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Debate Speech

Debate Speech Examples

Debate. What would be the first thing that pops in our minds when we think of that? To some, it is an intellectual argument on about almost anything. From various concepts such as love and the reason of living in the first place to something serious such as political views of a person. Merriam-Webster defines debate as a contention by words or arguments. In terms of law or government, it is the formal discussion of a motion before a deliberative body according to the rules of parliamentary procedure. A debate can also serve as a regulated discussion of a proposition between two matched sides.

  • Speech Templates
  • Welcome Speech

Although the concept of a debate is that it does not always have to be so formal and that the exchange of ideas can be casually done, there are occasions that it will have to be formal especially when representing your school for a inter-school competition or simply for a debate class. You may also see motovational speech .

Considering that the topic has already been assigned to you and your group mates, it is important that you begin preparing for your debate with the opposing party. Here are some examples listed down.

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1.  Preparing for the Debate Speech

2. research the topic very thoroughly with credible information..

  • Brainstorm the topic and research before you sit down to write. Write out a pro and con list. If you are on a debate team, do this together. Each member could discuss the pro and con lists, and then strike the weaker reasons until you are left with three or four reasons that seem strongest in support or opposition.You may also see self introduction speech .
  • It also helps to spend time in the library since not every resource material can be found on the internet.
  • You and the team would also want to deal with the strongest arguments on the other side in your speech as ignoring the other side’s best arguments can weaken your rhetorical appeal.You may also see informative speech .

3. Write an outline of your speech.

  • A simple debate outline should at least contain these four parts: An introduction, your thesis argument, your key points to back your stance up, and a conclusion. For unknown terminologies, prepare a definition in advance so that you can have an answer when the judges ask you may also see presentation speech .
  • You can break each of those four part into subcategories. It’s often a good idea to write the introduction and conclusion last, focusing on the thesis argument and the evidence to back it up first.

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Writing the Debate Speech

1. write an introduction that is catchy and interesting..

Who does not love a good and catchy introduction? But for these kinds of situations, it is best to stay mindful as the whole point of this debate lies in the formality sense which is something to be taken seriously.

  • For instance, a simple good morning to all parties involved and witnessing the said debate will suffice. There is no need for extra remarks or commentaries if not asked.You may also see orientation speech
  • its critical to always make a good impression, especially to the judges as this will make them think that the debater is persuasive speech. In order to achieve this, one technique in writing a strong introduction is to contextualize the topic, especially when the topic depicts a present situation.
  • Some introduction speech can also focus on prominent examples, quotations, or on a personal anecdote that can help establish a rapport with the audience and judges. Be mindful when using humor though as it involves risks that can eventually lead to awkward silences if not done right. Find a relevant specific that illustrates the underlying point.

2. Outline where you stand very clearly.

Make sure that you point out which stance your team belongs to. Since this is a debate, being part of the positive or negative stance does not serve as an advantage for as long as you are able make your points get through the judges and the audience, then it is enough.You may also see speech examples for students .

  • Don’t muddle on your assigned stance. It needs to be extremely clear whether you affirm or negate the resolution, so don’t try to confuse and eventually contradict yourself in the middle of the debate. The audience also should not have to wait until the end to find out. Make your stance very clear, and do it early on. You may also see declamation speech .

3. Make key points to back up your stance.

As early as possible, you have to identify the main key points found in your speech.

  • One good way to do this is to back up your position with three to four strong points of supporting argumentation. More than one to two key points are required to back up your stance.
  • In every speech, the body or the “meat” of the speech is always the most important part . But keep in mind that you will only be given a short span of time for you to say your piece before time runs out (perhaps 3 ½ minutes to 30 seconds for an opening and for a conclusion, depending on the given rules of the debate).

4. Develop your key points.

Even as you deliver your key points in the said debate, it still cannot be without substance. Back every single one of your key points up with examples, statistics and other resources that can be found during your research.

Focus on the causes of the problem, the effects of the problem, expert opinion, examples, and statistics. Then after that, present a solution. In a debate, you are not given the opportunity to use a PowerPoint Presentation, so as you continue discussing the points of your stance, allow your audience to visualize on what you are saying. You may also see debate speech. You may also see graduation speech .

Do not only attempt to appeal to the motives and emotions of the listener, but also to their sense of fair play, desire to save, to be helpful, to care about the community, and others with a light touch.Try using rhetorical questions which make your opponents consider the validity of their point. Consider irony which undermines their point and makes you seem more mature and intelligent, simile  which gives them something to relate to, humor which gets the audience on your side when done well, and repetition which reinforces your point. You may also see inspirational speech .

5. Understand the art of persuasion.

Finally, what is a debate with persuasion? Ancient philosophers such as Aristotle studied the art of persuasion, and by understanding their techniques will further help your debate speech. You may also tribute speech .

Aristotle believed that speakers are more persuasive writing if they combined elements of logos (persuasion by reasoning) with pathos (having an element of emotional appeal) and ethos (an appeal based on the character of the speaker) – for example, that they seem intelligent or of good will.

There are two ways to use logic – inductive (the premises are viewed as supplying strong evidence for the truth of the conclusion) and deductive (if all premises are true, the terms are clear, and the rules of deductive logic are followed, then the conclusion is necessarily true). You may also see wedding speech .

We hope you enjoyed browsing through our debate speech examples. Debating is both an entertaining an serious activity especially when tackling issues on humanity and the natural environment. Despite what topics you choose, there is a standard forma. You may also see youth speech .

example of debate speech for first speaker

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How to Write a Winning Debate Speech

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What is a Debating Speech?

A classroom debate involves students delivering persuasive speeches to present and support their opinions on a given subject. This activity helps develop critical thinking and communication skills, enabling students to gain a more comprehensive grasp of various topics.

Debating speeches are written according to a set of rules so a moderator can assess their effectiveness and provide an opportunity for others to question or challenge their statements within a formal debate.

A classroom debate is not an unruly fight or pointless argument but a structured formal conversation on a chosen topic in which two teams argue for or against in an attempt to convince the neutral moderator that they hold the stronger position.

Debating is a form of persuasive communication, and while we will be sticking to the fundamentals of how to write a debating speech, we also have a great guide to persuasive essay writing that elaborates on specific persuasive techniques.

Complete Teaching Unit on Class Debating

debate speech,debating | class debating unit 1 | How to Write a Winning Debate Speech | literacyideas.com

This unit will guide your students to write excellent DEBATE SPEECHES and craft well-researched, constructed ARGU MENTS ready for critique from their classmates.

Furthermore, this EDITABLE UNIT will provide the TOOLS and STRATEGIES for running highly engaging CLASSROOM DEBATES.

How To Run A Classroom Debate

Before jumping in headfirst to write your debating speech, ensure you understand how a debate is run so that you can maximise your strategy and impact when it counts.

Debates occur in many different contexts, such as public meetings, election campaigns, legislative assemblies, and as entertainment on television shows. These contexts determine the specific structure the debate will follow.

This guide provides a basic step-by-step debate structure we can comfortably run with students in a classroom. By familiarizing students with this structure, they will effortlessly transition to other debate frameworks.

Running a classroom debate can be an engaging and educational activity that helps students develop critical thinking, communication, and research skills. Here’s a step-by-step guide on how to organize and facilitate a successful classroom debate:

1. Choose a Topic For Your Debate.

Also called a resolution or a motion , the topic is sometimes chosen to debate. This is usually the case in a school activity to practice debating skills. 

The resolution or motion is usually centered around a true or false statement or a proposal to change the current situation. Often, the motion starts, ”This House believes that….”

Select a topic relevant to your curriculum and the students’ interests. Ensure that it is debatable and has multiple perspectives. Further down this article, you can find a list of popular classroom debating topics.

2. Form Two Debating Teams

Two teams of three speakers each are formed. These are referred to as ‘ The House for the Motion ’ or the ‘ Affirmative ’ team and ‘The House Against the Motion ’ or the ‘ Negative ’ team.

Preparation is an essential aspect of debating. The speech and debate team members will need time to research their arguments, collaborate, and organize themselves and their respective roles in the upcoming debate.

They’ll also need time to write and rehearse their speeches. The better prepared and coordinated they are as a team, the greater their chances of success in the debate.

3. Assign Roles to Students.

Each team member should have a specific role, such as speaker, researcher , or rebuttal specialist . This encourages teamwork and ensures that each student is actively involved.

4. Research and Preparation:

  • Allocate time for teams to research and prepare their arguments. Encourage students to use multiple sources, including books, articles, and reputable websites. Make sure you read our complete guide to powerful student research strategies.

5. Set Debate Format:

  • Define the debate format, including the structure of each round. Common formats include opening statements, cross-examination, rebuttals, and closing statements.

6. Establish Rules:

  • Set ground rules for the debate, such as time limits for each speaker, etiquette, guidelines for respectful communication, and consequences for rule violations.

7. Conduct a Practice Debate:

  • Before the actual debate, conduct a practice round. This helps students become familiar with the format and allows you to provide feedback on their arguments and presentation skills.
  • On the day of the debate, set up the classroom to accommodate the format. Ensure that each round has a clear structure, and designate a timekeeper to keep the debate on schedule.

9. Facilitate Q&A Sessions:

  • After each team presents their arguments, allow time for questions and cross-examination. This encourages critical thinking and engagement among the students.

10. Evaluate and Debrief:

  • After the debate, provide constructive feedback to each team. Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of their arguments, presentation skills, and teamwork. Also, encourage students to reflect on what they learned from the experience.
  • Have a class discussion about the debate, exploring different perspectives and opinions. This can deepen students’ understanding of the topic and enhance their critical thinking skills.

Consider integrating the debate topic into future lessons or assignments. This reinforces the learning experience and allows students to delve deeper into the subject matter.

Remember to create a supportive and respectful environment throughout the debate, emphasizing the importance of listening to opposing views and engaging in constructive dialogue.

Each speaker takes a turn making their speech, alternating between the House for the Motion, who goes first, and the House Against the Motion. Each speaker speaks for a pre-agreed amount of time.

Ensure your debate is held in front of an audience (in this case, the class), and occasionally, the audience is given time to ask questions after all the speeches have been made.

Finally, the debate is judged either by moderators or by an audience vote. 

debate speech,debating | debate Organizer Free | How to Write a Winning Debate Speech | literacyideas.com

Download our Debate Organizer

Stay fousssed with this handy template to keep all your ideas organized.

How to Write a Debate Speech

In highly competitive speech and debate tournaments, students are only provided the topic on the day, and limited time is allowed for preparation, but this is not recommended for beginners.

Regardless of the stakes of your classroom debate the speech writing process always begins with research. Thorough research will provide students with both the arguments and the supporting evidence for their position on a topic and also generate forward-thinking about what their opponents might use against them.

Writing Your Introduction

The purpose of the introduction in a debate speech is to achieve several things:

  • Grab the attention of the audience,
  • Introduce the topic
  • Provide a thesis statement
  • Preview some of the main arguments.

Grab The Attention Of Your Audience With Strong Hooks

Securing the audience’s attention is crucial, and failure to do this will have a strong, negative impact on how the team’s efforts will be scored as a whole. Let’s explore three proven strategies to hook your audience and align their thinking to yours.

Introduce Your Topic With Efficiency and Effectiveness

Once the audience’s attention has been firmly grasped, it’s time to introduce the topic or the motion. This should be done straightforwardly and transparently to ensure the audience understands the topic of the debate and the position you are approaching it from.

For example, if the topic of the debate was school uniforms, the topic may be introduced with:

Provide Your Thesis Statement

A thesis statement is a concise declaration summarizing the points and arguments of your debating speech.

  • It presents a clear stance on a topic and guides the reader on what to expect in the content.
  • A good thesis statement is debatable and allows for opposing viewpoints and discussion.
  • It serves as a roadmap for the writer, ensuring coherence and focus in the piece.
  • It helps the audience understand the purpose and direction of the work from the beginning.

The thesis statement should express the student’s or the team’s position on the motion. Clearly explaining the speaker’s side of the debate. An example can be seen here.

Provide A Preview Of Your Arguments

The final part of the introduction section of a debate speech involves previewing the main points of the speech for the audience.

There is no need to go into detail with each argument here; that’s what the body of the speech is for. It is enough to provide a general thesis statement for each argument or ‘claims’ – (more on this to follow).

Previewing the arguments in a speech is especially important as the audience and judges only get one listen to a speech – unlike a text which can be reread as frequently as the reader likes.

Examples of strong opening statements for a debate

Attention Grabbers Task

After explaining the different types of attention grabbers and the format for the rest of the introduction to your students, challenge them to write an example of each type of opening for a specific debate topic. 

When they’ve finished writing these speech openings, discuss with the students which one best fits their chosen topic. Then, they can continue by completing the rest of the introduction for their speech using the format described above.

You might like to try a simple topic like “Homework should be banned.” you can choose from our collection further in this article.

Writing T he Body of the Speech

The body paragraphs are the real meat of the speech. They contain the in-depth arguments that make up the substance of the debate, and How well these arguments are made will determine how the judges will assess each speaker’s performance, so it’s essential to get the structure of these arguments just right.

Let’s take a look at how to do that.

How to structure an Argument

With the introduction out of the way, it’s time for the student to get down to the nitty-gritty of the debate – that is, making compelling arguments to support their case.

There are three main aspects to an argument in a debate speech. They are:

  • The Warrant

Following this structure carefully enables our students to build coherent and robust arguments. Ttake a look at these elements in action in the example below.

Brainstorming Arguments

Present your students with a topic and, as a class, brainstorm some arguments for and against the motion.

Then, ask students to choose one argument and, using the Claim-Warrant-Impact format, take a few moments to write down a well-structured argument that’s up to debate standard.

Students can then present their arguments to the class. 

Or, you could also divide the class along pro/con lines and host a mini-debate!

Concluding a Debate Speech

The conclusion of a speech or a debate is the final chance for the speaker to convey their message to the audience. In a formal debate that has a set time limit, the conclusion is crucial as it demonstrates the speaker’s ability to cover all their material within the given time frame.

Avoid introducing new information and focus on reinforcing the strength of your position for a compelling and memorable conclusion.

A good conclusion should refer back to the introduction and restate the main position of the speaker, followed by a summary of the key arguments presented. Finally, the speaker should end the speech with a powerful image that will leave a lasting impression on the audience and judges.

debate speech,debating | classroom debating | How to Write a Winning Debate Speech | literacyideas.com

Examples of strong debate Conclusions

The Burden of the Rejoinder

In formal debates, the burden of the rejoinder means that any time an opponent makes a point for their side, it’s incumbent upon the student/team to address that point directly.

