effects of alcohol essay conclusion

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Alcohol is not an ordinary commodity. While it carries connotations of pleasure and sociability in the minds of many, harmful consequences of its use are diverse and widespread

From a global perspective, in order to reduce the harm caused by alcohol , policies need to take into account specific situations in different societies. Average volumes consumed and patterns of drinking are two dimensions of alcohol consumption that need to be considered in efforts to reduce the burden of alcohol-related problems. Avoiding the combination of drinking and driving is an example of measures that can reduce the health burden of alcohol.

Worlwide, alcohol takes an enormous toll on lives and communities, especially in developing countries and its contribution to the overall burden of disease is expected to increase in the future. Particularly worrying trends are the increases in the average amount of alcohol consumed per person in countries such as China and India and the more harmful and risky drinking patterns among young people.

National monitoring systems need to be developed to keep track of alcohol consumption and its consequences, and to raise awareness amongst the public and policy-makers . It is up to both governments and concerned citizens to encourage debate and formulate effective public health policies that minimize the harm caused by alcohol.

• 1. Introduction - How many people are affected by alcohol?
• 2. What are the general patterns of alcohol consumption?
• 3. What are the drinking habits in various countries?
• 4. What are the health effects of alcohol consumption?
• 5. What social and economic problems are linked to alcohol use?
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The Cause and Effects of Drinking Alcohol, Essay Example

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Alcohol is widely abused across the world and the effects of excessive alcohol intake can be devastating. When not taken in moderation, alcohol can be harmful to the health and social life of the individual, as well as harmful to the individual’s family. These devastating effects can result in alcohol related disease, outcast from social circles and loss of friends and a breakdown in the family.

Excessive alcohol consumption is extremely harmful to the health of a person. Alcohol abuse can lead to heart disease, liver failure and rapid aging. Many deaths are caused by alcoholism. Excessive drinking also increases the decision to take risky actions, including drinking and driving. Drinking and driving causes many deaths every year and is a major problem among those of all ages. Excessive alcohol consumption can also cause memory loss and other psychological issues.

Consuming alcohol at a high rate can also cause social problems. This can include loss of friends and being outcast from your community. This happens because of the bad choices that come with alcoholism and most people do not want to associate with those who drink excessively. It is not just harmful to the drinker, but harmful to their friends and family.

In relation to loss of friends, it is likely that excessive drinking can cause a breakdown in family. Alcoholism is devastating for families. Many times an excessive drinker will not keep up with their responsibilities within the family. This means that they are likely to not finish school or college, lose their jobs and not participate in taking care of their children. This can lead to financial problems and the inability to take care of the themselves of the family.

There are many reasons why excessively consuming alcohol is dangerous and harmful. Drinking in moderation or abstaining from alcohol altogether is important to live a happy and healthy life. Among the effects of drinking alcohol, the most obvious are major health problems, loss of friends and social status and a breakdown in the family unit.

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Alcoholism: Causes, Risk Factors, and Symptoms

Introduction, causes of alcoholism, effects of alcoholism, works cited.

The term alcoholism may be used to refer to a wide range of issues associated with alcohol. Simply put, it is a situation whereby an individual cannot stay without alcohol. An alcoholic usually drinks alcohol uncontrollably and persistently.

Alcoholism usually leads to ill health, and it affects relationships between the individual and the people around him. It may also be considered as a disease and may be referred to as an alcohol use disorder. Alcohol abuse may also cause damage to vital organs in the human body, including the brain and heart (Mukamal et al. 1965). Therefore, it may lead to psychiatric and medical issues. Psychiatric disorders, such as depression and schizophrenia, may occur.

Others include phobias, dysthymia, mania, and depression. Alcoholism may also cause neurologic deficits. These deficits may be manifested through certain impairments such as brain damage and memory loss. Such individuals also have difficulty executing certain functions and may experience issues with body balance and gait.

The brain might be affected as certain changes occur in its structure and chemistry. With time, a person develops physical dependence and tolerance. This causes the inability to stop drinking and causes complications as one tries to stop the habit.

This is particularly referred to as alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Identifying alcoholics for the purpose of treatment may be difficult since such individuals may avoid seeking help due to stigmatization. However, certain factors influence the risk for the condition.

These factors include mental health, depression, age, gender, ethnicity, and family history (Mukamal et al. 1965). This paper will discuss the genetic and environmental factors that cause alcoholism and highlight the complications, conditions, and diseases associated with the disorder.

The main causes of this disorder may be categorized into two. These include genetic and environmental factors. The genetic material that determines the metabolism of the drink also influences the risk of the disorder. Persons with a family history of the disorder may also develop it.

A particular study argued that the expression of genes was influenced if an individual started using alcoholic beverages at an early stage in life (Agrawal et al. 69). This increased the risk of alcohol dependence among such individuals.

Persons with a genetic disposition to the disorder would most probably start drinking at an early stage. Individuals who start drinking at an early stage are also more likely to develop alcoholism. It is also argued that 40% of alcoholics misuse alcohol by the time they are in their late adolescent stage. However, certain researchers disagree with this idea (Schwandt et al., 74).

Individuals who do not receive support from family and friends are highly likely to develop alcoholism. Therefore, some social and emotional factors may cause an ex-drinker to start drinking again. For example, mental and emotional stress can contribute to alcoholism.

An individual under the influence of alcohol may not be able to feel the pain associated with stress. With the normal alcohol intake, an individual’s brain might be at some equilibrium. When the individual tries to quit, the brain responds. This response may come in terms of stress, anxiety, and depression.

These feelings cause chemical imbalances that force an alcoholic to go back to drinking in order to feel better. Social and cultural pressures from media and other sources may also affect the drinking habits of an individual. The media’s portrayal of alcohol as a pleasurable and beneficial drink may encourage individuals to start drinking or cause ex-drinkers to return to their old habits (Bierut et al. 237).

The damaging effect of alcohol on the nervous system is more profound among adolescents and those with a genetic disposition to the disorder. These effects may cause the degeneration of the cerebral cortex. Consequently, this increases impulse behavior that may lead to alcoholism.

Despite the severe damages to the central nervous system due to alcoholism, it is possible to reverse some of the damages through withdrawal from the drug. Another risk factor is the availability of alcohol. This drug is most commonly abused. In terms of popularity, beer may come next after water and tea.

The difference in genetic characteristics also determines the risk of developing the disorder. This is mainly because different races have certain different genetic characteristics.

Therefore, they differ in terms of alcohol metabolism. The difference in genetic makeup may explain the difference in the rate of alcohol dependence among the different races.

The genetic component that determines the rate at which alcohol metabolizes is referred to as the alcohol dehydrogenase allele. The Native Americans and African Americans are said to have an allele that is not highly associated with alcohol dependence. The Native Americans, on the other hand, are more likely to develop alcohol dependence.

The effects of alcohol abuse are diverse. Consumption of excess alcohol may lead to several diseases and complications. For example, it may lead to the inflammation of the pancreas, liver disease, and cancers. Alcohol-related cancers are believed to form as the elements in the alcoholic drink are converted into acetaldehyde. This is a potent carcinogen.

Different parts of the body may host the cancerous cells. These areas include the liver, breast, and mouth. The larynx and the throat are also likely to be affected. Alcoholics who take tobacco have an increased risk of cancers (Bierut et al. 237).

Liver cirrhosis is another condition that may occur as a result of excessive drinking of alcohol. This is manifested through the scarring of the organ to such an extent that it cannot perform its functions. However, some individuals who drink moderately have also been shown to suffer from the disease (Mukamal et al. 1965).

Pregnant alcoholic mothers may also cause problems for the unborn. Fetal alcohol syndrome may result from such habits. Excessive use of alcohol may cause impaired brain development and brain shrinkage. Although the brain normally shrinks in old age, excessive use of alcohol increases this rate. With the increased rate, such individuals are likely to develop dementia and have memory issues.

