problem solving tech interview questions

Top 20 Problem Solving Interview Questions (Example Answers Included)

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By Mike Simpson

When candidates prepare for interviews, they usually focus on highlighting their leadership, communication, teamwork, and similar crucial soft skills . However, not everyone gets ready for problem-solving interview questions. And that can be a big mistake.

Problem-solving is relevant to nearly any job on the planet. Yes, it’s more prevalent in certain industries, but it’s helpful almost everywhere.

Regardless of the role you want to land, you may be asked to provide problem-solving examples or describe how you would deal with specific situations. That’s why being ready to showcase your problem-solving skills is so vital.

If you aren’t sure who to tackle problem-solving questions, don’t worry, we have your back. Come with us as we explore this exciting part of the interview process, as well as some problem-solving interview questions and example answers.

What Is Problem-Solving?

When you’re trying to land a position, there’s a good chance you’ll face some problem-solving interview questions. But what exactly is problem-solving? And why is it so important to hiring managers?

Well, the good folks at Merriam-Webster define problem-solving as “the process or act of finding a solution to a problem.” While that may seem like common sense, there’s a critical part to that definition that should catch your eye.

What part is that? The word “process.”

In the end, problem-solving is an activity. It’s your ability to take appropriate steps to find answers, determine how to proceed, or otherwise overcome the challenge.

Being great at it usually means having a range of helpful problem-solving skills and traits. Research, diligence, patience, attention-to-detail , collaboration… they can all play a role. So can analytical thinking , creativity, and open-mindedness.

But why do hiring managers worry about your problem-solving skills? Well, mainly, because every job comes with its fair share of problems.

While problem-solving is relevant to scientific, technical, legal, medical, and a whole slew of other careers. It helps you overcome challenges and deal with the unexpected. It plays a role in troubleshooting and innovation. That’s why it matters to hiring managers.

How to Answer Problem-Solving Interview Questions

Okay, before we get to our examples, let’s take a quick second to talk about strategy. Knowing how to answer problem-solving interview questions is crucial. Why? Because the hiring manager might ask you something that you don’t anticipate.

Problem-solving interview questions are all about seeing how you think. As a result, they can be a bit… unconventional.

These aren’t your run-of-the-mill job interview questions . Instead, they are tricky behavioral interview questions . After all, the goal is to find out how you approach problem-solving, so most are going to feature scenarios, brainteasers, or something similar.

So, having a great strategy means knowing how to deal with behavioral questions. Luckily, there are a couple of tools that can help.

First, when it comes to the classic approach to behavioral interview questions, look no further than the STAR Method . With the STAR method, you learn how to turn your answers into captivating stories. This makes your responses tons more engaging, ensuring you keep the hiring manager’s attention from beginning to end.

Now, should you stop with the STAR Method? Of course not. If you want to take your answers to the next level, spend some time with the Tailoring Method , too.

With the Tailoring Method, it’s all about relevance. So, if you get a chance to choose an example that demonstrates your problem-solving skills, this is really the way to go.

We also wanted to let you know that we created an amazing free cheat sheet that will give you word-for-word answers for some of the toughest interview questions you are going to face in your upcoming interview. After all, hiring managers will often ask you more generalized interview questions!

Click below to get your free PDF now:

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Top 3 Problem-Solving-Based Interview Questions

Alright, here is what you’ve been waiting for: the problem-solving questions and sample answers.

While many questions in this category are job-specific, these tend to apply to nearly any job. That means there’s a good chance you’ll come across them at some point in your career, making them a great starting point when you’re practicing for an interview.

So, let’s dive in, shall we? Here’s a look at the top three problem-solving interview questions and example responses.

1. Can you tell me about a time when you had to solve a challenging problem?

In the land of problem-solving questions, this one might be your best-case scenario. It lets you choose your own problem-solving examples to highlight, putting you in complete control.

When you choose an example, go with one that is relevant to what you’ll face in the role. The closer the match, the better the answer is in the eyes of the hiring manager.

EXAMPLE ANSWER:

“While working as a mobile telecom support specialist for a large organization, we had to transition our MDM service from one vendor to another within 45 days. This personally physically handling 500 devices within the agency. Devices had to be gathered from the headquarters and satellite offices, which were located all across the state, something that was challenging even without the tight deadline. I approached the situation by identifying the location assignment of all personnel within the organization, enabling me to estimate transit times for receiving the devices. Next, I timed out how many devices I could personally update in a day. Together, this allowed me to create a general timeline. After that, I coordinated with each location, both expressing the urgency of adhering to deadlines and scheduling bulk shipping options. While there were occasional bouts of resistance, I worked with location leaders to calm concerns and facilitate action. While performing all of the updates was daunting, my approach to organizing the event made it a success. Ultimately, the entire transition was finished five days before the deadline, exceeding the expectations of many.”

2. Describe a time where you made a mistake. What did you do to fix it?

While this might not look like it’s based on problem-solving on the surface, it actually is. When you make a mistake, it creates a challenge, one you have to work your way through. At a minimum, it’s an opportunity to highlight problem-solving skills, even if you don’t address the topic directly.

When you choose an example, you want to go with a situation where the end was positive. However, the issue still has to be significant, causing something negative to happen in the moment that you, ideally, overcame.

“When I first began in a supervisory role, I had trouble setting down my individual contributor hat. I tried to keep up with my past duties while also taking on the responsibilities of my new role. As a result, I began rushing and introduced an error into the code of the software my team was updating. The error led to a memory leak. We became aware of the issue when the performance was hindered, though we didn’t immediately know the cause. I dove back into the code, reviewing recent changes, and, ultimately, determined the issue was a mistake on my end. When I made that discovery, I took several steps. First, I let my team know that the error was mine and let them know its nature. Second, I worked with my team to correct the issue, resolving the memory leak. Finally, I took this as a lesson about delegation. I began assigning work to my team more effectively, a move that allowed me to excel as a manager and help them thrive as contributors. It was a crucial learning moment, one that I have valued every day since.”

3. If you identify a potential risk in a project, what steps do you take to prevent it?

Yes, this is also a problem-solving question. The difference is, with this one, it’s not about fixing an issue; it’s about stopping it from happening. Still, you use problem-solving skills along the way, so it falls in this question category.

If you can, use an example of a moment when you mitigated risk in the past. If you haven’t had that opportunity, approach it theoretically, discussing the steps you would take to prevent an issue from developing.

“If I identify a potential risk in a project, my first step is to assess the various factors that could lead to a poor outcome. Prevention requires analysis. Ensuring I fully understand what can trigger the undesired event creates the right foundation, allowing me to figure out how to reduce the likelihood of those events occurring. Once I have the right level of understanding, I come up with a mitigation plan. Exactly what this includes varies depending on the nature of the issue, though it usually involves various steps and checks designed to monitor the project as it progresses to spot paths that may make the problem more likely to happen. I find this approach effective as it combines knowledge and ongoing vigilance. That way, if the project begins to head into risky territory, I can correct its trajectory.”

17 More Problem-Solving-Based Interview Questions

In the world of problem-solving questions, some apply to a wide range of jobs, while others are more niche. For example, customer service reps and IT helpdesk professionals both encounter challenges, but not usually the same kind.

As a result, some of the questions in this list may be more relevant to certain careers than others. However, they all give you insights into what this kind of question looks like, making them worth reviewing.

Here are 17 more problem-solving interview questions you might face off against during your job search:

• How would you describe your problem-solving skills?
• Can you tell me about a time when you had to use creativity to deal with an obstacle?
• Describe a time when you discovered an unmet customer need while assisting a customer and found a way to meet it.
• If you were faced with an upset customer, how would you diffuse the situation?
• Tell me about a time when you had to troubleshoot a complex issue.
• Imagine you were overseeing a project and needed a particular item. You have two choices of vendors: one that can deliver on time but would be over budget, and one that’s under budget but would deliver one week later than you need it. How do you figure out which approach to use?
• Your manager wants to upgrade a tool you regularly use for your job and wants your recommendation. How do you formulate one?
• A supplier has said that an item you need for a project isn’t going to be delivered as scheduled, something that would cause your project to fall behind schedule. What do you do to try and keep the timeline on target?
• Can you share an example of a moment where you encountered a unique problem you and your colleagues had never seen before? How did you figure out what to do?
• Imagine you were scheduled to give a presentation with a colleague, and your colleague called in sick right before it was set to begin. What would you do?
• If you are given two urgent tasks from different members of the leadership team, both with the same tight deadline, how do you choose which to tackle first?
• Tell me about a time you and a colleague didn’t see eye-to-eye. How did you decide what to do?
• Describe your troubleshooting process.
• Tell me about a time where there was a problem that you weren’t able to solve. What happened?
• In your opening, what skills or traits make a person an exceptional problem-solver?
• When you face a problem that requires action, do you usually jump in or take a moment to carefully assess the situation?
• When you encounter a new problem you’ve never seen before, what is the first step that you take?

Putting It All Together

At this point, you should have a solid idea of how to approach problem-solving interview questions. Use the tips above to your advantage. That way, you can thrive during your next interview.

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About The Author

Mike simpson.

Co-Founder and CEO of TheInterviewGuys.com. Mike is a job interview and career expert and the head writer at TheInterviewGuys.com. His advice and insights have been shared and featured by publications such as Forbes , Entrepreneur , CNBC and more as well as educational institutions such as the University of Michigan , Penn State , Northeastern and others. Learn more about The Interview Guys on our About Us page .

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Top 20 Technical Interview Questions with Example Answers

A technical interview is a type of job interview that focuses on evaluating a candidate’s technical expertise and knowledge in relation to the position for which they are applying. It’s most commonly used in careers like software engineering , information technology and data science , among others.

What Is a Technical Interview?

A technical interview is a type of job interview that aims to evaluate a candidate’s technical expertise, problem solving and communication skills through coding exercises, system design discussions, whiteboard sessions and behavioral interview questions and more. It’s often used to assess candidates in careers like software engineering, IT and data science.    

The objective is to ascertain your capacity for problem-solving under pressure, as well as evaluating your communication and interpersonal abilities. Technical interviews may include various formats, such as coding exercises , algorithmic problem-solving, system design discussions, whiteboarding sessions or hands-on tasks using relevant tools or technologies. Candidates may be asked to write code, analyze code snippets, optimize algorithms, explain concepts or design system architectures.

Technical interviews are often conducted in the following formats:

• Coding interviews
• System design interviews
• Behavioral and technical combination interviews
• Take-home assignments
• Technical presentations

7 Types of Technical Interview Questions 

Depending on the particular function and industry, technical interview questions might be asked on a wide range of subjects. These inquiries are intended to evaluate applicants' technical expertise, capacity for problem-solving and breadth of subject knowledge. Following are a few examples of typical technical interview categories:

1. Coding and Programming

These inquiries evaluate an applicant's proficiency for using programming languages like Python , Java , C++ or JavaScript to write code and resolve issues. They could entail coding puzzles, data structures , algorithmic challenges or writing code to address a particular issue.

2. System Design

These inquiries test a candidate’s competence for large-scale system design and architecture. They frequently concentrate on the trade-offs, scalability, dependability, and performance of complex systems.

3. Data Structures and Algorithms

These types of questions test a candidate’s comprehension of various data structures and algorithms, including arrays, linked lists, stacks, queues, trees, and graphs, as well as sorting, searching, traversals and dynamic programming. Candidates may be required to analyze problems involving time and spatial complexity or to use these ideas in their solutions.

4. Database and SQL

These types of questions test a candidate's understanding of SQL queries , database design principles and database management systems . Candidates may be required to build database structures, write sophisticated queries or optimize queries for performance.

5. System Architecture 

These kinds of questions concentrate on a system’s overall structure and its parts. They might go through issues like networking, distributed systems, cloud computing , security and scalability .

6. Testing and Debugging

These kinds of questions evaluate a candidate’s understanding of software testing principles, debugging methods and their aptitude for finding and resolving coding problems.

7. Web Development

The web technologies covered by these questions include HTML , CSS , JavaScript, frameworks like React or Angular , RESTful APIs and browser compatibility. The development or optimization of web applications, resolving front-end issues or debugging of web-related problems may be required of candidates.

More on Software Engineering Top 50 JavaScript Interview Questions With Example Answers

20 Technical Interview Questions to Know

Technical interviews often include questions that test the candidate’s understanding of software and how software works. It’s important to both be knowledgeable about the coding language you’ll primarily be working in and various development methodologies. 

Common Technical Interview Questions

• Describe the concept of a binary search algorithm and its time complexity.
• What are the main differences between HTTP and HTTPS?
• Explain the concept of a linked list and its advantage over an array.
• What is the purpose of a code review in testing?
• What are the different programming languages used in web development?
• How does caching work in web development?
• How would you optimize low-performing SQL code?
• What is the role of a load-balancing system of architecture?
• What is horizontal scaling and how does it differ from vertical scaling?
• What is a service-oriented architecture (SOA)?

Here are some practice questions with answers to help you prepare. 

1. Describe the concept of a binary search algorithm and its time complexity.

Binary search is a divide-and-conquer algorithm used to efficiently search a sorted array. It repeatedly divides the search space in half until the target element is found or determined to be absent. The time complexity of binary search is O(log n) , as the search space is halved with each comparison.

It significantly lowers the number of comparisons required to find an element by splitting the search space in half during each iteration. Large data sets benefit greatly from its outstanding efficiency due to its time complexity. The elegance of this algorithm rests in its capacity to quickly arrive at the intended outcome, highlighting the significance of algorithmic effectiveness in problem-solving.