Failing to do so will automatically be seen as accepting the truth of the point made by the opponent.

For example, if the opposing side argues that all grass is pink, despite how ridiculous that statement is, failing to refute that point directly means that, for the debate, all grass is pink.

Our students must understand the burden of the rejoinder and ensure that any points the opposing team makes are fully addressed during the debate.

The Devils Advocate

When preparing to write their speech, students should spend a significant proportion of their team collaborating as a team. 

One good way to practice the burden of the rejoinder concept is to use the concept of Devil’s Advocate, whereby one team member acts as a member of the opposing team, posing arguments from the other side for the speaker to counter, sharpening up their refutation skills in the process.

20 Great Debating Topics for Students

  • Should cell phones be allowed in schools?
  • Is climate change primarily caused by human activities?
  • Should the voting age be lowered to 16?
  • Is social media more harmful than beneficial to society?
  • Should genetically modified organisms (GMOs) be embraced or rejected?
  • Is the death penalty an effective crime deterrent?
  • Should schools implement mandatory drug testing for students?
  • Is animal testing necessary for scientific and medical advancements?
  • Should school uniforms be mandatory?
  • Is censorship justified in certain circumstances?
  • Should the use of performance-enhancing drugs be allowed in sports?
  • Is homeschooling more beneficial than traditional schooling?
  • Should the use of plastic bags be banned?
  • Is nuclear energy a viable solution to the world’s energy needs?
  • Should the government regulate the fast food industry?
  • Is social inequality a result of systemic factors or individual choices?
  • Should the consumption of meat be reduced for environmental reasons?
  • Is online learning more effective than traditional classroom learning?
  • Should the use of drones in warfare be banned?
  • Is the legalization of marijuana beneficial for society?

These topics cover a range of subjects and offer students the opportunity to engage in thought-provoking debates on relevant and impactful issues.

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Top 5 Persuasive Writing Techniques for Students

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23 Persuasive writing Topics for High School students

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How to Write Perfect Persuasive Essays in 5 Simple Steps

Debating strategies for students.

Research and preparation are essential to ensure good performance in a debate. Students should spend as much time as possible drafting and redrafting their speeches to maximize their chances of winning. However, a debate is a dynamic activity, and victory cannot be assured by pre-writing alone.

Students must understand that the key to securing victory lies in also being able to think, write (often in the form of notes), and respond instantly amid the turmoil of the verbal battle. To do this, students must understand the following keys to victory.

When we think of winning a debate, we often think of blinding the enemy with the brilliance of our verbal eloquence. We think of impressing the audience and the judges alike with our outstanding oratory.

What we don’t often picture when we imagine what a debate winner looks like is a quiet figure sitting and listening intently. But being a good listener is one of our students’ most critical debating skills.

If students don’t listen to the other side, whether by researching opposing arguments or during the thrust of the actual debate, they won’t know the arguments the other side is making. Without this knowledge, they cannot effectively refute the opposition’s claims.

Read the Audience

In terms of the writing that happens before the debate takes place, this means knowing your audience. 

Students should learn that how they present their arguments may change according to the demographics of the audience and/or judges to whom they will be making their speech. 

An audience of retired school teachers and an audience of teen students may have very different responses to the same arguments.

This applies during the actual debate itself too. If the student making their speech reads resistance in the faces of the listeners, they should be prepared to adapt their approach accordingly in mid-speech.

Practice, Practice, Practice

The student must practice their speech before the debate. There’s no need to learn it entirely by heart. There isn’t usually an expectation to memorize a speech entirely, and doing so can lead to the speaker losing some of their spontaneity and power in their delivery. At the same time, students shouldn’t spend the whole speech bent over a sheet of paper reading word by word.

Ideally, students should familiarize themselves with the content and be prepared to deliver their speech using flashcards as prompts when necessary.

Another important element for students to focus on when practising their speech is making their body language, facial expressions, and hand gestures coherent with the verbal content of their speech. One excellent way to achieve this is for the student to practice delivering their speech in a mirror.

And Finally…

Debating is a lot of fun to teach and partake in, but it also offers students a valuable opportunity to pick up some powerful life skills.

It helps students develop a knack for distinguishing fact from opinion and an ability to assess whether a source is credible or not. It also helps to encourage them to think about the other side of the argument. 

Debating helps our students understand others, even when disagreeing with them. An important skill in these challenging times, without a doubt.

Debating Teaching Strategies

Clearly Define Debate Roles and Structure when running speech and debate events: Clearly define the roles of speakers, timekeepers, moderators, and audience members. Establish a structured format with specific time limits for speeches, rebuttals, and audience participation. This ensures a well-organized and engaging debate.

  • Provide Topic Selection and Preparation Time: Offer students a range of debate topics, allowing them to select a subject they are passionate about. Allocate ample time for research and preparation, encouraging students to gather evidence, develop strong arguments, and anticipate counterarguments.
  • Incorporate Scaffolded Debating Skills Practice: Before the actual debate, engage students in scaffolded activities that build their debating skills. This can include small group discussions, mock debates, or persuasive writing exercises. Provide feedback and guidance to help students refine their arguments and delivery.
  • Encourage Active Listening and Note-taking during speech and debate competitions: Emphasize the importance of active listening during the debate. Encourage students to take notes on key points, supporting evidence, and persuasive techniques used by speakers. This cultivates critical thinking skills and prepares them for thoughtful responses during rebuttals.
  • Facilitate Post-Debate Reflection and Discussion: After the debate, facilitate a reflection session where students can share their thoughts, lessons learned, and insights gained. Encourage them to analyze the strengths and weaknesses of their arguments and engage in constructive dialogue. This promotes metacognitive skills and encourages continuous improvement.

By following these tips, teachers can create a vibrant and educational debate experience for their students. Through structured preparation, active engagement, and reflective discussions, students develop valuable literacy and critical thinking skills that extend beyond the boundaries of the debate itself.

A COMPLETE UNIT FOR TEACHING OPINION WRITING

debate speech,debating | opinion writing unit 1 | How to Write a Winning Debate Speech | literacyideas.com

Teach your students to write EXCELLENT PERSUASIVE ESSAYS and master INFLUENTIAL WRITING SKILLS using PROVEN TEACHING STRATEGIES with this 140-PAGE UNIT.

ALL RESOURCES AND ASSESSMENT TOOLS INCLUDED – NO PREP REQUIRED.

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Example Speeches – First, Second and Third Speakers

Primary School First Speaker Exemplar

Primary School First Speaker Exemplar

An exemplar speech of a first speaker at the Primary School level. With thanks to the students at Pulteney Grammar School for their time in producing this video.

Primary School Second Speaker Exemplar

Primary School Second Speaker Exemplar

An exemplar speech of a second speaker at the Primary School level. With thanks to the students at Pulteney Grammar School for their time in producing this video.

Primary School Third Speaker Exemplar

Primary School Third Speaker Exemplar

An exemplar speech of a third speaker at the Primary School level. With thanks to the students at Pulteney Grammar School for their time in producing this video.

Disputandum Debate

Debate 101: 1st Speaker

First speakers should focus on the delivery of the main case, setting the foundation for your side to win the debate.

  • Post author By Rachelle Amadea
  • Post date June 24, 2021
  • No Comments on Debate 101: 1st Speaker

example of debate speech for first speaker

First speakers should focus on the delivery of the main case, setting the foundation for your side to win the debate. What should you do as a first speaker? Firstly, take a breath and stay calm.

The first minute of your speech is called the Golden Minute. That’s because you have to make your speech appealing in just under 1-2 minutes. The way to do that is to make your  setup  concise, catchy, and understandable. So what is a setup?

The setup is sort of the ‘background’ section of your speech. What is the motion really about? Why is it worthwhile to implement this policy? A basic setup should ideally consist of these things:

  • The problem in the SQ (i.e.  status quo  or current state)
  • Stance and mechanism

Here are some things to remember:

  • The problem in the status quo

This part is important because there’s almost always an issue in the real-world that can be solved through your motion.

Ask these questions: (a) does the problem not have successful solutions in SQ? (b) can the problem only be solved through this motion? (c) does the problem have an immediate impact to the actors?

At this point, it’s good to simply have an  overview  of the problem. Your arguments should detail the specific ways you solve it.

This part details the specific actions in your policy that are important for the debate to continue. For example, a motion may read “This House would only grant scholarships on the basis of financial necessity.” You’d probably have to talk a bit about how “financial necessity” is determined.

Stances are much broader because it details what your team agrees or disagrees with. Make sure it is not a half-stance! In the motion “This House would legalise abortion”, it’s a half-stance to say that you would only legalise it in cases where the mother may have health risks if not carried out. This is because the full extent of the motion is not defended.

Certain words or phrases might take on a different meaning based on the context of the debate. Think about what the motion asks you to defend, not what the dictionary says.

Arguments are really the core of debating. These are fleshed out reasons as to why you should support or not support a motion, depending on your side. An ideal first speaker should have two arguments.

In the broadest sense, arguments can be principled or practical. Here are refreshers on principle and practical arguments.

Note : If you’re the first speaker of the Opposition team, you’ll also have to deliver some rebuttals to the first Government speaker. Read more about effective rebuttals here.

What do I do during casebuild?

  • Flesh out as much of your arguments as you can. Strive for as much detail to insulate your arguments against rebuttals and attacks.
  • If you’re stuck, ask your teammates to help you. The first speaker’s speech should be prioritised in this case.

That’s it for first speakers! Does this seem like something you’d want to do? If you to find out more, there’s a more detailed guide here.

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Debate Writing

Debate Speech

Caleb S.

A Comprehensive Guide to Preparing and Delivering A Debate Speech

Published on: Mar 9, 2022

Last updated on: Jan 31, 2024

Debate Speech

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Whether you are a student, a policymaker, or a business leader, the ability to debate effectively can be a game-changer. 

Debate speeches are important for anyone wanting to persuade others. However, writing and delivering a debate speech isn’t easy, especially if you are new to the process. 

This guide explains simple steps on how to write and deliver an excellent debate speech. It covers everything from preparing your arguments to delivering your speech with confidence and conviction.

So dive in to learn!   

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What is a Debate Speech?

A debate speech is a structured argument on a specific topic that is presented in a formal setting.  

The main purpose of debate speech is to:  

  • Express your point of view persuasively and effectively
  • Convince the opposition that you are right.
  • Change the people’s point of view on a particular topic.

In a debate speech, the speaker presents their argument in a clear, concise, and convincing manner. Debate speeches have a set time limit, and the speaker must use their time effectively to make their case and address counterarguments. 

Preparing for a Debate Speech 

You can only win your debate if you have spent time preparing it well. Follow the steps below to be prepared for your next debate speech.

Understanding the Debate Format 

It's essential to understand the format of the debate in which you want to participate. Different debate formats have specific rules and guidelines that you need to follow to succeed. 

Some popular types of debates include parliamentary, Lincoln-Douglas, and policy debates.

  • Parliamentary debate is a format where two teams of two or three members argue for or against a motion. It is presided over by a moderator. In this format, debaters have limited preparation time to gather information and construct their arguments.
  • Lincoln-Douglas debate is a one-on-one debate where debaters argue for their positions on a specific topic. This format usually involves a value system and a criterion that the debaters must uphold and defend.
  • Policy debate is a format where two teams of two members argue for or against a specific policy proposal. This format requires in-depth research and analysis of the policy and its potential implications.

Selecting a Position

Choose a topic that you are passionate about and that you feel strongly about. Once you have chosen a topic, narrow it down to a specific aspect that you can argue for or against. 

The clearer your position, the easier it will be to research and prepare your arguments.

Need some good debate topic ideas to get started? Check out our list of interesting and engaging debate topics to help you out!

Researching and Gathering Information

Once you have selected your topic, research it thoroughly. Gather as much information as you can from credible sources such as academic journals, news articles, and government reports. 

Take detailed notes, and make sure to record the sources you use so that you can reference them later.

Understanding Both Sides of the Argument 

To write a persuasive debate speech, it is important to understand both sides of the argument. 

Consider the arguments that your opponents might make and anticipate counterarguments. This will help you to strengthen your own arguments and address potential weaknesses in your position.

Organizing Your Arguments 

Once you have gathered all of the information you need, organize your arguments in a clear and logical way. 

Start by outlining the main points you want to make and then add supporting evidence to each point. Make sure that your arguments flow logically and build on each other.

Practicing Your Delivery

Finally, practice your delivery. Read your speech out loud several times to get a feel for how it flows. 

Time yourself to make sure that you can fit all of your arguments into the allotted time. Consider practicing in front of a friend or family member to get feedback on your delivery.

Paper due? Why Suffer? That's our job.

Paper due? Why Suffer? That's our job

How to Present a Debate Speech?

This type of speech requires some essential components. Here are the major components you need to present an effective debate speech. 

1. Catchy Introduction

The first important step is starting the debate with a compelling introduction. You can begin with a question, a quote, or a statistic related to the topic.

Moreover, your introduction should state your stance on the topic and provides a preview of your arguments. 

2. State the Problem & Define Key Terms

Define key terms in your speech that are important to your argument. This helps to ensure that your audience understands the meaning of the words you use.

3. Present Your Arguments

Present your arguments in a clear and logical order. Start with your strongest argument and provide evidence to support it. Then, move on to the weaker arguments and provide evidence for each one.

A good argument often follows the PEE structure, which means “Point, Evidence, Explanation (PEE)”.

  • Point or Reason: This is where you state your main idea or argument, providing a concise and clear statement of your position. The point should be specific, focused, and relevant to the topic at hand. It serves as the foundation for your argument
  • Evidence: Here, you provide supporting evidence to bolster your argument. This can take the form of examples, statistics, or any other relevant information that helps illustrate your point. 
  • Explanation: In this part, you elaborate on how the evidence you provided supports your point. This is where you explain the relationship between your point and the evidence, highlighting its significance

4. Rebuttals 

Address counterarguments by acknowledging the opposing viewpoints and refuting them with evidence. This is called a rebuttal. 

It shows that you have considered both sides of the argument and strengthens your own position. Addressing counterarguments through rebuttals is a vital aspect of constructing a well-rounded and persuasive argument. 