Alcoholism also increases the risk of cognitive and neuropsychiatric disorders. Excessive use of the beverage may cause an increase in the level of toxic amino acid in the plasma. This may be the reason why some individuals suffer from withdrawal seizures.

Alcohol abuse may also cause issues with memory and may impair learning. Alcoholism may also greatly affect the brain. For example, brain lesions are likely to occur. Alcohol-related brain damage comes about due to a combination of several factors.

Alcoholism may also cause heart attacks and strokes. Abuse of alcohol increases the risks of a heart attack. Some studies have shown that drinking alcohol in moderation may offer some level of protection to individuals against heart attack (Mukamal et al. 1965).

This applies specifically to individuals who had suffered a heart attack before. Prolonged use of alcohol in large quantities also causes alcohol cardiomyopathy. This disease affects the muscles of the heart. As the heart muscles fail, this may lead to heart failure.

Alcoholism is also associated with alcohol-related death. Many deaths worldwide have been attributed to the excessive use of alcohol (Doll et al. 199). Individuals who use alcohol excessively are at a higher risk of death than those who take alcohol moderately. Individuals with diseases that may be augmented by the excessive use of alcohol are also at great risk of alcohol-related death. Such diseases include oral cancers and liver disease.

Another effect of alcoholism is anemia. Excessive use of alcoholic beverages causes a reduction in the number of erythrocytes. This condition is referred to as anemia. Since red blood cells are used to transport oxygen around the body, the low level of oxygen due to low numbers of the cells leads to fatigue, shortness of breath, and dizziness.

Alcoholism may either be caused by genetic or environmental factors. Persons with a genetic disposition to the disorder are likely to start drinking and become alcoholics. Genetic variations may determine the difference in alcohol metabolism.

The environmental factors that may cause alcoholism include the availability of alcohol and sociocultural pressures. Certain environmental factors lead to depression that may encourage alcoholism. The effects of alcoholism are diverse. Alcoholism may lead to diseases such as liver disease, heart disease, and cancers. Excessive use of alcohol may affect almost all vital organs of the body and may eventually lead to death.

Agrawal, Arpana, et al. “Evidence for an interaction between age at 1 st drink and genetic influences on DSM-IV alcohol dependence symptoms.” Alcoholism Clinical & Experimental Research 33.12 (2010): 67-80. Print.

Bierut, Laura, et al. “Co-occurring risk factors for alcohol dependence and habitual smoking.” Alcohol Research & Health 24.4 (2000): 233-241. Print.

Doll, Richard, et al . “Mortality in relation to alcohol consumption: A prospective study among male British doctors.” International Journal of Epidemiology 34.1 (2005): 199-204. Print.

Mukamal, Kenneth, et al. “Prior alcohol consumption and mortality following acute myocardial infarction.” JAMA 285.15 (2001): 1965-1970. Print.

Schwandt, Melanie, et al. “Alcohol response and consumption in adolescent rhesus macaques: Life history and genetic influences.” International Biomedical Journal 44.1 (2010): 67-80. Print.

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11 Conclusion and overview

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Substance addiction is a chronic relapsing disorder. Individuals abuse substances for different reasons. There may be personal and mitigating circumstances that lead people to substance abuse (e.g. stress or unhappiness). People may also be at increased risk of initiating substance abuse due to their age. The commencement of adolescence, for example, is a unique period of neurobiological development. Compared to children and adults, adolescents exhibit a number of psychological traits, such as risky and reward-seeking behaviour. The emergence of these traits may reflect the relatively early functional development of brain limbic affective and reward systems compared to the prefrontal cortex. As such, the period of adolescence may confer a vulnerability to the onset of drug misuse and addiction due to developmental changes in neurobiology, which seem to encourage reward-centred and risky decision-making behaviour.

Additionally, there are genetic risks for substance abuse. Twin registry and adoption studies, for example, have shown that the heritability of alcoholism may be as high as 50–60%. Whatever the cause, substance abuse and dependence confers significant social, mental, and medical impairment in those individuals afflicted, together with huge economic costs to society.

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Office of the Surgeon General (US); National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (US); Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US). The Surgeon General's Call to Action To Prevent and Reduce Underage Drinking. Rockville (MD): Office of the Surgeon General (US); 2007.

The Surgeon General's Call to Action To Prevent and Reduce Underage Drinking.

Underage alcohol use remains a major public health and safety problem in the United States, creating serious personal, social, and economic consequences for adolescents, their families, communities, and the Nation as a whole. An emerging body of research on the effects of underage alcohol use on human maturation adds new urgency to the decades' long effort by the public and private sectors to prevent and reduce underage drinking.

Pervasive drinking by youth and the emergence of alcohol misuse and dependence in late adolescence are intertwined with developmental processes. Therefore, the prevention and reduction of underage drinking must be addressed within a developmental framework, which takes into account the dynamic processes of human maturation, the influence of social systems within an adolescent's environment, and the role of individual characteristics in the adolescent's decision to drink. Because adolescent development unfolds within many contexts in American society, including family, peers, school, extracurricular and community activities, part-time work, the community itself, and the overall culture, every American has a responsibility to help protect adolescents from the potentially adverse consequences of alcohol use.

As the Call to Action makes clear, each of us has an important role to play in the prevention and reduction of underage drinking through our individual and collective efforts, ensuring that the future America offers its youth is neither shortened nor impaired by the consequences of alcohol use. This Call to Action is exactly that—a call to every American to join with the Surgeon General in a national effort to address underage drinking early, continuously, and in the context of human development. Underage alcohol use is everybody's problem—and its solution is everybody's responsibility.

• Cite this Page Office of the Surgeon General (US); National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (US); Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US). The Surgeon General's Call to Action To Prevent and Reduce Underage Drinking. Rockville (MD): Office of the Surgeon General (US); 2007. Conclusion.
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Negative Effects of Alcohol Essay, with Outline

Published by gudwriter on January 4, 2021 January 4, 2021

Effects of Alcoholism Essay Outline

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Thesis: Although praised by many as a way to pass time and relax, alcohol can affect an individually financially, socially, and psychologically.

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Financial Impact

• Alcohol drinkers may suffer other economic consequences such as low wages, loss of employment, increased medical expenses, and legal expenses.
• In some countries, alcoholics lose their eligibility for loans.
• In Cameroon, the cost of a single beer is more than the minimum daily wage of most individuals.
• In India and Malaysia, alcoholics are faced with challenges such as debt, illnesses, and injuries.
• Alcohol is closely related to poverty.

Social Impact

• The people that are most affected by alcoholism are the immediate family members.
• Impairment of an individual’s performance as a parent, partner and how he or she contributes to the normal functioning of a household.
• Heavy drinkers are known to have impaired judgement that can lead to one becoming violent.
• The social impact of alcoholism can be related to its physical effects.
• For example, for a heavily drinking mother, an unborn child may suffer from Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder. Read on essays examples on topics such as abortion .
• Parental drinking may lead to child abuse among other negative consequences on a child .

Psychological Impact

• One of the most significant psychological impact is an increase in suicidal tendencies.
• Alcohol has a negative impact on the brain explained through a form of liver damage referred to as hepatic encephalopathy.
• The effects of hepatic encephalopathy includes; altered sleep pattern, changes in mood and personality, depression, anxiety and other psychiatric conditions.
• There are also cognitive effects such as a reduction in attention and issues with coordination.

Effects of Drinking Alcohol

Alcoholism is a common problem in many communities. It is persistent in many societies since alcohol consumption is considered as an attractive leisure activity by many. While this may be and actually is the case, alcohol has a negative impact on health. Its effects also often spill over to people who do not consume it when it gets to a level of addiction whereby many have to turn to relatives and loved ones to source for money with which to sustain their wasteful spending on alcoholism. Although praised by many as a way to pass time and relax, alcohol can affect an individual financially, socially, and psychologically.