The time complexity of binary search is O(log n), where n is the number of elements in the array. This is because the number of comparisons made by binary search is always log2(n). For example, if there are 10 elements in the array, binary search will make seven comparisons. If there are 100 elements in the array, binary search will make seven comparisons. Binary search is a very efficient search algorithm. It’s much faster than linear search, which compares each element in the array to the target value until a match is found. Binary search is also more efficient than other search algorithms, such as the jump search algorithm.

Given an array of integers, find the index of the target element.

2. Explain the concept of a linked list and its advantages over an array.

A linked list is a data structure consisting of nodes, where each node contains a value and a reference to the next node. Unlike arrays, linked lists have dynamic size and can efficiently insert or delete elements at any position. However, linked lists have slower access times and require extra memory for storing references.

Linked lists are often used to represent data that isn’t sorted or that needs to be inserted or deleted frequently. This is because linked lists can be easily manipulated, without the need to shift other elements in the list.

Linked lists are helpful in situations requiring effective manipulation because elements can be added or removed without requiring significant data transfers. However, it's crucial to remember that linked lists have slower access speeds than arrays because they don't have contiguous memory storage and have more memory requirements for holding node references.

Here are some of the advantages of linked lists over arrays:

• Dynamic size : Linked lists can grow or shrink dynamically, without the need to pre-allocate memory. 
• Efficient insertion and deletion : Insertion and deletion of elements in a linked list is very efficient, as it only requires updating the pointers of the affected nodes.
• Memory efficiency : Linked lists can be more memory efficient than arrays for storing data that is not sorted or that needs to be inserted or deleted frequently.

You are given the heads of two sorted linked lists list1  and list2 . Merge the two lists into one sorted list. The list should be made by splicing together the nodes of the first two lists. Return the head of the merged linked list.

3. Describe the difference between a stack and a queue data structure.

A stack and a queue are both linear data structures, which means that they store data in a sequence. However, they differ in the way that they allow elements to be inserted and deleted. A stack is a last in first out (LIFO) data structure. This means that the last element that is inserted into a stack is the first element that is removed. Stacks are often used to implement recursion, which is a programming technique that allows a function to call itself.

A queue is a first in first out (FIFO) data structure. This means that the first element that is inserted into a queue is the first element that is removed. Queues are often used to implement tasks such as printing jobs or processing requests.

Given a string s containing just the characters ' (', ')', '{', '}', '[' and ']' , determine if the input string is valid.

Considering a given string of characters, 's' , that only contains the letters '(', ')', '', '', '[', and ']' , poses the task. It’s your task to validate the input string. In other words, you need to check to see if the string's bracket placement complies with the bracket pairing conventions. To make sure the sequence creates a well-balanced arrangement, it is necessary to verify that each opening bracket is accurately matched and closed by its corresponding equivalent.

4. What are the main differences between HTTP and HTTPS?

HTTP (hypertext transfer protocol) is an unsecured protocol used for transmitting data over the internet. HTTPS (HTTP secure) is a secure version of HTTP that encrypts data using SSL/TLS protocols, providing confidentiality and integrity. HTTPS is indicated by a padlock symbol in web browsers and is commonly used for secure transactions, such as online banking or e-commerce. However, there are some key differences between the two.

• Security : HTTP is not a secure protocol. This means that data transmitted over HTTP can be intercepted and read by anyone in between the sender and receiver. HTTPS, on the other hand, is a secure protocol. This means that data transmitted over HTTPS is encrypted and cannot be read by anyone in between the sender and receiver.
• Speed : HTTP is generally faster than HTTPS. This is because HTTPS requires additional encryption and authentication steps, which can add some overhead. However, the difference in speed is usually not significant.
• Use : HTTP is used for a wide variety of purposes, including browsing websites, downloading files, and streaming media. HTTPS is typically used for tasks that require a higher level of security, such as online banking, shopping, and email.

Here are some examples of websites that use HTTPS:

• Banking websites : Banks use HTTPS to protect customer data, such as account numbers and passwords.
• Shopping websites : Shopping websites use HTTPS to protect customer credit card information.
• Email services : Email services use HTTPS to protect user messages.

5. Describe the purpose and use cases of design patterns in software development.

Design patterns are reusable solutions to commonly occurring problems in software design. They provide a structured approach to designing and organizing code, improving code maintainability, reusability and readability. Design patterns, such as Singleton, Factory and Observer, have specific use cases and can simplify complex software architectures. They are used to solve common problems that arise in software design, and they can help to improve the quality, maintainability and reusability of code.

There are many different types of design patterns, but they can generally be divided into three categories:

• Creational patterns : These patterns deal with the creation of objects.
• Structural patterns : These patterns deal with the structure of objects and how they interact with each other.
• Behavioral patterns : These patterns deal with the behavior of objects and how they respond to events.

Some of the most common design patterns include:

• Factory pattern : This pattern provides a way to create objects without specifying their concrete type.
• Singleton pattern : This pattern ensures that there is only one instance of a class in an application.
• Adapter pattern : This pattern allows two incompatible classes to work together.
• Strategy pattern : This pattern allows objects to change their behavior at runtime.
• Observer pattern : This pattern allows objects to subscribe to events and be notified when those events occur.

6. How would you design a scalable system for handling high traffic and large amounts of data?

Scalable systems can be achieved through techniques like load balancing (distributing traffic across multiple servers), horizontal scaling (adding more servers), caching frequently accessed data, using distributed databases and employing techniques like sharding or partitioning to handle large data volumes. There are many ways to design a scalable system for handling high traffic and large amounts of data. Here are some of the most common approaches:

• Use a distributed architecture . A distributed architecture breaks down the system into smaller components that can be scaled independently. This makes it easier to add more capacity as needed.
• Use a caching layer . A caching layer stores frequently accessed data in memory, which can improve performance by reducing the number of times the database needs to be accessed.
• Use a load balancer . A load balancer distributes traffic across multiple servers, which can improve performance by preventing any single server from becoming overloaded.
• Use a content delivery network (CDN) . A CDN stores static content, such as images and JavaScript files, in multiple locations around the world. This can improve performance by delivering content to users from a server that is close to them.
• Use a database that is designed for scalability . There are many different types of databases, and some are better suited for scalability than others. For example, NoSQL databases are designed to store large amounts of data without requiring a lot of processing power.

7. What is the difference between unit testing and integration testing?

Unit testing focuses on testing individual components or units of code in isolation, while integration testing verifies the interaction between multiple components to ensure they work together correctly. Both testing are performed at different stages of the development process.

Individual pieces of code are tested in unit testing, a sort of software testing, to make sure they function as expected. Individual functions, classes, or modules can all be considered units of code. The developer who created the code being tested usually creates unit tests, and they frequently make use of a unit testing framework. Unit testing is typically performed first, followed by integration testing. This allows developers to identify and fix bugs early in the development process, when they are easier to find and fix.

Integration testing is a type of software testing where individual units of code are combined and tested as a group to ensure that they work together correctly. Integration tests are typically written by a software tester, and they often require the use of a test harness. The main difference between unit testing and integration testing is the level of granularity at which they are performed. Unit testing focuses on individual units of code, while integration testing focuses on how individual units of code interact with each other.

Here are some additional benefits of unit testing and integration testing:

• Increased quality: Unit testing and integration testing can help to identify and fix bugs early in the development process, when they are easier to find and fix. This can help to improve the overall quality of the software.
• Reduced development time: By identifying and fixing bugs early, unit testing and integration testing can help to reduce the amount of time spent debugging later in the development process. This can lead to shorter development cycles and faster time to market.
• Reduced costs: Unit testing and integration testing can help to reduce the costs associated with software development. This is because they can help to prevent bugs from reaching production, which can save money on bug fixing and customer support.

A unit test for a function that adds two numbers together might check to make sure that the function returns the correct value for different input values. An integration test for a system that allows users to add items to a shopping cart might check to make sure that the items are added to the cart correctly when the user clicks the "add to cart" button.

Unit testing verifies particular pieces of code to make sure they work as intended. Testing an addition function, for instance, verifies that it is accurate regardless of the input. The effectiveness of integrated pieces is evaluated through integration testing.

8. What are some common software testing methodologies?

Software testing methodologies are the strategies, processes, or environments used to test software. They encompass everything from unit testing individual modules, integration testing an entire system or specialized forms of testing such as security and performance. There are many different software testing methodologies, some of the most common methodologies include:

Waterfall Model  

The waterfall model is a linear, sequential approach to software development. Testing is typically conducted at the end of the development process, after all of the requirements have been defined and the code has been written.

For example, a company that is developing a new enterprise software application might use the waterfall model. The company would first define the requirements for the application, then design the application, write the code, and test the application at the end of the development process.

Agile Model 

The agile model is an iterative, incremental approach to software development. Testing is conducted throughout the development process, in short cycles known as sprints. This allows for early detection of defects and changes to be made quickly.

For example, a startup that is developing a new mobile app might use the agile model. The team would start by creating a minimum viable product (MVP) and then release it to users for feedback. The team would then iterate on the app based on the feedback, adding new features and fixing bugs.

Iterative Model 

The iterative model is a hybrid approach that combines elements of the waterfall and agile models. Testing is conducted throughout the development process, but it is not as frequent as in the agile model.

For example, a government agency that is developing a new website might use the iterative model. The agency would first develop a prototype of the website, then test it with users to get feedback.

The DevOps approach is a culture and methodology that emphasizes the collaboration between development, operations, and security teams. Testing is an integral part of the DevOps process and is conducted throughout the development lifecycle.

For example, A large retailer that is developing a new e-commerce platform might use the DevOps approach. The retailer would have a dedicated team of developers, operations engineers, and security engineers who would work together to develop and test the platform.

9. What is the purpose of a code review in testing?

Code reviews are conducted to ensure that the code meets quality standards, follows best practices, and is free from bugs and potential issues. They help identify defects early in the development process. A developer's code is examined by another developer or a team of developers during a code review process. A code review is performed to identify problems in the code, enhance its readability and maintainability and make sure it complies with the project's specifications.

In testing, code reviews can be used to:

• Find bugs that unit tests may have missed. Unit tests are good at finding errors in individual units of code, but they can't always find errors that occur when multiple units of code interact with each other. Code reviews can help to find these types of errors.
• Improve the code’s readability and maintainability. Code that is easy to read and maintain is less likely to have errors. Code reviews can help to improve the readability and maintainability of code by identifying and fixing issues such as poor naming conventions, inconsistent coding styles, and complex logic.
• Ensure that the code meets the project’s requirements. Code reviews can help to ensure that the code meets the project's requirements by identifying and fixing any gaps or inconsistencies between the code and the requirements.

Software quality can be raised with the help of code reviews. Code reviews can assist in preventing problems from entering production and enhancing the overall quality of the software by identifying errors, enhancing readability and maintainability, and making sure the code complies with project objectives.

10. What are the different programming languages used for web development?

The most popular programming languages for web development are:

More on Software Engineering Guide to the JavaScript Array Filter() Method

11. What is the difference between front-end and back end development?

Front-end development focuses on building the user interface and user experience of a website or application using technologies like HTML, CSS and JavaScript. Back end development involves building the server-side logic and database interactions using languages like Python, Ruby or Java.

Front end includes tasks such as designing the layout, creating the graphics, and coding the functionality. Back end includes tasks such as writing code, managing databases and configuring servers. 

For example, a front end developer might be responsible for designing the layout of a website, creating the graphics and images for the website, and adding animations and interactivity to the website. A back end developer might be responsible for developing the code that allows users to log in to a website, add items to a shopping cart, or make a purchase.

12. Explain the concept of AJAX and its significance in web development.

Asynchronous JavaScript and XML (AJAX) is a technique used to send and retrieve data from a server asynchronously without reloading the entire web page. It allows for dynamic content updates, improved user experience, and reduced server load.

AJAX is a powerful tool that can be used to create more interactive and responsive web applications. It can be used to do things like:

• Update the contents of a web page without reloading it. This can be used to create live updates, such as news feeds or stock tickers.
• Get user input without reloading the page. This can be used to create forms that are more responsive and user-friendly.
• Send data to the server without reloading the page. This can be used to do things like submit forms or start a new session.

Here are some of the benefits of using AJAX in web development:

• Improved user experience
• Reduced bandwidth usage
• Increased flexibility

Overall, AJAX is a powerful technology that may be utilized to build online applications that are more responsive, dynamic, and effective. It's critical for web developers to comprehend how AJAX functions and how to apply it to enhance web apps.

13. How does caching work in web development?

Caching involves storing certain web resources (such as images, stylesheets or JavaScript files) in the browser or on intermediate servers to improve page loading speed. It reduces the need to re-download resources, resulting in faster subsequent visits or requests. It’s a technique that stores frequently accessed data in a temporary location so that it can be accessed faster. 

In web development, caching is used to store static content, such as images, CSS files, and JavaScript files, so that they do not have to be retrieved from the server each time a user requests a page. This can significantly improve the performance of a website, especially for pages that are frequently visited.

There are two main types of caching in web development:

• Browser caching is when the browser stores a copy of a web page in its local cache. This allows the browser to load the page more quickly the next time the user visits it.
• Server caching is when a web server stores a copy of static content in its memory. This allows the web server to serve the content more quickly to users.