Rebuttals involve presenting evidence that challenges the opposing counter-arguments and weakens their validity. Additionally, it is crucial to explain the flaws or fallacies in the opposing arguments during the process of rebuttal.

5. Conclusion

End your speech with a strong conclusion that summarizes your arguments and restates your stance on the topic. You can also end with a call to action, encouraging your audience to take action based on your argument.

Tips for Presenting a Debate Speech Effectively

The above steps will help you prepare and present an acceptable speech, but you can improve it even more with the tips below.

  • Use Clear and Concise Language

Speak clearly and use language that is easy to understand. Avoid using jargon or complex words that might confuse your audience.

  • Emphasize Key Points

Highlight the key points of your argument by using vocal inflection and tone. Emphasize important words or phrases to help your audience remember your key arguments.

  • Use Body Language and Gestures

Body language and gestures can help to reinforce your arguments and make your speech more engaging. Use hand gestures to emphasize key points, and vary your posture and movement to keep your audience interested.

  • Maintain Eye Contact

Maintain eye contact with your audience throughout your speech. This will help to establish a connection with them and make them feel more engaged with your argument.

  • Use Vocal Variety and Tone

Vary your vocal tone and pace to add interest and emphasis to your speech. Use pauses and changes in pace to emphasize important points, and vary your volume to make your arguments more impactful.

  • Use the Debate Speech Checklist

Here is a checklist that can help you evaluate your debate.

  • Does your speech cover your opinion about the topic?
  • Does your speech start with a catchy hook?
  • Does your speech cover all the main points?
  • Does your speech provide sufficient counterarguments?
  • Does your speech contain enough evidence?
  • Does your speech provide a call to action to the conclusion?

Debate Speech Examples 

Here are some examples to help you prepare and present your debate speech better. 

Debate Speech Structure

Debate Speech Template

Debate Speech Sample

Writing and delivering a successful debate speech requires careful planning, research, and effective communication skills. 

By following the steps and tips provided above, you can persuade your audience effectively and make a lasting impact. Remember to practice, rehearse, and be confident in your abilities. 

Still need expert help in writing your speech? We’ve got you covered! 

CollegeEssay.org is here to assist you. We are an expert speech writing service with a team of experienced professionals. 

Our AI essay writing tools can help you at every step of the speech-writing process, from selecting a topic to gathering evidence.

We provide customized, high-quality writing services at an affordable price. You can also take advantage from our AI essay writer tool to improve your writing skills.

So why wait? Contact our professional essay writing service and impress your audience with an amazing speech!

Frequently Asked Questions

What are the 4 types of debate.

The four main types of debate are: 

  • Parliamentary Debate 
  • Lincoln-Douglas Debate 
  • Cross-Examination Debate 
  • Academic Debate 

What are the 2 sides of a debate called?

The opposition and proposition are the two sides of a debate. 

Caleb S. (Literature, Marketing)

Caleb S. has extensive experience in writing and holds a Masters from Oxford University. He takes great satisfaction in helping students exceed their academic goals. Caleb always puts the needs of his clients first and is dedicated to providing quality service.

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Debate Speech

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How to Begin a Debate

Last Updated: March 28, 2023 Fact Checked

This article was co-authored by Lynn Kirkham . Lynn Kirkham is a Professional Public Speaker and Founder of Yes You Can Speak, a San Francisco Bay Area-based public speaking educational business empowering thousands of professionals to take command of whatever stage they've been given - from job interviews, boardroom talks to TEDx and large conference platforms. Lynn was chosen as the official TEDx Berkeley speaker coach for the last four years and has worked with executives at Google, Facebook, Intuit, Genentech, Intel, VMware, and others. There are 9 references cited in this article, which can be found at the bottom of the page. This article has been fact-checked, ensuring the accuracy of any cited facts and confirming the authority of its sources. This article has been viewed 980,995 times.

Opening a debate the right way will make your audience more interested and help you win your argument. Before your debate , take the time to prepare a solid opening that will win people over.

Grabbing the Audience's Attention

Step 1 Tell a captivating story.

  • Your story should capture the essence of your debate . It could explore, for example, the challenges you have faced in relation to the topic, how you overcame these challenges, and the lessons you learned.
  • For example, "As a person who suffers from seizures, medical marijuana was a saving grace. My family and I had to move across to the country in order for me to get treated, but it was worth the risk. My seizures decreased from five seizures a day to only one seizure per week."
  • Make sure that the story comes from your heart rather than your head. If you're just regurgitating a story from memory, it's not going to land with the audience.

Step 2 Ask a rhetorical question.

  • You can ask, for example, “Would you like to see a loved one suffer for no reason at all?”

Step 3 State a shocking statistic.

  • You can say, for example, “A billion tons of plastic are floating in the ocean right now. That is enough plastic to make an island the size of Hawaii.” Then, proceed to talk about the issue and explain to your audience why your resolution is the best one.

Step 4 Use a powerful quote.

  • For example, imagine you are giving a speech on why you think higher education is unnecessary for succeeding in life. You could open with, “Mark Twain once said, ‘Don’t let school interfere with your education.’”
  • Make sure that quote comes from your heart and feels authentic. It must speak to you and your audience while also making a point.

Step 5 Use a prop or a creative visual aid.

  • For example, if you are arguing that climate change is real, show a before and after picture of a glacier that has been affected by excessive amounts of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

Beginning the Debate

Step 1 Establish definitions.

  • Identify the key terms in your argument and look up their definitions in a range of dictionaries. Choose the most appropriate definition for each word. You want to pick a definition that is neutral and conventional.
  • Your definitions can be literal, as well as contextualized. Contextualized definitions add examples of how the concept applies to the real world. For example, a contextualized definition of money would show that money is used to buy services, such as food and gas.

Step 2 Summarize your position’s case.

  • For example, “My team and I will show you the need, practicality, and benefits of medicinal marijuana. Together we will show that thousands of patients, including young children, who suffer from seizures, find relief in medicinal marijuana. Studies show that medicinal marijuana reduces instances of seizures by 80%. Furthermore, the side effects of medicinal marijuana are not as severe as the side effects that come with conventional forms of medication used to treat seizures, particularly for children. We will show that medicinal marijuana is a practical, safe, and cost-effective solution for patients and their families.”

Step 3 Define a policy.

  • In order to demonstrate that your team's policy will work, use policies that have already been enacted as the basis of your policy. For example, you can highlight that a ban on using cellphones while driving is similar to the ban on drinking while driving.
  • Try to focus on three important reasons for why the policy is needed or needs to change. [7] X Trustworthy Source American Psychological Association Leading scientific and professional organization of licensed psychologists Go to source

Presenting the Debate

Step 1 Greet the audience.

  • Greet your audience by saying, “Good morning faculty and staff. The topic of today’s debate is student parking,” or “Good morning teachers and students. Thank you for taking the time to come to this debate. Today, the topic is student parking.”

Step 2 State what your side is arguing.

  • State what your side is arguing by saying, “We believe enrolled students should not have to pay for a parking pass to park on campus,” or “We believe enrolled students should pay for a parking pass to park on campus.”
  • Explain the speakers' roles by saying, “As the first speaker, I will be defining key terms and outlining our main argument. Our second speaker will explain the supporting reasons for our argument, and our third speaker will summarize our argument.”

Step 3 Make eye contact...

  • Remember to maintain eye contact with an audience at the end of a sentence.
  • Hold eye contact with an individual for only three to five seconds, then move on to someone else.
  • Practice holding eye contact with someone you know for a minute or two. Repeat the exercise 5 or 6 times—that will really help a lot.

Step 4 Speak slowly and...

  • Also, remember to take pauses. Pauses allow you to catch your breath and plan what you will say next. They also allow your audience to process what you have just said.

Debate Help

example of debate speech for first speaker

Expert Q&A

Lynn Kirkham

  • Give yourself a pep talk by looking at yourself in the mirror. Tell yourself that you're awesome, that you're a great speaker, that you believe in yourself, and that you appreciate yourself. Thanks Helpful 15 Not Helpful 2

example of debate speech for first speaker

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Write a Debate Speech

  • ↑ https://www.apa.org/monitor/2011/01/stories
  • ↑ https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/plato-rhetoric/
  • ↑ https://libguides.usc.edu/writingguide/quantitative
  • ↑ https://positivepsychology.com/positive-psychology-quotes/
  • ↑ https://open.lib.umn.edu/businesscommunication/chapter/11-4-visual-aids/
  • ↑ https://www.readingrockets.org/strategies/summarizing
  • ↑ https://www.apa.org/advocacy/guide
  • ↑ https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/cutting-edge-leadership/201404/5-secret-powers-eye-contact
  • ↑ https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/communication-success/201911/do-you-talk-too-fast-how-to-slow-down

About This Article

Lynn Kirkham

The best way to start a debate is to open with a bold rhetorical question, a touching personal story that’s relevant to your argument, or a shocking statistic. Once you have your audience’s attention, define the key terms you’ll be using in your debate and summarize your case. For tips on presenting your argument, like how long to maintain eye contact with audience members, keep reading! Did this summary help you? Yes No

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Teaching Students About Epithet in Literature: Exploring Literary Devices and Creative Expression

Teaching students about the tea act: a comprehensive guide, teaching students about concubines: unveiling the history, teaching students about the iconic “martin” show, teaching students about karen duffy: an inspiration for overcoming challenges, teaching students about stingray barbs: uncovering the mysteries of a unique marine adaptation, 12 colleges with the most nba players, what you can buy with the 529 plan, teaching students about shaun alexander: a lesson in perseverance and success, how to set up and start using a cash app account, writing a winning debate speech.

example of debate speech for first speaker

Introduction:

Engaging in debates is an essential skill for students as it encourages critical thinking, public speaking skills, and helps build their overall confidence. The key to winning these structured arguments lies in preparing an effective debate speech. This comprehensive guide explores various techniques and strategies employed not only by students but also by teachers for crafting a powerful debate speech.

1. Understand the Debate Format:

Before diving into writing the speech, familiarize yourself with the debate format being used. Typical debate formats include Parliamentary, Public Forum, and Lincoln-Douglas. Understanding the rules and time limits associated with each format will guide your preparation and presentation.

2. Research Your Topic Thoroughly:

A strong foundation of knowledge on your assigned topic is crucial for formulating persuasive arguments. Delve into various sources such as books, articles, or reliable websites to enhance your understanding while noting key points and evidence supporting your claims. This will also help you anticipate opposing arguments and prepare counterpoints.

3. Establish Your Position Clearly:

In a debate, you will either advocate for or against the topic; ensure your stance is clear from the outset of your speech. State your position with conviction in the introduction, allowing audience members or judges to understand which side you are representing.

4. Organize Your Argument Methodically:

Ensure that the speech follows a logical sequence by breaking it down into major points or contentions backed by evidence. Each contention should be supported by facts or examples that reinforce your argument, allowing audience members to follow your thought process easily.

5. Address Counterarguments:

Acknowledging opposing viewpoints is vital in debates – demonstrate how they may be flawed or less significant than your side’s points. By addressing counterarguments preemptively, you can persuade listeners by showcasing why your side deserves more credence.

6. Prepare a Strong Conclusion:

The conclusion brings together essential elements of the debate, summarizing your argument and providing a compelling reason why your side should prevail. A strong conclusion should leave a lasting impression on audience members or judges while reinforcing the key points made throughout the speech.

7. Practice Delivery and Time Management:

The effectiveness of a debate speech comes not only from its content but also from the speaker’s delivery. Rehearse your speech, focusing on maintaining appropriate pacing, intonation, and eye contact. Additionally, practice adhering to time limits applicable to your debate format to maximize your message.

8. Encourage Active Listening and Adaptability:

During the debate, actively listen to opposing arguments and adjust your points or refutations accordingly. This will display adaptability and show you are engaging with the material being presented.

9. Teachers: Guide Students in Speech Preparation:

As educators, fostering an interest in structured argument is key—guide students in researching topics, organizing arguments, and offering feedback on speeches before they’re presented in a formal debate setting. Provide opportunities for them to engage with various debate styles and levels of complexity.

Conclusion:

Writing a winning debate speech relies on thorough research, organized arguments, strong delivery skills, and adaptability. Students who invest time in honing these aspects will find that their confidence grows not only in debate formats but also regarding public speaking abilities in general. Similarly, teachers who foster these skills can inspire a new generation of logical thinkers eager to engage with contrasting opinions while encouraging self-growth.

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How To Debate: Mastering the Art of Persuasive Discourse

How to debate

A debate is a form of persuasive communication involving two sides arguing for and against a specific position. The exercise is structured with many rules and conventions that a debater must follow. Knowing how to debate is crucial for success.

Being able to engage in a spirited debate is an essential skill in today’s complex and interconnected world.  Whether in academic settings, professional environments, or personal conversations, the ability to present and defend your ideas effectively significantly affects your reputation and influence.

This article explores key principles and practical tips to  develop your debating prowess , enabling you to articulate your views persuasively, handle counterarguments gracefully, and foster a constructive exchange of ideas. With these tools at your disposal, you’ll be ready to navigate the realm of debates with confidence and intellectual agility.

Table of Contents

What Are The Five Types Of Debates?

Debating is more than just expressing your opinion; it involves the art of persuasive discourse, where logical reasoning, compelling evidence, and respectful communication converge.

Here are five common types of debates:

  • Policy debates focus on  analyzing and evaluating specific courses of action  or proposed policies. Participants delve into the potential benefits, drawbacks, and impacts of different policy options, often employing research and evidence to support their arguments.
  • Value debates revolve around  discussing and weighing moral, ethical, or philosophical principles.  Participants explore abstract concepts such as justice, liberty, or equality to establish which values should be prioritized and why.
  • Fact-based debates center on  examining empirical evidence  and verifying the truth or accuracy of a given statement or claim. Participants present data, research, and expert opinions to support their arguments, often engaging in a rigorous analysis of facts and evidence to determine the most accurate interpretation.
  • Team debates involve groups of participants working collaboratively to present arguments and counterarguments. Typically structured as a competitive event, these debates require coordination and strategy, with each team member contributing their unique perspective to put forward a cohesive and persuasive case.
  • Formal debates  adhere to specific rules and protocols, often following established formats such as parliamentary or  Lincoln-Douglas debates . These debates emphasize structured discourse, timed speeches, and strict guidelines for rebuttals and cross-examinations.

5 types of debate

What Are The Three Main Parts Of A Debate?