The financial impact of alcohol is significant especially to the poor. In any session of alcohol consumption, heavy drinkers tend to spend a lot. Sometimes, alcohol drinkers may suffer other economic consequences such as low wages, loss of employment, increased medical expenses, and legal expenses. In some countries, alcoholics lose their eligibility for loans. In Sri Lanka for instance, a report revealed that at least 7% of men spent much on alcohol than they actually earned. In Cameroon, the cost of a single beer is more than the minimum daily wage of most individuals (Tamfuh, 2016). In India and Malaysia, alcoholics are faced with such serious challenges as debt, illnesses, and injuries (Armitage et al., 2015). Exacerbation of poverty and burden on women is another common occurrence facing most alcoholics. A majority of alcoholic men are faced with the constant need to source for extra income through such activities as stealing to sustain their behavior of alcoholism. In the long-run, their families end up in unimaginable debts and suffering.

Here, the people that are most affected by alcoholism are the immediate family members. It is proven that drinking too much alcohol impairs an individual’s performance as a parent and partner, and how he or she contributes to the normal functioning of a household. The situation can have a long lasting impact on children and partners, and is therefore a very serious one. For instance, heavy drinkers are known to have impaired judgment that can lead to them becoming violent (Kaufmann et al., 2014). Such an individual might turn against their partner or children and when this happens, it could have far-reaching effects on the lives of spouses and children.

The social impact of alcoholism can also be related to its physical effects. For example, for a heavily drinking mother, an unborn child may suffer from Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder . After birth, parental drinking may lead to child abuse among other negative consequences on a child. The child may end up suffering socially, psychologically, and economically.

There are numerous psychological effects of alcoholism . One of the most significant effect in this respect is an increase in suicidal tendencies whereby studies have shown that at least 15% of alcoholics end up committing suicide. In the same breadth, alcohol has a negative impact on the brain, explained through a form of liver damage referred to as hepatic encephalopathy. It is a disease that affects the normal functioning of the brain when the liver cannot perform its functions well. There are several psychological effects associated with this disease. Some of these effects include altered sleep patterns, changes in mood and personality, depression, anxiety, and other psychiatric conditions (Vilstrup et al., 2014). There are also cognitive effects such as a reduction in attention and issues with coordination.

Undoubtedly, alcoholism has an adverse impact on the financial, social, and psychological environment of the victim. The worst scenario is that alcoholism tends to affect others such as the immediate family members. It is a problem that has the potential to destroy families if not well checked. It can destroy the lives of children and as well interfere with the wellbeing of spouses of alcoholics. It is especially concerning that it is a problem that affects both men and women. In this respect, there is need to find ways through which the problem of alcoholism may be comprehensively addressed.

Armitage, C. J., Panagioti, M., Rahim, W. A., Rowe, R., & O’Connor, R. C. (2015). Completed suicides and self-harm in Malaysia: a systematic review.  General hospital psychiatry ,  37 (2), 153-165.

Kaufmann, V. G., O’farrell, T. J., Murphy, C. M., Murphy, M. M., & Muchowski, P. (2014). Alcohol consumption and partner violence among women entering substance use disorder treatment.  Psychology of Addictive Behaviors ,  28 (2), 313.

Tamfuh, W. Y. (2016). Drugs and drug control in Cameroon.  Pan-African Issues in Drugs and Drug Control: An International Perspective , 17.

Vilstrup, H., Amodio, P., Bajaj, J., Cordoba, J., Ferenci, P., Mullen, K. D., … & Wong, P. (2014). Hepatic encephalopathy in chronic liver disease: 2014 practice guideline by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the European Association for the Study of the Liver.  Hepatology ,  60 (2), 715-735.

Undoubtedly, alcoholism has an adverse impact on the financial, social and psychological environment of the victim. The worst scenario is that alcoholism tends to affect others such as the immediate family members.

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Home — Essay Samples — Nursing & Health — Addictions — Alcoholism

Alcoholism Essay Examples

When it comes to writing an essay on alcoholism, choosing the right topic is crucial. The chosen topic will determine the direction of the essay and the depth of research required. It is important to select a topic that is not only interesting but also relevant and meaningful.

Alcoholism is a serious issue that affects millions of people worldwide. Writing an essay on this topic provides an opportunity to raise awareness and educate others about the dangers of alcoholism. It can also shed light on the various causes, effects, and treatment options available. By choosing the right topic, one can make a significant impact in addressing this issue.

When choosing a topic for an alcoholism essay, it is important to consider the target audience and the purpose of the essay. It is also crucial to select a topic that is well-researched and has sufficient information available to support the arguments. Additionally, selecting a topic that is relevant and timely can make the essay more engaging and impactful.

Below is a list of recommended alcoholism essay topics, categorized for ease of reference:

Causes of Alcoholism

• The role of genetics in predisposing individuals to alcoholism
• The impact of family and upbringing on the development of alcoholism
• The influence of peer pressure and social environment on alcoholism
• The genetic predisposition to alcoholism
• The correlation between childhood trauma and alcoholism
• The impact of mental health disorders on alcoholism

Effects of Alcoholism

• The physical health effects of long-term alcohol abuse
• The psychological and emotional impact of alcoholism on individuals and families
• The societal and economic consequences of alcoholism
• The mental health effects of alcoholism
• The impact of alcoholism on family dynamics
• The economic impact of alcoholism on society
• The correlation between alcoholism and crime

Treatment and Recovery

• The effectiveness of different treatment options for alcoholism
• The role of support groups and counseling in the recovery process
• The challenges and successes of alcoholism recovery programs

Prevention and Education

• The role of education and awareness in preventing alcoholism
• The impact of alcohol advertising and marketing on alcoholism rates
• The effectiveness of government policies and regulations in addressing alcoholism
• The importance of early intervention in preventing alcoholism
• The correlation between alcoholism and underage drinking

Special Populations

• Alcoholism among adolescents and young adults
• Alcoholism in the elderly population
• Alcoholism in specific cultural or ethnic groups

Alcoholism and Co-Occurring Disorders

• The relationship between alcoholism and mental health disorders
• The connection between alcoholism and substance abuse
• The impact of alcoholism on individuals with chronic health conditions

Social and Cultural Aspects

• The portrayal of alcoholism in the media
• The stigma associated with alcoholism
• The impact of cultural norms on alcoholism
• The role of alcohol in social gatherings and events
• The correlation between alcoholism and gender

By choosing a topic from the above categories, writers can explore different aspects of alcoholism and contribute to the ongoing conversation about this important issue.

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Not planning to discuss the poetic words of Omar Khayyam when speaking of wine and wisdom, we can say that the problem of alcoholism has always been a menacing part of civilization. It can be approached as the side of culture, yet at the same time, it is a dumb side of human life where aggression, drunk behavior, drunk driving, and grief reflect in many sides of life. When a college student plans to discuss the topic of alcoholism, it becomes an important social issue where a person tries to find the causes like poverty or access to luxury, which seems to plaque both sides of our complex equation.

Of course, the topic of drinking has always been a part of history through decades and generations. It must be noted that even if we approach this problem as the history or anthropology specialists by taking the United States or any other country, we can see that the art of drinking has been dimmed negatively. Is drinking a good practice? It is seen as a form of alcoholism even through the feasts and celebrations. Speaking of our modern times, we can see that this problem is more persistent than ever because we have greater access to alcoholic drinks even among the younger generation. One can take the drinking bans throughout history or research the present times, yet in both cases, we can see that there is no recreational drinking or any apologetics.