14. Explain the difference between SQL and NoSQL databases.

SQL databases are relational databases, which means that data is stored in tables that have rows and columns. Each row represents a single record and each column represents a single piece of data about that record. SQL databases use structured queries to access data. Structured queries are written in a language called SQL, which stands for structured query language. SQL queries are used to select, insert, update and delete data from tables.

NoSQL databases are non-relational databases, which means that data is not stored in tables. NoSQL databases use a variety of data models, including document, key-value and graph. Document databases store data in documents, which are similar to JSON objects. Key-value databases store data in key-value pairs, where the key is a unique identifier and the value is any type of data. Graph databases store data in a graph, which is a network of nodes and edges.

Here are some examples of SQL and NoSQL databases:

• SQL : MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle and Microsoft SQL Server.
• NoSQL : MongoDB, Cassandra, DynamoDB and Redis.

15. How would you optimize a slow-performing SQL query?

To optimize a slow SQL query, you can consider various approaches such as indexing appropriate columns, rewriting the query using efficient joins or subqueries, minimizing the number of returned rows and ensuring the proper use of database statistics. Here are some steps you can take to optimize a slow SQL query:

• Analyze the query execution plan : Use the database’s query execution plan analyzer or EXPLAIN statement to understand how the database is executing the query. Look for any full table scans, inefficient joins, or other costly operations.
• Index optimization : Ensure that the relevant columns used in WHERE, JOIN and ORDER BY clauses are indexed appropriately. Indexes can significantly improve query performance by allowing the database to quickly locate the required data.
• Rewrite or refactor the query : Consider rewriting the query to use more efficient join types, subqueries, or conditional logic. Simplify the query by eliminating unnecessary calculations or redundant operations. Breaking complex queries into smaller, manageable parts can also improve performance.
• Limit the result set : If you only need a subset of data, use the LIMIT clause to retrieve a specific number of rows. This can reduce the amount of data that needs to be processed and transmitted, improving query performance.

16. Explain the ACID properties in the context of database transactions.

ACID stands for atomicity, consistency, isolation and durability. These properties ensure the reliability and integrity of database transactions. Let's delve into each property:

• Atomicity : Atomicity guarantees that a transaction is treated as a single, indivisible unit of work. It follows the "all or nothing" principle, meaning that either all the operations within a transaction are successfully completed, or none of them are.
• Consistency : Consistency ensures that a transaction brings the database from one valid state to another valid state. It defines a set of rules or constraints that the database must adhere to.
• Isolation : Isolation ensures that concurrent transactions do not interfere with each other. Each transaction is isolated from other transactions, allowing them to execute as if they were the only transaction running on the database.
• Durability : Durability guarantees that once a transaction is committed, its changes are permanent and will survive any subsequent failures, such as power outages or system crashes. The committed data is stored in non-volatile storage (such as a hard disk) to ensure its durability.

Together, the ACID properties ensure data integrity, reliability, and consistency in database transactions. They play a crucial role in maintaining the accuracy and reliability of data in various applications, such as financial systems, e-commerce platforms and enterprise-level applications.

17. What is the role of load balancing in system architecture?

Load balancing distributes incoming network traffic across multiple servers or resources to improve performance, scalability, and availability. It ensures that no single server or resource is overloaded, optimizing resource utilization and preventing bottlenecks. In system architecture, load balancing is used to distribute traffic across multiple servers. This can improve performance by reducing the load on each server. It can also improve reliability by ensuring that if one server fails, the others can continue to handle traffic. And it can improve scalability by making it easy to add more servers as demand increases.

There are two main types of load balancing:

• Hardware load balancers: These are physical devices that sit in front of the servers and distribute traffic across them.
• Software load balancers: These are software applications that run on the servers and distribute traffic across them.

18. How would you design a system to handle high availability and fault tolerance?

To achieve high availability and fault tolerance, you can use techniques like redundancy, replication and failover mechanisms. For example, you can replicate critical components and deploy them across multiple servers or data centers. Use load balancers to distribute traffic, and implement automated failover mechanisms to seamlessly switch to backup resources in case of failures.

Designing a system to handle high availability and fault tolerance involves implementing strategies and technologies that minimize downtime and ensure continuous operation even in the face of failures. Here are some key considerations and approaches:

• Load balancing
• Distributed architecture
• Replication and data synchronization
• Monitoring and automated recovery
• Regular testing and maintenance
• Scalability

By incorporating these strategies and techniques, a system can be designed to handle high availability and fault tolerance, ensuring uninterrupted operation even in the face of failures or adverse conditions.

19. What is horizontal scaling, and how does it differ from vertical scaling?

Horizontal scaling is a technique for increasing the capacity of a system by adding more nodes. This is done by adding more servers to the system, each of which runs the same application. Horizontal scaling is a good option for systems that need to handle a large number of concurrent users or a large amount of data.

The main difference between horizontal and vertical scaling is that horizontal scaling adds more nodes to the system, while vertical scaling adds more resources to existing nodes. Horizontal scaling is a more scalable solution than vertical scaling, but it can be more complex to implement. Vertical scaling is a less scalable solution than horizontal scaling, but it is easier to implement.

The best approach to scaling a system depends on the specific needs of the system. If the system needs to handle a large number of concurrent users or a large amount of data, then horizontal scaling is the best option. If the system needs to handle a sudden increase in demand, then vertical scaling can be a good option.

Examples of horizontal scaling include:

• Adding more servers to a cluster
• Using a load balancer to distribute traffic across multiple servers
• Using a content delivery network (CDN) to cache static content

Examples of vertical scaling include:

• Upgrading the memory of a server
• Adding more CPU cores to a server
• Adding more storage to a server

20. What is a service-oriented architecture (SOA)?

Service-oriented architecture (SOA) is an architectural style that structures an application as a collection of loosely coupled services. Services are self-contained modules that perform specific functions and communicate with each other using standardized protocols. SOA promotes reusability, interoperability, and flexibility in system design. 

Through established procedures, SOA services communicate and carry out certain duties. By enhancing system adaptability and reuse, SOA enables independent component evolution. It encourages the modular architecture of software, allowing for easy scaling and integration while maintaining resilience and flexibility.

Service-oriented architecture (SOA) is a software design approach that structures an application as a collection of loosely coupled services. These services communicate with each other via well-defined interfaces. SOA is a way of thinking about software architecture that emphasizes the composition of services.

SOA has several benefits, including:

• Reusability: Services can be reused in multiple applications, which can save time and money.
• Scalability: SOA applications can be scaled up or down easily, as needed.
• Interoperability: SOA applications can be easily integrated with other systems.
• Flexibility: SOA applications can be easily changed or updated.

More on Software Engineering Multithreading and Multiprocessing Explained

How to Prepare for a Technical Interview

A technical interview involves technical expertise, problem-solving abilities and efficient preparation techniques. Here are some thorough procedures to assist you in getting prepared:

Understand the Job Requirements

Get acquainted with the job's qualifications and description. Review the main programming languages, frameworks, technical abilities and tools that were mentioned. This will help you prepare for the precise areas that are crucial for the position.

Review Core Technical Concepts 

Refresh your memory of the core ideas connected to the work position. Data structures, algorithms, object-oriented programming concepts, database ideas, network protocols, operating systems and any other pertinent subjects that may fall under this category. To further your understanding, consult books, coding platforms or online tutorials.

Practice Coding Problems 

Practicing coding challenges frequently asked in technical interviews will help you improve your problem-solving abilities. You can find coding challenges on websites like LeetCode , HackerRank and CodeSignal . Start with simpler questions and work your way up to more difficult ones. Understand the time and space complexity of your algorithms and take time to analyze and improve your solutions.

Practice Explaining Your Coding Process and Solutions

Explain your coding strategy in detail, laying out your plans before getting into the code. Walk logically through the answers, focusing on problem-solving strategies, trade-offs and optimization. Demonstrate adaptability in tackling various coding challenges and sensitivity to edge cases. This will help you showcase your technical expertise and ability to work with team members.

Review System Design Concepts 

Study numerous system design concepts like scalability, dependability, availability, load balancing, caching and database design if the role requires conversations about system architecture. Learn the common architectures and design patterns for systems.  

Research the Company and Industry 

Learn more about the company’s offerings, services and technologies. Set up a Google Alert for the company or search the web for the most recent market developments or trends that are pertinent to the position. With this information, you'll be able to demonstrate your enthusiasm for the business and tailor your responses to meet its technical needs.

Build Projects or Contribute to Open Source 

To obtain experience, work on your own projects or contribute to open-source initiatives. This will show that you can use your technological expertise to solve problems in the real world. Keep track of your initiatives and be ready to talk about them in the interview.

Review Your Resume and Past Projects 

Be prepared to talk about your resume and provide further details on any listed projects or experiences. Examine your prior efforts, successes and difficulties. Be prepared to describe the choices you made and the lessons you gained while emphasizing the technical components of your projects.

Prepare Questions to Ask

Research and prepare thoughtful questions to ask the interviewer about the company, team dynamics, technical challenges or any other relevant topics. This shows your genuine interest and engagement in the conversation.

Built In’s expert contributor network publishes thoughtful, solutions-oriented stories written by innovative tech professionals. It is the tech industry’s definitive destination for sharing compelling, first-person accounts of problem-solving on the road to innovation.

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Top 15 Problem Solving Interview Questions and Answers

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Are you gearing up for an important job interview that includes problem-solving questions? Congratulations, because you've come to the right place!

In this guide, we'll equip you with the skills and knowledge needed to ace those tricky problem-solving interviews with confidence.

Introduction to Problem Solving Interviews

In today's competitive job market, employers are seeking candidates who possess strong problem-solving abilities. Problem solving is not only about finding solutions to complex issues; it also showcases your critical thinking, analytical, and creative skills. Before we delve into the nitty-gritty of problem-solving interviews, let's gain a clear understanding of what they entail and why they matter.

What Are Problem Solving Interviews?

Problem solving interviews are a specialized type of job interview where employers assess a candidate's ability to handle challenges and make sound decisions in real-life scenarios. These interviews often involve hypothetical situations or case studies to evaluate your problem-solving process and your approach to arriving at effective solutions.

The Importance of Problem Solving Skills in the Workplace

Problem-solving skills are highly valued in almost every industry. Employers seek individuals who can identify problems, think critically, and generate innovative solutions. Whether you're in business, engineering, healthcare, or any other field, the ability to tackle complex issues is essential for personal and organizational success.

How Problem Solving Interviews Differ from Traditional Interviews

Unlike traditional interviews that focus on your qualifications and work experience, problem-solving interviews provide a glimpse into your thought process and decision-making capabilities. Through these interviews, employers assess your potential to handle challenging situations that may arise in the workplace. Being well-prepared for this specific interview format will set you apart from other candidates.

Core Problem Solving Skills

Before you dive into practicing problem-solving questions, let's explore the fundamental skills that make up an effective problem solver.

Critical Thinking

Critical thinking is the foundation of problem solving. It involves objectively analyzing information, evaluating arguments, and making logical decisions. To enhance your critical thinking abilities:

• Ask Thought-Provoking Questions: Train yourself to ask "why" and "how" questions to gain a deeper understanding of problems.
• Challenge Assumptions: Don't take information at face value; question the underlying assumptions.
• Evaluate Evidence: Learn to distinguish between credible and unreliable sources of information.

Analytical Skills

Analytical skills are essential for breaking down complex problems into smaller, manageable components. Improve your analytical thinking with these tips:

• Practice Data Interpretation: Analyze charts, graphs, and data sets to draw meaningful insights.
• Use Root Cause Analysis: Identify the underlying reasons behind problems by applying techniques like the "5 Whys."
• Draw Comparisons: Compare past experiences or similar scenarios to find patterns and potential solutions.

Creativity and Innovation

Creative problem solving involves thinking outside the box and generating unique solutions. To nurture your creativity:

• Embrace Diverse Perspectives: Seek input from others with different backgrounds and experiences.
• Mind Mapping: Create visual diagrams to explore various angles and connections related to a problem.
• Encourage Brainstorming: Engage in group brainstorming sessions to generate a wide range of ideas.

Frameworks for Problem Solving

Equipping yourself with problem-solving frameworks can help you approach challenges more systematically. Here are some popular frameworks to explore:

The 5 Whys is a simple yet effective technique to uncover the root cause of a problem. It involves repeatedly asking "why" until you identify the underlying issue.

SWOT Analysis

SWOT Analysis is a strategic planning tool used to assess a situation's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats.

PDCA (Plan-Do-Check-Act)

PDCA is a four-step problem-solving model consisting of planning, executing, checking results, and making adjustments as needed.

SCAMPER is a creative thinking technique that involves asking questions related to Substitute, Combine, Adapt, Modify, Put to another use, Eliminate, and Reverse.

Six Thinking Hats

Six Thinking Hats is a concept developed by Edward de Bono that encourages individuals to think from six different perspectives, each represented by a colored "hat."

Behavioral-based Problem Solving Questions

Behavioral problem solving questions aim to evaluate how you handled challenges in the past. Be prepared to answer these questions with clarity and confidence:

Example: "Describe a challenging problem you encountered and how you resolved it."

To answer this question effectively:

• Set the Scene: Provide context and background information about the situation.
• Explain the Challenge: Clearly outline the problem you faced.
• Describe Your Actions: Detail the steps you took to address the problem.
• Highlight the Outcome: Share the positive results of your efforts.

Example: "Discuss a situation where you had to think creatively to solve a problem."