The three main parts of a debate are the opening statements, the rebuttals, and the closing statements.

  • The  opening statement s serve as the foundation of a debate. Each participant or team presents their initial arguments and outlines their main points. This is the opportunity to establish a clear position, provide supporting evidence, and capture the audience’s attention.
  • Opening statements should be concise, persuasive, and set the stage for the rest of the debate.
  • Rebuttals are the heart of a debate,  where participants directly address and challenge the arguments put forth by their opponents. During this phase, debaters critically analyze the opposing views, identify flaws or weaknesses, and present counterarguments supported by evidence and logic.
  • Rebuttals require quick thinking, effective communication, and the ability to dismantle opposing claims while maintaining a respectful tone .
  • The  closing statements  are the final opportunity for participants to leave a lasting impression. In this phase, debaters summarize their main points, reiterate their strongest arguments, and emphasize why their position is superior.
  • Closing statements should leave the audience with a c ompelling reason to support the debater’s position. You must also reinforce the key points and provide a sense of closure to the debate.

What Are The Five Basic Debating Skills?

  • Researching and gathering relevant information is a fundamental debating skill. It involves conducting thorough investigations, analyzing sources critically, and understanding different perspectives to develop well-informed arguments supported by evidence.
  • Critical thinking is crucial for effective debating. It encompasses evaluating arguments objectively, identifying logical fallacies, spotting inconsistencies, and constructing well-reasoned counterarguments. Developing necessary thinking skills enables debaters to approach complex topics with analytical precision and form persuasive responses.
  •  Debating necessitates clear and articulate communication skills. Debaters should be able to express their ideas coherently, use appropriate language and tone, and engage the audience. Active listening and responding thoughtfully to the points raised by opponents are also key components of effective communication in debates.
  • Persuasive speaking is the art of influencing the audience and convincing them of the validity of one’s arguments. Debaters should employ rhetorical devices, such as ethos, pathos, and logos, to appeal to their listeners’ emotions, credibility, and logic.
  •  Time management is critical in debates with limited time constraints. Debaters must learn to structure their arguments effectively within the given timeframe, allocate appropriate time for each point, and deliver concise and impactful speeches.
  • Skillful time management ensures that debaters make their strongest case while leaving sufficient time for rebuttals and closing statements.

How To Debate Step By Step?

  • Understand the topic:  Familiarize yourself with the subject matter, including key terms, concepts, and relevant arguments.
  •   Research and gather evidence:  Conduct comprehensive research to support your position. Collect data, facts, examples, and expert opinions that strengthen your arguments.
  •   Structure your arguments:  Organize your thoughts by outlining your main points and supporting evidence. Ensure a logical flow and coherence in presenting your ideas.
  •   Engage respectfully:  Maintain a respectful and professional demeanor throughout the debate. Listen actively to your opponents, address their points directly, and avoid personal attacks.
  •   Deliver compelling speeches:  Use clear and persuasive language to present your arguments confidently. Employ rhetorical devices, such as ethos, pathos, and logos, to appeal to the audience’s emotions, credibility, and logic.
  •   Rebut opposing arguments:  During rebuttal, deconstruct and challenge your opponents’ arguments. Offer counterarguments supported by evidence and logical reasoning.
  •   Stay focused and concise:  Remember time constraints and prioritize your strongest points. Keep to the topic at hand and avoid digressions.
  •   Adapt to feedback:  Pay attention to comments from the audience, judges, or moderators. Adjust your approach, if necessary, and address any weaknesses or gaps in your arguments.
  •   Conclude with impact:  Summarize your main points and reiterate the strength of your position in the closing statement. Leave a lasting impression on the audience and reinforce the key takeaways from your arguments.
  •   Reflect and improve:  After the debate, analyze areas for improvement, learn from your experiences, and continue to develop your debating skills.

Step to debate

How Do You Begin A Debate?

To begin a debate, start with a compelling opening statement that captures the audience’s attention. Clearly state your position or proposition and briefly summarize your main arguments.

Hook the audience by using a thought-provoking question, a powerful statistic, or a relevant anecdote to establish the importance and relevance of the topic.

How Do You Structure A Debate?

When structuring a debate, begin with an introduction that clearly defines the topic and provides context for the discussion. Next, present your main arguments logically, ensuring each point builds upon the previous one.

Different Roles

High school students often find themselves as debate team members, taking on different roles such as the first affirmative, second speaker, or third affirmative.

In a parliamentary debate, the first speaker, often the prime minister, sets the tone by introducing the debate topic and outlining the team’s case. This crucial role requires thorough research, brainstorming new arguments, and presenting them coherently.

Roles of debate team members

Affirmative And Negative Teams

Once the affirmative team presents its arguments, it’s time for the negative team to respond. The negative speaker must listen attentively, analyze their opponent’s arguments, and provide strong refutations.

Avoid constructing  straw man arguments  and instead engage with the core of the affirmative team’s points. To strengthen their position, the opposing team uses analogies or points of information to challenge the other side effectively.

Speakers use transition phrases to smoothly guide the audience from one point to another, concluding the debate by summarizing key points and reiterating their position.

How Does Teamwork Function In A Debate?

Teamwork plays a vital role in public speaking.

The affirmative speaker should work seamlessly with their team, ensuring a well-structured, logical debate. Each team member contributes to the overall coherence and success of the discussion, taking turns to present their viewpoints and fill any gaps in the team’s arguments.

Collaboration and effective time management, facilitated by the timekeeper, are key elements in achieving a strong performance.

What Should Be Your Goal In A Debate?

Ultimately, the goal of a debate is to persuade the adjudicator and the audience. Debaters should adopt a clear and confident point of view while presenting the team’s case.

They can build a solid foundation by analyzing the opponent’s argument and offering well-reasoned refutations. Avoiding filler and staying focused on the main points ensure a persuasive and impactful performance.

Mastering the art of persuasive discourse in debates requires dedication and practice . Aspiring debaters should embrace teamwork, understand the debate structure, and hone their research, refutation, and public speaking skills.

Persuade in debate

How Do You Debate Successfully?

Thorough preparation is the key to defeating your opposing team! Conduct research and gather evidence to support your arguments. Develop strong critical thinking skills to evaluate and respond to opposing viewpoints effectively.

Communicate confidently and respectfully, utilizing persuasive speaking techniques and positive body language (make eye contact!) to engage the audience and convey the strength of your position.

Adam Howarth

Adam covers the topic of Public Speaking for Digital Authority. From his first experience of oratory with his school debating society to his more recent experiences of promoting the local business scene in Wrexham, Wales, he has always been involved in public speaking.

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example of debate speech for first speaker

Structure of a Debate Speech

Debate Speeches have 3 major parts: Introduction, Body, and Conclusion

Introduction  - The key is to make it clear what your case is

1. Preamble (optional) – A short (30 seconds max) story or statistic that frames  (i.e. gives the audience a certain mindset when thinking about) the resolution 

2A. If and only if you are the 1st Prop/PM - Define the resolution. You must define all of the terms and then paraphrase your definition. The definition should be clear and may not be unreasonable or a truism.

2B. If not PM – Briefly paraphrase the government definition but use exact quotes if, and only if, one of the terms is crucial to your argument. If the Opposition is going to challenge the definition — and it is usually a bad idea to do so unless it is undebatable — it must do so here and it can only do so if the 1st Opposition can show that the government definition is unreasonable or a truism. In that case the 1st Opposition redefines it and then argues against the redefined resolution.

3. Framing – Discuss the fundamental question in the debate, generalizing it if appropriate. The fundamental question is often of the form “How do we decide if …”  or  “ What is the basis for deciding if …“ Explain what the issues are and, if appropriate, what are not issues. Explain what is the debate about. Do not just state that you are going to argue in favour and they are going to argue against. As the opposition you may not want to accept the proposition/government’s framing of the debate, in which case you must put forward your own and explain why it is better.

Body  (RDA (Refute, Defend, Add))

1- Refutation (except for PM’s first speech) – This is usually done before presenting your constructive case but can be done after it. Go over all of your opponents’ reasons one by one (number them) and refute each one. If you are the 2nd opposition, attack both the 1st Prop points (if you have time and if any are still standing after your partner’s speech) and the 2nd Prop's points. The way to attack their reasons is to show that they are irrelevant or insufficient (i.e. even if true, they are not significant enough to prove the resolution) or questionable (i.e. they are not true or are unproven) or that they are outweighed by other factors. You can the SEER format, i.e. S tate their reason, E xplain why it is wrong. give E vidence/Example to illustrate it, and R eturn to the resolution as defined – show that they haven not proven what they must prove ) 

2- Constructive Case

A) Allocation – If you are the first speaker on your side, explain how you are going to divide the case between yourself and your partner. It is best to see if there is a way to divide the case into two general areas, e.g. practical and principle, cost and safety, individual and society, long term and short term.

B) Have two to three reasons backed by detailed evidence or examples. If you are the second speaker on your side, go over your partner’s points before getting to your own; DO NOT just state them but defend them and expand them or point out that the other side has not dealt with them, and then go on to your point(s). You can use the ARE format ( A ssertion - state your reason, R easoning - explain why your reason is true and why that matters for the resolution, and E vidence/Example - provide evidence and /or examples to illustrate your reason. Your side should have no more than four reasons and your partner should have at least one of those four. Number your reasons.

Conclude your speech with a summary of what your side (include your partner’s points if, and only if, they have already spoken) has said. If you have time, try to summarize each of your reasons as a single sentence or clause. You may want to then end by emphasizing your strongest point, challenging the opposition, or using a quote or memorable phrase

Instant Debate Speech Maker Online

Debates are an excellent opportunity to develop many personal skills, become a more open-minded person, and learn new information. Through this activity, students improve critical thinking, public speaking, teamwork skills, increase their self-esteem, and learn to disagree with others.

Preparing for a debate can take a lot of time, which is why our team has created this tool and guide for you. With our debate speech maker, you no longer have to sit for hours and think about how to formulate your argument correctly! Also, on this page you will learn many useful facts about debates and get tips for preparing for them.

  • 📢 Introduction to the Tool

🗣️ What Is a Debate?

👍 debate maker benefits, ✏️ how to write a debate speech, 🔗 references, 📢 debate script maker: an introduction.

If you’ve decided to participate in a debate, you probably know that this activity requires a lot of preparation. Sometimes, you may receive the topic of your debate in advance so that you have time to prepare thoroughly for it. But also, you may be given the subject on the day of the debate, and then you’ll have much less time to prepare. In either case, our debate maker will be an indispensable assistant!

When comparing AI vs human writers, artificial intelligence excels in the speed of content creation, although it loses in creativity. Unlike when using other AI chat bots, you don't have to bother with creating successful prompts. Using this tool is simple - to instantly make a speech, you’ll need to take these four steps:

  • Type in the topic of the debate.
  • State your position and audience.
  • Indicate whether you are replying to an opponent.
  • Click “Generate” and get your result!

A debate is a structured and formalized argumentative exchange between two or more opposing sides . While this practice is usually associated with the election season , it can also be often found in schools or colleges. Participants, categorized as either the “pro” or “con” side, systematically present and defend their perspectives on a given topic. They use evidence to back up their claims and. Each side takes turns articulating arguments and responding to their opponent's points.

The primary objective of a debate is persuasion - convincing the opposition and the audience. Although debates often lack a declared winner, they may conclude with a vote or judgment from adjudicators in formal settings. Informal debates can persist until one side concedes.

Debate Terminology Examples for Students

Here, you can become familiar with the basic terms. It’ll be beneficial for you to learn them to make it easier to grasp the debate structure further.

  • Adjudicator - An impartial observer who evaluates the debate. Such moderators provide feedback on the quality of arguments and overall performance. Also, they can contribute to determining the winner in formal debates.
  • An affirmative - A team or speaker supporting the motion in a debate. Affirmatives present arguments in favor of the proposition. They aim to convince the audience or adjudicators of the motion's validity.
  • Motion - The central topic, idea, or statement being debated. The motion frames the discussion and determines the stances of the affirmative and opposition sides. Debaters construct arguments either in support or against this subject.
  • Chairperson - The person responsible for moderating and overseeing the debate. Their goal is to maintain order and ensure adherence to the rules. The chairperson may introduce speakers and the motion.
  • Card - A card is a paragraph or several paragraphs taken from an authoritative journalistic or scholarly source that proves the validity of a particular argument. It should be a verbatim quotation without additions or paraphrasing. It is important to explain the quote and how it relates to the argument.
  • Floor - The general audience or participants who are not actively engaged in the debate but may have the opportunity to pose questions. They can make contributions during designated segments. The floor adds an interactive element to the discussion.
  • Opposition/a Negative - A team or speaker taking an opposing stance on the core topic. The opposition presents arguments countering the proposition. Such arguments should demonstrate flaws in the affirmative's position and persuade the audience that the motion is unsupported.
  • The first speaker - The initial speaker of a team. They introduce and establish the main arguments supporting or opposing the motion. Their speech should set the tone for the team's position and outline the critical points to be developed by subsequent speakers.
  • The second speaker - The second speaker introduces additional evidence and reinforces the team's position. They aim to strengthen their affirmative/opposing case and respond to the arguments from the other team.
  • The third speaker - The last speaker should summarize the team's key points. They may also respond to opposition’s reasons raised during the debate. The goal is to leave a lasting impression on the adjudicators before the discussion concludes.
  • Reply speeches - Reply speeches are the concluding words from both the affirmative and opposition sides. These speeches are often shorter, not more than three minutes. Such speeches are the last chance to influence the overall impression, so they should strongly support your ideas.

What Does the Maker of the Argument Do in a Debate?

In a debate, the first speaker, whether on the affirmative or opposition side, should:

  • Formulate a clear and concise stance on the motion.
  • Organize arguments logically, presenting a structured case.
  • Support points with relevant facts and examples.
  • Convince adjudicators and the audience of the credibility of their position.

The Structure of a Debate

Whether an academic debate or a parliamentary one, the structure and ground rules essentially remain the same.