We can see many people who have battled drinking in the past. There are such personalities as Daniel Radcliffe of Harry Potter fame, Ben Affleck, Michael Phelps, Tim McGraw, and many others. We can also add Naomi Campbell and Jessica Simpson as famous female persons. It should be added that all these celebrities came out to talk that alcoholism is often a problem that is brought beneath the carpet to hide and ignore. Just like drug addiction, this problem should not be silenced because it requires help and guidance. It is also one of those topics that a college student should approach to find a solution and provide educational norms to make a positive change.

• As we think about why do people drink, we can see some argument that it helps to relax
• It leads to a mental breakdown.
• It is an addiction that distorts your physical image.
• It is a mind-altering substance that makes a person lost and tortured.
• It takes away the life of a person and the lives of those who are around.
• It often resorts to violence and anger.

The pains of alcoholism can only be battled with the help of a different culture, social work, and education. As many modern students grew up in alcoholic households or saw their friends grow up in one, we all have some story to tell. It is sufficient to say that the problem of alcoholism must be addressed from helping the addicts to educating young people about the dangers. For example, by choosing this topic an average student can create a social program that would help people in the local community. Likewise, you can write about the economical side of alcoholism since it also helps certain people earn by promoting alcohol in ads and the mass culture.

It will always depend on your initial subject. You can write about the causes of alcoholism and notice that both poor and rich people can become trapped in this unfortunate circumstance. Your college essay can be reflective by telling about your experience or tell about how dangerous it is to drive drunk after a college party. You can take a look at our free samples that relate to alcoholism as you think about some good subjects. The most important is to provide statistics and keep your writing argumentative to make your alcoholism paper reliable!

It can be approached with the help of special educational projects and studying the shelters for alcoholics. At the same time, your college professor may ask you to write about alcoholism in the 1970s when compared to the present times. It is important to see how American society approached alcohol in the past. An important aspect is seeing how the same methods still remain helpful, including education, talks at school, and the family culture. Uniting various techniques that take root in Psychology, Healthcare, and Education, any student can make a positive change in battling alcoholism.

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Alcohol - Effects Of Alcoholism Essay Example

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Alcohol abuse related problems contribute to numerous deaths in the United States. These involve heath and non-health related circumstances. This paper reviews alcohol related problems in a deeper perspective. It analyzes the psychological toils that prevail in an individual who abuses alcohol. Secondly, it analyzes the advanced stage of alcohol abuse which is alcohol addiction. The problems encountered by an alcoholic and the symptoms are listed to act as guidelines when analyzing an alcohol dependent individual. The psychological implications of excessive consumptions of alcohol are discussed and it is advised that if people must engage in drinking, they should only do so in small amounts. The paper also reviews the differences in alcohol disintegration in women from men and how it may lead to medical conditions. Liver diseases are thoroughly reviewed since they are the most common and life threatening medical conditions known to be associated with alcohol intake. In addition, the heart is discussed and recommendations are given. The punch line of the paper is alcohol should be avoided at all costs.

Introduction Alcohol has become a part of today’s social society. Alcohol has been known to relax people and make them enjoy more in celebration or parties. In the past century, alcohol was viewed in a more skeptical and indifferent manner compared to today when it has become an acceptable part of the modern society. In most societies, Fridays and Saturdays have become the most common drinking sessions for the working society. Many people enjoy drinking without complication but those that drink heavily repeatedly often develop complications. Sadly most alcohol related problems are quite serious and often lead to premature and painful death. Death related to alcohol might be health related where the user develops a complication or socially damage due to crime, careless driving, and other machinery related accidents. Not only does alcohol abuse because harm to an individual, but also impacts their families and society in general. Relationships and careers have been destroyed due to uncontrollable drinking and alcoholism. Since the body is a system that relies on the collective coordination of various body organs, alcohol disrupts the coordination and reliability of this function rendering all bodily functions running individually. This overworks the bodily functions thus overworking most vital organs. The most affected parts of the body resulting from excess intake of alcohol are the brain, liver, stomach, lungs, and heart.

What alcohol can lead to

Alcoholism Alcoholism is the physical dependence to alcohol in order to perform ordinary daily activities. Persons continue to drink despite the problems emanating from their families, finances, health, work, social, and the psychological complications. Problems cause by alcoholism result to psychological and not physical complications. Different people react to alcohol differently. This makes some individuals more prone to alcohol addiction compared to others. Researchers argue that certain genes act as predisposing factors for alcohol dependence (Stöppler 2011). However, amounts of alcohol taken still determine ones chances of addiction. Young adults undergoing peer pressure, depression, easy access to alcohol, low self-esteem and stress are known factors that may increase an individual’s alcohol intake. This consequently leads to addiction. Also, fifteen or more drinks for men and twelve or more drinks for women increase one’s chances of falling into addiction. Symptoms of alcohol addiction include; - Drinking alone - Violence while drinking - Unable to control one’s intake - Decreased performance in work or school - Creating excuses warranting drinking - Poor feeding habits - Hiding alcohol usage - Shaking in the morning or after long periods without alcohol - Poor grooming - Need for alcohol to get through the day Treatment for alcohol addiction is to stop using completely. Due to the rising numbers in the United States, efforts have been directed to help the patients stop completely. Programs like Alcohol Anonymous and Al-Anon are a few of support groups created to assist the patients in their recovery (Stöppler 2011).

Black outs and memory lapses

Alcohol is known to produce impairments in the memory of the user. As alcohol percentage increases, so does the memory incapacity increases. Other instances that promote alcohol memory problems are drinking large amounts of alcohol over a short period on an empty stomach. Black outs are when a user’s cognitive abilities completely collapse and they and up losing consciousness while in memory lapses, the user will appear normal but will hardly remember anything afterwards. Black outs have been known to expose individuals to rape, theft and other dangerous vices and insecurities (American Association for the Advancement of Science 2010). Memory lapses on the other hand leave the user lacking of knowledge of their activities promoting HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted conditions that could have been prevented if they would have remembered. Research has revealed that over 51% of students who have consumed alcohol have suffered some form memory complication at some point in their lives (American Association for the Advancement of Science 2010). 40% reported to have experienced a blackout in the year before the survey. They also revealed that they had partaken in some form of dangerous activities that they could hardly remember. These include destruction of private property, unprotected sex, or driving while intoxicated. It was however noted that the percentage was equal to both men and women despite women’s significant low intake.

Poor judgment

Alcohol intake is widely associated to impaired judgment. Due to the relaxing abilities of alcohol, users often find themselves unable to access the part of their brain that is responsible for morality and principles. This leaves them with no guidelines or past experiences to refer to before engaging in certain activities. They find themselves with no voice of reason and thus doing things that they could not do if sober. For this reason many wake up in jail, engage in unprotected sexual activities sometimes with strangers and other actions that sometimes make an impact for a lifetime (American Association for the Advancement of Science 2010). Scores of people have testified to the same. This is because alcohol affects the central nervous system which is responsible for activity in the brain and the spine. After taking alcohol, people become more enthusiastic and with fewer reservations (American Association for the Advancement of Science 2010). The brain also slows in activity which continues to decrease with increased intake. The after effects include altered speech, difficulty in thinking, poor hearing, impaired vision, and memory impairment leading to poor judgment.

Women and alcohol

Women have been reported to be at a disadvantage compared to men in matters pertaining alcohol. The physiological make up of a woman is responsible for women feeling the effects of alcohol more than men even when they are of the same size. Researchers have also argued that women are more susceptible to alcohol related complications than men. This is because they process alcohol differently. One of the reasons that make them different is their decreased ability to dilute alcohol. An average woman has 52% water mass in their bodies compared to a man that has 61% (Public Health Agency 2009). The less body water means that men dilute alcohol faster compared to women. The second factor is their lowered ability to metabolize alcohol. A woman’s body has less dehydrogenase a liver enzyme used to break down alcohol. This lowers the ability of a woman to synthesize alcohol faster compared to men. Finally are the women’s hormonal factors. Certain premenstrual hormones make a woman more intoxicated compared to other days of her cycle. This is the hormone that is produced right before their menstrual period. Birth control medication also has the hormone estrogen which slows down the breakdown of alcohol from a woman’s body.

