- Writing an effective essay: Cambridge B2 First
- Posted on 28/02/2018
- Categories: Blog
- Tags: B2 First , C1 Advanced , C2 Proficiency , Cambridge CAE Certificate of Advanced English , Cambridge CPE Certificate of Proficiency in English , Cambridge Exams , Cambridge FCE First Certificate of English , Learn English
Students take language certifications like the Cambridge B2 First qualification for lots of different reasons. You might do it to motivate yourself to improve your language abilities, to prove your level of English to an employer, or even to achieve an ambition like travelling around the world and going to live in an English-speaking country.
The Cambridge B2 First exam includes a two-part writing section, which can be daunting for some people. So if you’re thinking about taking an exam like this, we have some top tips to help you write an excellent exam essay.
Most of the advice in this article can also be applied to any exam where you have to write an essay, such as the C1 Advanced, C2 Proficiency or IELTS .
Writing test structure
Before we get into the details, let’s take a look at the structure of the writing paper. You have 80 minutes to write two texts – and it will go quickly!
The first part is the essay; the second part is an article, email, letter, report, or review.
You will be given the essay title and two ideas or prompts . It’s essential that you include both of these ideas in your essay, as well as another relevant idea that you have to come up with yourself .
You have to write 140-190 words in each part and it shouldn’t take you more than 40 minutes per answer .
Writing an essay in three steps
Take a look at this example from a sample paper and then think about how you would answer it in an exam:
Essay title:
Some parents teach their children at home rather than sending them to school. Is this a good or a bad thing for the children?
- 1. having a parent as a teacher
- 2. making friends
- 3. …..
Question taken from http://www.cambridgeenglish.org/exams-and-tests/first/exam-format/ (Cambridge Assessment English, Feb 2018).
What could the third idea be? Stop reading, grab a pen and write down some ideas! Keep them general, but relevant. When you’ve finished, scroll down to the bottom of the page to see some of our ideas * .
Step One: plan it (10 minutes)
That’s what my old history teacher used to tell me. I hate to admit it, but he was right! If you don’t usually plan before you start writing, you really need to get into the habit . Ten minutes may seem a lot, but the more time you spend planning, the clearer your ideas will be and the quicker the writing process will be.
A good place to start is to brainstorm keywords and phrases related to the topic.
Next, you should think about how you’re going to begin ( the introduction ), how you’re going to connect the three main ideas ( the body ) and how you’re going to finish ( the conclusion ). If you know where you’re headed , you’re much less likely to get lost along the way!
Step Two: write it (25 minutes)
OK, you’ve got our plan – you’re good to go ! It’s important to know what the examiners are looking for. The mark you get for the essay is based on the following four aspects :
Content: Have you included all three ideas? Remember, all content should be 100% relevant to the topic, so don’t go off on a tangent !
Communicative achievement: Is the style or tone of your essay appropriate? It should be neutral and quite formal, so avoid contractions (e.g. it’s, don’t, they’ll) and first person pronouns (e.g. I, me, my, we, us, our).
Organisation: Does your essay follow a logical order? To help your writing flow , try to include linking words. Here’s a website with some examples.
Language: Have you used a variety of vocabulary and grammatical structures? Don’t always write the first word that comes to mind – look for synonyms . Using some complex structures (e.g. different verb tenses, passives, inversion) will boost your marks, but be sure to use them correctly!
Step Three: check it (5 minutes)
This final step is essential. It’s your chance to read (and re-read) your essay to identify any mistakes. No matter how careful you’ve been, there are probably a few things that you can improve. Check for spellings. Check for plurals. Check for verb agreement . Basically, check everything!
5 quick tips to improve your proofreading
- Keep a list of (your) frequent mistakes, so you know what to look out for
- Read it slowly
- Use your finger to guide your eyes
- Correct one thing at a time (e.g. only punctuation, then only spelling)
- Focus on the little words (pronouns, articles, prepositions, etc.)
Still not sure if this is the right exam for you?
There are many benefits of earning an English certification, but before you decide to do so, it’s very important to check your English level . This will help you select the right exam course and make sure you don’t waste time completing one that’s too hard or too easy for you.
If you decide to do an exam preparation course with us, one of our trained level testers will work with you to assess your level. But, if you can’t wait until then, here’s a multiple-choice test for you to complete to give you some idea.
This article also outlines the differences between the Cambridge and IELTS exams to help you decide which exam is for you.
Glossary for Language Learners
Find the following words in the article and then write down any new ones you didn’t know.
Daunting (adj): something that worries you because it might seem difficult to do.
Prompts (n): something serving to suggest or remind.
To come up with (pv): to think of something such as an idea or a plan.
To get into the habit (exp): to begin to do something regularly or often.
Headed (adj): destined for.
You’re good to go! (exp): you’re ready!
To go off on a tangent (exp): to start doing, discussing, or thinking about something completely different.
To flow (v): to proceed smoothly and continuously.
adj = adjective
pv = phrasal verb
exp = expression
*Example ideas: ‘group work’, ‘bullying’, ‘class sizes’, ‘working parents’, ‘free curriculum’
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B2 First (FCE) Essay Writing Guide
The Cambridge B2 First (FCE) essay is easier to write than you think! Follow these steps to write the perfect essay.
Post Contents
What is the Cambridge B2 First Essay?
- Part 1 of the writing test – there are 2 parts total
- 140-190 word limit
- You have about 40 minutes to plan and write your essay
- You must answer a question using two notes and your own idea
- The topic requires general knowledge only
- The essay is always formal because it is written “for your teacher”
Step One: Look at the Task (1 minute)
To begin, all B2 First essays have a similar format . This is great because you know exactly how to write the essay before seeing the question.
Read the essay question carefully and HIGHLIGHT any keywords you need to write about.
Tip: If you don’t understand the question or notes, DON’T PANIC. Try your best to write the essay. You will still get points for grammar, vocabulary, and structure.
Sample exam test from Cambridge English .
Step Two: Write a plan (5 minutes)
A lot of my students dislike writing a plan. However, a plan helps you organize your thoughts and helps you write a better B2 First essay. Your essay needs 5 paragraphs . We will use the sample task from above as an example:
Paragraph structure for an essay
Introduction.
- Rivers and seas
- Your own idea
Next, to create a plan, write a few words for each paragraph . DO NOT write whole sentences. This takes too much time. Try to focus on keywords and short phrases .
Tip: “Your own idea” DOES NOT mean your opinion. You need to think of another topic related to the question to talk about. Some ideas for this task could be: recycling, agriculture, industry, etc.
