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  • Types of Research Designs Compared | Guide & Examples

Types of Research Designs Compared | Guide & Examples

Published on June 20, 2019 by Shona McCombes . Revised on June 22, 2023.

When you start planning a research project, developing research questions and creating a  research design , you will have to make various decisions about the type of research you want to do.

There are many ways to categorize different types of research. The words you use to describe your research depend on your discipline and field. In general, though, the form your research design takes will be shaped by:

  • The type of knowledge you aim to produce
  • The type of data you will collect and analyze
  • The sampling methods , timescale and location of the research

This article takes a look at some common distinctions made between different types of research and outlines the key differences between them.

Table of contents

Types of research aims, types of research data, types of sampling, timescale, and location, other interesting articles.

The first thing to consider is what kind of knowledge your research aims to contribute.

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The next thing to consider is what type of data you will collect. Each kind of data is associated with a range of specific research methods and procedures.

Finally, you have to consider three closely related questions: how will you select the subjects or participants of the research? When and how often will you collect data from your subjects? And where will the research take place?

Keep in mind that the methods that you choose bring with them different risk factors and types of research bias . Biases aren’t completely avoidable, but can heavily impact the validity and reliability of your findings if left unchecked.

Choosing between all these different research types is part of the process of creating your research design , which determines exactly how your research will be conducted. But the type of research is only the first step: next, you have to make more concrete decisions about your research methods and the details of the study.

Read more about creating a research design

If you want to know more about statistics , methodology , or research bias , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.

  • Normal distribution
  • Degrees of freedom
  • Null hypothesis
  • Discourse analysis
  • Control groups
  • Mixed methods research
  • Non-probability sampling
  • Quantitative research
  • Ecological validity

Research bias

  • Rosenthal effect
  • Implicit bias
  • Cognitive bias
  • Selection bias
  • Negativity bias
  • Status quo bias

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Empirical Social Research pp 63–124 Cite as

Research and Investigation Planning

  • Michael Häder 2  
  • First Online: 12 November 2022

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The concrete course of a social science investigation depends on various things. Above all, the respective research interest, the available resources and the complexity of the research question exert a decisive influence on the design of a research project. But also a possible client or the regulations of a doctoral thesis can significantly influence the course of the investigation. Thus, in the practice of empirical social research, one has to deal with very different and diverse designs. In addition to permanently funded projects for the long-term observation of society, for which a relatively large staff is responsible, such as the European Social Survey (ESS) or the General Population Survey of the Social Sciences (ALLBUS – compare Sect. 6.1.4 on the two surveys), there are numerous smaller studies, which are carried out, for example, for graduate theses and which essentially have to manage without external funding. Last but not least, there are a number of studies that serve the purpose of market research and are financed by companies. While survey series such as the ALLBUS and the ESS have meanwhile developed certain methodological routines according to which the individual surveys are carried out, the development of the design of a one-off survey always presents a particular challenge to the researcher. Between these two poles, various other research projects can be identified, whose approach can always be very different. Despite this diversity in approaches, an attempt is made here to demonstrate a general phase model for the course of a social science investigation. A division of social science investigations into phases offers various advantages. For example, it supports time and resource planning and, similar to the checklist to be worked through by a pilot before take-off, it points out all the essential work steps, such as the absolute necessity of a preliminary investigation. In this way, despite the differentiated nature of the individual research projects, it can help to prevent duplication of work or to structure the entire process optimally according to a certain logic. In the following Sect. 4.1 , such a phase model is first presented and then applied to the Dresden self-defence survey (Sect. 4.2 ).

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The question text was: Even in politics you can’t have everything at once. On this list you will find some goals that can be pursued in politics. If you had to choose between these different goals, which goal seemed the most important to you personally? A Maintaining peace and order in this country, B Giving citizens more influence on government decisions, C Fighting rising prices, D Protecting the right to free speech.

A materialistic value attitude exists if the specifications A and C were named on the ranks one and/or two. A post-materialistic value attitude is present if the specifications B and D are mentioned on the ranks one and/or two. The 100% missing values are the so-called mixed types.

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The answers were coded in such a way that for “it applies completely”, a 1, for “rather applies” a 2, for “partly partly” a 3, for “rather does not apply” a 4 and finally for “does not apply at all” a 5 was coded. A total of 64 people were interviewed.

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COMMENTS

  1. Investigation vs. Research: Know the Difference

    Nov 27, 2023. The methods used in investigation and research can overlap, like data analysis, but their context and application differ. Investigations might include interviews, forensic analysis, or surveillance, while research often involves experiments, surveys, and theoretical analysis.

  2. Research Methods

    Primary vs. secondary research. Primary research is any original data that you collect yourself for the purposes of answering your research question (e.g. through surveys, observations and experiments). Secondary research is data that has already been collected by other researchers (e.g. in a government census or previous scientific studies).

  3. Using Research for Investigative Decision-Making

    Investigative research is the application of behavioral research to law enforcement investigations. It focuses on interactions associated with both the crime (involving offenders, victims, and witnesses) and investigation (involving police, prosecutors, and the public).

  4. Types of Research Designs Compared

    Descriptive research vs experimental research: Descriptive research gathers data without controlling any variables, while experimental research manipulates and controls variables to determine cause and effect. Do you want to identify characteristics, patterns and correlations or test causal relationships between variables?

  5. Research and Investigation Planning

    The concrete course of a social science investigation depends on various things. Above all, the respective research interest, the available resources and the complexity of the research question exert a decisive influence on the design of a research project.