For this question:

• Narrate the Scenario: Paint a vivid picture of the problem you encountered.
• Showcase Your Creativity: Explain the innovative approach you adopted.
• Explain the Impact: Share the positive outcomes resulting from your creative solution.

Technical Problem Solving Questions

If your role requires technical skills, you may encounter technical problem-solving questions. Here's how to tackle them:

Example: "How would you troubleshoot [specific technical problem]?"

To handle technical problem-solving questions:

• Clarify the Issue: Ask for any additional information to fully understand the problem.
• Create a Plan: Outline the steps you would take to diagnose and address the issue.
• Demonstrate Your Expertise: Showcase your technical knowledge and problem-solving ability.

Example: "Walk us through your approach to [technical challenge] in your previous role."

• Provide Context: Explain the technical challenge you faced in your previous role.
• Outline Your Approach: Describe the steps you took to overcome the challenge.
• Highlight Success: Share the positive results of your efforts.

Case Interviews

Case interviews simulate real-world problem-solving scenarios and are common in consulting and other industries. To excel in case interviews:

• Understand the Problem: Thoroughly read and comprehend the case presented.
• Identify Key Issues: Break down the problem into its essential components.
• Ask Clarifying Questions: Seek clarification on any ambiguous aspects of the case.
• Brainstorm Solutions: Generate multiple potential solutions.
• Analyze Options: Evaluate the pros and cons of each solution.
• Recommend a Course of Action: Select the best solution and provide a rationale.
• Handle Pressure: Stay composed and confident throughout the interview.

Problem Solving in Group Settings

Collaborative problem solving is vital in today's team-oriented work environments. Here's how to excel in group problem-solving scenarios:

• Active Listening: Pay close attention to others' perspectives and ideas.
• Effective Communication: Clearly articulate your thoughts and suggestions.
• Encourage Participation: Create an inclusive environment where everyone feels comfortable contributing.
• Respect Diverse Opinions: Value the input of all team members, even if opinions differ.
• Build on Each Other's Ideas: Expand on others' suggestions to develop comprehensive solutions.
• Manage Conflict: Handle disagreements respectfully and seek common ground.

Situational Judgment Tests (SJTs)

Situational judgment tests assess your ability to handle realistic workplace scenarios. Approach SJTs with these tips:

• Read Carefully: Pay attention to the details and instructions in each scenario.
• Prioritize Solutions: Identify the most appropriate course of action based on the situation.
• Consider the Consequences: Anticipate the potential outcomes of your chosen response.
• Adhere to Company Values: Ensure your solutions align with the organization's principles.

Decision-Making Skills

Effective decision making is integral to successful problem solving. Improve your decision-making skills with these strategies:

• Gather Information: Collect relevant data and insights before making a decision.
• Analyze Options: Evaluate the potential outcomes of different choices.
• Consider Risks and Benefits: Weigh the risks against the potential benefits of each option.
• Seek Input: If appropriate, consult with colleagues or experts to gain different perspectives.
• Trust Your Instincts: Sometimes, intuition can guide you toward the right decision.

Behavioral-Based Problem Solving Interview Questions

1. "describe a challenging problem you encountered and how you resolved it.".

How to Answer: When responding to this question, follow the STAR method (Situation, Task, Action, Result) to structure your answer effectively:

• Situation: Set the context by describing the problem you faced.
• Task: Explain your role and responsibilities in addressing the problem.
• Action: Detail the steps you took to solve the problem, highlighting your problem-solving approach.
• Result: Share the positive outcomes of your efforts and any valuable lessons learned.

Sample Answer: "In my previous role as a project manager, we faced a significant budget overrun due to unexpected delays in material delivery. To address this challenge, I first analyzed the root cause of the delay by collaborating with the procurement team and suppliers. Then, I devised a contingency plan that involved working with alternative suppliers and streamlining the project timeline. As a result, we were able to bring the project back on track, saving 15% on costs and meeting the project deadline."

What to Look For: Look for candidates who demonstrate strong problem-solving skills, proactive decision-making, and the ability to collaborate across teams. A well-structured response with quantifiable results is a positive indicator of their problem-solving capabilities.

2. "Tell me about a time when you had to think creatively to solve a problem."

How to Answer: Encourage candidates to walk through the situation, focusing on the following points:

• Context: Describe the situation and the specific problem that required creative thinking.
• Creativity: Explain the innovative approach or out-of-the-box solution you came up with.
• Implementation: Describe how you implemented the creative solution and the results achieved.

Sample Answer: "During a marketing campaign, we faced a sudden drop in engagement. To tackle this, I organized a brainstorming session with the team and encouraged everyone to contribute ideas. We decided to experiment with interactive social media polls and contests, which not only boosted engagement but also increased brand visibility by 20%."

What to Look For: Look for candidates who display creative thinking, openness to collaboration, and the ability to take initiative in solving problems. Consider their approach to risk-taking and how they evaluate the potential impact of their creative solutions.

Technical Problem Solving Interview Questions

3. "how would you troubleshoot [specific technical problem]".

How to Answer: Candidates should approach this question systematically:

• Clarify the Issue: Ask for any additional details to fully understand the technical problem.
• Methodical Approach: Describe the steps you would take to diagnose the issue.
• Expertise: Showcase your technical knowledge and problem-solving ability.

Sample Answer: "If I encountered a server outage issue, I would first check the network connections and power supply. Then, I would review server logs to identify any error messages. If necessary, I would conduct hardware tests and isolate the faulty component. Once the issue is identified, I would take appropriate corrective actions, such as replacing the faulty part or applying software updates."

What to Look For: Pay attention to candidates' technical knowledge, their ability to troubleshoot methodically, and how they communicate technical information concisely.

4. "Walk us through your approach to [technical challenge] in your previous role."

How to Answer: Instruct candidates to provide a clear and structured response:

• Context: Set the stage by explaining the technical challenge they faced.
• Methodology: Describe the approach they took to tackle the challenge.
• Outcome: Highlight the results achieved and any lessons learned.

Sample Answer: "In my previous role as a software developer, we encountered a performance bottleneck in our application. To address this, I conducted a thorough code review, identified areas of inefficiency, and optimized critical algorithms. Additionally, I implemented caching mechanisms to reduce database queries. As a result, the application's performance improved by 30%, leading to higher user satisfaction."

What to Look For: Assess their problem-solving process, technical expertise, and the impact of their solutions on overall performance.

Case Interviews Questions

5. "you are the manager of a manufacturing plant experiencing a decline in production output. what steps would you take to identify the root cause and improve production efficiency".

How to Answer: Candidates should structure their response as follows:

• Identify the Issue: Understand the scope of the decline in production output.
• Investigate Root Causes: Explain how they would gather data and analyze potential factors affecting production.
• Propose Solutions: Outline the strategies they would implement to improve production efficiency.

Sample Answer: "To address the decline in production output, I would first gather production data and conduct a thorough analysis of equipment performance and maintenance logs. I would also interview production staff to identify any workflow inefficiencies. Based on the findings, I would implement a maintenance schedule, provide additional training to staff, and introduce process improvements to optimize production efficiency."

What to Look For: Look for candidates who can analyze complex situations, prioritize solutions, and develop actionable plans.

6. "You are a consultant advising a retail client experiencing a drop in sales. How would you approach this problem and recommend solutions?"

How to Answer: Guide candidates to structure their response effectively:

• Understanding the Situation: Gather information on the client's current market position and challenges.
• Analysis and Diagnosis: Analyze the market trends and customer behavior to identify potential reasons for the sales decline.
• Solutions and Recommendations: Propose actionable strategies tailored to the client's specific situation.

Sample Answer: "As a consultant, I would start by conducting a comprehensive market analysis to understand the competitive landscape and consumer preferences. I would also review the client's sales data and customer feedback. Based on my findings, I might suggest implementing targeted marketing campaigns, enhancing the customer experience through personalized offers, and optimizing the product mix to meet customer demands."

What to Look For: Assess their analytical skills, industry knowledge, and ability to recommend effective solutions based on data-driven insights.

Situational Judgment Tests (SJTs) Interview Questions

7. "you are a team leader, and two of your team members have conflicting ideas about how to approach a project. how do you handle the situation".

How to Answer: Encourage candidates to outline a thoughtful approach:

• Active Listening: Stress the importance of understanding both team members' perspectives.
• Mediation and Collaboration: Emphasize the need to facilitate open communication and find common ground.
• Decision-Making: Describe how they would make a final decision, considering the project's objectives and team dynamics.

Sample Answer: "As a team leader, my first step would be to listen to both team members individually and understand their reasoning. Then, I would hold a team meeting to foster open communication and encourage them to find a compromise that aligns with the project's goals. If necessary, I would make a decision based on a thorough assessment of both ideas and explain the rationale behind the chosen approach to the team."

What to Look For: Look for candidates who demonstrate effective leadership, conflict resolution skills, and the ability to make decisions based on team input.

Decision-Making Skills Interview Questions

8. "describe a time when you had to make a difficult decision with limited information.".

How to Answer: Candidates should structure their response to highlight the decision-making process:

• The Context: Explain the circumstances that led to the difficult decision.
• Assessment: Describe how they evaluated the available information and potential consequences.
• The Decision: Explain the choice they made and the reasoning behind it.

Sample Answer: "In my previous role, we faced a tight deadline on a project, and key team members were unexpectedly unavailable. With limited information, I had to decide whether to proceed with the available resources or postpone the project. I carefully analyzed the potential impact of both options on project quality and client expectations. Ultimately, I decided to postpone the project, as rushing it could compromise its success and client satisfaction."

What to Look For: Assess their ability to make informed decisions under pressure, considering the available information and long-term implications.

9. "How do you handle situations where you need to make a quick decision?"

How to Answer: Encourage candidates to follow these steps:

• Assess Urgency: Determine the level of urgency and potential consequences of the decision.
• Prioritize Information: Identify the critical information needed to make an informed choice.
• Trust Your Instincts: When time is limited, rely on experience and intuition to guide the decision.

Sample Answer: "In situations requiring quick decisions, I prioritize identifying the core information necessary for making an informed choice. I draw on my previous experiences and knowledge to trust my instincts and make swift decisions. However, I always stay open to feedback and reevaluate the decision if new information emerges."

What to Look For: Look for candidates who can maintain composure and make well-founded decisions under time constraints.

Creativity and Innovation Interview Questions

10. "how do you foster creativity and innovation in your problem-solving approach".

How to Answer: Candidates should explain their methods for encouraging creativity:

• Encourage Idea Generation: Describe how they create an environment that promotes brainstorming and idea sharing.
• Diverse Perspectives: Highlight the importance of involving team members with diverse backgrounds and expertise.
• Support Risk-Taking: Emphasize the value of encouraging innovative thinking and being open to experimentation.

Sample Answer: "To foster creativity, I encourage team brainstorming sessions and create a safe space for everyone to share ideas, no matter how unconventional they may seem. I believe that diversity enhances creativity, so I ensure that all team members are actively involved in problem-solving discussions. Additionally, I support risk-taking, understanding that not all innovative ideas will yield immediate results, but they contribute to long-term growth."

What to Look For: Assess their ability to create an environment that stimulates creative thinking and their openness to new ideas.

Core Problem Solving Skills Interview Questions

11. "how do you approach complex problems that seem overwhelming".

How to Answer: Guide candidates to outline a systematic approach:

• Break it Down: Advise them to divide the complex problem into smaller, manageable components.
• Prioritize: Encourage them to identify the most critical aspects to address first.
• Seek Support: Suggest they collaborate with others to gain different perspectives and potential solutions.

Sample Answer: "When faced with complex problems, I first break them down into smaller parts to gain a clear understanding of each component. I then prioritize the issues based on urgency and potential impact. If I find the problem overwhelming, I seek support from colleagues or mentors to gain fresh insights and alternative approaches."

What to Look For: Assess their ability to handle complex challenges methodically and their willingness to seek assistance when needed.

12. "Tell me about a time when you encountered a problem without a clear solution. How did you approach it?"

How to Answer: Encourage candidates to demonstrate adaptability and resilience:

• Assess the Situation: Describe how they evaluated the problem's complexity and uncertainty.
• Explore Options: Explain how they brainstormed various potential solutions.
• Learn from Challenges: Highlight any lessons learned from the experience.

Sample Answer: "During a project, we faced unexpected regulatory changes that left us without a clear solution. To address this, I organized a cross-functional team to explore multiple potential approaches. We ran pilot tests and iterated until we found a viable solution. Though it was challenging, the experience taught me the importance of adaptability and the value of embracing uncertainty in problem-solving."

What to Look For: Look for candidates who demonstrate resilience, resourcefulness , and the ability to adapt to unexpected situations.

Frameworks for Problem Solving Interview Questions

13. "which problem-solving framework do you find most effective, and why".

How to Answer: Encourage candidates to explain their preferred framework and its benefits:

• Framework Selection: Describe the reasons behind their choice of a particular problem-solving framework.
• Application: Illustrate how they have successfully applied the chosen framework in past situations.
• Results: Highlight the positive outcomes achieved through the framework's use.

Sample Answer: "I find the PDCA (Plan-Do-Check-Act) framework highly effective because it promotes a systematic approach to problem-solving. By planning carefully, executing the solution, and reviewing the results, it ensures continuous improvement. In my previous role, I used PDCA to optimize our team's project management process, resulting in a 20% increase in project efficiency."

What to Look For: Assess their understanding of problem-solving frameworks and their ability to select and apply the most appropriate one for different scenarios.