Additionally, you can prepare a list of linking words and related vocabulary . Getting these words written down before you start helps you remember to use them.
Look at the example plan below. You can draw something similar on a blank piece of paper.
Tip: Time yourself – see how long it takes for you to write a plan. Try to reduce that amount of time as much as possible.
Step 3: Write your essay (32 minutes)
On the official test, you must write with a pen . No erasable pens or pencils are allowed. I suggest writing your plan and essay with a pen every time you practice .
Let’s take a look at each paragraph of the essay.
The introduction to your essay should be 2-3 sentences long . It introduces the essay topic in a general way .
Tip: DO NOT include your opinion in the introduction. Your opinion goes in the conclusion.
If you are unsure how to write an introduction, try this structure and look at the example :
Structure of the introduction
- 1 sentence about the topic in general
- 1-2 sentences about the topic more specifically, including a question if you like.
Example Introduction
On every continent, the amount of trash and waste is increasing each year. Rubbish causes damage to ecosystems all over the world. Is there a way for countries to reduce their carbon footprint and save our planet?
Body of the essay
The body of the essay has three paragraphs . These paragraphs talk about one idea with supporting examples .
For each paragraph, you need to write a topic sentence. A topic sentence is the main idea of the paragraph . DO NOT copy the notes. Instead, try to rewrite the idea in your own words. This is called “paraphrasing.”
Your paragraphs should be 3-4 sentences .
Tip: Start each paragraph with a linking word .
Structure of a body paragraph
- Linking word and topic sentence
- Supporting sentences
Example body paragraph
Firstly, countries can decrease pollution and environmental stress by offering more public transportation. Cars and other vehicles which require petrol produce toxic fumes. If more electric buses and trams were available, fewer people would need to drive their cars.
Follow the same structure for each body paragraph.
Tip: Remember that “your own idea” is NOT your opinion . Write about an additional topic related to the question that you wrote down on your plan.
Finally, you get to say your opinion! In the conclusion, you need to summarize the topic and give your opinion on the question. A conclusion should be 1-2 sentences long.
Structure of the conclusion
- Transition word and a sentence summarizing the topic
- A sentence that gives your opinion
Example conclusion
To sum up, countries around the world must make changes in order to protect the environment. In my opinion, offering more public transport, reducing overfishing, and creating recycling programs are necessary for a cleaner planet.
Step Four: Review your writing (2 minutes)
This is another important step that students often miss. Take two minutes after writing your essay to check for spelling and grammatical errors.
Since you wrote in pen, simply cross out the incorrect word or words LIKE THIS and rewrite them.
How can I get a higher mark on the FCE essay?
Now that you know how to write an essay for the Cambridge B2 First exam, let’s look at how to get the best mark possible .
Increase your mark on your B2 First essay
- Include 5-8 linking words – these words introduce paragraphs and connect ideas
- Use a variety of grammatical structures – you should have both simple and complex forms. Try to use perfect and future forms, conditionals, comparatives, relative clauses and passive
- Use formal vocabulary – do not use slang or simple words like “good, big, small, bad.” Also, do not use contractions. Write “cannot” instead of “can’t”
- Make the essay interesting to read – the examiners read hundreds of essays so make yours easy to read and engaging
- Use the correct amount of words (140-190) – it’s ok to be a few words over the limit, but not too many
Final Advice
The best way to improve your writing skills … is to write! Try to write a few essays each week and ask your teacher for feedback . I have had students who entered my class with very poor writing skills and with practice, they were able to pass the exam after only 10 weeks!
I help students prepare for the FCE exam with private lessons via Zoom. Email me at [email protected] or check out my private lessons page to learn more.
If you want more practice for the B2 First , try these Speaking exam tips , free writing checklist , and Reading part 1 practice.
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How to Write an Essay for B2 First (FCE) Writing
Luis @ kse academy.
- noviembre 24, 2019
As you probably know already, Cambridge English exams usually have some or all of the following parts: Reading, Writing, Use of English and Listening. In this post I am going to talk about the FCE Writing B2 part and, more specifically, about how to write an essay for FCE Writing . We will see a good example of an essay for FCE and you can check out a full FCE Writing Guide where you can find more examples of emails , letters and other types of writings.
Essay Sample Answer
Este artículo también está disponible en castellano.
What are the parts of the FCE Writing?
The First (FCE) Writing has only two parts. For each part, you must write a composition which will depend on the instructions you receive for each task. For the first part , you will always be asked to write an essay , as it is the only option provided. However, in the second part , they allow you to choose one out of 3 options. These include different types of writing , which are : letters/emails , articles , reviews and reports . Each piece of writing must have between 140 and 190 words , approximately.
Since they are different types of writing , the language and structures to use will also differ. But that’s what I’m here for, to explain to you exactly how to write each part. And today, I’m starting with how to write an essay .
How to Write an Essay for FCE Writing
An essay is an opinion writing with which we analyse a topic , a situation or an issue from different points of view , providing different arguments and expressing our opinion about it. For this reason, an essay must have the following features:
- Purpose: What we usually do with an essay is to analyse and assess a topic, situation or issue which, in some way, is interesting or controversial. It is normally set as a writing task after a class debate. In the exam, you have to imagine the debate, obviously.
- Tone and style: Given that you’re writing about a serious or controversial issue , an essay is written in a formal style, so we must stick to an objective tone and style . Our language must be formal, thus avoiding words that are simply too common or generic (E.g.: things, stuff, get, etc.) and contractions (E.g.: can’t, don’t, won’t, etc.).
- Structure: Like every piece of writing, an essay must present a defined structure . For starters, we can choose either to give it a title or not. Personally, I would say that it is more appropriate to have an essay with title . Then, the body must be divided into introduction, idea 1, idea 2, idea 3 and conclusion. This means that, in general, essays must have 5 paragraphs , although it is not entirely necessary.
- Opinion: There are countless ways of expressing your opinion in an essay, so you must choose the one that suits you best. However, it is advisable to remain impartial throughout your writing and give your opinion only in the last paragraph , as a conclusion. But, as I say, it is optional. The most important thing is that you justify everything you say in your essay.
- Coherence: Coherence is essential in every type of writing, but especially in an essay. As it tends to be an argumentative text, you must avoid writing incoherent paragraphs that have nothing to do with one another. Your ideas must follow a logical order and be well connected with appropriate linkers .
FCE Writing Essay Example
Now that we are familiar with the characteristics of an essay for First (FCE) Writing , let’s take a look at an example of an essay at B2 level , both at the task and at a sample answer.
