both our experts say there is no right or wrong when it comes to disclosure.

"While you are understanding what this means for you, what your treatment plan looks like, what life looks like over next few months — you have full agency and control over who you share with, and how much you share, and how you share it," Ms Dober says.

It can be especially difficult to share this information with children, but resources such as  Talking to kids about cancer from the Cancer Council offer guidance.

Consider what would you like when sharing this information

When disclosing your diagnosis, Ms Dober says to consider if there is anything you would like to come with that.

"Do you want these people to visit you more? Go for walks? Call you sometimes?

"It's important if there is a need for social connection that you make that request," she says.

She says people often won't know how to best support you, and being clear about that can help.

Of course, if you are overwhelmed and have no idea what you need, you can defer them to one of your key people.

Professor White warns there is "something about serious health concerns that people feel they can ask personal questions about that they would not normally".

"Diagnosis like cancer can lead to others wanting to reassure and offer advice," Professor White says.

For that reason, you may need to set clear boundaries around what you also don't want from people.

"Maybe it's, 'I'm going offline for a while, I'll contact you when I'm ready.'"

Sharing in spaces like work and online

It's likely your workplace has handled circumstances like this before, explains Ms Dober, so having a conversation with a trusted colleague, HR, or your boss can relieve some stress.

"They can support in talking through your options, such as taking time off work."

But, she says, they can simply tell other employees you are having personal time, if that is your preference.

"No-one needs to know [if you don't want them to]," Ms Dober says.

In the online space, like social media, Professor White says once that information is shared, "you can't pull it back", so take your time.

She says online support groups can be really helpful, but in those initial stages of shock, people might share things they will later regret.

"One of the big challenges is sometimes people join a support group, particularly an online one, and pour their heart out.

"I would encourage people to be careful about what they put on Facebook and Instagram, and particularly in online support groups, because … you are emotionally vulnerable."

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