14. "How do you tailor problem-solving approaches based on the specific needs of a project or situation?"

How to Answer: Encourage candidates to consider the following factors when adapting their approach:

• Project Scope: Explain how they align their approach with the project's objectives and scope.
• Stakeholder Needs: Emphasize the importance of considering the perspectives of stakeholders involved.
• Flexibility: Highlight their ability to pivot and adjust the approach as new information arises.

Sample Answer: "To tailor problem-solving approaches, I always start by understanding the project's unique requirements and the expectations of stakeholders. I then assess the resources available and the timeline for completion. Flexibility is key, and I remain open to adjusting the approach as the project evolves, ensuring the best possible outcomes for all involved."

What to Look For: Look for candidates who can customize their problem-solving strategies based on the specific context of each situation.

Group Problem Solving Scenarios Interview Questions

15. "describe a time when you led a team in resolving a complex problem. how did you ensure effective collaboration and decision-making".

How to Answer: Guide candidates to address the following key points:

• Leadership Approach: Explain their role in leading the team and facilitating collaboration.
• Team Dynamics: Describe how they managed conflicts and encouraged diverse perspectives.
• Decision-Making Process: Highlight the methodology used to reach a collective decision.

Sample Answer: "In my previous role as a project manager, we faced a complex client issue that required a team effort to resolve. As a leader, I encouraged open communication and organized regular team meetings to discuss progress and challenges. By fostering a culture of trust and respect, team members freely shared their ideas, which led to innovative solutions. We used a combination of majority voting and consensus to make critical decisions, ensuring everyone's voice was heard."

What to Look For: Look for candidates who showcase effective leadership skills, the ability to foster collaboration, and a well-defined decision-making process when handling group problem-solving scenarios.

How to Excel in Problem Solving Interviews?

You've learned about problem-solving skills, frameworks, and how to tackle various types of problem-solving questions. Now, let's explore additional tips to excel in your problem-solving interviews:

Effective Communication in Problem Solving

• Clearly articulate your thought process to interviewers.
• Use concise and structured responses to explain your solutions.
• Practice active listening to understand the interviewers' questions fully.

Time Management and Prioritization Strategies

• Allocate sufficient time to analyze the problem before proposing solutions.
• Demonstrate the ability to manage time effectively during the interview.
• Emphasize the importance of prioritizing critical issues in problem solving.

Demonstrating Resilience and Adaptability

• Stay calm and composed when faced with challenging scenarios.
• Showcase your ability to adapt to unexpected changes during problem-solving exercises.
• Highlight past experiences where you demonstrated resilience in overcoming obstacles.

Mock Interview Practice

Prepare for your problem-solving interviews by engaging in mock interviews. Mock interviews provide valuable feedback and boost your confidence. Here's how to make the most of them:

• Choose a Partner: Find a friend or mentor willing to act as the interviewer.
• Set Up a Mock Interview: Create a setting similar to a real job interview.
• Practice Various Scenarios: Include behavioral, technical, and case-based questions.
• Receive Feedback: After the mock interview, seek feedback to identify areas for improvement.
• Iterate and Improve: Use feedback to refine your responses and approach.

Mastering problem-solving interview questions is crucial for excelling in job interviews. As candidates, it is essential to showcase our critical thinking, analytical abilities, and creative problem-solving skills. By utilizing various frameworks, such as the 5 Whys or PDCA, we can approach challenges systematically.

Behavioral-based questions provide an opportunity to demonstrate our problem-solving capabilities through past experiences. Meanwhile, technical questions test our expertise in solving real-world issues. Case interviews assess our ability to think on our feet and propose viable solutions under pressure.

Collaborative problem-solving in group settings highlights our leadership, communication, and conflict resolution skills. Situational Judgment Tests test our decision-making and problem-solving acumen in ambiguous scenarios.

Remember, preparation is key. Engaging in mock interviews, refining responses, and seeking feedback will boost our confidence and improve interview performance. By showcasing our problem-solving prowess, we set ourselves apart as valuable assets to any organization. So, approach problem-solving interviews with confidence and seize the opportunity to demonstrate your problem-solving excellence. Best of luck in your future interviews!

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Would you believe knowing your employees' problem-solving skills can help you exert control over the future? Well yes! Problem-solving and problem-solving processes are critical parts of our everyday lives. We ought to develop and refine these skills through day-to-day problems while working in a professional environment.

But did you know you can set a relaxing and streamlined tone throughout the team by learning the candidate's propensity towards problematic situations? When you measure a candidate's problem-solving skills and complexity, you can make informed and logical decisions in critical cases. Therefore, you can hand over the right situation to the right candidate, avoiding all the last-minute hassle and stress among the team.

Want to learn more about problem-solving skills and problem-solving, problem-solving interview questions for software engineers, skills etc.? Keep reading.

What is a problem-solving interview?

Moving on to the next most crucial aspect, how do you define problem-solving interviews?

Problem-solving interviews are mainly used to identify, assess and evaluate an applicant's approach to critical and difficult situations. Since problems are inevitable in every industry, having a candidate with strong problem-solving abilities could be of great use.

Here are the core steps the candidate must follow while solving a problem

• Identifying and determining the problem
• Coming up with all possible solutions
• Evaluate and eliminate the option
• Figure out the best solution
• Implement the solution
• Estimate the outcome

What are the key takeaways for effective problem-solving interview questions?

Good problem-solving interview questions are designed to gauge a candidate's aptitude for identifying, analyzing, and resolving intricate issues. The following are some important considerations for formulating and performing successful problem-solving interview questions:

• Adapt questions to job requirements: Questions should be adapted to the particular job requirements. Ask questions that are specifically related to the aptitudes and skills needed for the position.
• Employ behavioral inquiries: Behavioral inquiries ask the candidate to provide concrete examples of times when they have addressed challenges. This method aids in evaluating a candidate's capacity for problem-solving as well as their ability to explain their reasoning.
• Employ open-ended inquiries: Open-ended inquiries provide the applicant the chance to show off their imagination and critical thinking abilities. These inquiries are meant to get the candidate to consider options beyond the obvious.
• Employ hypothetical questions: Using hypothetical questions can help assess a candidate's creativity and problem-solving abilities. These can be used to judge a candidate's capacity for situational analysis and idea generation.
• Suggest follow-up inquiries: The interviewer can go deeper into a candidate's cognitive process with the help of follow-up questions. Also, they can be used to shed light on the candidate's responses and point out any areas that may require further improvement.
•  Analyze your problem-solving abilities overall: It's crucial to consider a candidate's capacity to provide solutions, implement them, and evaluate their efficacy while assessing their problem-solving skills.
• Check for signs of cooperation: Working with people to solve problems is frequently a collaborative process. So, you must look for proof that the applicant can identify challenges and collaborate with others to find solutions.

These important lessons can help interviewers construct problem-solving interview questions that accurately gauge a candidate's capacity to take on challenging situations and come up with workable answers.

Which job positions can use problem-solving interview questions?

Here's the list of job positions that requires problem-solving interview questions:

• IT developers
• Business Analyst
• Data Scientist
• Logistic manager
• Software Technical support
• Senior IT Specialist
• Technical Customer Support
• Software Engineer
• Technical Consultant

Want to assess the candidate's problem-solving abilities within half-time? Try iMocha's   Aptitude assessments.

How to assess problem-solving skills of a software engineer?

Assessing software engineers demands rigorous time and work through thousands of resumes, then interviews. But this entire procedure can be streamlined by using a top leading talent assessment portal such as   iMocha .

iMocha offers that can help recruiters determine the prospect's potential, skills, dexterity, and reliability for the offered position. Using iMocha's world's most extensive content library of 2500+ skills, hiring managers can prepare for various job roles; such recruiters can prepare customized tests for problem-solving interview questions for software engineers to assess non-technical skills.

To assess candidates' technical skills, iMocha offers an exclusive set of AI-driven advanced features such as

• AI-LogicBox;   stimulates a pseudo coding environment resulting in reduced candidate turnover time.
• Live coding interview;   evaluate candidates' logical thinking and problem-solving capabilities remotely
• Code Replay;   enables employers to observe how applicants write code in order to assess their approach to problem-solving.   

We have broken-down problem-solving questions into technical and non-technical categories.

Examples of technical problem-solving interview questions to ask for software engineer

• How would you troubleshoot and debug a system?
• How to scale a web application to handle increased traffic?
• Explain how to implement a load balancer for a web application.
• Explain the approach to resolving a security vulnerability in a software system.
• Explain how you would optimize the performance of a specific algorithm.
• How would you resolve a compatibility issue between different system components?
• Explain the approach to resolving a data integrity issue in a database.
• How would you resolve a configuration management issue in a system?  
• How would you resolve a cross-browser compatibility issue in a web application?  
• Explain implementing a data backup and recovery strategy for a system.  

Examples of non-technical problem-solving interview questions to ask for software engineer  

• Have you experienced a stressful situation? If yes, how did you handle it?  
• How would you handle project deadlines in a situation where a project is falling behind schedule?  
• Can you give an example where you identified a problem and took action to prevent it from happening?  
• How do you stay organized and manage your workload effectively?  
• What are your great learnings from mistakes? How did you manage your mistakes?  
• How do you stay focused and motivated when working on long-term projects or tasks?  
• What strategies did you implement to achieve your goals?  
• How good are you at maintaining documents of your programming work?  
• How do you manage the priority and scope of work?  
• What makes you a great problem solver?  

How to customize problem-solving Interview questions

Integrating iMocha's ready-made job-role-based tests and content library with your own interview questions allows you to create customized problem-solving interview questions for software engineers for any other role.

Software Engineer problem-solving questions will expose candidates to a series of hypothetical scenarios. By analyzing candidates' answers, recruiters will be able to understand and determine the extent to which a candidate can implement their problem-solving questions.  

If you're looking forward to making an informed and data-driven hiring decision, try iMocha's skills assessments. iMocha offers an array of skills assessments, including aptitude, critical thinking, business analysis, cognitive ability, and more. Explore iMocha's vast skill library to find job-specific skill assessments.   

Why should software engineers be tested on their problem-solving abilities?   

Since problems are inevitable in any industry or business, acquiring strong problem-solving skills is indispensable. As a software developer, your ability to detect and solve software issues using deductive reasoning is crucial to your success.

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Tech Interview Prep: How To Ace Your Interview

You’ve applied to your dream job. You’ve passed the phone screen and screening test. Now the only thing standing in your way is the coding interview. 

Are you prepared?

Even the most experienced developers can find traditional technical interviews daunting. But many emerging technical interview approaches provide an opportunity to demonstrate your skills in a real-world setting. From coding to algorithms to problem solving, technical interviews done well should test the top skills in your arsenal. 

The Technical Interview: An Overview

Technical interviews are the process of evaluating developers through questions that place an emphasis on technical skills. Hiring teams use individual assignments such as coding questions, projects, or data structure problems to test and score a developer’s proficiency in key skills. 

These interviews gauge a developer’s problem-solving skills and technical proficiency in various programming languages and frameworks. And they also give a glimpse into soft skills — like collaboration or communication style. 

Types of Interview Questions — and How to Prepare for Them

Technical interviews come in many styles and formats. Each type of interview will test different skill sets and require a different approach to succeed. Preparing for a system design question, for example, looks a lot different than preparing for a coding challenge.

Before we dive in, it’s worth noting that there is some overlap between various types of interview questions. Technical interviews often test many skills at the same time, including algorithms, clean code practices, and language proficiency, to name a few examples, and those skills can often be showcased across a number of formats. 

Coding Questions

Coding questions — sometimes called coding challenges — ask developers to write code to find an answer to a problem. Depending on the role and company, coding questions can be language-specific or allow developers to respond in their coding language of choice. Often, these questions are asked directly via an in-browser IDE that provides developers with the tools they need to provide a solution in full. 

While coding questions come in a variety of formats, the strategies for answering them are similar. As you write your code, you’ll be expected to explain your solution to the hiring team. They’ll typically give you real-time feedback on the efficacy, complexity, and accuracy of your solution.

It’s important to keep in mind that a “correct” answer isn’t always enough to pass a coding interview. That’s because the approach also allows hiring teams to assess your technical communication, your code quality, and the efficiency of the solution.

• Write a function int max_of_four(int a, int b, int c, int d) which reads four arguments and returns the greatest of them. There is not a built-in max function in C. Code that will be reused is often put in a separate function, e.g. int max(x, y) that returns the greater of the two values. Input will contain four integers – a, b, c, d – one on each line. Note: I/O will be automatically handled. (Language: C)
• A hacker practices on HackerRank until getting to a rating of O(1) read as (Oh-one). Call the method coder.practice until coder.oh_one? becomes true. Use the until control structure. until is the logical equivalent of while not. This challenge has a one-line answer. (Language: Ruby)
• If n is odd, print Weird
• If n is even and in the inclusive range of 2 to 5, print Not Weird
• If n is even and in the inclusive range of 6 to 20, print Weird
• If n is even and greater than 20, print Not Weird
• Input format: a single line containing a positive integer n. Constraints: 1 <= n <= 100.

Problem Solving

Problem-solving interview questions test a candidate’s ability to, well, solve problems. Many developers associate problem-solving interviews with technical questions such as algorithms and data structures. And while those challenges do test problem-solving skills, a problem-solving interview question can also be non-technical.