In this section, we'll briefly explain how your proceedings are going to look like:

  • Gathering the sides . At this stage, you should determine the teams and their participants. They are divided into affirmative and negative sides. As a rule, the debates should include three speakers , who will take turns and, at each stage, strengthen their position. All participants should meet 15 minutes before the start to prepare materials .
  • Starting the debate . Participants should determine the debate’s time limit, as speeches cannot last nonstop. Usually, each speaker is given a maximum of 3 minutes for their presentation. At the beginning, the speakers should introduce themselves. The duration of the answer is regulated by the timekeeper , who should give a bell 30 seconds before the end of the speaker's time to start summarizing.
  • Debating the topic . The core of the debate involves a structured exchange between the sides. The first speaker for the affirmative introduces the motion, presenting key arguments. The opposition's first speaker responds, presenting counterarguments. This pattern continues with subsequent speakers building upon and responding to the points raised. The debate format could also include cross-examination or questioning segments.
  • Finishing the debate . Both sides deliver final counter-speeches summarizing key arguments. The adjudicators then assess the overall performance of each side. The persuasiveness of the arguments presented assists in the audience’s decision-making. Participants may engage in discussions and receive feedback . After the debate, each team is given the opportunity to thank everyone in attendance.

As you've probably already realized, getting ready for such a significant event will take a lot of time. You'll need to gather your thoughts, stay level-headed, and be assertive in your stance. This preparation process can be quite overwhelming. That's why our debate script maker is the perfect solution!

This debate writer has many advantages:

Our tool is a great way to save time and get that initial burst of inspiration for your debate. However, that is just the beginning. You will still need to edit and finalize this speech. Additionally, you may find it helpful to learn how to write one yourself.

The following steps will show you how to improve your speech and prepare you for your future debates:

  • Compelling beginning . The opening of your speech is of the utmost significance. Your task is to captivate the audience and create the overall atmosphere of the speech. We suggest using a hook at the very beginning. It can be a question or a fact intended to capture the attention of your opposition and the audience. You could also use a quote from a famous person, an interesting statistic, a rhetorical question, or even a relevant personal anecdote.
  • Presenting your arguments . This is the time to talk about your position on the topic. Be sure to formulate a concise thesis statement . After that, you should provide the arguments that support it. Explain each point clearly to avoid misunderstanding among the audience.
  • Explaining the position . Follow a structure where each of your arguments is followed by evidence and then justification. Proof builds credibility and engages the listeners. Ensure that you have data only from relevant and reliable sources.
  • Summarizing . In the concluding part of your persuasive speech, you should reiterate your thesis and essential arguments. Emphasize the value of your position. It’s your last opportunity to impress the judge and the listeners. Round it off by offering a provocative question, a recommendation, or talking about your predictions for the future of the subject.
  • Confidence and consistency . After writing your speech, you should refine its structure so that you have smooth transitions from one idea to the next. Use connecting words to tie your arguments together. Afterward, practice your speech and make sure it's clear . Your gestures, facial expressions, and intonation are ways to communicate with listeners. Be convincing but not pushy, and use a moderate pace.

We wish you good luck in your debates! And if you need to create a different kind of speech, try our informative speech generator .

  • What is a debate? – Vanesa Velkova, European Commission
  • How debating works – Law Society of Scotland
  • Debating: A Brief Introduction for Beginners – Debating SA Incorporated
  • Debate Timing & Structure - Debating Matters
  • How do you structure your debate speech to capture the attention and interest of your audience? - LinkedIn
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Our debate speech maker tool is the perfect solution for those who wish to deliver the perfect response to their opponents. Easily generate a speech on any topic and wow the audience with your eloquence. Additionally, learn all about debates, their structure, and find useful tips.

Debate — Questions, Structure, and Topics

Daniel Bal

What is a debate?

A debate is a form of public discourse that presents organized arguments by two opposing sides. In a typical debate, two sides (affirmative and negative) are given a proposition to debate using a structured format that differs based on the type.

The affirmative side advocates for the proposition, providing supporting evidence and explanation, while the opposing side refutes the resolution. Therefore, the affirmative wants to convince the audience to adopt the resolution, while the opposition side wants them to reject it.

What is a debate?

The audience varies depending on the topic of the debate. Consider the following examples:

Political: Voters

Policy: Lawmakers

Trial: Jury

Public Debate/Forum: Community members

Debate questions

The basis of a debate stems from the resolution, a declarative statement determined by a question. The resolution contains the claim the two sides will debate. These statements derive from debate questions:

Structure for debate

The specific structure depends on the form of debate. However, every formal debate contains a judge, opposing sides, speeches, and a decision.

Debates are set up to persuade a panel of judges rather than the opponent.

There are always two sides in a debate – one that agrees with the resolution (affirming) and one that disagrees (opposing).

Each debate includes rounds of speeches that present the side’s argument. The placement of the speech in the debate impacts its purpose.

Structure of debate

The constructive speech is each team’s first speech to build their case.

Rebuttals provide the opportunity for both sides to discredit their opponent’s argument.

Cross-examination allows each side to question the other side.

The period where speakers from both sides can ask and answer each other’s questions is called crossfire . The grand crossfire functions in the same way, except all four speakers participate.

Closing statements offer each side a final opportunity to present their argument.

Upon conclusion of the debate, the judge(s) or moderator decides the winning side.

Types of debates

Team policy, Lincoln-Douglas, spontaneous argumentation, public forum, and parliamentary are the most common types of debates.

Team policy debates consist of two teams of two who take a position concerning a predetermined policy. One team argues to enact the policy while the opposing team members offer reasons to reject it.

Team policy debates

Policy debates are structured as follows:

Lincoln-Douglas debates consist of one speaker debating against another speaker and are a common form of high school debates. The topic typically concerns social and philosophical issues with questions concerning ideas such as morality, justice, democracy, etc. They focus on determining if certain thoughts or actions are good or bad, right or wrong, and moral or immoral. Presidential debates typically look most like Lincoln-Douglas debates.

Spontaneous argumentation (SPAR) is a quick and simple type of debate. It typically involves two debaters given a topic right before the debate, allowing only a few minutes for preparation.

Spontaneous argumentation debate

Public forum debates feature two teams with two speakers each who debate a topic regarding a current event.

A parliamentary debate includes two teams with two speakers each. The affirmative team is often referred to as the government and is trying to uphold the resolution, whereas the negative team (the opposition) opposes the government’s viewpoint. The government identifies a problem and offers a solution, while the opposition argues against that solution. The rules for this type of debate originated from British parliamentary procedure.

Parliamentary debate

Debating tips

When debating, the following strategies can positively affect the outcome:

While some debate formats allow for a limited amount of preparation time, utilize the time provided. It is best to take as much time as possible to formulate an argument. Going into a debate unprepared not only impacts the argument but can negatively influence body language, eye contact, volume, pacing, etc.

Focus and stay on topic. Make sure each sentence has a purpose and supports the argument.

Use good public speaking skills like appropriate eye contact, volume, pacing, intonation, inflection, posture, etc., which show the speaker’s confidence. Sometimes the presentation can be as important as what is presented.

Debates provide speakers with the opportunity to respond to their opponent’s argument. Focus on actively listening to the opposing side. While it is possible to predict their argument, providing a direct response to something they said is much more persuasive than moving forward as if there is no opposing side.

The point of a debate is to attack the argument , not the opponent.

Debating tips

Debate topics

The following are example topics for each main type of debate:

Team Policy Debate

The United States federal government should substantially increase its protection of its water resources.

The United States federal government should substantially increase its security cooperation with the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in one or more of the following areas: artificial intelligence, biotechnology, and cybersecurity.

New York should offer universal healthcare to its residents.

Lincoln-Douglas Debate

In a democracy, a free press ought to prioritize objectivity over advocacy.

Radicalism is preferable to incrementalism to achieve social justice.

Civil disobedience in a democracy is morally justified.

The actions of corporations ought to be held to the same moral standards as the actions of individuals.

Spontaneous Argumentation (SPAR)

Lying is sometimes justified.

High schools should require uniforms.

Voting is a duty and not a right.

The pen is mightier than the sword.

Money can buy happiness.

Public Forum Debate

Japan should revise Article 9 of its Constitution to develop offensive military capabilities.

The United States should establish a comprehensive bilateral trade agreement with Taiwan.

Parliamentary Debate

In the US criminal justice system, truth-seeking ought to be valued above attorney-client privilege.

Chain stores are detrimental to the best interests of the American public.

The United States Senate should eliminate the filibuster.

Watch CBS News

Key moments from Sen. Katie Britt's Republican response to 2024 State of the Union

By Melissa Quinn

Updated on: March 8, 2024 / 3:07 AM EST / CBS News

Washington — Alabama Sen. Katie Britt on Thursday delivered an impassioned criticism of President Biden and his administration's policies during the Republican response to his  2024 State of the Union address,  seeking to use her rebuttal to draw a contrast to the president heading into the November general election and distinguish the GOP as the party that is better positioned to lead the nation.

In remarks delivered from her kitchen table at her house in Montgomery, Alabama, Britt denounced Mr. Biden's remarks in his third State of the Union, and lambasted the president for his policies on immigration , economics, crime and foreign policy.

"What we saw was the performance of a permanent politician who has actually been in office for longer than I've been alive," she said. "One thing was quite clear though: President Biden just doesn't get it."

Britt sought to paint Mr. Biden as an out-of-touch politician who has little awareness of what the middle class is experiencing under his administration. She did not mention former President Donald Trump, who Britt has endorsed for the White House and who is expected to face-off against Mr. Biden in the November general election.

"Right now, the American dream has turned into a nightmare for so many families," Britt said. "The true, unvarnished state of our union begins and ends with this: Our families are hurting. Our country can do better."

The senator, who made history as the first woman elected to represent Alabama in the Senate, and youngest Republican woman ever elected to the upper chamber, attempted to appeal to families who are worried about crime in their communities and inflation.

"Just ask yourself, are you better off now than you were three years ago?" she said. "There's no doubt we're at a crossroads, and it doesn't have to be this way. We all feel it."

Britt characterized Republicans as the party of "hardworking parents and families" who are working to improve the nation's future for the next generation and "want families to grow." 

"It's why we strongly support continued nationwide access to in vitro fertilization," she said.

The Alabama senator's mention of IVF services comes as Republicans seek to quell concerns that access to fertility treatments could be at risk after the high court in Britt's home state found  frozen embryos can be considered children  under Alabama law. 

The Alabama Supreme Court's decision last month left the state mired in controversy after several clinics that provide in vitro fertilization services announced they would be halting or limiting treatments, and Republicans at the state and federal level have raced to express support for continued access to IVF services.

"We the people are in the driver's seat," Britt said. "We get to decide whether our future will grow brighter or whether we'll settle for an America in decline. Well, I know which choice our children deserve, and I know the choice the Republican Party is fighting for."

On immigration, Britt claimed that Mr. Biden created the current situation at the border with a slew of executive actions he issued in his first 100 days in office.

"This is the United States of America and it is past time, in my opinion, that we start acting like it," she said. "President Biden's border policies are a disgrace. This crisis is despicable and the truth is, it is almost entirely preventable."

Britt attempted to stoke fear by proclaiming that "innocent Americans are dying," and, to Mr. Biden said, "you only have yourself to blame." The Alabama Republican noted the murder of 22-year-old Laken Riley last month on the campus of the University of Georgia. The suspect in her death is a Venezuelan migrant, and Republicans have claimed her killing is a result of Mr. Biden's border policies.

"Fulfill your oath of office. Reverse your policies. End this crisis and stop the suffering," she said.

On the economy, Britt said that the American people are "scraping by," while the president touts the success of his economic policies, which the White House has dubbed "Bidenomics." And on foreign policy, the Alabama senator claimed that the U.S. has retreated on the world stage, allowing adversaries like Russia and Iran to act without repercussions. 

"We all recall when presidents faced national security threats with strength and resolve. That seems like ancient history," she said. "Right now, our commander-in-chief is not in command. The free world deserves better than a dithering and diminished leader. America deserves leaders who recognize that secure borders, stable prices, safe streets and a strong defense are actually the cornerstones of a great nation."

Britt claimed that Mr. Biden has failed the country, and she sought to motivate voters to tap into the nation's history and "stand up and prove ourselves worthy of the American dream."

"Get into the arena," she said. "Every generation has been called to do hard things. American greatness rests in the fact that we always answer that call. It's who we are."

Republican leaders announced last month that Britt would be delivering the GOP response to Mr. Biden's State of the Union address and indicated that she is well-suited to show the American people why the president, at 81, should be limited to a single term in the White House.

How do they choose who gives the State of the Union rebuttal?

The Republican selected to deliver the rebuttal is typically considered a rising star in the party, and someone who can draw a clear distinction from Mr. Biden and Democrats. The top leaders of the party that doesn't occupy the White House choose who will give the response.

In 2023, Arkansas Gov. Sarah Huckabee Sanders, the nation's youngest governor, delivered the GOP response, and in 2022, Iowa Gov. Kim Reynolds provided the rebuttal.

Given the focus on Mr. Biden's age heading into the November general election, which is poised to be a rematch of the 2020 race against Trump, GOP leaders selected the youngest Republican woman ever to serve in the upper chamber. Mr. Biden began his career in the Senate years before Britt was even born.

In fact, House Speaker Mike Johnson said in a statement last month that "the American people will tune in as the youngest Republican woman ever elected to the Senate turns the page on the oldest president in history."

Senate Republican Leader Mitch McConnell praised Britt as an "an unapologetic optimist."

The GOP is working to convince voters that they are the better party to lead the country into the future and address key issues like immigration and the economy. McConnell said last month that Britt has become "a leading voice in the fight to secure a stronger American future and leave years of Washington Democrats' failures behind."

A look at Senator Katie Britt's political career

Britt was elected to the Senate in 2022 after defeating Rep. Mo Brooks in the GOP primary runoff. Trump initially endorsed Brooks, but the former president withdrew his support earlier in the race after polls showed Brooks struggling to gain support. Trump threw his weight behind Britt months later, after she received the most votes in the primary. She  advanced to a runoff against Brooks.

Brooks and Britt were vying to succeed longtime GOP Sen. Richard Shelby after he announced his retirement. Britt served as Shelby's chief of staff and as president of the Business Council of Alabama.

Before leading Shelby's office, Britt served as deputy campaign manager for his 2016 re-election bid and was a practicing attorney.

  • Katie Britt
  • Republican Party
  • State of the Union Address

Melissa Quinn is a politics reporter for CBSNews.com. She has written for outlets including the Washington Examiner, Daily Signal and Alexandria Times. Melissa covers U.S. politics, with a focus on the Supreme Court and federal courts.

More from CBS News

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Politics latest: Growing calls for Diane Abbott to have Labour suspension lifted

Angela Rayner and Jess Phillips add their names to the calls for Diane Abbott to have the Labour whip restored.