Different ways alcohol affects the body

Breast cancer Although breast cancer is known to occur in both sexes, it is most prevalent in women. Initially, high levels of breast cancer in women were solely associated with smoking. However, leaps in biological sciences have shown that alcohol abuse in women may be a predisposing factor to breast cancer. Research shows that alcohol intake increases the levels of Oestrogen a hormone predominant with the women productive systems. The more the alcohol intake the higher the Oestogen levels in the body (Public Health Agency 2009). At normal levels, it is essential for normal growth of the heart, bones and the functioning of the female reproductive organ. However, at higher levels, it is associated with the abnormal growth of cancer cells in the breast. Despite the fact that breast cancer is mostly uncontrollable, alcohol intake is one of the controllable factors that will reduce the chances of developing this deadly cancer. Breast cancer is the number one killing cancer in women and chances to avoid it should be taken seriously. Research conducted in 2009 shows that women who took three to five drinks in a week had a higher 15% chance of developing breast cancer (Public Health Agency 2009). In addition, women who drunk daily increased their risk by a further 10% (Public Health Agency 2009). Teenage girls who took three to five drinks a week were also found to increase their chances of developing non-cancerous lumps by 3%. Unlike in other cancer types, alcohol is argued to increase the chances of treated cancer coming back to women with previous diagnosis. Conclusively, it is safe to say, all types of drinking whether moderate, occasional, or binge drinking is a risk factor to women in the development of breast cancer.

Alcohol and liver disease

Liver disease is perhaps the most dangerous form of alcohol related complication known to man. This perilous disease is made worse by the fact that it stays for a very long time for it to manifest its symptoms. In addition, it is also because the liver is a very important organ of the body that is responsible for digestion, remove of toxins, and providing energy for the body. Due to its functions, it is the liquor controlling organ of a human. Because the liver has over 500 body functions, breaking down alcohol means more work for it (Longstreth 2013). If an individual participates in regular drinking, then the liver ends up being over worked hence damage leading to various liver diseases. When an individual drinks too much alcohol in a small period of time, they end up intoxicated due the alcohol circulating in the blood stream awaiting breakdown. The alcohol circulating to various body organs may cause harm to them. Overworking the liver may cause a fatty liver, liver inflammation, permanent scarring, or liver cancer (Longstreth 2013). Alcoholic fatty liver disease is the initial stages of liver disease. It is the less serious and more treatable form of liver disease. It is caused by the accumulation of fatty deposits on the liver after a few days of drinking. It hardly has any symptoms and is an indicator of excessive harmful drinking. If an individual stops drinking, the damage can be reversed. Alcoholic hepatitis is the more advanced stage of liver disease from fatty liver. Continuous alcohol abuse over many years may cause inflammation of the liver. This can also be caused by binge drinking. Treatment for this condition requires abandoning alcohol intake for long periods of time accompanied with drug intake (Longstreth 2013). Liver cirrhosis is the final and most dangerous form of liver disease. It is caused by the prolonged inflammation of the liver that causes scarring and loss of ability to carry out is function (Longstreth 2013). This stage of liver disease causes numerous deaths. This condition is irreversible and sometimes liver transplant may be needed. However, measures to stop drinking may lead to the gradual recovery of the liver in less serious conditions.

Alcohol and heart disease

Conventional doctors argue that light drinking may be good for the heart. Researchers argue that those who take one drink a day are less likely to suffer from heart disease compared to those that drink too much or do not drink at all. A little alcohol is said to increase good cholesterol, lower blood pressure, prevent blood clots, and also artery damage. However, drinking may also cause stroke, heart failure, and high blood pressure. Today doctors will not advise patients to drink for their hearts since a little exercise and good nutrition may prevent the heart from these risks (American Heart Association 2013).

Younger and younger generations are engaging in alcohol abuse as the year’s progress. This has increased the number of complications that arise due to the damaging effects drinking. Levels of impotency and numbers of newborn complications are hitting the roofs with the advancing generations. Argent measures should be taken and more campaigns financed to educate everyone on the dangers of the intake of alcohol. In this generation, alcohol is viewed as an ordinary social part of the society and this should not be the case. Government and education institutions should crusade on the dangers of the drug that has been disguised by the rich who gain profits in producing the product. Efforts for investment should be channeled in other productive industries that promote healthy living and happier interactions with family and friends.

Recommendations

- Do not drink as your friends since everyone has a difference tolerance to alcohol determined by race, gender, nationality, weight and health. - All types of alcohol are equally harmful and intake should be regulated by the recommended intake depending on their content. - Never drink while on medication. This can lead to liver failure. - Women should drink less due to their predisposing physiological biological make up and hormonal changes. - If diagnosed with any form of liver disease, stop drinking completely to avoid further damage of the liver. - Drinking games that promote consumption of large amounts of alcohol over a short period of time should be avoided. - The safest recommended amount of alcohol is no alcohol. - Never drink when pregnant or trying to conceive. It affects and infertility and proper child growth.

American Association for the Advancement of Science. (2010) Alcohol and the human body. http://sciencenetlinks.com/interactives/alcohol/ebook/pages/human-body.htm American Heart Association. (2013) Alcohol and heart disease: alcohol and cardiovascular disease. http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/More/MyHeartandStrokeNews/Alcohol-and-Heart-Disease_UCM_305173_Article.jsp# Longstreth, G. F. (2013) Alcoholic liver disease: Medline plus. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000281.htm Public Health Agency. (2009) Know your limits. http://www.knowyourlimits.info/AboutAlcohol.aspx Stöppler, M. C. (2011) Alcohol abuse and alcoholism: MedicineNet.com. http://www.medicinenet.com/alcohol_abuse_and_alcoholism/article.htm

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Speech on Alcohol

Alcohol, a liquid often enjoyed in social settings, has a rich history and diverse impacts on society. You may know it from parties, dinners, or even from the movies.

Yet, it’s not all about fun. Alcohol can affect your health and behavior. It’s important to understand these effects to make informed choices.

1-minute Speech on Alcohol

Ladies and Gentlemen,

Let’s talk about alcohol today. It’s something you see in many places – parties, restaurants, and sometimes, even at home. But what is it exactly? Simply put, alcohol is a drink that can change how you think, feel, and act.

Now, some people believe that drinking alcohol makes them happy or helps them relax. It’s true, alcohol can make you feel this way at first. But, it’s important to remember that these feelings don’t last. Over time, drinking too much alcohol can make you feel sad, tired, and even sick.

It’s also essential to understand that alcohol can harm your body. Think about your liver, the organ that cleans your blood. Alcohol can damage your liver and make it hard for it to work properly. It can also hurt your heart and brain, leading to serious health problems.

Let’s not forget, alcohol can change the way you behave. You might do things you wouldn’t normally do, like argue with friends or make bad decisions. This is because alcohol affects your brain, making it hard for you to think clearly.

Lastly, let’s think about the young people in our lives. We must teach them about the effects of alcohol. We should show them that it’s possible to have fun and enjoy life without drinking.

In conclusion, alcohol is not as harmless as it seems. It’s important to understand its effects and make smart choices. Let’s protect our health, our relationships, and our future by being mindful of our alcohol consumption. Thank you.

Also check:

• Essay on Alcohol
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2-minute Speech on Alcohol

Let’s talk about alcohol. It’s something many of us know about and some of us might have even tasted it. It’s found in drinks like beer, wine, and whiskey. Many people enjoy it at parties, during holidays, or at the end of a long day. But it’s important to understand what alcohol is and how it affects us.