Problem-solving interviews aren’t just about getting the right answers. Equally (or even more) important is identifying a problem-solving approach and explaining it to the interviewer. This is especially true for non-technical problems which often have no right answer. Using an answering method can help with structuring your responses and explanations.

Lastly, it’s a good idea to treat every technical interview as an opportunity to showcase your problem-solving skills. Nearly every other question format tests for problem-solving skills, even if the interviewer doesn’t directly say so. Having a strong foundation in problem solving will support your performance in other interviewing moments.

• Given the problem of selecting a new tool to invest in, where and how would you begin this task? 
• Have you ever recognized a potential problem and addressed it before it occurred? 
• Tell me about a time you used a unique problem-solving approach. 

Algorithm questions are a type of interview question that, in theory, test a candidate’s coding skills and ability to solve problems with algorithms. However, today’s common technical interview is far from perfect , and a lot of algorithm challenges are too theoretical in nature to fairly assess a developer’s skills. While they are beginning to fall out of favor, some companies still ask academically advanced algorithmic questions, so it’s important to know what to expect.

You should prepare for an algorithm-style interview question by studying fundamental concepts and practicing the types of questions you might face. Some developers feel that many such interview questions can only be solved by having memorized the solution beforehand. Developers who take this approach might spend hours memorizing concepts such as greedy algorithms or Dijkstra. While this doesn’t make for the best overall experience, some developers in line for their dream apply brute force memorization to ace the interview.

Even still, developing a solid understanding of algorithmic concepts will make it easier to develop a sound answering strategy when and if you’re asked a question of this type.

• Given an array of integers, find the sum of its elements. For example, if ar = [1, 2, 3] , 1 + 2 + 3 = 6. So, return 6.
• Given a square matrix, calculate the absolute difference between the sums of its diagonals. For example, the square matrix ar = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 , 7, 8, 9 ], arranged in a 3×3 grid resembling a phone keypad.
• Given a time in 12-hour AM/PM format, convert it to 24-hour military time. 12:00:00AM on a 12-hour clock is 00:00:00 on a 24-hour clock. 12:00:00PM on a 12-hour clock is 12:00:00 on a 24-hour clock. For example, if s = 12:01:00AM , return 00:01:00 .

Data Structures

Like algorithm questions, data structure problems are a type of interview question that have begun to fall out of favor in recent years. While data structures are a fundamental computer science concept, they’ve become associated with a needlessly complex approach to technical interviews. But some companies still ask developers to solve data structure challenges in interviews, so it’s worth being prepared.

There are many different types of data structures , including arrays, stacks, queues, linked lists, and trees, to name just a few. Each structure has its own set of properties that you’ll need to master to answer a data structure interview question. 

• Delete the node at a given position in a linked list and return a reference to the head node. The head is at position 0.
• You are given the pointer to the head node of a linked list and an integer to add to the list. Create a new node with the given integer. Insert this node at the tail of the linked list and return the head node of the linked list formed after inserting this new node. The given head pointer may be null, meaning that the initial list is empty.
• Given a pointer to the head node of a linked list, print each node’s element, one per line. If the head pointer is null (indicating the list is empty), there is nothing to print.

System Design

System design interviews challenge candidates to design a back-end system using a whiteboard or virtual diagramming tool. Candidates are asked to explain their solution and thought process as they develop their answer. To succeed in system design interviews, candidates need to both design a viable solution and explain how the components fit together. 

System design questions don’t have one right answer. Instead, they give the developer the opportunity to work toward a variety of potential solutions. Hiring teams will often have interviewing guidelines to structure the conversation as well as a suggested solution.

The key to success is to focus on the big picture and not get bogged down in the details. After all — you need to plan a back-end system, not build one.

One option for grounding the details of your answer is to reference real-world experience. Sharing an example of a similar problem you’ve previously solved adds detail to the answer while also demonstrating its viability.

• Design a flash sale e-commerce system
• Design a ride-sharing service
• Design a URL shortening service
• Design a search engine

Strategies for Acing the Interview

Don’t forget to communicate.

A coding interview isn’t just about the code. The conversation between you and the interviewer is as important as the code itself. Throughout the entire process, you should talk out loud, explaining your approach. You could, for example, ask for more details or consider how your solution might apply to the job at hand. 

Don’t put off explaining the code until after you’ve finished coding the solution. You might forget an important detail or run out of time. Describe every action you take and decision you make in real time. 

Practice, Practice, Practice

Every developer knows that sufficient interview preparation is vital to a successful interview. However, the key is to practice smarter, not harder. 

The goal of your practice sessions shouldn’t be to practice every possible question you could face. Instead, interviewing practice will expose you to enough questions to be familiar with the various types of questions and how to solve them. Even some of the most advanced coding questions are often just multiple computer science concepts combined together. 

For example, one of HackerRank’s hardest dynamic programming problems (with only a 37.4% solve rate) is really a dynamic programing problem combined with a data structure problem. If asked a similar question in an interview, a developer who’d practiced arrays, priority queueing, and dynamic programming would be able to solve this problem despite never having seen it before.

Structure Responses With an Answering Strategy

While providing solutions to tough interview questions is certainly challenging, some developers find the hardest part of the technical interview to be the non-technical components. Explaining complex technical concepts through verbal communication is a tough skill to master in its own right. 

Structuring your response with a tried-and-true answering method can make the interview go much smoother. Here are a few strategies to consider.

STAR Method

Situation, Task, Action, and Result is a great method that can be employed to answer a problem-solving or design interview question.

• Situation: Identify the situation and circumstances. 
• Task: Define the problem or goal that needs to be addressed.
• Action: What approaches and technologies will you use to solve the problem? 
• Result: Wrap it up by stating the outcome. 

PREP Method

Point, Reason, Example, Point is a presentation technique that you can use to answer problem solving and design questions.  

• Point: State the solution in plain terms. 
• Reasons: Follow up the solution by explaining your point.
• Example: Round out your answer by contextualizing it with a real-world example.
• Point: Reiterate the solution to make it come full circle.

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How to Prepare for Technical Interviews – Problem-Solving Tips + Mindset Tricks to Get You Ready

Hi everyone! In this article we're going to talk a bit about technical interviews. I'll share a few tips that, based on my experience, might help you go through these interviews successfully.

I originally wrote this article more than a year ago, before getting my first job offer as a developer.

I'm sharing this with you now because I recently went through another interview process. And I found that the same concepts and thoughts that helped me get my first job offer allowed me to pass all the interviews successfully again. 🙂

My Background

I took up coding more or less a year ago. I started learning out of pure curiosity, and as I learned more about it and was able to build personal projects, I just fell in love with it.

I got so obsessed and passionate about it that I dedicated all the free time I had to coding, reading about code, watching videos about code, and just learning as much as I possible could, because for me it was fun and interesting!

Time passed and at a point I started imagining myself working as a developer. First it was like a blurry thought, and then I started thinking about it seriously and learning about what I needed to do to get to that point.

My learning journey and the approach I took towards becoming a dev will probably be the subject of another article, but my point is that I made it! I recently got an offer for my first job as a full time developer and I couldn’t be happier about it.

And there were many things and learning experiences I had to go through to get to this point, but I’d say the toughest one – and the one I was less prepared for – was technical interviews.

What are Technical Interviews Like?

I come from a social sciences background, and most of the time, within that field, there’s nothing too “technical” to talk about during interviews. Employers normally hire you based on your experience and behavior during interviews.

But in the coding field it’s really different. Experience is valuable, of course, but employers also value projects you can show to them, theoretical knowledge about different programming topics, and, most of all, the problem solving skills you can show off during technical interviews.

In almost all selection processes I went through, there was a technical interview in which an interviewer tossed me a problem and I had to solve it live with them looking at me the whole time.

This is a standard practice for coding jobs, but I wasn’t prepared at all. I failed miserably more than once, and these experiences were some of the most embarrassing and frustrating moments in my professional life so far.

At times I felt stupid for even thinking I’d be capable of switching careers at almost 30. I thought I just wasn’t smart enough. But luckily I kept going, researched about technical interviews, learned, practiced, and kept failing until I didn’t fail anymore.

Technical interviews are tough and can be really stressful if you’re not prepared correctly. Also, even though I successfully passed a selection process, I know I still have a lot to learn about this and that I’ll need to perfect this skill to further grow my career in the future. So here are my main tips for nailing your technical interviews.

1. Prepare for the Interview

This is important for all kind of interviews, but for technical interviews I think it’s crucial. Your chances of passing these evaluations are way lower if you don’t prepare correctly for them.

Here are some ideas that allowed me to better prepare for these interviews.

Do Your Research

Find out about technical interviews in general, how are they normally organized, what interviewers ask and what do they intend to measure, what kind of problems do companies toss at you, and what are the best approaches towards interviews.

The internet is an infinite resource of knowledge, so don’t waste it! Google about everything you can and take advantage of the experience of the thousands of people who have gone through similar situations and share their experiences.

Practice Solving Problems

Problem solving is a skill just like any other. There is specific knowledge you’ll need to get good at it, but most of it is practice and getting your brain to be comfortable in that situation.

There are tons of websites that contain the types of problems you’ll see during interviews. freeCodeCamp has an amazing course designed for this. Some other cool resources are hackerrank.com , leetcode.com , codewars.com , exercism.io , app.codesignal.com , and algoexpert.io .

Solve as many problems as you can from any of these sites and you’ll start getting good at them.

And when you practice, at first it’s okay to just worry about solving the problem. But once you get comfortable enough, a great idea is to try to make your practice as similar as possible to an actual interview. And by this I mean setting a timer, explaining your solution out loud, analyzing your final algorithm and refactoring…just basically following all the steps you’d normally follow in an actual interview.

If your practice is similar to the actual situation, once you get to that situation you’ll feel more confident because in some way you’ve already been there.

Build a Theoretical Foundation

Besides actually practicing, learning theoretical concepts about algorithms and data structures is a great idea to get better at solving these problems.

Think about it as adding tools to your toolbox. The more tools and concepts you have in your mind, the more problems will sound familiar or ring a bell in your brain, and from that you'll be more able to arrive at a solution.

There are many resources on the internet, some free and some paid. A course about data structures and algorithms is pretty much a must for any programmer, so I encourage you to find a good one. Here are a couple you can start with:

• Data Structures Explained
• Learn Data Structures from a Google Engineer
• Learn Algorithms and Data Structures in Python
• Learn about Algorithms and Data Structures

Of course also theoretical knowledge about your programming language of choice and any other tools in your stack (frameworks, libraries, databases, and so on) is also very important.

Imitate Others

It’s ok to run into problems you don’t know how to solve or to come up with solutions that are not the best suited ones.

In these type of situations, or always actually, it’s a good idea to take a look at how other people solved that same problem and learn from them. What approach did they take? What ideas did they have? Did they get stuck? How did they move towards the solution?

Analyze their solution and their behavior, identify what works for them, think if that could work for you and if the answer is yes, copy them! It’s crucial that you deeply understand why their solution works and how their logic works. You want to internalize the logical approach, not the code, as that’s just an after effect.

Looking at problem solutions and videos of mock interviews is a good idea to get this kind of data.

Understand What Kind of Interview You'll Have

I mentioned the most classic type of technical interview is the one based on algorithms and data structures, in which the interviewer will give you a problem to solve through an algorithm.

But I found that there're also interviews that are mostly theoretical, in the sense that the interviewer will ask questions to measure your knowledge about a given programming language, framework, library, design and architecture patterns, and so on.

Another kind of interview is where the interviewer shows you an actual project or asks you to build one. During the interview you discuss the decisions you made to build it or implement new features/modifications on it.

Each kind of interview is different and might require different preparation, so it's always a good idea to ask the company what will the interview be based on, and prepare accordingly.

2. Breathe and Think Things Through

Once you've seen and gone through a ton of examples and start feeling somewhat confident around coding problems, it’s time to get to the deeper stuff.

Here are some tips that helped me go through the interviews successfully.

This sounds crazy right? The best approach to solving most coding problems is actually not coding, or at least not right away .

No matter how anxious or secure you are about the idea you have in mind, I find it better to always take a step back and make sure you understand things deeply before going to the details and breaking out the code.

So how do you do that?

Understand the Problem

The first step to solving a problem is actually understanding it. And to understand it, the best idea is to “make it yours”, and internalize it.

A good idea is to read the exercise twice, repeat it again in your own words, and go through multiple examples (simple ones, complex ones, examples with null or invalid inputs…).

No matter how silly, complex or simple the problem may seem, this helps you make sure you understand it properly and gives your brain data and time to come up with solution ideas.

Make Sure You Understood It

Repetitive? Yeah, but effective. Check and make sure you understood what you need to do and how your function will work.

Ask yourself, what are the inputs going to be? What will be the output? Check for edge cases. Will you always receive the same input or could you expect different formats? Do you have to be prepared for strange cases or does the exercise restrict the kind of situation you’ll encounter?

It’s better to clear out all this things before even starting to think about a solution.

Explore Your Toolbox

I said that learning theoretical concepts and practicing is like adding tools to your problem solving toolbox. When you see a new problem, it’s a good idea to explore that toolbox and see if any of the concepts or solutions you’ve used in the past could work here.

Could it help to use some sort of counter? What about implementing some sort of data structure to help you out? Could you use pointers or a sliding window? Would it be a good idea to take a divide and conquer approach? What about recursion? Could sorting the input help for anything?

You don’t necessarily have to know the exact path to take, but comparing the problem to previous patterns you’ve seen can help spark ideas in your mind.