Instructions of an Essay
In the following image you can see the instructions of an essay which involves a typical topic, that of the environment:
In these instructions, we must pay attention to the following:
- The first paragraph introduces the topic: … different ways in which you can protect the environment.
- The second sentence is usually the same in every task: Write an essay using all the notes…
- In the box , you are given the main topic as a question and they give you something to talk about: recycle, using bicycles and walking, your own idea . As you can see, you have to come up with the third idea, something connected to the topic which is not provided in the exam task.
Given the model task above, each paragraph will correspond to a different idea, apart from the introduction and conclusion. Again, it is only natural to have 5 paragraphs. So, the best way to know how to write an essay for FCE Writing is to take a look at an example of an actual essay for FCE Writing :
At first sight, the essay has a title and 5 paragraphs (introduction + idea 1 + idea 2 + idea 3 + conclusion). And if we stop to read the essay more carefully, we’ll notice the following things:
- The paragraphs are visual and well defined , which is very important.
- The title summarises the topic of the essay. Another option is to use the question ( What can people do to help protect the environment? ) as title. However, it usually tends to be too long, so I prefer to summarise it into a shorter heading.
- Introduction: it introduces the topic in a general way and it leads to the second paragraph (first idea).
- Paragraph 2: it deals with idea 1.
- Paragraph 3: it deals with idea 2.
- Paragraph 4: it deals with idea 3.
- Conclusion: we express our opinion to conclude and summarise the essay.
- It uses connectors to define the development of the essay: firstly, second, finally, etc.
- It doesn’t use many contractions or pet words.
- One of the things that
- In the last few decades,
- For this reason,
- First, / Second, / Third,
- By doing so,
- For example,
- In conclusion,
This is a good example of an essay for FCE Writing . By the way, you must bear in mind that it has been written to simulate a strong B2 level, without reaching C1.
FAQ: Do I get penalised for writing over 190 words?
This is the most typical question in this part of the exam and the answer is « yes and no «. Let me explain myself. Cambridge English examiners don’t count the number of words and penalise you based upon that fact alone. There’s a rumour going around among teachers and pupils that says that for every 10 words over 190, they take «this many» points off, but it is not true. However, think about this: if you’ve written 50 or 100 words more than asked, you are probably including irrelevant information to the task , right? Now that’s a reason for losing points. In the same way that if you write under 140 words you are probably missing essential information , don’t you think?
For this reason, I always recommend writing up to 10 or 20 words over the limit. In this way, you won’t lose any points for including irrelevant information.
FCE Writing Guide with examples (pdf)
Although I intend to write more posts on how to do each piece of writing for FCE, if you don’t want to wait any more, simply download the official KSE Academy FCE Writing Guide . In this guide you will learn:
- How to write an essay and 3 examples.
- How to write an article and 3 examples.
- How to write a review and 3 examples.
- How to write a report and 3 examples.
- How to write an email or letter and 3 examples.
- Over 300 useful expressions for every FCE Writing .
Would you like to see a sample of this guide? Here it is!
Did you find this useful? Why not share it with other teachers and students of English? Don’t forget to subscribe to our newsletter and to follow us on Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest, Instagram, y YouTube. 🙂
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Breakout English
First (FCE)
Breakout English has a number of First (FCE) materials for you to use in class or at home to prepare for the Cambridge B2 exam. The Cambridge First exam is a big step up from B1 level exams. At B2, Cambridge introduces the Use of English section while also increasing the challenge of several other task types in the Reading, Writing, Listening and Speaking papers.
Fun writing activity: The consequences game
First (FCE) B2 Key Word Transformations – Relative Clauses
Uses of punctuation marks – Writing well-structured sentences
250 First (FCE) Key Word Transformations B2
First (FCE) B2 Key Word Transformations – Comparatives and Superlatives Exercises
First (FCE) Speaking Part 3 Examples
Dependent prepositions exercises – Use of English part 2
Word Formation Exercises – Conversation Questions
How to write a report
First (FCE) Speaking Part 3 Useful Phrases
How to do First (FCE) Reading Part 6 – Gapped text
Christmas Find Someone Who – Open cloze
B2 First (FCE) Writing Part 1 – Improve an Essay
First (FCE) B2 Key Word Transformations – Phrasal Verbs
Informal vs formal letters and emails
How to write a film review
Just a Minute Topics
Gerunds and Infinitives List
Christmas Speaking Activities
The best First Certificate books
IELTS Academic Writing Part 1 – Describing change and surveys
First (FCE) Essay Questions
First (FCE) Speaking Part 2 Pictures
First (FCE) Song – Fast Car – Tracy Chapman
Christmas Songs Listening
The 120 most useful phrasal verbs list
First (FCE) B2 Key Word Transformations – Conditionals
Linking words – How to improve your writing
Writing an Article – Rhetorical Questions
First day get to know you questions
First (FCE) Speaking – Sample Tests
First (FCE) Song – Shallow – Lady Gaga, Bradley Cooper
How to do First (FCE) Use of English Part 2 “Open Cloze”
Word Formation Games
How to teach Cambridge exam classes
Wishes and Regrets
How to do First (FCE) Speaking Part 2 – Useful Phrases
Expressing Preferences – Would you rather…
Agree / Disagree Language – The Environment
Cambridge Speaking Part 1 – Chat Cards
First (FCE) B2 Key Word Transformations – Reporting Verbs Exercise
First day of exam class – Get to know the exam (Cambridge)
First (FCE) Word Formation Board Game
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How to prepare for First (FCE)
In order to demonstrate a B2 level, Cambridge First (FCE) challenges candidates to produce complex language and deal with complex topics. It will be necessary to have a solid grasp of less frequent vocabulary, such as phrasal verbs, as well as a strong knowledge of the way language is linked together to form a variety of writing texts and spoken discourse.
By the time someone has passed the Cambridge B2 exam, you can be sure that they are able to communicate effectively in any everyday situation and quite possibly be able to handle more difficult or abstract topics as well. It’s a strong level, which anyone who achieves it should be considered to have better than average English.
Here are some things you can do to prepare for the exam:
- Start reading and listening to more English – You should be able to handle a lot of texts and listenings in English and practice makes perfect. It will build your vocabulary and help your pronunciation too. Try something like TED-Ed videos, which are short and thought-provoking.
- Study vocabulary – You will need to know phrasal verbs and linking words as well as dealing with topics like the environment and education. Studying vocabulary for these topics will help in all parts of the exam.
- Learn complex grammar – To show your level of English at B2 level, you want to use grammar like the passive voice, conditionals and reporting verbs well. These grammar areas will help to prove you are worthy of the level.