Thursday 14 March 2024 17:01, UK

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  • Labour deputy leader says Abbott should have suspension from parliamentary party lifted
  • Electoral Dysfunction:  Phillips also says Abbott should have party whip restored
  • Profile: Tory donor at centre of row  |  Political donation rules explained
  • Gove names some of groups that will be re-assessed under new extremism definition
  • Serena Barker-Singh:  Working out which groups fall under new definition an extremely controversial and complex task
  • Sam Coates:  Mood tense among Tory MPs who think most things 'weak' Number 10 touches get worse
  • Live reporting by Faith Ridler and (earlier) Charlotte Chelsom-Pill

Earlier today, Communities Secretary Michael Gove said he had recommended the Muslim Association of Britain (MAB) be considered for the label of extremist.

If this label was granted, it would mean MAB would be ineligible for government funding or association.

Yasmine Adam, a spokesperson for MAB, accused Mr Gove of "hiding behind parliamentary privilege".

Privilege protects MPs from lawsuits for what they say in parliament.

Ms Adam says today's announcement is "definitely disappointing, but certainly not surprising".

She adds: "It's no surprise that he's chosen to hide behind parliamentary privilege to assert baseless accusation and to produce statements without any evidence."

Ms Adam also accused Mr Gove of "trying to whip up this country's Islamophobic agenda, and marginalise Muslim groups".

Speaking in the Commons, Mr Gove said MAB and other groups were among those "give rise to concern for their Islamist orientation and views".

"We will be holding these and other organisations to account to assess if they meet our definition of extremism and will take action as appropriate," he added.

 Our flagship weeknight politics show will be live on Sky News from 7pm, tonight hosted by our Europe correspondent Adam Parsons .

The fast-paced, extended edition of the show dissects the inner workings of Westminster, with interviews, insights, and analysis - bringing the audience into the corridors of power.

Adam will be joined by Baroness Shami Chakrabarti , the Labour peer and former shadow attorney general for England and Wales.

On his panel tonight are:

  • Richard Tice , the leader of Reform UK
  • Sunder Katwala , former general secretary of the Fabian Society 

Watch Politics Hub from Monday to Thursday at 7pm on Sky channel 501, Virgin channel 602, Freeview channel 233, on the  Sky News website  and  app  or on  YouTube .

Sky News revealed yesterday that children have been filming themselves using the devices to hurt animals, and sharing the videos in a UK-wide network on WhatsApp.

Earlier today, Henry Smith, the Conservative MP for Crawley, raised the investigation in the House of Commons.

Penny Mordaunt, the leader of the House, said she would flag the issue with Home Secretary James Cleverly.

Watch the exchange below...

By Jennifer Scott , political reporter

Michael Gove has named five groups that will be re-assessed as a result of the government's new definition of extremism.

Speaking in the Commons, the communities secretary said two far-right organisations - the British National Socialist Movement and the Patriotic Alternative - and three Islamist organisations - the Muslim Association of Britain, Cage and Mend - were groups "we should be concerned" about.

Speaking after the government announced the new definition of extremism this morning, the minister said it was "critically important we do not unwittingly or through ignorance fund or support organisations who are themselves extremist" as it had been the case in the past that "extremist groups and actors have sought to present themselves as moderate voices representative of majority or mainstream opinion".

Mr Gove also sought to reassure critics the plan was "in no way intending to restrict freedom of expression, religion or belief", saying gender critical campaigners, trans activists, those with conservative religious views and environmental protest groups would not be included.

But, he added: "The government cannot be in a position where, unwittingly or not, we sponsor, subsidise or support in any way organisations or individuals opposed to the freedoms we hold dear."

Labour's deputy leader, Angela Rayner, agreed that "hateful extremism threatens the safety of our communities and the unity of our country," and was "a serious problem which demands a serious response".

But she criticised how long it had taken the government to act since their last definition was introduced in 2011, and said it was "deeply concerning" that extremists had already "benefited from government engagement, endorsement and support".

Read more here:

The prime minister has resisted calls to hand back £10m donated to the Conservative Party by businessman Frank Hester.

Speaking in the Commons, Rishi Sunak condemned Mr Hester's reported remarks about MP Diane Abbott as "racist" and "wrong" but insisted he had shown "remorse".

Labour is calling on the Conservatives to give the money back.  

Today on the Daily, Niall Paterson speaks to Labour MP Dawn Butler and Sky's deputy political editor Sam Coates about the matter.

Plus, Sky correspondent Amelia Harper takes us through her report uncovering a WhatsApp network of children who are filming themselves killing and torturing animals.

Warning: this episode contains references to animal cruelty

The government has unveiled its new definition of extremism as part of a drive to clamp down on Islamist and far-right extremism.

Some have warned the change could have a "chilling effect" on free speech, while others have said it doesn't go far enough.

How has the definition changed, why has the government done it, and why is it under scrutiny? Here's everything you need to know.

What is the new definition of extremism?

The definition describes extremism as "the promotion or advancement of an ideology based on violence, hatred or intolerance" that aims to "negate or destroy the fundamental rights and freedoms of others" or "undermine, overturn or replace the UK's system of liberal parliamentary democracy and democratic rights".

It also includes those who "intentionally create a permissive environment for others to achieve" either of those aims.

What was the old definition?

The 2011 definition described extremism as "vocal or active opposition to fundamental British values, including democracy, the rule of law, individual liberty and mutual respect and tolerance of different faiths and belief" as well as "calls for the death of members of our armed forces".

Why has the government changed it?

Communities Secretary Michael Gove told Sky News the new definition is seeking "specifically to respond to the increase in the amount of antisemitism and anti-Muslim hatred that we've seen on our streets and social media and elsewhere" since the Israel-Hamas war began.

But he denied suggestions the change was intended to prevent people demonstrating, saying it was "not a restraint on free speech" and only applies to engagement with government.

Essentially, the government's new definition means organisations that perhaps wouldn't have fallen under the "extremism category" before will now do so, prohibiting them from being eligible for government support and funding.

"We know that there's been cases in the past where individual extremist organisations have sought to take advantage of government patronage, money and influence in order to advance their agenda," Mr Gove said.

"So today's definition applies only to government and makes it clear that we will keep these organisations at arm's length so they can't benefit from access to government and its funds."

He added the new definition isn't statutory and is "about making sure that government uses its powers and its money in a wise way".

Labour MP Jess Phillips has added her voice to calls for Diane Abbott to be readmitted to the parliamentary party.

We reported earlier (see 15.30 post) that deputy leader Angela Rayner is of the same view.

Ms Abbott was suspended by the party last year after  suggesting Jewish people do not face racism , but instead suffer prejudice similar to "redheads".

Speaking on Sky's Electoral Dysfunction podcast, the latest episode of which is out tomorrow, Ms Phillips told political editor Beth Rigby : "You would want to see the first black woman elected to parliament, whether you like her politics or not, you would want to see it be celebrated in the same way the Harriet Harman is going to get as she steps down. These women are trailblazers.

"And for it to end in this sort of sticky horror where everybody's fighting just seems a real shame. 

"So I would much prefer to see Diane Abbott have the whip restored."

Referring into the length of time it has taken for Labour to investigate the comments that led to Ms Abbott’s suspension, she said: "If there is an investigation into the account of what happened, I have absolutely no idea why it would take a year.

"This is in no way unique to this particular case. 

"So often political parties - and the Labour Party is just as guilty of this - it seems to take such a ridiculously long time to investigate things and justice delayed is justice denied on all sides."

👉 Tap here to follow Electoral Dysfunction wherever you get your podcasts 👈

One year ago, Rishi Sunak made five pledges for voters to judge him on.

The prime minister met his pledge to halve inflation by the end of 2023, leaving four pledges outstanding.

However, he is faring less well with his other pledges.

It has been confirmed the UK is now in recession, which means the PM's pledge to grow the economy is not being met.

With the general election approaching, how is Mr Sunak doing on delivering his other promises?

You can see the progress for yourself below.

Angela Rayner has said she would like to see Diane Abbott return to the parliamentary Labour Party.

Ms Abbott was suspended by the party last year after suggesting Jewish people do not face racism , but instead suffer prejudice similar to "redheads".

She has been at the centre of a racism row in recent days over reported comments made about her by Tory donor Frank Hester.

The furore has refocused attention on her suspension.

Asked if she would like to see Ms Abbott return to the parliamentary party, Ms Rayner told an event in parliament: "Personally I would like to see Diane back, but the Labour Party has to follow its procedures.

"And for me the most important thing is that we have made sure that our party is to fit to govern by making sure that we've got complaints procedures that people can have confidence in. 

"So it doesn't matter what I think because I don't make that decision because it's done through a panel, it's done through experts and I'm not involved in that process."

By Tim Baker , political reporter

It's an election year - and that means political donations have ramped up.

And this has been compounded by the  alleged comments of Frank Hester , who is reported to have said Labour MP Diane Abbott made him "want to hate all black women", after giving £10m to the Conservatives.

But what exactly are the rules on donations? Do they change for elections? Who gets the most money? Why do people donate? And can parties give funds back?

Here we explain:

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The Alarming Findings Inside a Mass Shooter’s Brain

An attack by an army reservist prompted a search for answers about whether the soldier’s service could have been a factor..

This transcript was created using speech recognition software. While it has been reviewed by human transcribers, it may contain errors. Please review the episode audio before quoting from this transcript and email [email protected] with any questions.

From “The New York Times,” I’m Sabrina Tavernise. And this is “The Daily.” [MUSIC PLAYING]

A mass shooting last fall by an army reservist in Maine prompted my colleague, Dave Philipps, to search for answers about whether the soldier’s service could have been a factor. Today, the surprising answer Dave found and how it may change our understanding of the effects of modern warfare on the human brain.

[MUSIC PLAYING]

It’s Wednesday, March 13.

So, Dave, you’ve been working on a series of stories on injuries to soldiers in the US military. And last week, there was a sudden and unexpected discovery related to that reporting you’d been doing. Tell me about it.

So what I’ve been looking into for a couple of months was the idea that soldiers can be injured just by firing their own weapons, by standing next to the blast of a mortar or launching a rocket from a shoulder-fired rocket launcher. Some of these big, heavy weapons, the blast wave is strong enough to really injure their brains.

And I’d been working on that over a couple of months because it’s very new. And there’s a lot of uncertain stuff. And I was still working on it in October when I got a call from “The New York Times” national desk. And they said, hey, there’s been a mass shooting in Maine. We need your help. The suspect was in the military. So I dropped everything and got on it.

Right, because you’re the guy who covers military affairs. So they call you.

Right. And the situation was that there’s a 40-year-old man in Maine named Robert Card. He’d been a Sergeant First Class in the Army Reserves for almost 20 years. And he killed several people in a small town in Maine, Lewiston, in a restaurant and in a bowling alley. Then he goes on the Lam. And the whole region is in lockdown for two days. And after a massive manhunt, they eventually find his body 15 minutes away from the shooting site. He had shot himself in the head.

And in the aftermath, his family said that he had been hearing voices. It started right after he had gotten some hearing aids last spring. And he grew to have these nearly constant paranoid delusions that people at the supermarket, people on the street, even people in his own family were saying terrible things about him, essentially saying that he was a pedophile. And he grew obsessed with these delusions that just simply were not happening.

The Army saw this and they tried to intervene. And in fact, he was actually hospitalized for two weeks by the Army. But ultimately, it was not enough. And he committed these shootings, which killed 18 people. And so whenever any veteran is involved in any crime, our first move is generally to ask the Pentagon for that person’s background. We want to know, is there anything in their military record that can help us understand the present by looking at their military past?

And so did you find anything in this Maine shooter’s military records?

In the case of Robert Card, the answer is really no. Remember, we’ve been at war for more than 20 years. And more than a million people have deployed, many of them multiple times. He had been in the military that whole time and he had never deployed.

Never in Iraq or Afghanistan.

Never in Iraq or Afghanistan. Never even in Germany or Korea.

And he also had a really humdrum job. The official title for it was Petroleum Supply Specialist.

What does that mean?

Essentially, you’re the gas guy, who makes sure that the tanks, and the Humvees, and everything else has enough fuel to run. Pretty dull. And so there was nothing at all in his service that suggested it had anything to do with what had happened.

So at this point, you’re like, OK, nothing to see here. This mass shooting is probably totally unrelated to his time in the military because he never deployed?

Well, not quite. I actually picked up one thing that I thought might be really tied to this and potentially extremely important. And that was his hearing aids.

What was it about his hearing aids?

Well, here’s a guy who’s 40 years old, a young, fit guy who has hearing aids. I would expect that from somebody who worked around artillery cannons or worked around mortars, worked around tanks. In the military, you see it all the time. But this guy didn’t seem to have any of that. He’s like a petroleum supply guy. And so I was thinking, OK, something here doesn’t make sense.

And I was able to track down some people who had actually served next to Robert Card in his platoon. And they said, yes, he had been a petroleum supply specialist years ago. But in 2014, he switched over to a training battalion, where he was exposed to lots and lots of blasts. And basically, what this battalion did is, every summer, they held a summer camp for cadets at West Point that taught them how to use all sorts of weapons, taught them how to use machine guns, grenade launchers, shoulder-fired rockets, and hand grenades.

And that’s where Robert Card worked, I learned. Every year in the summer, he was on the hand grenade range, where about 1,200 cadets would come through. And most of them threw two grenades. So every year, he’s getting exposed in the course of a few weeks to 2,000 grenade blasts. Now, according to the military, this is safe. This is fine. No problem. Move along.

But emerging research, like the stuff that I’ve been reporting about in the previous months, had shown that this repetitive blast from firing your own weapons can be really damaging. And so I thought, OK, Robert Card was exposed to a lot of blasts. Maybe that could help explain what happened to him.

So what did you do next? How do you start to answer that question?

Well, we knew that the answer would be in Robert Card’s brain, that if he did have a brain injury from repeated blast exposure, you can see it. And what I learned soon after was that the Maine State Medical Examiner knew that too. And in fact, after he died, they had saved his brain and then shipped it to Boston, where one of the best brain labs that looks at traumatic brain injury is at Boston University. These folks specialize specifically in documenting CTE in football players and other contact sports athletes.

So, Dave, is the thinking here that maybe Robert Card had something like CTE, that it’s that kind of injuries like we see in football players?