Alcohol is a type of drug. It changes the way our brains work. It can make us feel happy, relaxed, and more confident. But it can also make us feel dizzy, confused, and even sick. Too much alcohol can make it hard for us to think clearly, walk straight, or even remember what happened.

It’s also important to know that not everyone can drink alcohol. It’s illegal for anyone under 21 years old in many countries. This is because alcohol can be very harmful to young people. Their brains are still growing and alcohol can stop them from developing properly.

Alcohol can also be addictive. This means that some people start to need it to feel normal. They might drink more and more, and find it hard to stop. This is called alcoholism. It can lead to serious health problems, like liver disease and heart problems. It can also cause problems in relationships and at work.

But it’s not all bad news. If we drink alcohol in a safe and responsible way, it can be part of a healthy lifestyle. This means not drinking too much, and not drinking too often. It means not drinking if we’re pregnant, or if we’re planning to drive. And it means knowing when to stop.

So, ladies and gentlemen, the next time you reach for a glass of beer or wine, remember what you’ve learned today. Remember that alcohol can be fun, but it can also be dangerous. Remember to drink responsibly, and to respect the laws about who can and can’t drink. And remember, it’s okay to say no to alcohol. It’s your body, your choice.

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Essays on Alcohol

<span data-sheets-value="{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Essay samples on Alcohol\r\nWhen we take on an alcohol essay, understandably, we usually speak about its influence on human health. In the modern world, no topics are more studied than health and nutrition. \&quot;Thief of the mind\&quot; – this is how some people called alcohol back in the day. Even then, people knew that alcohol should not be abused. When people forget about or disregard the dangers of alcohol, it can take away the most precious thing a person has – their health or even their life. In alcohol essays, people usually study alcohol's effect on both physical and mental health, behavior, and longevity. Our alcohol essay samples will outline the main angles that essays on alcohol can take. You can find the best samples of essays below and refer to them when doing research for your own essay on alcohol.\r&quot;}" data-sheets-userformat="{&quot;2&quot;:769,&quot;3&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:0},&quot;11&quot;:4,&quot;12&quot;:0}">When we take on an alcohol essay, understandably, we usually speak about its influence on human health. In the modern world, no topics are more studied than health and nutrition. "Thief of the mind" – this is how some people called alcohol back in the day. Even then, people knew that alcohol should not be abused. When people forget about or disregard the dangers of alcohol, it can take away the most precious thing a person has – their health or even their life. In alcohol essays, people usually study alcohol's effect on both physical and mental health, behavior, and longevity. Our alcohol essay samples will outline the main angles that essays on alcohol can take. You can find the best samples of essays below and refer to them when doing research for your own essay on alcohol. </span>

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Many states and countries have varied age limits for individuals who should be drinking.  My position on this issue is that the legal drinking age should be lowered to 18 because it is hypocritical to deny a legal adult the privilege of drinking yet they have the rights to vote,...

According to Bowser et al., (2014), there has been increased prevalence in drug and substance abuse especially among young people. In the research titled, “Get drunk. Smoke weed. Have fun.” A Content Analysis of Tweets about Marijuana and Alcohol,” the authors’ general question was, “What themes of the most influential...

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About 1% of the population over a lifetime will be afflicted with schizophrenic illness. Alcohol is a depressant drug that can slow down the messages to and from the brain and body. This exploration proposition has investigated the difficulties looked by people who are dependent on alcohol and have schizotypy...

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Alcohol is one of the most frequently abused legalized drugs the world over is alcohol with Belarus having the highest level of alcohol consumption with an average of 17.5 Litres per capita annually.  For this reason, it is vital to examine the drug to determine its classification, origin and the...

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Katie Roiphe and Nicholas Dixon are individuals who have written articles concerning social matters in society. It is of importance to take a keen interest of these social aspects since they involve every person in the society in one way or the either, i.e. either directly. Katie Roiphe gives a...

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In most cases, the teenager will tend to rebel and repel any measure that has been put to restrict their behaviors.  Restricting them from taking a staff like the alcohol at the age of sixteen years is one of the areas that will express resistance in.  Additionally, there are some...

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The legal drinking age can be defined as the age at which someone can buy and consume alcoholic beverages. The age limit set is widely different across the World, while some countries set a different age limit of when a person can purchase and when someone can drink alcoholic beverages....

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The Legal Drinking Age The legal drinking age is the age legalized by the law at which an individual can lawfully buy and drink alcoholic beverages. The law for minimal legal drinking age differ in various countries. Also, most laws apply only to drinking of alcoholic beverages in unrestricted locations while...

Drinking of alcohol by persons who are below 21 years is identified as underage drinking. In the United States of America, underage drinking is common given that around 11% of the alcohol consumed nationally is associated with people aged between 12 and 20 years (Patrick " McElrath 78). However, over...

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Can Alcohol Beverages Completely Destroy the Human Brain? The rates of consumption of alcohol across the globe have increased over the years. Research identifies that nations around the world are recording increased numbers of citizens that are admitted to rehabilitation centers. One of the major factors that promote increased consumption rates...

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Wallace, A.E, A Wallace, and W.B Weeks. "The U.s. Military As a Natural Experiment: Changes in Drinking Age, Military Environment, and Later Alcohol Treatment Episodes Among Veterans." Military Medicine. 173.7 (2008): 619-625. Print. The United States military bases before 1982 allowed alcohol drinking to all ages. However, in 1988, there were...

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Alcoholism: Its Causes and Effects Essay

Introduction.

According to the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence (Alcoholism, 2000), alcohol is among the three largest causes of preventable mortality in the United States. Contributing to approximately 100,000 deaths annually, only tobacco and diet/activity patterns contribute to greater death tolls. The Council also estimates that, despite laws against underage drinking, approximately 13.8 million Americans over the age of 18, representing about seven percent of the population, have experienced difficulty controlling their alcohol consumption, including 8.1 million people who are alcoholics. It is particularly disturbing to note that the prevalence of drinking problems is among those individuals within the 18 to 29 age group with a greater number of men experiencing problems than women by a factor of almost three to one. Despite laws against underage drinking, more than half of all high school seniors in this country have reported being drunk at least once and a third of them have reported have three or more drinks in a row in the weeks prior to the survey while another 76 million people, almost half of all Americans, have reported being exposed to alcoholism within the home (Alcoholism, 2000). These numbers are particularly alarming as studies continue to show that individuals who have started drinking before age 15 are up to four times more likely to develop alcoholism than those who started at age 21 and there is a greater tendency for alcoholism to run within family lines. Alcohol can affect not only the physical health of the individual but can have long-term repercussions on their psychology and social life as well, strongly affecting the way they relate to the world and those around them and only controllable through life-long voluntary measures such as Alcoholics Anonymous.

Physically, alcohol can have a dramatic impact upon an individual’s body particularly as it affects the liver. According to Dennis Koop (2007), alcohol damages the body in numerous ways thanks to the way in which it processes the substance when it is introduced. As alcohol enters the liver, it is metabolized by an enzyme called CYP2E1. In this process, toxicity levels are increased in the production of compounds Koop calls reactive oxygen species (ROS) which are formed when oxygen gains an electron, thus reducing the levels of oxygen in the body and functioning to damage other cellular molecules. Animals who have been treated with this compound have proven that the presence of CYP2E1 does indeed increase the level of chemical damage in the body by free radicals, particularly as they affect the lipid components of cell membranes in the liver cells (Dey & Cederbaum, 2006). This is because when the levels of CYP2E1 are high, there is a greater level of lipid peroxidation within the liver, thus a lower ability of the liver to fight against the toxins that have been introduced (Koop, 2007). Thus, the liver damage widely suspected to be directly caused by alcohol consumption is proven and unavoidable. With this knowledge in hand, it becomes a concern regarding why individuals might continue to choose to drink to the point of it becoming an uncontrollable habit.