- Write – Writing is an important part of the exam and you will need to feel comfortable writing essays, letters/emails, articles, reviews and reports. This also means understanding the difference between formal and informal writing.
- Take a class – The First Certificate exam isn’t easy. Having a teacher and peers supporting your progress and providing motivation makes a huge difference.
- Do practice exams – You can get books of practice exams which will help you feel familiar with the format and improve your test-taking skills.
Enjoy the First (FCE) materials!
More Cambridge materials
Cambridge B2 First (FCE): How your writing is marked
How your writing is marked
One of the big mysteries about the FCE exam is how the writing exam is marked. Many of my students ask me about this and, to be honest, it is pretty complex. However, let me break it down for you and let’s go from simple to complex so at the end of the article you will feel more confident and understand what you need to do in order to get great marks in the writing paper.
There are four marking scales in the writing exam. Each of these scales looks at specific aspects of your writing. Generally speaking the four parts are:
- Content – answering the task, supporting your ideas
- Communicative achievement – register, tone, clear ideas, conventions of the specific task type
- Organisation – structure of the text, logical order, connected ideas
- Language – grammar and vocabulary
Each scale is scored out of 5 so you can get a maximum of 20 marks where 3/5 basically means that you have passed this part of your writing.
The four marking scales
Now, of course, it is time to have a look at the four different marking scales in a little bit more detail. I’m going to keep it as simple as possible with examples and explanations so you know what to do.
The very first thing an examiner is going to look at is the Content scale. Here they check if you actually answered the task, if you answered it completely and if the reader of the text is fully informed.
So, what exactly does that mean? To find out let’s have a look at an example task from an FCE practice exam.
Looking at the example above there are four different things that we need to include in our writing if we want to score high marks on the Content marking scale.
First of all, there is a question for you to answer and, secondly, there are three topic points that you have to include in this essay. (Yes, your own idea means that you have to write something. Don’t forget this one.) It is also very important that you support your ideas with reasons and examples, which is one thing that separates the average candidates from the great ones. If you want to score high marks, you have to take your writing to a higher level.
To sum this up, always answer all the things that are asked in the task, but don’t stop there. Use reasons and examples to support your ideas to get higher marks and not ‘just pass’.
2. Communicative Achievement
The next marking scale is an interesting one because, in my opinion, it is easy to get good marks here, but at the same time, make mistakes just as easily.
To get high marks in Communicative Achievement you firstly need to show that you understand who is going to read your text. You might think that, of course, it is the examiner, but I’m talking about more of an imaginary reader. Let’s look at two more examples. Who is going to read your text? You got it, your English teacher is the one.
Now the question is what that means for your writing task? Ask yourself what kind of language and tone you would use if you wrote something for your English college magazine or the manager of a leisure centre. Would it be formal or informal? Would you use a lot of slang words and colloquial expressions?
In our first example, we would try to keep it light and rather informal because students are going to be the ones reading it. In the report, on the other hand, we would choose more formal language and stay a little bit more serious than, let’s say, in a review of your favourite film. Make sure that this becomes clear in your choice of grammar and vocabulary as well as some other stylistic features like contractions (I’m vs I am) etc.
Another important point for you to consider is what a report looks like compared to a review? Do you need a title? Subheadings? An introduction and/or conclusion? A greeting and salutation? Think about the specific features of each type of writing and make sure that the text you write looks that way.
Lastly, the Communicative Achievement scale also assesses your ability to clearly express your ideas and to hold the readers attention. You should ask yourself if you would enjoy reading your text and if your arguments or ideas are clearly communicated.
Let’s put this all together before we move on to the next point. Communicative Achievement looks at your ability to use an appropriate style and tone, the correct features for each specific task like title, subheadings, etc. as well as how well you express your ideas and hold the readers attention. It is a lot of stuff, but if you prepare and study these things a little bit, I see no reason why you wouldn’t rock it.
3. Organisation
Organisation, similar to Communicative Achievement, is an area where you can score marks very easily, but a lot of students don’t reach their full potential. We can look at two major problems that students face to explain where candidates lose (or don’t get more) marks.
To begin with, your writing tasks should always be organised in paragraphs. Making paragraphs is an easy task, but there is a little bit more to it than you might think at the beginning.
Looking back at our example from the beginning, how many paragraphs do you think we should use in the essay?
Tough question, I know. When we think about an essay, there should always be an introduction and a conclusion so two paragraphs are already locked in. The task above requires you to write about three topic points: transport, rivers and seas, and your own idea. That’s an additional three paragraphs and a total of five. Do this for every task before you start slamming words onto paper. It will save you a lot of headaches and self-hate.
I often see practice writing tasks that look well organised when I first read them. There are paragraphs clearly separated from each other and I feel a little rush of happiness…until I actually read it and realise that ideas are mixed thoughts are jumping around between different paragraphs and there is no logical order in what my students produce.
However, I don’t blame anyone for doing this because, especially at the beginning of your FCE journey, you simply don’t know what is expected of you.
So, paragraphs are great, but you have to put them in logical order (which depends on the task you’re working on) and have one main idea per paragraph. Don’t try to cram five different things in one. Make a plan before you start writing and avoid these unnecessary mistake.
Secondly, the examiner looks at your ability to connect your ideas using linking words and other methods. Once again, these words and methods can be similar for some task types but different for others.
Organisation checks your ability to bring a logical order to your writing. Use paragraphs for your main ideas and connect everything with linking words and other useful language. Make a plan and get organised before you start writing, save yourself some time and avoid getting stressed out.
4. Language
Language is probably the one marking scale that is quite straight forward. You are assessed on your use of grammar and vocabulary, which includes if you make a lot of errors as well as how wide your range of grammar and vocabulary is.
For example, if you are writing about travelling you should show a wide range of vocabulary specific to this topic. For a task about the environment the vocabulary changes. I guess that makes sense. The more pointed towards the task your words and expressions are, the better it is for your marks.
In the grammar department it is not so much about the task, but rather about you trying to use structures that are outside of your comfort zone or not. You don’t have to be perfect at this level of English so the FCE examiners recognise even attempts at more complex grammar.
So, the next time you practise writing for the exam challenge yourself to use at least three grammatical structures that you find difficult, such as conditionals, the passive voice or reporting verbs. Again, in the exam you won’t get punished for trying so why not try?
Writing is not as bad as it seems
After all this information you might feel a little overwhelmed wondering how you can meet all these requirements and get high marks. The good thing is that you really don’t need to worry too much. I know that you already do a lot of the points discussed in this post well. Your job is now to find the areas in which you can improve and start to work on them. All you need to do is trust yourself (and Teacher Phill).