Well, they didn’t know. And the only way to figure it out was to essentially slice his brain into slices that are about the tenth of a thickness of a piece of paper. And then they look at it under two microscopes, a normal optical microscope and a really detailed electron microscope that can look at things on a subcellular level.

And in the first microscope, they’re looking for CTE, which is easy to see. They can stain it brown and it creates these floral patterns around blood vessels in the brain. But when they looked at it, they didn’t find that. And if you’re just exposed to blast, maybe that’s not a big surprise because the research suggests that blast exposure leads to something else, something that really doesn’t have an accepted name yet, but in a sense is damage to the wiring that’s deep in the brain.

And under the second microscope, that’s essentially what they found in Robert Card’s brain. And what they’re looking at is the cables in the brain. So your brain has outside of the brain gray matter, which is where thoughts happen. And inside the brain is white matter that is essentially wiring that connects all that gray matter together. So it can talk to itself. It can understand itself. It can act.

But it turns out that when blast waves surge through the brain, those long, stringy pieces of white matter essentially get whipped really hard, hard enough that they get frayed or broken. Think of it like the cable you use to charge your iPhone. You can twist that, and twist it up, and untwist it, and it’ll be fine.

But it’s the repetitive over and over that causes problems. So imagine twisting your iPhone cable 10,000 times. And then it might still be there, but you plug it in and it doesn’t work anymore. And so that’s what they’re looking at in Robert Card’s brain.

So the results were definitive. Despite never having served in combat, Card really suffered pretty severe brain damage from these repetitive blasts at this training camp, it seems like.

Right. And we have to be careful because we can’t definitively say with Robert Card right now that not only those grenade blasts caused this injury, but that injury caused his behavior. What we can say is that it’s a very, very good match. It certainly seems that that’s the case.

And, Dave, what is the implication of this?

Well, this is something that means so much more than just what happened to Robert Card or what happened in a shooting in Maine. And that’s because, for years, the military has known that blasts from combat, from roadside bombs, from enemy attacks are dangerous and they can damage the brain.

But they haven’t known what the effect of training is because most of the people who served in the military also went overseas. They might have gotten hit by an IED. They might have experienced something traumatic in combat. And so if they come back with brain injuries, it’s very hard to say, are those brain injuries tied to firing their own weapons?

But Robert Card’s almost like a control study. We know that he never went overseas. He also never played football in high school. He was never in a serious car accident. He didn’t do a lot of things that could have caused a brain injury to him. As far as we know, the only thing that could have damaged his brain is this blast injury of working on the grenade range. And so if that is true, that means that a lot of the brain injury that is happening in the military is being caused by the military. That’s a big deal.

We’ll be right back.

So, Dave, what exactly did the military know about brain damage caused by blasts? And when did it know it?

Well, it starts with the IUD problem. During the height of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, around 2005, 2006, if you remember, roadside bombs were the leading way that insurgents were hurting American forces.

And so the United States poured a ton of money into trying to understand, OK, these blasts that these guys are experiencing, these men and women, they appear fine. They get up and walk away. But there’s something going on there.

It’s not like you’re missing a limb or something. So when someone walks by, you may look absolutely normal. But it’s a very invisible wound.

The military started gathering these stories and even shared some of these interviews.

When I came home, I was not the same person.

And when I got out, I didn’t think that I had any issues or mental health issues that would affect me in the civilian life. I found that I was having trouble controlling my emotions, sometimes, my anger.

Soldiers were coming home complaining to military leaders of all sorts of problems, feeling different, acting different, thinking different.

I ended up losing a job because I was getting violent. I started another job, was getting violent there. I was real irritable, hard to deal with.

I was self-medicating, trying to hide feelings and things like that. I had the suicidal thoughts.

They’re almost coming back as different people. And the Defense Department poured hundreds of millions of dollars into this starting probably around 2008, trying to answer the question of, what kind of blast is dangerous? And why? And they started getting answers, but it was still really murky. And so in 2012, they set up a brain bank to essentially collect brains from anyone and everyone they could get who was in uniform because this injury couldn’t be seen through an MRI, through a PET scan, through the normal things that we think of for imaging the brain. It was too subtle.

But you could slice it up and see it in the brain. And what they were seeing was this telltale scarring in the white matter. And at the same time, there were a lot of families that got results back from this brain bank and saw that characteristic scarring in the white matter. And they knew that their loved ones had been affected by blast. And they also knew that enemy blasts were only a small fraction of what their loved one experienced. And so how could you untangle? What was training caused? And what was caused by the enemy?

And so a lot of these families, they started taking this information to Congress. In 2018, they said to Congress, the military is not taking blasts seriously enough. They don’t understand it. They can’t tell who’s injured. They need to do something. Congress at that point passed a law forcing the military to look at this research and figure out how we can track this. But here we are in 2024 and a lot of those questions are still not answered.

And then, of course, came Card, which seems to give us something of a new data point, a new answer.

That’s right, because the military, for all of this time, they had been saying, well, this is complicated. We did some studies, but we still don’t have clear answers. And they would hem and haw and essentially use the lack of a definitive answer as a way to postpone action. But here’s Robert Card. And he’s really important because the only thing he’s been exposed to is grenade blasts. And that’s supposed to be safe.

Something did happen after all those years of research. The military, they finally put in place a safety threshold that basically said, above this power of blast, there could be hazard. And they use a number for that. They measure blasts in four pounds per square inch. That’s the strength of the blast wave hitting anybody.

But you can think of that four as a safety level. Anything higher, probably dangerous. Anything lower, supposed to be safe. And that’s why Card is so important because, if he was only exposed to grenades and he has a blast injury, those grenades come in not at four, not even at 3.9. They come in at one PSI or maybe 1 and a half. So that suggests that this safety threshold that got put in place is way off.

And that’s really important, not just for Robert Card, but for all sorts of troops who are training right now because there are many weapons out there, mortars, shoulder-fired rocket launchers, big artillery that come in at higher levels, some of them as high as eight or nine PSI. And what that threshold doesn’t take into account is that we’re not just talking about one blast. We’re talking about hundreds or thousands of blasts. And how does that change how any blast is a threat or a hazard?

So essentially, all of this study and research didn’t actually translate into procedures that kept soldiers safer.

Right. It’s sometimes frustrating for me to see this research because there are brilliant people who are building computer models that model how energy waves go through brain matter. Or they are very carefully blowing up lab rats and then cutting open their brains to see the effects. And none of that expensive and time-consuming research has many — any difference to the people in uniform.

Dave, how many vets are we talking about here? How many people may be suffering or at risk of this kind of brain damage? Do we know the scale here?

That’s a really hard question to answer. We know that more than 450,000 people have been diagnosed with a traumatic brain injury by the military since 2000. But that probably leaves out tens of thousands of people who, like Robert Card, were exposed to repeated blasts and may have a brain injury, but never were diagnosed.

So the universe is potentially very large.

That’s why this is such a huge deal.

Dave, stepping back for a second, it seems like what we’re learning here through this example of Robert Card is bringing us into a moment where we’re rethinking what it means to have combat trauma, that it might actually have a lot more to do with the physical blast than with the mental or psychological trauma that one goes through in, say, a combat deployment.

One thing that I’ve been reporting about for years is when soldiers come home different and why. And I started out really focusing on post-traumatic stress disorder and just the horror of war and how that can change and erode your character. And then I learned that traumatic brain injury can be a big part of that and that those two things may be tangled together in ways that are impossible to unravel.

But what’s really interesting about Robert Card and other people I’ve talked to who’ve never deployed, but they’ve been around a lot of blasts, is if you sent them into a typical Army clinic and had them list their symptoms, they would probably get diagnosed with PTSD. They’re sleepless. They have anxiety. They have panic attacks. They are socially withdrawn. They’re depressed.

So there are all these things that we have long thought are products of war, of combat, that may actually be an underlying condition that is not related to war at all. To put it in the plainest terms possible, it’s basically related to a workplace safety issue that we haven’t acknowledged or addressed.

So when Johnny comes home different from the war, it might not actually be the war.

It might not actually be the war.

But I also think that there’s a broader implication beyond the military. And we can see it in Robert Card. Here was a man whose blast injury wasn’t understood, who did something horrendous. And so I think we have to think about, what is the cost of not doing anything here? Now, of course, we don’t know for sure that Robert Card did this because of his blast injury. But we do know that he had profound injuries deep in his brain.

And we also know from talking to people that he served with that it’s not just Robert Card. Other people that served with him on the grenade range are also struggling. A number of them are getting help for pretty persistent mental health problems. And one of his best friends was just recently hospitalized for a psychiatric crisis. And he’s now facing a domestic violence charge. So how do we look at those people differently now after seeing Card? And how do we look at this problem in a way that tries to prevent that from happening?

Dave, I’m curious if you’ve heard from the family of Robert Card since his diagnosis. And I wonder what this diagnosis has meant to them, if anything.

Well, they didn’t get a choice when his brain went to the lab. That was the decision of the state, which really wanted to understand in whatever way it could what had happened. But when they got these results back and the family sat around their kitchen table listening to the doctor who had looked into his brain and learned there was damage, in a way that I think was really surprising to them, it allowed them to have some forgiveness, to not see their brother, their son, as a monster, but to see him as somebody who was hurt.

It gives them a different story about their brother.

Absolutely.

Dave, thank you.

Here’s what else you should know today.

My assessment in the report about the relevance of the president’s memory was necessary, and accurate, and fair.

On Tuesday, in a tense appearance before the House Judiciary Committee, former special counsel Robert Hur testified about his investigation and February report into President Biden’s handling of classified documents.

You could have written your report with comments about his specific recollection as to documents or a set of documents. But you chose a general pejorative reference to the president.

The four-hour session quickly descended into a brutal partisan fight. In his report, Hur had called Biden, quote, “An elderly man with a poor memory,” a conclusion that had infuriated Democrats. Republicans, for their part, grilled Hur about his conclusion that the evidence was insufficient to charge Biden with a crime —

Here’s what I see, Biden and Trump should have been treated equally. They weren’t. And that is the double standard that I think a lot of Americans are concerned about.

— and accused Hur of protecting Biden.

You exonerated him.

— would be a conviction.

I know that —

It did not exonerate him.

— the term willful retention has a —

That word does not appear in the report, Congresswoman.

Mr. Hur, it’s my time.

But Hur made clear during the testimony that his report had not cleared Biden of wrongdoing, rejecting a suggestion by Democrats that it had. Today’s episode was produced by Jessica Cheung, Clare Toeniskoetter, and Olivia Natt, with help from Sydney Harper. It was edited by MJ Davis Lin, contains original music by Dan Powell and Marion Lozano, and was engineered by Chris Wood. Our theme music is by Jim Brunberg and Ben Landsverk of Wonderly.

That’s it for “The Daily.” I’m Sabrina Tavernise. See you tomorrow.

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  • March 14, 2024   •   28:21 It Sucks to Be 33
  • March 13, 2024   •   27:44 The Alarming Findings Inside a Mass Shooter’s Brain
  • March 12, 2024   •   27:30 Oregon Decriminalized Drugs. Voters Now Regret It.
  • March 11, 2024   •   29:07 The Billionaires’ Secret Plan to Solve California’s Housing Crisis
  • March 10, 2024 The Sunday Read: ‘Can Humans Endure the Psychological Torment of Mars?’
  • March 8, 2024   •   29:40 The State of the Union
  • March 7, 2024   •   32:31 The Miseducation of Google’s A.I.
  • March 6, 2024   •   23:07 The Unhappy Voters Who Could Swing the Election
  • March 5, 2024   •   32:02 A Deadly Aid Delivery and Growing Threat of Famine in Gaza
  • March 4, 2024   •   26:06 An F.B.I. Informant, a Bombshell Claim, and an Impeachment Built on a Lie
  • March 3, 2024 The Sunday Read: ‘How Tom Sandoval Became the Most Hated Man in America’
  • March 1, 2024   •   32:33 Biden, Trump and a Split Screen at the Texas Border

Hosted by Sabrina Tavernise

Featuring Dave Philipps

Produced by Jessica Cheung ,  Clare Toeniskoetter and Olivia Natt

With Sydney Harper

Edited by M.J. Davis Lin

Original music by Dan Powell and Marion Lozano

Engineered by Chris Wood

Listen and follow The Daily Apple Podcasts | Spotify | Amazon Music

Warning: this episode contains descriptions of violence and self harm.

Last fall, an Army reservist killed 18 people at a bowling alley and restaurant in Lewiston, Maine, before turning the gun on himself.

Dave Philipps, who covers military affairs for The Times, had already been investigating the idea that soldiers could be injured just by firing their own weapons. Analyzing the case of the gunman in Lewiston, Dave explains, could change our understanding of the effects of modern warfare on the human brain.

On today’s episode

example of debate speech for first speaker

Dave Philipps , who covers war, the military and veterans for The New York Times.

Two people wearing military uniforms stand on a cement platform. One of them is throwing a grenade into a wooded area.

Background reading

Profound damage was found in the Lewiston gunman’s brain , possibly from explosions.

The finding has broad implications for treatment strategies in veterans and for criminal justice.

There are a lot of ways to listen to The Daily. Here’s how.

We aim to make transcripts available the next workday after an episode’s publication. You can find them at the top of the page.

The Daily is made by Rachel Quester, Lynsea Garrison, Clare Toeniskoetter, Paige Cowett, Michael Simon Johnson, Brad Fisher, Chris Wood, Jessica Cheung, Stella Tan, Alexandra Leigh Young, Lisa Chow, Eric Krupke, Marc Georges, Luke Vander Ploeg, M.J. Davis Lin, Dan Powell, Sydney Harper, Mike Benoist, Liz O. Baylen, Asthaa Chaturvedi, Rachelle Bonja, Diana Nguyen, Marion Lozano, Corey Schreppel, Rob Szypko, Elisheba Ittoop, Mooj Zadie, Patricia Willens, Rowan Niemisto, Jody Becker, Rikki Novetsky, John Ketchum, Nina Feldman, Will Reid, Carlos Prieto, Ben Calhoun, Susan Lee, Lexie Diao, Mary Wilson, Alex Stern, Dan Farrell, Sophia Lanman, Shannon Lin, Diane Wong, Devon Taylor, Alyssa Moxley, Summer Thomad, Olivia Natt, Daniel Ramirez and Brendan Klinkenberg.