Of course the more you practice solving problems and learning about possible solutions, the more patterns you’ll have to remember and compare.

Break Down the Problem

Once you’ve analyzed the problem deeply, hopefully you’ll have at least an idea of how to tackle it, or where to start.

A great idea here is to try to think about the different steps you need to take to get to your solution and write down those steps to analyze them, check if your logic is correct, and later use them as little memory helpers and “instructions” for you to translate into code.

Simplifying your solution through steps and specially writing them down will often help you identify flaws in your logic or cases you didn’t think about before.

This is great because you’re at a stage when it’s really easy to modify your approach or lean towards a different idea. You didn’t waste time coding or getting yourself into a maze of logic that doesn’t actually work.

Simplify the Problem

Specially when facing complex and difficult problems, a good idea is to first ignore the main difficulty of the problem and try to solve a similar, simpler version of it.

When you nail that solution, bring the main difficulty back and see if you can translate your solution to it.

Visualize the Problem

Complex problems are sometimes difficult to get your head around. Having a whiteboard, either a physical or a digital one, is always a great idea.

Visually stimulating your brain by drawing up the problem or an idea can be a good approach to buy yourself some time and see if that perspective shows you some data you didn’t notice.

Start to Write Your Code

So once you have a clear idea of the steps you’ll need to cover to get to the solution, it’s time for translating that into code. This should be the simple part if you’re comfortable enough with the language.

A thought to keep in mind here is that if you can’t remember something very specific, don’t let that hold you down – pseudo code it and carry on with the rest of the solution.

Talk to your interviewer and see if they can help you with that part, or ask if they'll let you Google it. In most cases this will be ok and the important thing will be to show that you nailed the correct logic to solve the problem.

Test Your Code

Test your solution at every step and at the end. There’s nothing more annoying than writing a ton of code and later seeing it fail without knowing the exact cause.

Test your code and your logic at every step of the solution, as this will allow you to catch bugs earlier and will save you from wasting time and effort.

Of course testing at the end is important to check if your solution actually works! So throw your function different inputs and edge cases to see if it behaves as expected.

Analyze the Solution

Once you've gotten to the solution, you’re not done yet. It’s a great idea to show your interviewer you can analyze what you did too.

Ask yourself and tell them, what’s the big O complexity of your solution? Can you think of a way to improve the performance or the memory usage of your algorithm? Is there a way to make your function easier to read and understand?

Even if you can’t think about how to code it exactly, it’s great to show them that you’re the kind of developer who is always going to look for improvements and not settle for something that just works.

Improve Your Solution

Of course, if you can find ways to optimize your solution and know how to code it, do it!

And about this, in a coding interview situation you’ll rarely come up with the perfect solution for a problem. You’re under pressure and on the clock, so it’s perfectly ok to come up with a so-so solution and then refactor it until it reaches an acceptable level.

It’s often better to show you can solve the problem even if not in the perfect way than spend all your time just thinking about the perfect solution.

Talk to Your Interviewer

Talk with your interviewer during the whole process. What your interviewer is trying to measure is your problem solving ability and your level of comfort with your programming language of choice.

That is a hard thing to measure if you don’t open your mouth and just code away.

It’s crucial that you talk to your interviewer and let them know what you’re thinking, what is your thought process, what ideas are you having, how are you understanding the problem, what logic are you going to follow with your solution and why are you making decisions.

Talk to them, ask questions, explain yourself, and if you get stuck or don’t know how to go on, explain to them exactly the thing that is giving you trouble. In most cases you’ll get some help and more importantly you’ll show them you’re actually trying to work towards a solution.

Listen to Your Interviewer

When you’re being given the problem to solve – and specially if you get tips or feedback from your interviewers – pay attention! No matter if you think you already have the best idea or if there’s something that’s driving you crazy and need to solve right now, just drop it and listen to what you’re being told.

If you don’t listen to feedback, you’re giving a very negative signal to your possible future employers. Think about it: would you like to work with someone that doesn’t listen to feedback? Besides, feedback will certainly help you solve your problem, so listen!

3. Control Your Emotions

This for me was the toughest part of the interviewing process, and it's something I didn’t really find a lot of information about when researching technical interviews.

Dealing with the anxiety and frustration these situations can provoke is hard, but also a crucial step to improve your performance.

So here are some things that have helped me in this regard.

Prepare Your Body and Mind

Interviews are stressful situations in which you have to deal with expectations and perform to reach those expectations while being judged by other people.

I’ve always felt uncomfortable in these type of situations so I’m quite familiar with the type of anxiety you might feel.

Something that helps me is try to think about it like the moment of a game for a sports player or when actors get out on stage. You normally see these people trying to warm up and focus before they start to perform, right? There’s a reason for that – and it’s that this preparation actually enhances performance and gets you ready to give your best.

It may sound stupid at first, but stretching, warming up your voice, meditating, imagining the moment in your mind and picturing yourself being successful in the moment are all things that will push you towards doing nicely in this important moment.

Be Confident

Easier said than done, right? Absolutely. Confidence for most people isn’t something you can just turn off and on, but something you build along the way and comes with lots of practice, studying, and preparation behind it.

You'll build confidence with the work you do prior to the interview, but once you’re in the moment it’s important to remember that you want to show the interviewers you have confidence in yourself as a coder and that you trust yourself to solve any problem you face.

This doesn’t mean you have to know absolutely everything and be able to solve any complex problem absolutely by yourself. Rather, it means that you won’t panic when you face something you don’t know how to solve at first, and that you have the ability to slowly analyze the problem, break it down, and work towards a solution.

Stress, anxiety, and the wish to show that you can solve the problem can make you rush more than you need to. And rushing can lead to missing key information, flaws in your logic, bugs in your code, and errors in general.

So take your time, actually, take more time than you actually need. Analyze the heck out of the problem, talk slowly, code slowly, think slowly, and remember to breath. Things are easier to deal with when you take your time and slow-mo the process.

Don’t Take it Personally – or Do...

You’ll mess up at some point, that’s a certainty. Especially in your first interviews, you’ll probably fail and feel miserable about it. It’s just the way it is, and it's a step that is needed for you to understand where you need to improve.

A key issue here is how you deal with that frustration. I could tell you to think about it as a process, to not get mad when you fail, to be patient… But if you’re an anxious and self demanding person as I am, you’ll be very frustrated when you fail, and there’s nothing you can do to avoid it.

But how do you deal with that? Do you get depressed and quit coding forever? Do you get scared of interviews and never apply for a job ever again?

Personally, I get very mad at myself when I fail at something or find out I don’t know something I "was supposed" to know. I get mad at myself for not preparing correctly or for missing things, and even though that anger feels bad at first, later on is something that pushes me forward.

I feel so bad about it that I make absolutely sure I won't fail at that again, and I practice as hard as I can to avoid being in that situation again.

Different approaches work for different people, but the thing is to handle your emotions in a way that pushes you forward and not backwards.

Learn from Your Mistakes

As it’s a certainty you’ll mess up, the smart thing to do is to learn from the errors you made and try to not make them again.

Always try to take note of the problems you were presented and your solutions, analyze your mistakes, analyze other possible approaches you could have taken, what optimizations you didn’t see, and what key concepts you didn’t remember at that moment.

Also always ask your interviewers for feedback about what you could have done better. This information is gold if you get the best of it.

If you love coding, you probably have lots of fun doing it. Never forget that, no matter the context.

In interviews, try to approach each problem with curiosity rather than fear of failing. Try to show your interviewers you’re enthusiastic about problems, because you’re probably going to work with similar stuff on a daily basis.

Plus if you’re having fun and thinking in a positive way, you’ll be more relaxed and your mind will be clearer, which of course helps your problem solving skills.

If you pass or if you fail, at the end it doesn’t matter, in the sense that your approach and behavior should stay the same.

Just as code can always be improved, so can you as a programmer. You should always keep learning, keep getting better, keep practicing, keep facing stuff you didn’t know anything about and eventually overcoming it.

So don’t get too high if you pass or too low if you miss – just keep coding and keep learning.

As always, I hope you enjoyed the article and learned something new. If you want, you can also follow me on LinkedIn or Twitter .

See you later!

I'm a fullstack dev (javascript | typescript | react | node | AWS) and computer engineering student. Here I write about the things I learn along my path to becoming the best developer I can be.

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Technical Interview Questions (15 Questions + Answers)

A technical interview is a type of job interview that is primarily focused on assessing your technical skills and knowledge. These interviews are common in industries like information technology, engineering, and science, where specific technical expertise is crucial for job performance.

In this article, I’m going to share common technical interview questions, especially in tech-heavy jobs. You’ll also see some sample answers so you can get a sense of how to answer each question effectively.

1) What programming languages do you know? 

Focus on languages that are relevant to the job or the company.

This might include Java (for Android development), Swift (for iOS development), Python (for data analysis and backend systems), and JavaScript (for web development).

Briefly indicate your level of proficiency in each language, then give examples of projects where you've used these languages. This adds credibility and shows a practical application of your skills.

Sample answer:

"I have experience with several programming languages. In Java, which I consider myself an expert, I’ve developed multiple Android applications, including a location-based service app similar to Waze. I'm also proficient in Python, which I've used for data analysis and backend development in my current role. For iOS projects, I have intermediate skills in Swift. I've used it in a couple of personal projects, including an app for real-time traffic updates. Also, I have basic knowledge of JavaScript for front-end development. Currently, I'm enhancing my JavaScript skills through an online course, as I believe in continuously updating my technical knowledge to stay relevant in the field."

This response is effective because it provides specific examples of projects and applications developed using these languages, giving credibility to the claims of proficiency.

2) What are some limitations of your favorite programming language? 

First, acknowledge the real limitations of the language without being overly critical. Explain how these limitations might impact certain types of projects or applications.

While discussing limitations, however, it's often beneficial to also mention the strengths of the language to show a well-rounded understanding.

"My favorite programming language is Python. While it's excellent for rapid development and has a rich set of libraries, it does have some limitations. One significant limitation is its execution speed. Python is an interpreted language, which can make it slower than compiled languages like C++ or Java. This can be a bottleneck in high-performance computing or when processing large data sets in real time, as in traffic data processing. Another limitation is its memory consumption. Python's simplicity and flexibility come with a cost of higher memory usage compared to more efficient languages like C. That said, these issues can often be mitigated by integrating Python with other languages or using optimizations like just-in-time compilers."

The answer demonstrates a thoughtful analysis of Python. Mentioning ways to mitigate these limitations shows a problem-solving mindset, which is valuable in a technical role.

3) What design software do you know? Which do you prefer? 

Mention the design software you are familiar with. Depending on the role, this might include UI/UX design tools (like Sketch, Adobe XD, Figma), graphic design software (like Adobe Photoshop and Illustrator), or even specialized software for mapping or data visualization.

State which software you prefer and why. For this example, let’s say you’re applying for a job at Waze.

"In my design work, I've gained experience with a variety of software. I frequently use Adobe Photoshop and Illustrator for graphic design tasks, such as creating icons and visual elements. For UI/UX design, I am proficient in Figma and Sketch. That said, my preferred tool is Figma due to its collaborative features and excellent UI prototyping capabilities. For instance, I recently used Figma to design and prototype a mobile app interface that required real-time collaboration with team members in different locations. This experience highlighted Figma's efficiency in a team-based environment, which I believe would be highly beneficial in Waze's collaborative and fast-paced setting. I also have some experience with GIS software, which could be relevant for working with map-based interfaces at Waze."

By providing a specific example of using Figma in a team project, the answer demonstrates practical experience and how it applies to a work setting.

4) What product management system do you like using? What’s the best one for scalability?

Start by naming a few product management systems you have experience with. This might include tools like Jira, Asana, Trello, or Monday.com.

Clearly state your preferred system and explain why.

"In my experience, I've used several product management systems like Jira, Asana, and Trello. My personal preference is Jira, primarily for its powerful features that cater to agile project management, such as scrum and kanban boards, and its robust reporting capabilities. When considering scalability, however, I believe Asana stands out. It's incredibly user-friendly and scales well for larger teams and complex projects. For instance, in my previous role, we used Asana to manage a cross-functional project involving over 50 team members. Its flexibility in task management and the ability to integrate with various other tools made it an ideal choice for maintaining organization and clarity as the project and team grew. This scalability aspect, combined with its ease of use, makes Asana an excellent choice for dynamic environments like this company, where teams and projects are continually evolving."

The answer gives a clear preference for Jira and explains why, which demonstrates your ability to evaluate tools based on features and suitability.

5) How do you go about deploying a product? 

The goal here is to reflect an understanding of both the technical and collaborative elements involved in deploying a product. To do this, describe the steps you take in deploying a product, which might include planning, testing, staging, and production. 

"In deploying a product, I follow a structured process that emphasizes collaboration and thorough testing. Initially, I focus on planning with cross-functional teams to align on the deployment objectives and timelines. For instance, in my current role, I led the deployment of a major app update, coordinating with developers, QA, and operations teams. We implemented continuous integration and continuous deployment (CI/CD) practices, which allowed us to automate much of the deployment process and ensure that each update was rigorously tested in a staging environment before going live. This approach significantly reduced deployment errors and downtime. Post-deployment, we monitored the app’s performance closely to quickly address any issues. This particular deployment was successful in enhancing user experience without any major disruptions, underlining the importance of a well-coordinated and tested deployment strategy, something I believe is critical in a dynamic environment."