I hope this article helps you understand better how the writing exam works and, more importantly, what happens after you finish the exam. As always, don’t wait until it’s too late. Tackle your problems now and you will improve. If you start today, I’m sure there won’t be a problem once you are in the examination room and your pen is going to fly over the paper.
Lots of love,
Teacher Phill 🙂
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the explanation regarding how to write and mark an essay has been most helpful. thanks
Thanks a lot for the piece of advice and encouragement in your article above. I’m still not very much confident about the range of linking words to express ideas better. Could you , please, recommend me a list of them or any other source of information about their usage?
I would simply do a Google search on linking expressions and I’m sure you will find tons of useful resources. 🙂
Thanks a lot!!! Very clear and extremely useful!
I’m happy you like the article. Thank you. 🙂
Comments are closed.
Home — Essay Samples — Geography & Travel — Travel and Tourism Industry — The History of Moscow City
The History of Moscow City
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First human transplant of a genetically modified pig kidney performed
Surgeons perform the first transplant of a genetically modified pig kidney into a living human at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston. Michelle Rose/Massachusetts General Hospital hide caption
Surgeons perform the first transplant of a genetically modified pig kidney into a living human at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston.
For the first time, surgeons have transplanted a kidney from a genetically modified pig into a living person, doctors in Boston said Thursday.
Richard Slayman, 62, of Weymouth, Mass., who is suffering from end-stage kidney disease , received the organ Saturday in a four-hour procedure, Massachusetts General Hospital announced . He is recovering well and is expected to be discharged Saturday, the hospital said.
"I saw it not only as a way to help me, but a way to provide hope for the thousands of people who need a transplant to survive," Slayman said in a statement released by the hospital.
The procedure is the latest development in a fast-moving race to create genetically modified pigs to provide kidneys, livers, hearts and other organs to help alleviate the shortage of organs for people who need transplants.
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How genetically modified pigs could end the shortage of organs for transplants.
"Our hope is that this transplant approach will offer a lifeline to millions of patients worldwide who are suffering from kidney failure," said Dr. Tatsuo Kawai, the hospital's director for clinical transplant tolerance, in the hospital statement.
Animal organs could ease transplant shortage
Several biotech companies are racing to develop a supply of cloned pigs whose DNA has been genetically modified so they won't be rejected by the human body, spread pig viruses to people or cause other complications. NPR recently got exclusive access to a research farm breeding these animals for a company in this competition, Revivicor Inc. of Blacksburg, Va.
The kidney transplanted in Boston came from a pig created by eGenesis of Cambridge, Mass. The eGenesis pigs are bred with 69 genetic modifications to prepare organs for human transplantation. The changes protect against a virus known to infect pigs as well as delete pig genes and add human genes to make the organs compatible with people.
"We are grateful for the courageous contribution of the patient and to the advancement of transplantation science," said Mike Curtis, chief executive officer for eGenesis in the statement. "This represents a new frontier in medicine and demonstrates the potential of genome engineering to change the live of millions of patients."
The Government's Plan To Fix A Broken Organ Transplant System
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The field is stirring excitement about harnessing cloning and gene-editing technologies to solve the persistent shortage of organs for human transplantation. More than 103,000 people are currently on the waiting list for organs. About 17 die every day because they can't get one.
End-stage renal disease is 3.8 times more common among Black people than white people in the U.S., according to federal statistics .
The transplant "represents a potential breakthrough in solving one of the more intractable problems in our field, that being unequal access for ethnic minority patients to the opportunity for kidney transplants due to the extreme donor organ shortage and other system-based barriers," said Dr. Winfred Williams, the kidney specialist treating Slayman, who is a Black man.
Reservations about using animal organs in people
But the research is also raising several concerns. One worry is about the possibility of spreading animal viruses to humans. Another is about slaughtering thousands of animals every year to harvest their organs.
"I think we need to be very, very careful," L. Syd M. Johnson , a bioethicist at SUNY Upstate Medical University in Syracuse, N.Y., told NPR. "I have a lot of concerns about a therapy that is very much unproven."
Some also question testing these organs on gravely ill patients.
"If the FDA wants to explore the use of pig kidneys in humans, it would be better to authorize a phase I clinical trial so we can begin to gather more systematic evidence about this," Michael Gusmano , a bioethicist at Lehigh University, wrote NPR in an email.
Surgeons have already transplanted kidneys and livers from genetically modified cloned pigs into baboons and a handful of brain dead people. Surgeons at the University of Maryland even tested hearts in two men who had run out of other options. They lived for several weeks after the procedures.
Slayman got a human kidney transplant after being on dialysis for seven years, according to the hospital. But his transplanted kidney showed signs of failure after about five years, forcing Slayman to resume dialysis last May. He's since been suffering serious complications.
The transplant of the pig kidney was made possible by the Food and Drug Administration as part of a " compassionate use " program aimed at helping desperate patients.
"When my transplanted kidney began failing in 2023, I again trusted my care team at MGH to meet my goals of not just improving my quality of life but extending it," Slayman said in the hospital's statement, adding the doctors explained the "pros and cons of this procedure."
- xenotransplantation
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Even in loss to Baylor, Vanderbilt women's basketball has tasted what March Madness can be
BLACKSBURG, Va. — When Jordyn Cambridge arrived at Vanderbilt in 2018, all the program knew was losing.
Vanderbilt women's basketball hadn't been to the NCAA tournament since 2014. Hadn't won a game in March Madness since the year before that. The team had become complacent with losing.
When Shea Ralph took over the program in 2021, she said, Cambridge was one of the few players who expressed a strong desire simply to win.
Three years later, the Commodores (22-10) got a tough lesson in what it takes to truly have a winning culture. No. 12 seed Vanderbilt ended its season with a thud of an 80-63 loss to No. 5 seed Baylor in the first round of the NCAA tournament at Cassell Coliseum on Friday.
"The feeling we've had today, that's motivation itself," Sacha Washington said. "But just winning our First Four game, that's everything for us. And we know we can be back here and we will."
FOLLOW THE MADNESS: NCAA tournament brackets, scores, schedules, teams and more.
A frequent refrain among the players and coaches was that nobody outside the locker room thought they would make it this far. Vanderbilt, picked to finish last in the SEC, put the league on notice by finishing sixth and getting into the tournament.
The Commodores beat Columbia in the First Four on Wednesday to advance to the main bracket, but they still need to get to where they can beat elite teams. Most of their games against teams at the top of the bracket this season ended in blowouts. They allowed Baylor to shoot 43% from 3-point range and turned the ball over 21 times. But for Ralph, having proof of concept can only help the team get better through the transfer portal. For the players who do return, they now have the experience of earning a tournament bid — and the pain of it coming to an end.