Our theme music is by Jim Brunberg and Ben Landsverk of Wonderly. Special thanks to Sam Dolnick, Paula Szuchman, Lisa Tobin, Larissa Anderson, Julia Simon, Sofia Milan, Mahima Chablani, Elizabeth Davis-Moorer, Jeffrey Miranda, Renan Borelli, Maddy Masiello, Isabella Anderson and Nina Lassam.

Dave Philipps writes about war, the military and veterans and covers The Pentagon. More about Dave Philipps

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The biggest moments from Biden’s 2024 State of the Union address

President Biden delivered an aggressive State of the Union speech Thursday night in which he drew sharp contrasts with former president Donald Trump and Republicans in Congress.

Biden made reference to “my predecessor” more than a dozen times and challenged GOP lawmakers over their resistance to his first-term agenda. As the speech went on, he increasingly engaged with angry outbursts from the audience .

It was a speech befitting the political moment, as Biden faces an expected rematch against Trump and tries to push his agenda through a polarized Congress.

While Republicans found multiple occasions to jeer, Democrats broke out in chants of “Four more years!” more than once.

Here were six highlights:

‘My predecessor’

Within the first few minutes of the speech, Biden swiped at Trump — and did not let up.

Biden knocked Trump over topics including his coziness with Russia, the Jan. 6 , 2021, attack on the U.S. Capitol, and his leadership during the coronavirus pandemic.

After describing the economic and societal anguish brought by the pandemic, Biden said his predecessor “failed the most basic” presidential duty: “the duty to care.”

That drew an angry outburst from the audience as someone yelled out, “Liar!” House Speaker Mike Johnson (R-La.) shook his head.

Abortion rights

Biden wasted little time addressing a top issue for Democrats in the November election: abortion rights.

Biden criticized Trump for bragging about appointing the Supreme Court justices who in 2022 helped overturn Roe v. Wade and end the constitutional right to an abortion. And with some of the justices in the audience, Biden warned that the decision has unleashed a political storm.

“With all due respect, justices, women are not without electoral or political power,” Biden said. “You’re about to realize just how much.”

Biden also seized on the recent Alabama Supreme Court ruling that frozen embryos are children , which has disrupted fertility care in the state. Democrats have called it the latest consequence of Republicans’ long campaign against abortion rights and reproductive care. Biden challenged the GOP to “guarantee” IVF protections “nationwide.”

Looking to November, Biden also accused Trump of wanting a national abortion ban, a topic the former president has ducked as he prepares for the general election. “My god, what other freedoms would you take away?” Biden said.

Mixing it up with congressional Republicans

While Biden repeatedly criticized Trump, he also did not hesitate to mix it up with the Republican lawmakers in the room.

Discussing Jan. 6 early in the speech, Biden said Trump “and some of you here seek to bury the truth” about what happened that day.

As the speech went on, though, Republicans in the audience became more willing to respond — and Biden obliged them. One of those moments arrived when Biden charged Republicans with wanting to cut Social Security and cut taxes for the wealthy.

“Oh, no? You guys don’t want another $2 trillion tax cut?” Biden said. “I kind of thought that’s what your plan was. Well, that’s good to hear.”

Biden also appeared happy to highlight the unanimous Republican opposition some of his signature proposals have faced in Congress. Referencing the Inflation Reduction Act — a sweeping measure to combat climate change, lower health-care costs and reduce the federal deficit — that Biden signed in 2022, he said Thursday that it sought to lower prescription drug prices and noted that “not one of you Republican buddies voted for it.”

Border battle

Addressing one of the biggest vulnerabilities in his reelection campaign — the situation at the U.S.-Mexico border — Biden again called on Republicans to drop their resistance to the Senate bipartisan security deal that the GOP recently scuttled at the behest of Trump.

“We can fight about fixing the border,” Biden said, “or we can fix it.”

The border deal would overhaul the asylum system and give the president new power to effectively shut down the border if illegal crossings reach a certain threshold. But Trump lobbied Republican lawmakers to oppose the deal, calling it a political gift for Biden.

Biden touted the proposal’s toughness in his speech, which led to objections from Republicans in the audience. Biden also used the moment to engage with GOP lawmakers, credulously asking why they did not like a bill “that conservatives got together and said was a good bill.”

Going into the speech, Republicans had challenged Biden to “say her name” and mention Laken Riley, the slain Georgia nursing student whose alleged killer, immigration authorities say, illegally entered the country .

They got their way — sort of — while Biden discussed the bipartisan border security deal. Responding to an outburst from Rep. Marjorie Taylor Greene (R-Ga.), Biden paused and addressed the matter, though he appeared to initially mispronounce Riley’s first name as “Lincoln.”

“An innocent young woman who was killed by an illegal, that’s right,” Biden said.

Tough on Russia

The first moments of Biden’s speech were striking not just for the direct criticism of Trump but also for the context in which it came. Calling for increased Ukraine aid, Biden deployed the kind of tough-on-Russia rhetoric that has become less common in the GOP under Trump.

“My message to President Putin … is simple,” Biden said. “We will not walk away. We will not bow down. I will not bow down.”

Ukraine aid has become tied up in Congress, in part because some Trump-aligned Republicans believe the United States should focus more on domestic issues than the overseas conflict.

Biden also did not spare Trump on Russia, hammering him over his recent comments that he would encourage Russia to do whatever they want to a NATO country if that country was not paying enough for defense.

“Bowing down to a Russian leader,” Biden said. “I think it’s outrageous, it’s dangerous and it’s unacceptable.”

The age matter

With polls showing many voters concerned about his age, Biden, 81, did not shy away from the topic.

“I know I may not look like it, but I’ve been around a while,” Biden said jokingly. “And when you get to my age certain things become clearer than ever before.”

He then referenced his age to contrast his optimism for America with Trump’s view, nodding at the fact that Trump is just four years younger than he is.

“Now other people my age see it differently — an American story of resentment, revenge and retribution,” Biden said. “That’s not me.”

Election 2024

Get the latest news on the 2024 election from our reporters on the campaign trail and in Washington.

Who is running? President Biden and Donald Trump both secured their parties’ nominations for the presidency , formalizing a general-election rematch.

Key issues: Compare where the candidates stand on such issues as abortion, climate and the economy.

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example of debate speech for first speaker

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Rep. McClintock Speaks on the TikTok Debate

Washington, D.C.  - Congressman Tom McClintock (CA-05) delivered the following remarks on the House floor.

Mr. Speaker:

Do we really want to give the President the power to declare “foreign adversaries” and then require a communications platform within them to be banned or sold to a government-approved owner?

If there are data privacy concerns, we should warn consumers and trust them to make their own decisions.  If there are propaganda concerns, we should defend the free and open debate that our First Amendment protects, confident that the best way to judge truth from lies is to put the two side by side and trust the people to know the difference.

The last thing we should do is take that power AWAY from the people and give it to the government.                  The answer to authoritarianism is NOT more authoritarianism.  The answer to CCP-style propaganda is NOT CCP-style oppression.

Let us SLOW down before we BLUNDER down this very steep and slippery slope.

IMAGES

  1. Debate Speech First Speaker Opposition Example

    example of debate speech for first speaker

  2. Debate-speech-template

    example of debate speech for first speaker

  3. First Speaker Debate Template

    example of debate speech for first speaker

  4. Sample Debate Speech First Speaker

    example of debate speech for first speaker

  5. Debate-format- To be used in debate

    example of debate speech for first speaker

  6. how to make a speech for a debate

    example of debate speech for first speaker

VIDEO

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COMMENTS

  1. PDF First Affirmative Speaker Template

    Today as first speaker I will be talking to you about (Write down the main heading/s of the point/s you will be talking about.) 5. This is wrong because (During the debate you will write a reason why that point is wrong.) 6. S/he also said that (Write down another point that was made onto your rebuttal card.) 7.

  2. PDF Example of A Debate Speech

    Title: Example of A Debate Speech - 1st Speaker | PDF Sample Subject: Example of A Debate Speech - 1st Speaker | PDF Sample

  3. PDF The Debating Cheat Sheet

    Speaker Roles First Speaker (Affirmative): The first affirmative must introduce the debate as a whole, not just their team's side. This means that they need to provide a DEFINITION (that is, defining the key terms and the topic as a whole in the MOST REASONABLE way). Secondly, they must introduce your TEAM LINE, which is

  4. How to Write a Debate Speech: 10 Steps (with Pictures)

    1. Understand how debates work. You will be given a debate topic - this is called a "resolution." Your team must take a stance either affirmative or negative to the resolution. Sometimes you will be given the stance, and sometimes you will be asked to take a position. You may be asked to stand affirmative or negative.

  5. Debate Speech

    Here are some examples listed down. 1. Preparing for the Debate Speech. It is important to understand on how a debate works. The team will be given a topic which is called a "resolution" and your team will have to decide whether to take the affirmative or negative stance to the resolution. Whether you will be assigned to a certain stance or ...

  6. How to Write a Winning Debate Speech

    Often the motion will start, "This House believes that….". Select a topic that is relevant to your curriculum and the interests of the students. Ensure that it is debatable and has multiple perspectives. You can find a list of popular classroom debating topics further down this article. 2. Form Two Debating Teams.

  7. Example Speeches

    Primary School Second Speaker Exemplar. Primary School Second Speaker Exemplar. An exemplar speech of a second speaker at the Primary School level. With thanks to the students at Pulteney Grammar School for their time in producing this video. Primary School Third Speaker Exemplar. Primary School Third Speaker Exemplar.

  8. Debate 101: 1st Speaker

    No Comments. First speakers should focus on the delivery of the main case, setting the foundation for your side to win the debate. What should you do as a first speaker? Firstly, take a breath and stay calm. The first minute of your speech is called the Golden Minute. That's because you have to make your speech appealing in just under 1-2 ...

  9. How to Write a Debate Speech

    Pay attention to body language, eye contact, and gestures. Allocate time wisely for each speech segment to ensure a well-paced presentation. Be prepared to adapt to unexpected changes during the debate. Practice multiple times to enhance clarity, emphasis, and pacing, boosting confidence.

  10. The Essential Guide to Structuring Your Debate Speech

    3. Main Arguments: The Heart of Your Speech. Main arguments are the star of your speech. They serve as the backbone of your speech, providing the content that supports your position. While ...

  11. How to Prepare and Present a Debate Speech + Tips & Examples

    This type of speech requires some essential components. Here are the major components you need to present an effective debate speech. 1. Catchy Introduction. The first important step is starting the debate with a compelling introduction. You can begin with a question, a quote, or a statistic related to the topic.

  12. 4 Ways to Begin a Debate

    Remember to maintain eye contact with an audience at the end of a sentence. Hold eye contact with an individual for only three to five seconds, then move on to someone else. Practice holding eye contact with someone you know for a minute or two. Repeat the exercise 5 or 6 times—that will really help a lot. 4.

  13. PDF First Speaker Debate Speech Example

    Example of A Debate Speech - 1st Speaker . Title: First Speaker Debate Speech Example - PDF Sample Keywords: Debate Speech Created Date: 11/10/2023 4:58:45 PM ...

  14. How To Start A Debate On Any Subject

    Begin by clearly stating the topic of the debate through a brief explanation or a thought-provoking question focusing on the subject. Make sure the issue is relevant to the curriculum or the lesson being discussed. Set clear guidelines and expectations. Establish the rules of engagement for the debate, such as time limits for speakers ...

  15. First Affirmative Speaker

    Are you the first speaker in the affirmative team? Are you not sure where to start or what to say? Well this tutorial will cover all of that for you!In this ...

  16. PDF Debate Speech Template

    Insert it here.) 3. The second negative speaker has tried to tell you (During the debate, list the main arguments outlined by the second speaker for the negative team. Insert them here.) 4. This is wrong because (During the debate write a reason why what your opposition's second speaker has said is wrong.

  17. Conquering Debating

    In this Conquering Debating video our coaches take a closer look at all the steps you need to follow in a First Affirmative Speech.

  18. Writing a Winning Debate Speech

    Establish Your Position Clearly: In a debate, you will either advocate for or against the topic; ensure your stance is clear from the outset of your speech. State your position with conviction in the introduction, allowing audience members or judges to understand which side you are representing. 4. Organize Your Argument Methodically: Ensure ...

  19. How to debate

    This video demonstrates the role of the first speaker for the affirmative side in a classroom debate.

  20. How To Debate: Mastering the Art of Persuasive Discourse

    In a parliamentary debate, the first speaker, often the prime minister, sets the tone by introducing the debate topic and outlining the team's case. ... speech examples, and speech types. Whether you're a student looking to improve your presentation skills, a professional aiming to excel in public speaking engagements, or simply someone who ...

  21. CanDebate

    1- Refutation (except for PM's first speech) - This is usually done before presenting your constructive case but can be done after it. Go over all of your opponents' reasons one by one (number them) and refute each one. If you are the 2nd opposition, attack both the 1st Prop points (if you have time and if any are still standing after ...

  22. Debate Speech Maker

    The opposition's first speaker responds, presenting counterarguments. This pattern continues with subsequent speakers building upon and responding to the points raised. The debate format could also include cross-examination or questioning segments. Finishing the debate. Both sides deliver final counter-speeches summarizing key arguments. The ...

  23. Debate

    Structure of debate. The constructive speech is each team's first speech to build their case. Rebuttals provide the opportunity for both sides to discredit their opponent's argument. Cross-examination allows each side to question the other side. The period where speakers from both sides can ask and answer each other's questions is called ...

  24. Key moments from Sen. Katie Britt's Republican response to 2024 State

    Sen. Katie Britt delivers Republican rebuttal to State of the Union address 21:21. Washington — Alabama Sen. Katie Britt on Thursday delivered an impassioned criticism of President Biden and his ...

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    Ministers have insisted the new definition will not affect free speech - but critics have expressed concern the updated version could end up penalising the "wrong people". Read more here: 06:36:48

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    Biden made reference to "my predecessor" more than a dozen times and challenged GOP lawmakers over their resistance to his first-term agenda. As the speech went on, he increasingly engaged ...

  29. Rep. McClintock Speaks on the TikTok Debate

    Washington, D.C. - Congressman Tom McClintock (CA-05) delivered the following remarks on the House floor. Mr. Speaker: Do we really want to give the President the power to declare "foreign adversaries" and then require a communications platform within them to be banned or sold to a government-approved owner? If there are data privacy concerns, we should warn consumers and trust them to ...