According to reports by Psych Central, alcoholism does appear to have some hereditary connections. Those individuals who learn they have a high tolerance for alcohol should also be alerted to the fact that they may also have a greater tendency to fall victim to alcoholism while those who have a low tolerance generally do not develop alcoholic tendencies (Psych Central, 2006). This concept is supported by studies conducted with identical twins. According to Hicks et al (2004), “identical twins have a higher concordance for drinking behavior and possibly alcoholism than fraternal twins”, who do not share the same genetic record. In a twin study involving 542 families, there was a trait found for conduct disorder and alcohol dependence that was determined to be highly heritable regardless of gender. At the same time, it was also determined that a father’s alcohol intake could predict children’s alcohol dependence later in life (Hicks et al, 2004). While this did not indicate that all children of heavy-drinking fathers would grow up to become alcoholic, the combination of poor environment caused by the father’s heavy drinking (i.e. – lack of solid parent-child relationships and poor peer groups) with these hereditary danger signs created a difficult scenario for these children to escape.

Alcoholism is not always the result of hereditary factors, however. For example, while addictive personality can also contribute to the development of alcoholism, there has not been a single type of addictive personality positively identified with alcoholism and these personality types are not considered to be hereditary (Gold, 2006). Nevertheless, there are many addictive personality types who also become alcoholics despite the absence of the illness within the family line. Instead, it is presumed that these personalities turn to alcohol as a result of anti-social behavior within the home, perhaps as the result of poor home life or abusive parent or sibling. It is also not believed that alcoholism is the cause of aggressive behavior in individuals as not everyone who drinks becomes aggressive with the introduction of alcohol. “In trying to elucidate the relationship between alcohol consumption and aggression, researchers have suggested that people with a psychiatric condition called antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) may be particularly susceptible to alcohol-related aggression” (Moeller & Dougherty, 2001). Given that the illness is so complex, involving so many factors including heredity, environment, childhood influences, personality characteristics, and disorders, finding a cure for alcoholism has been impossible. However, there has been some support for self-help groups in maintaining control over the disease for those willing to put in the effort.

The most well-known of these groups is known throughout the world as Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). This organization was founded in 1935 as a means of providing a supportive peer group to individuals battling their own issues concerning alcohol consumption. The program is centered upon the concept of total abstinence from alcohol consumption and provides a series of 12 steps that participants are expected to work through as a means of breaking their addiction to alcohol (Mayo Clinic, 2006). Analyzing the quality of life issues, research suggests that participation in these programs does indeed have a positive effect on recovering alcoholics. Referring to Alcoholics Anonymous and similar programs as Mutual Help programs, a study conducted by Ritsher, McKellar et al (2002) indicated participation in the program during the first and second year of sobriety had “a robust relationship with year 5 … remission for both groups.” It was hypothesized that this was due to the increased peer support with like-minded people. An earlier study on the same subject indicated “previous research suggests the relationship between mutual help and positive (Substance Use Disorder) outcomes is mediated by such factors as increased active coping, improved social support for abstinence and improved self-efficacy” (Finney, 1995). Another study followed several men who were first interviewed at their admission to treatment and six months later. According to this study, of the 80 percent of individuals who were re-interviewed, significant improvements were seen regarding drinking behaviors in terms of frequency, quantity, and reported problems. “Frequent AA attendees had superior drinking outcomes to non-AA attendees and infrequent attendees (Gossop, M. et al, 2003). In a Harvard mental health letter (In Brief, 2003), men who had at least four drinks a day were interviewed yearly for a period of two years after hospital release. “At the time they were hospitalized, only 9 percent of the men had attended more than 10 AA meetings in the previous three months. After one year, that figure had risen to 56 percent, and after two years, it was 49 percent.” These men were also reported to have fewer alcohol-related problems and were drinking less.

Not all the research supports the idea that quality of life without alcohol is directly correlated to Alcohol Anonymous meeting attendance, though. Taking a more objective approach, Watson et al (1997) compared four groups of men on issues such as alcohol consumption, number of times jailed, hospitalization, detoxifications, lost jobs, and other related factors during the period of one year. Because they were grouped by the number of Alcoholic Anonymous meetings they attended during their first month after discharge, it was possible to compare whether active participation in the program had any effect on the quality of life following treatment. “Attending meetings frequently did not make a difference among the groups on the average amount of alcohol drank daily,” however, those who attended meetings drank less alcohol daily on average than those who did not attend meetings. Although those who attended meetings were jailed fewer times than non-attenders, other quality of life measures that were compared did not show any significant differences.

There is a personal testimony that Alcoholics Anonymous or similar programs have brought about significant quality of life changes. For many, the changes in lifestyle can be profound. According to one man who had known the founders of Alcoholics Anonymous and achieved his own lifetime sobriety in 1934, it was through the precursor to the 12-step program that he was able to save his marriage. “Houck lost his wife to cancer in 1988, but believes the lessons learned from the Oxford Group gave him a life he had not been sure was possible. ‘A marriage that wasn’t supposed to last one year lasted 57 years.’” (August 2004). These types of changes are thought to be the result of significant changes in personal worldview.

Hoffman (2003) describes the mental progression, or moral career, of entry and participation in these programs as a series of states that were first outlined in a study on psychiatric patients. “Light’s (1980) study of the moral career of psychiatric residents proposes a singular model of residents’ socialization, consisting of five stages: feeling discredited, moral confusion, numbness and exhaustion, moral transition, and self-affirmation.” The first stage is the point at which Hoffman suggests the alcoholic is brought into treatment, whether by self-volition or court, or another mandate. They are discredited by the community at large, by themselves, and then by the members of the meetings as they learn their thinking has been completely false all along. This leads to a state of moral confusion, in which the participant is struggling to identify which beliefs are incorrect and which are acceptable moral behavior. Acceptance of the 12 steps of the program leads to a highly optimistic “pink cloud period of recovery” that “contrasts sharply with the period of isolation and alienation that characterized the member’s life before entering AA.” This is followed by a period of exhaustion that, if successfully navigated, leads to a “moral transition” that allows the participant to “relieve the anxiety and guilt stemming from her past deviance” (Hoffman, 2003). Through this type of experience, another member of Alcoholics Anonymous explains “you’re no better and you’re no worse than the person sitting next to you, but you’re all better for being there and for trying” (Orange, 2004). This interaction enables participants to remain open to change and explore new behaviors in a relatively ‘safe’ setting. “A 51-year-old African American male AA member said that his recovery program made it possible for the first time to get along with other people and to learn necessary social skills, such as being able to tolerate criticism, put up with frustration and accept the viewpoints of others” (Kurtz & Fisher, 2003).

Most research suggests the reason for these significant changes in quality of life is thanks to the inherent nature of such groups to provide an empowering setting in which these individuals can redefine and relearn necessary living skills. “Researchers who investigated empowering settings identified the contextual characteristics as critical to the formation of psychological empowerment” (Maton & Salem, 1995) which “leads to organizational empowerment by providing strengths and competencies needed for social action” (Rappaport, 1984; Zimmerman, 1995). Organizers of successful programs say “our mission is not just to get people to stop drinking. It’s all about living a better quality of life. … This is a chronic illness, and we’ve learned that people need a continuum of aftercare services. We don’t send people home cured. We empower them to understand their addiction and make changes in their lives” (Newhouse, 1999).