"That we're capable, that we can do it," Cambridge said when asked what she hoped her teammates would take away. "And I think this year, everything that we went through as a team showed that now we know what it takes. And obviously there are some things that we could have probably done better and clean some stuff up. But I mean, it was a first experience for all of us."
Cambridge played her final game of college basketball Friday. A sixth-year senior, she is out of eligibility after a career that included a litany of injuries, and she does not plan to pursue a pro career. She had 14 points, seven rebounds, six assists and three steals against Baylor.
It was Cambridge who led the charge to transform Vanderbilt. It was her hard-nosed, defense-first style that the rest of the team adopted as its image. She pushed her body to the limit, often unable to practice. But she never stopped believing that she could lead her team to the NCAA tournament, and in her final year, she did it.
"Nobody thought we'd be here," Cambridge said. "Only the people on our campus thought we'd be here. We knew we'd be here. I knew we'd be here. And I'm proud of how far we got. And I'm proud of the way that we continue to fight through adversity. And I'm proud of myself because . . . nobody except for the people in our program knows what I had to do just to be able to step on the court every time, and I wouldn't have had it any different way."
For Ralph and Vanderbilt, the next step will be figuring out how to build on the foundation Cambridge established, but doing it without her. Younger players like Washington, Iyana Moore and Khamil Pierre got their first taste of the dance, and Ralph already has secured the commitment of top recruit Mikayla Blakes .
After losing for so long, the Commodores finally know what it's like to win. And they know the pain of losing when it's not all they know.
For Vanderbilt, 2024 was a big step forward. Now it's time to take the next step.
SEC SUPPORT How Shea Ralph said SEC coaches are showing support for Vanderbilt at March Madness
Aria Gerson covers Vanderbilt athletics for The Tennessean. Contact her at [email protected] or on Twitter @aria_gerson .
Weymouth man receives groundbreaking kidney transplant from a surprising donor at MGH
Massachusetts General Hospital completed the world’s first successful transplant of a genetically edited pig kidney into a 62-year-old Weymouth man living with end-stage kidney disease.
Surgeons from the Mass General Transplant Center conducted the four-hour surgery on Saturday, March 16.
The patient, Richard Slayman, is recovering and is expected to be discharged soon, according to the hospital.
"The procedure marks a major milestone in the quest to provide more readily available organs to patients," the hospital said in a news release.
The procedure was carried out under the leadership of doctors Leonardo V. Riella , medical director for kidney transplantation, Tatsuo Kawai, director of the Legorreta Center for Clinical Transplant Tolerance and Nahel Elias, MD , the interim chief of transplant surgery and surgical director for kidney transplantation.
The pig kidney underwent 69 genomic edits prior to the transplant, the hospital said.
Mass General Brigham transplant milestones include the world’s first successful human organ transplant, a kidney, performed at Brigham and Women’s Hospital in 1954 and the nation’s first penile transplant, which was performed at Mass General Hospital in 2016.
“Mass General Brigham researchers and clinicians are constantly pushing the boundaries of science to transform medicine and solve significant health issues facing our patients in their daily lives,” said Dr. Anne Klibanski, the president and CEO of Mass General Brigham. “Nearly seven decades after the first successful kidney transplant, our clinicians have once again demonstrated our commitment to provide innovative treatments and help ease the burden of disease for our patients and others around the world.”
eGenesis collaborated with hospital on making pig kidney safe for humans
The hospital said the pig kidney was provided by eGenesis of Cambridge from a pig donor that was genetically edited to remove harmful pig genes and add certain human genes to improve its compatibility with humans.
Scientists inactivated porcine endogenous retroviruses in the pig donor to eliminate any risk of infection in humans. Mass General and eGenesis have conducted extensive collaborative research over the past five years, according to a news release. The findings were published in the journal Nature in 2023.
“We are grateful for the courageous contribution of the patient and to the advancement of transplantation science,” said eGenesis CEO Mike Curtis. "This represents a new frontier in medicine and demonstrates the potential of genome engineering to change the lives of millions of patients globally suffering from kidney failure.”
More than 100,000 people in the U.S. are waiting for organ transplants, and 17 people die each day waiting for an organ, according to the United Network for Organ Sharing .
A kidney is the most common organ needed for transplant, and end-stage kidney disease rates are estimated to increase 29-68% in the U.S. by 2030, according to information published in the Journal of the American Society of Nephrology.
Weymouth patient 'a beacon of hope' for others needing transplants
“The real hero today is the patient, Mr. Slayman, as the success of this pioneering surgery, once deemed unimaginable, would not have been possible without his courage and willingness to embark on a journey into uncharted medical territory," said Dr. Joren C. Madsen, director of the hospital's Transplant Center. "As the global medical community celebrates this monumental achievement, Mr. Slayman becomes a beacon of hope for countless individuals suffering from end-stage renal disease and opens a new frontier in organ transplantation."
Positive outcomes: From old friend to kidney donor: Former Quincy city councilor gets 'a new life'
Slayman has been a Transplant Center patient for 11 years.
He has been living with Type 2 diabetes and hypertension for many years and had received a kidney transplant from a dead human donor in December 2018, which was performed at the hospital after being on dialysis for the previous seven years.
The transplanted kidney showed signs of failure around five years later, requiring Slayman to resume dialysis in May 2023, according to the hospital. Since resuming dialysis, he had dialysis vascular access complications requiring visits to the hospital every two weeks for de-clotting and surgical revisions, which impacted his quality of life. The complications are a common problem among dialysis patients, the hospital said.
"I have the highest level of trust in the doctors, nurses and clinical staff who have cared for me." he said in a statement. "When my transplanted kidney began failing in 2023, I again trusted my care team at MGH to meet my goals of not just improving my quality of life but extending it."
He said his nephrologist, Dr. Winfred Williams , and the Transplant Center team suggested the pig kidney transplant and laid out the pros and cons of this procedure.
"I saw it not only as a way to help me, but a way to provide hope for the thousands of people who need a transplant to survive," Slayman said.
The FDA's role in allowing the surgery to proceed
The procedure was performed under a single "compassionate use" FDA Expanded Access Protocol , referred to as which is granted to a single patient or group of patients with serious, life-threatening illnesses or conditions to gain access to experimental treatments or trials when no comparable treatment options or therapies exist, the hospital said in its release.
Slayman also received infusion of novel immunosuppressant drugs.