That this empowerment does happen can be seen in the various individuals who have proceeded from their participation in Alcoholics Anonymous to affect change in their greater communities as these experiences with others helped them reshape their ideas and their methods of communicating with others as they redefined what was important to them and changed their perspective to include others. One man described his awakening to the value of “knowing oneself and one’s culture. NA led me to go on a quest to meet my family in Cuba. I took the program with me to Cuba and would never have done that in a million years if it wasn’t for NA. Coming back and working with the community, I saw how I am representing my Hispanic side in terms of the frustrations, substance abuse and poverty. I look at the numbers of who’s dropping [out of school], and its Latino young men and women. … NA has taught me how to be strong and how to take on a fight and make a change” (Kurtz & Fisher, 2003). Another individual reported the recovery process, which included attendance at Alcoholics Anonymous meetings, gave her the self-confidence and ability to challenge herself. “I’m the type of person who just can’t be happy with the status quo. I’ve never been that way. Sometimes you accept the status quo because it’s bigger than you in a sense, but I don’t have to believe in it … So I constantly try to keep my values and ideals up front. Recovery has given me the strength and the wherewithal to do that” (Kurtz & Fisher, 2003). Although these people have elected to go into community service with their newfound abilities, these cases provide tangible evidence of the boost in quality of life afforded those who have such secure places in which to correct misguided thinking and gain support for an alcohol-free lifestyle.

It can and has been argued that a large degree of the success of the Alcoholics Anonymous program is due to the spiritual path upon which it sets its members’ feet. Although the 12 steps as outlined specifically outline a spiritual path, it particularly steps 2 and 3 that address the issue directly, calling on members to “believe that a power greater than ourselves could restore us to sanity” and to make “a decision to turn our lives over to the care of God as we understand him.” It is important to note that this is phrased as a completely non-denominational, non-religious context, allowing members to believe in the ocean if that was what it took to find a power they could not stop and therefore greater than themselves. By introducing members to a world that exists beyond themselves and providing the space necessary for individuals to absolve themselves of guilt and obtain forgiveness for past deeds as well as a way of making up for past wrongs by encouraging active participation in some form, Alcoholics Anonymous provides a doorway into a new life.

This process is begun within the first three steps of the program and is reinforced throughout the 12 steps and the cycle of continuation outlined within the program. It is also essential to its members’ success within the program. “AA’s world view asserts that self-centeredness lies at the heart of alcoholics’ suffering; hence, overcoming alcoholism requires overcoming self-centeredness by committing to helping others and by surrendering to a higher power” (Humphreys & Kaskutas, 1995). In one study regarding spirituality in Alcoholics Anonymous, one member of the group said “AA makes you aware of other people. I think the major problem with most of us is that we were always too concerned about ourselves. Now, it’s different. You have to realize that alcoholism is a physical, mental, and spiritual affliction and that AA is more than just not drinking – it’s a way of life, a spiritual philosophy” (Rudy & Greil, 1987, p. 54).

For many alcoholics, the deeds they have done in neglecting their families and supporting their habits may have proven too much to bear, driving them to further drink as a means of forgetting about them. To bring these individuals out of this cycle, the spiritual journey of Alcoholics Anonymous includes the confession of past wrongs and a direct atonement where applicable or indirect atonement in the form of community involvement (within the Alcoholics Anonymous group at least) for those cases in which direct interaction would cause more harm than good. It is by going through this process that these individuals are able to both face the wrongs they have done and receive encouragement to continue on the path of recovery. One man, “After he decided on Dec. 12, 1934, that he would never drink alcohol again, he made restitution with his wife and others he had harmed. ‘I started telling my wife what kind of a fellow I was,’ he says. ‘I did this for three nights to get all of the garbage out. I wanted to be honest about everything in my life.’ He says his wife was grateful for the talk and then understood his behavior. ‘Now we could start our family and raise the children with the same guidelines. We had family quiet time every day. That’s the way we raised the whole family.’” (August 2004).

Through the increased or introduced spirituality offered through 12 step programs such as Alcoholics Anonymous or any of the many other programs that have developed for various other disordered behavior/addictions, participants in these programs are able to find a path to a better quality of life and a more complete way of interacting with other people. Both research and personal testimony have demonstrated that this seems to be the case, with varying degrees of agreement regarding the impact on quality of life. Yet even the most pessimistic of research studies have indicated that participation in Alcoholics Anonymous leads to a reduction in alcohol usage, which subsequently leads to a reduction in alcohol-related problems including imprisonment. Meanwhile, connections have been made between the level of spiritual involvement and the length of time spent actively within the program, showing a cyclical relationship in which spirituality feeds recovery and recovery feeds spirituality. Although it is apparent that alcoholism isn’t curable thanks to a variety of mitigating circumstances, it can be controlled when those affected by it are willing to put in the necessary work and find a positive and supportive group to join.

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Bibliography

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A Solar Eclipse Means Big Science

By Katrina Miller April 1, 2024

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On April 8, cameras all over North America will make a “megamovie” of the sun’s corona, like this one from the 2017 eclipse. The time lapse will help scientists track the behavior of jets and plumes on the sun’s surface.

There’s more science happening along the path of totality →

An app named SunSketcher will help the public take pictures of the eclipse with their phones.

Scientists will use these images to study deviations in the shape of the solar surface , which will help them understand the sun’s churning behavior below.

The sun right now is approaching peak activity. More than 40 telescope stations along the eclipse’s path will record totality.

By comparing these videos to what was captured in 2017 — when the sun was at a lull — researchers can learn how the sun’s magnetism drives the solar wind, or particles that stream through the solar system.

Students will launch giant balloons equipped with cameras and sensors along the eclipse’s path.

Their measurements may improve weather forecasting , and also produce a bird’s eye view of the moon’s shadow moving across the Earth.

Ham radio operators will send signals to each other across the path of totality to study how the density of electrons in Earth’s upper atmosphere changes .

This can help quantify how space weather produced by the sun disrupts radar communication systems.

(Animation by Dr. Joseph Huba, Syntek Technologies; HamSCI Project, Dr. Nathaniel Frissell, the University of Scranton, NSF and NASA.)

NASA is also studying Earth’s atmosphere, but far from the path of totality.

In Virginia, the agency will launch rockets during the eclipse to measure how local drops in sunlight cause ripple effects hundreds of miles away . The data will clarify how eclipses and other solar events affect satellite communications, including GPS.

Biologists in San Antonio plan to stash recording devices in beehives to study how bees orient themselves using sunlight , and how the insects respond to the sudden atmospheric changes during a total eclipse.

Two researchers in southern Illinois will analyze social media posts to understand tourism patterns in remote towns , including when visitors arrive, where they come from and what they do during their visits.

Results can help bolster infrastructure to support large events in rural areas.

Read more about the eclipse:

Our Coverage of the Total Solar Eclipse

Hearing the Eclipse:  A device called LightSound is being distributed to help the blind and visually impaired experience what they can’t see .

Maine Brac es Itself :  Businesses and planning committees are eager for visitors, but some in remote Aroostook County are not sure how they feel  about lying smack in the path of totality.

A Dark Day for Buffalo:  When the sky above Buffalo briefly goes dark  on the afternoon of April 8, the city will transcend its dreary place in the public consciousness — measured as it so often is by snowstorms — if only for about three minutes. The city can’t wait.

Under the Moon’s Shadow:  The late Jay Pasachoff, who spent a lifetime chasing eclipses , inspired generations of students to become astronomers by dragging them to the ends of the Earth for a few precarious moments of ecstasy.

A Rare Return:  It is rare for a total solar eclipse to hit the same place twice — once every 366 years on average. People in certain areas will encounter April 8’s eclipse  about seven years after they were near the middle of the path of the “Great American Eclipse.”

A Small City’s Big Plans:  Let the big cities have their eclipse mega-events. In Plattsburgh, N.Y., success looks different  for everyone stopping to look up.

 No Power Outages:  When the sky darkens during the eclipse, electricity production in some parts of the country will drop so sharply that it could theoretically leave tens of millions of homes in the dark. In practice, hardly anyone will notice  a sudden loss of energy.

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