Neighbor in need: Have a kidney to spare? Plymouth man desperately needs one
Riella led the group of Mass General Transplant Center physicians in applying for FDA approval. which was reviewed by the FDA before its approval in late February.
“Seventy years after the first kidney transplant and six decades following the advent of immunosuppressive medications, we stand on the brink of a monumental breakthrough in transplantation," Riella said.
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By the BOOK
Morgan Parker Says ‘Poetry Is Under Everything’ She Writes
Crafting the arguments in “You Get What You Pay For,” her first essay collection, “felt like pulling apart a long piece of taffy,” says the author of “Magical Negro.”
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What books are on your night stand?
The craft anthology “How We Do It,” edited by the great Jericho Brown, and Shayla Lawson’s astounding “How to Live Free in a Dangerous World.”
Describe your ideal reading experience (when, where, what, how).
Probably on the smoking patio of a wine bar at happy hour on a sunny day, with a pencil in my hand and Dorothy Ashby or Ambrose Akinmusire playing through noise-canceling headphones. Or just a quiet morning on my couch with coffee, so engrossed I forget to flip the record.
What’s the last book you read that made you laugh?
“Erasure,” by Percival Everett . I picked up a used copy at Shakespeare & Company recently — after seeing Cord Jefferson’s brilliant adaptation , “American Fiction” — and even on a reread, it made me laugh out loud from the first page.
The last book that made you cry?
Weird or obnoxious if I say my own? Before that, it was probably Y.A.
Do you count any books as guilty pleasures?
That category’s filled to the brim and beyond by reality TV.
How do you organize your books?
Loosely or not at all. This is much to the horror of my Virgo pals, and while I used to take pride in navigating my shelves on familiarity alone, it’s something I’ve vowed to work on. Still, I doubt I’ll ever be an alphabetical type, and clearly I find genre segregation constricting. I do group things thematically, or even interpersonally — music biographies, Black Panthers, Harlem Renaissance; Jessica Hopper is next to John Giorno, and Chase Berggrun’s “R E D” is next to “Dracula”; Julie Buntin’s “Marlena” is beside her husband Gabe Habash’s “Stephen Florida”; Alison C. Rollins is next to her partner Nate Marshall is next to his bestie José Olivarez. At some point Hilton Als’s “White Girls” ended up next to “Male Fantasies,” and I don’t think I’ll ever separate them.
Which genres do you avoid?
There’s an essay in “You Get What You Pay For” where I mention reading a self-help book (as recommended by my now-former psychiatrist). I’d never read one before and have not since.
How does your poetry relate to your essay writing?
The truth is that poetry is under everything. It’s the lyric and sensory backbone. It’s what drives the sound, pace and imagery. (Everyone knows the best prose writers write and read poetry.) But while a poem strives for precision of language, the essay strives for precision of thought, even argument. In a poem, you can build (or approximate) an argument by plopping two images next to each other. It persuades by pointing. Writing these essays felt like pulling apart a long piece of taffy — I found myself reiterating a lot of what I’ve already expressed in poems, so it almost became a project of stretching out each poetic line, breaking down each concept to its root. The process is about asking, pondering, searching — and letting language take part in the answering.
You have a knack for terrific book titles. How did you name your new collection?
Thank you! I love a good title, but I also acknowledge the high bar I have set for myself. With this one, I struggled a bit, I think because it took me a while to understand the book myself, let alone how to introduce it to the world. The essays encompass a lot of seemingly disparate themes and even tonal registers, so framing the overall collection was daunting. I’d been tossing around a couple of options, including “Cheaper Than Therapy,” which appears as an essay title, when Jay-Z made the choice for me. I was in Italy at a residency, grieving the recent loss of my aunt and watching the “Big Pimpin’” video over and over as I worked on an essay about it for the book. I’d left my heavily tabbed copy of “Decoded” at home in Los Angeles, but was scrolling a PDF for details about the video shoot when I came across the line: “If the price is life, then you better get what you paid for.”
You describe yourself as foolish for believing “words could be the pathway to empathy and writing an active resistance against hate.” Might publishing this book change your mind?
Honestly? It’s my only hope.
What’s the last book you recommended to a member of your family?
“Heavy,” by Kiese Laymon, to my mom; Blair LM Kelley’s “ Black Folk: The Roots of the Black Working Class,” to my dad; and “A Is for Activist,” to my 8-month-old cousin.
What do you plan to read next?
Phillip B. Williams’s “Ours” was just published, and I’ve been excited about it for literally years. Vinson Cunningham’s “Great Expectations” came out the same day as my book, so I plan to make that my tour read.
You’re organizing a literary dinner party. Which three writers, dead or alive, do you invite?
June Jordan, Zora Neale Hurston, James Baldwin — but I’d be lying if I said I wouldn’t get just as much fun and fulfillment from a night with Angel Nafis, Danez Smith and Saeed Jones.
Explore More in Books
Want to know about the best books to read and the latest news start here..
You never know what’s going to go wrong in these graphic novels, where Circus tigers, giant spiders, shifting borders and motherhood all threaten to end life as we know it .
When the author Tommy Orange received an impassioned email from a teacher in the Bronx, he dropped everything to visit the students who inspired it.
A few years ago, Harvard acquired the archive of Candida Royalle, a porn star turned pioneering director. Now, the collection has inspired a new book , challenging the conventional history of the sexual revolution.
Gabriel García Márquez wanted his final novel to be destroyed. Its publication this month may stir questions about posthumous releases.
Do you want to be a better reader? Here’s some helpful advice to show you how to get the most out of your literary endeavor .
Each week, top authors and critics join the Book Review’s podcast to talk about the latest news in the literary world. Listen here .
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• Learn useful techniques for planning your own essay. • Evaluate two examples of a Writing Part 1 essay. • Practise and evaluate your own answer to a Writing Part 1 task. Review: Writing Part 1 . The B2 First for Schools Writing paper has two parts. Part 1 has only one task, which you . must. answer. You will: be given the essay title.
The first part is the essay; the second part is an article, email, letter, report, or review. You will be given the essay title and two ideas or prompts. It's essential that you include both of these ideas in your essay, as well as another relevant idea that you have to come up with yourself. You have to write 140-190 words in each part and ...
B2 First (FCE) Essay: FAQ B2 First (FCE) Essay: Useful Phrases & Expressions. The essay is a compulsory task to be completed in Part 1 of the writing section in the Cambridge B2 First (FCE) that is written to convince someone of something or to simply inform the reader about a particular topic. There is no single, method of successful writing ...
FCE Essays - Sample/model answers and examiner comments. An essay is always written for the teacher. It should answer the question given by addressing both content points and providinga new content point of the writer's own. The essay should be well organised, with an introduction and an appropriate conclusion,and should be written in an ...
In fact, essay writing might be the easiest type of writing in Cambridge B2 First because there is a plan that you can follow every single time you sit down with pen and paper to practise as well as in the exam itself. So, let's look at essays, how they are organised and what exactly you have to be careful with in order to pass easily and get ...
The B2 First handbook gives an overview of the exam and its place within Cambridge English examinations. This is followed by a focus on each paper and includes content, advice on preparation, and example papers. B2 First handbook for teachers. B2 First: Handbook for Teachers Listening Audio Files (ZIP, 72MB)
B2 First Writing Part 1 . Teacher's notes . Aims of the lesson . to familiarise students with Part 1 of the Writing paper ... structuring an essay, but one way that works well for this type of question is: Paragraph 1 introduction Paragraph 2 point one - problem + solution
The essay task at Cambridge B2 First (FCE) level might be one of the first times learners encounter a truly formal writing task. At the previous level, B1 Preliminary (PET), all the writing tasks are relatively casual and informal. This is where the First Certificate writing forces candidates to prove they really know how to organise and ...
The Cambridge B2 essay might be the first time you need to write an essay for an exam, but it won't be the last. This task continues to be obligatory at C1 and C2 levels. If you are doing a Trinity or IELTS exam, you'll also need to write an essay. Basically, there is no escape. You either learn to write a good essay or you don't pass ...
Sample exam test from Cambridge English.. Step Two: Write a plan (5 minutes) A lot of my students dislike writing a plan. However, a plan helps you organize your thoughts and helps you write a better B2 First essay. Your essay needs 5 paragraphs.We will use the sample task from above as an example:
Each paragraph has a clear purpose: Introduction: it introduces the topic in a general way and it leads to the second paragraph (first idea). Paragraph 2: it deals with idea 1. Paragraph 3: it deals with idea 2. Paragraph 4: it deals with idea 3. Conclusion: we express our opinion to conclude and summarise the essay.
Part 1 - Writing - B2 First (FCE) | Practice, Write & Improve. Writing: Part 1. Test 1 / 25. Answer the question below. Write 140 - 190 words in an appropriate style. Your teacher has asked you to write an essay on the dangers of social media, and how people can protect themselves. Do you think social media can be dangerous?
Article navigation: B2 First (FCE) Essay: Example Topics / Questions B2 First (FCE) Essay: Download (PDF) An essay is a piece of writing in which you are asked to discuss a topic that might be controversial or relevant somehow. It usually follows a class discussion. The language of an English essay should be formal.Also, make sure that you justify all your ideas and that you use appropriate ...
First (FCE) Breakout English has a number of First (FCE) materials for you to use in class or at home to prepare for the Cambridge B2 exam. The Cambridge First exam is a big step up from B1 level exams. At B2, Cambridge introduces the Use of English section while also increasing the challenge of several other task types in the Reading, Writing ...
Each of these two pieces of writing needs to be between 140-190 words in length, or 280-380 words in total. As there are five different parts to the exam, Writing counts 20% towards your overall grade. In the writing paper there are two parts, the first one being an essay and the second one your choice of several possible types of writing.
This lesson plan accompanies Cambridge English: First 1 Writing Test 4 Part 1. This lesson is suitable for students at the beginning or in the middle of their Cambridge English: First ... Suggested answers are animals, environment, and essay. • Ask students to underline the key information in the rest of the question and to compare/discuss ...
Each of these scales looks at specific aspects of your writing. Generally speaking the four parts are: Content - answering the task, supporting your ideas. Communicative achievement - register, tone, clear ideas, conventions of the specific task type. Organisation - structure of the text, logical order, connected ideas.
This is the first academic year when AI is not a curious novelty anymore but an additional player to be dealt with. So I asked myself the question: If most of an EAP course involves reading and writing texts and if an AI tool can swiftly complete these, then what's the whole point of taking such classes, and how will essays in EAP courses change?
About B2 First for Schools. Tests reading, writing, speaking and listening skills, plus use of English. Comes after B1 Preliminary for Schools and before C1 Advanced. Shows that learners have the language skills they need to communicate in an English-speaking environment, including:
The Cambridge History of Russia - September 2006. ... Interpretive Essays (New York: ... If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive. The emergence of Moscow (1359-1462) ...
But each of those veterans played a role in leading Vanderbilt to its 72-68 win over the Lions (23-7) in the First Four. The 12th-seeded Commodores advance to play Baylor on Friday (5 p.m. CT, ESPNU).
The History of Moscow City. Moscow is the capital and largest city of Russia as well as the. It is also the 4th largest city in the world, and is the first in size among all European cities. Moscow was founded in 1147 by Yuri Dolgoruki, a prince of the region. The town lay on important land and water trade routes, and it grew and prospered.
The kidney transplanted in Boston came from a pig created by eGenesis of Cambridge, Mass. The eGenesis pigs are bred with 69 genetic modifications to prepare organs for human transplantation.
— When Jordyn Cambridge arrived at Vanderbilt in 2018, all the program knew was losing. Vanderbilt women's basketball hadn't been to the NCAA tournament since 2014. Hadn't won a game in March ...
The pig kidney underwent 69 genomic edits prior to the transplant, the hospital said. Mass General Brigham transplant milestones include the world's first successful human organ transplant, a ...
Ohio's U.S. Senate race this fall will be one of the most watched in the nation. Three Republicans are running on March 19 for the chance to take on U.S. Sen. Sherrod Brown. Republicans see Ohio ...
The first reference to Moscow dates from 1147 as a meeting place of Sviatoslav Olgovich and Yuri Dolgorukiy. At the time it was a minor town on the western border of Vladimir-Suzdal Principality. ... (Cambridge UP. 1981) online; Porter, Cathy. Moscow in World War II (1987) online; Roosa, Ruth A. "Capitalism and politics in Russia: A social ...
Our free online tool helps you to practise your writing and get valuable feedback instantly. Write & Improve is simple to use: just choose a task, write or upload a written response and use the feedback to quickly improve. It shows you how to improve your spelling, grammar and vocabulary. Join over 2 million learners of English who have used ...
Crafting the arguments in "You Get What You Pay For," her first essay collection, "felt like pulling apart a long piece of taffy," says the author of "Magical Negro."
When was Kate first hospitalized? ... Prince William, Duke of Cambridge and Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge during a visit to Daystar Evangelical Church on March 26, 2022 in Great Abaco, Bahamas. ...