The answer outlines a clear, step-by-step process, showing a methodical approach to deployment. Discussing collaboration with various teams also reflects an understanding of the importance of cross-functional teamwork in deployments.

6) What statistical methods do you prefer using?

Start by listing a few statistical methods you are familiar with and have used. This might include regression analysis, hypothesis testing , time series analysis, machine learning algorithms, etc.

Clearly state which methods you prefer and why.

"In my experience as a data analyst, I've employed a variety of statistical methods depending on the nature of the data and the problem at hand. My go-to method is often regression analysis, especially for understanding relationships between variables, like how different factors influence traffic patterns. For instance, at my current job, I used multiple regression to analyze how weather conditions and time of day impact road congestion. This analysis helped in optimizing traffic flow recommendations. Another method I frequently use is time series analysis, particularly useful for forecasting. I applied this in predicting traffic trends during holiday seasons, which proved highly accurate and beneficial for planning purposes. These methods, I believe, would be particularly relevantfor analyzing and predicting traffic conditions, thereby enhancing user experience."

The answer covers different statistical methods, showing a broad skill set. It explains why certain methods are preferred, demonstrating thoughtful consideration based on experience.

7) What are the steps involved in a decision tree? 

The goal here is to show your understanding of the methodology and its practical applications. Outline the key steps in creating a decision tree , which typically include data collection and preparation, choosing a splitting criterion, growing the tree by splitting nodes, pruning the tree, and validating the model. 

"In my previous role as a data analyst, I often used decision trees for classification and prediction tasks. The process starts with data collection and preparation, ensuring data quality and relevance. For example, when analyzing traffic congestion patterns, I gathered data on time, weather conditions, and event schedules. Next, I selected an appropriate splitting criterion, such as Gini impurity or information gain, to determine how to split the data at each node. In this traffic analysis, I used information gain to identify the factors most contributing to congestion. After growing the tree to a suitable depth, I pruned it to avoid overfitting, ensuring the model's generalizability. Finally, I validated the model with a separate dataset. This decision tree helped in predicting congestion levels with significant accuracy, which informed better traffic management strategies."

The answer methodically outlines the steps involved in creating a decision tree, showing a clear understanding of the process. Using terms like 'Gini impurity,' 'information gain,' and 'overfitting' demonstrates your technical proficiency.

8) How much time do you spend on unit testing? 

Describe how you balance unit testing with other development tasks. It’s important to convey that while you dedicate sufficient time to testing, you also manage time effectively to meet project deadlines.

"In my development work, I consider unit testing an integral part of the process. Generally, I allocate around 30-40% of my development time to unit testing. This ensures that each component of the codebase is thoroughly tested, leading to fewer bugs and more reliable code. For instance, in a recent project where we developed a real-time traffic alert system, I spent significant time writing and refining unit tests. This was crucial for ensuring the accuracy and performance of the system, especially under varying traffic conditions. The tests not only helped catch and fix several critical bugs early but also made the codebase more maintainable and scalable. I believe this approach aligns well your company’s emphasis on reliability and performance in their app development."

The answer highlights the significance of unit testing in software development. It presents a realistic and balanced view of time management, showing that you value both quality and efficiency.

9) What type of UX framework do you prefer?

Briefly list a few UX frameworks you are familiar with. This might include Design Thinking, Lean UX, or the Google Design Sprint. Clearly state which UX framework you prefer and why.

"In my UX design experience, I've worked with various frameworks, but my preferred choice is the Lean UX framework. I appreciate its focus on rapid iteration, user feedback, and a collaborative approach to design. For example, in a recent project, I applied Lean UX to redesign a mobile navigation app's interface. We started with minimal viable products, conducted quick user testing sessions, and iteratively improved the design based on real user feedback. This approach not only accelerated the design process but also ensured that the final product closely aligned with user needs and preferences. I find that Lean UX, with its emphasis on flexibility and user-centricity, is particularly effective in fast-paced and user-driven environments, where understanding and responding to user behavior is key."

The answer shows familiarity with various UX frameworks, indicating a broad understanding of the field. It explains the preference for Lean UX, focusing on aspects like rapid iteration and user feedback, which are crucial in UX design.

10) How do you determine what an end-user needs?

For this question, mention various methods you use to understand user needs, such as surveys, interviews, user testing, or analysis of usage data. Then, explain how you use data from user interactions and feedback to make informed decisions.

"In my approach to understanding end-user needs, I combine direct user research with data analysis. For instance, in a previous project where we developed a ride-sharing app, I conducted user interviews to gather qualitative insights into what users valued most in such an app. We complemented this with a survey that reached a broader user base to validate our findings. Also, we analyzed user interaction data with the app's prototype to identify patterns and pain points. This multi-faceted approach helped us uncover that users were particularly concerned about safety features and ease of finding rides. As a result, we focused on enhancing these aspects in the final product. I believe this method of combining direct user feedback with data-driven insights would be particularly effective, where understanding diverse user needs is crucial for improving navigation and traffic solutions."

The answer covers various methods of understanding user needs. Mentioning the use of data analysis indicates your ability to combine qualitative insights with quantitative evidence.

11) What’s the largest data set you’ve ever worked with?

Start by specifying the size of the largest data set you've worked with. Briefly explain the project or task where you worked with this data set. This gives context to your experience.

"The largest data set I've worked with was during my time at [Previous Company], where I handled a data set of approximately 500 million GPS records, amounting to about 2 terabytes of data. My role involved analyzing this data to identify patterns in urban mobility and traffic trends. To manage and process this extensive data set, I used a combination of SQL for data querying and Python for more complex analyses, including machine learning models for predictive analysis. The project required not only efficient data handling but also careful consideration of data privacy and security. This experience, I believe, aligns well with the scale and nature of data that your company works with, particularly in analyzing traffic patterns and user behavior to enhance navigation solutions."

Quantifying the data set size provides a clear understanding of the scale of data you've handled, while highlighting your specific role shows direct involvement and expertise.

12) How would you handle a data set with variables missing 25 percent of its values?  

Start by recognizing the challenge that missing data poses and its potential impact on analysis.

Then, describe the steps you would take to handle such a dataset, including data imputation, removal of missing data, or using algorithms that can handle missing values.

"In dealing with datasets having a significant portion of missing values, my approach is both cautious and context-dependent. For instance, in a project where 25% of GPS location data was missing, I first assessed the pattern of missingness. Since the data was missing at random, I used multiple imputation techniques to estimate the missing values, leveraging other variables in the dataset. This approach allowed us to retain the integrity of the dataset without compromising on the size. In cases where missing data is systematic or related to critical variables, I might consider removing those records if imputation could lead to biased results. Using Python's Pandas and Scikit-Learn libraries, I've successfully managed such scenarios, ensuring that the subsequent analysis remains valid and reliable. This method of careful assessment and appropriate handling of missing data is crucial in a data-driven environment, where accurate analysis of traffic patterns is key."

This is such a great response because the example provides a real-world scenario where you’ve successfully managed missing data, adding to your credibility.

13) How do you treat outlier values?

Describe the steps you take to assess and treat outliers, such as identifying outliers using statistical methods, analyzing their causes, and deciding whether to keep, adjust, or remove them.

"In my data analysis work, treating outliers is a critical step. For instance, when analyzing traffic speed data, I first used statistical methods like the IQR (Interquartile Range) to identify outliers. In one project, we noticed unusually high speeds at certain times. Instead of immediately discarding these as anomalies, I investigated further and found they coincided with emergency vehicle movements. This insight led us to adjust our analysis approach rather than removing these data points, which enriched our understanding of traffic patterns under different scenarios. This example underscores my approach to outliers: carefully assess their cause and context before deciding on their treatment. Such a method is especially relevant at this company, where nuanced understanding of traffic data is crucial for accurate navigation and traffic predictions."

The answer shows a clear understanding of the importance of outliers in data analysis. It outlines a specific and thoughtful approach to identifying and assessing outliers.

14) Tell me how you’d debug an update

When answering this question, show your systematic approach to problem-solving and your ability to handle complex software issues. Highlight how you balance being thorough with being efficient in your debugging process.

"In debugging an update, my approach is methodical and data-driven. For example, in a recent project, after a major update, users reported a critical navigation error. My first step was to replicate the issue in a controlled environment. I then systematically reviewed recent code changes and utilized debugging tools to isolate the problem. I focused on the areas most affected by the update, particularly new features and modified algorithms. By analyzing the application logs, I identified a flaw in the route calculation logic introduced in the update. This issue was swiftly corrected, tested, and rolled out in a patch. My experience emphasizes the importance of a structured approach to quickly identify and resolve issues, which is essential in a dynamic, user-centric environment, where the reliability of real-time updates is crucial."

The answer outlines a structured and logical debugging process, demonstrating problem-solving skills. It also shows your ability to be both thorough and efficient, which is crucial in a fast-paced tech environment.

15) What would you change about one of your favorite products?

First, pick a product that is somewhat relevant to the company’s domain or the role you're interviewing for. This could be a tech product, a software application, or even a mobile app.

Focus on a particular feature or aspect of the product that you think could be improved, then clearly explain why you believe this change is necessary.

"One of my favorite products is the Slack communication platform. While it excels in many areas, one aspect I’d change is its notification system. Currently, notifications can be overwhelming, especially in large teams or multiple channel subscriptions. To improve this, I would suggest a more intelligent, context-aware notification system. This system could learn from user behavior to prioritize notifications based on urgency and the user’s interaction patterns with different channels and team members. For example, if a user frequently interacts with certain channels or individuals, the system would prioritize these notifications. This change would enhance the user experience by reducing notification clutter, making it easier for users to focus on high-priority communications. This kind of smart, user-centric feature is also critical in apps, where delivering timely and relevant information is key to the user experience."

The answer pinpoints a specific feature - the notification system - which is a common pain point for many users. It explains why this change is needed, emphasizing user experience and productivity.

What to expect from a technical interview

The format and content of a technical interview can vary depending on the role and company, but they generally include some key elements:

Problem-Solving Questions: You may be asked to solve technical problems or puzzles to demonstrate their analytical skills and problem-solving abilities. This often involves writing code or working through technical scenarios in real time.

Technical Knowledge Assessment: Interviewers ask questions related to specific technologies, programming languages, tools, or methodologies relevant to the job. This tests your depth of knowledge in your field.

Coding Challenges: For software development roles, you might be asked to write or review code. This can be done on a whiteboard, on a computer, or as part of a take-home assignment.

System Design Questions: These questions assess your ability to design complex systems. You might be asked to design a software system, database schema, or algorithm.

Behavioral Questions: While the focus is on technical skills, some interviews also include behavioral questions to understand how you might fit into the team and company culture.

Technical Task or Project Review: Sometimes, you’re asked to discuss a past project or task they have worked on, focusing on the technical aspects and challenges they faced.

Technical interviews require preparation and practice, especially in areas like problem-solving and coding. To ace your next technical interview, prepare yourself by reviewing fundamental concepts, practicing coding problems, and doing mock interviews.

Related posts:

• 19+ Experimental Design Examples (Methods + Types)
• Business Analyst Interview Questions (17 Questions + Answers)
• Data Analyst Interview Questions (15 Questions + Answers)
• Project Manager Interview Questions (14 Specific Questions + Answers)
• Engineering Interview Questions (15 Questions + Answers)

Reference this article:

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Breaking Down Technical Interviews: 5 Commonly Asked Questions and How to Prepare

If you’re in the tech industry, you already know that technical interviews represent a crucial step in landing a job. Technical interviews are designed to assess your skills, expertise and determine if you’re the right fit for the job. To ace your technical interview, preparation is key! In this guide, we’ll help you understand the interview process, explore the most common questions, and provide comprehensive tips and strategies to help you prepare effectively. Let’s dive in and discover how to prepare for technical interviews!

When it comes to technical interviews, it’s essential to be well-prepared. You need to be confident in your technical abilities and ready to demonstrate your expertise. Technical interviews can be intimidating, especially if you’re not sure what to expect. But rest assured, by the end of this guide, you’ll have all the tools you need to prepare effectively and increase your chances of success. Let’s get started!

Before we get into the details of technical interviews, let’s take a closer look at why preparation is so crucial. Being well-prepared for a technical interview will help you:

• Feel more confident and relaxed during the interview
• Showcase your technical skills and expertise
• Demonstrate your ability to solve problems and think critically
• Stand out from other candidates

Now that we’ve established why preparation is essential let’s dive into the five most commonly asked technical questions in interviews. Understanding the most  common technical questions  and how to approach them will give you an edge when it comes to technical interviews. Let’s explore these questions and learn how to answer them confidently.

Understanding the Technical Interview Process

Before diving into the technical questions, it’s crucial to understand the interview process. Technical interviews typically consist of several stages, and it’s essential to know what to expect at each one. The most common stages in the technical interview process include:

• Phone screenings
• Coding challenges or online assessments
• Whiteboard sessions or technical interviews
• Behavioral interviews

During the phone screening, the interviewer will ask basic questions to evaluate your communication skills and check whether your qualifications match the role. The coding challenge or online assessment is designed to test your technical abilities and assess whether you can solve real-world coding problems.

Whiteboard sessions or technical interviews are the most critical stage in the process. During this stage, you will be asked to demonstrate your coding skills and solve complex problems on a whiteboard or a coding tool. Make sure to practice beforehand to alleviate your nerves and demonstrate your abilities during the interview.

Finally, the behavioral interview assesses your personality traits, values, and workplace culture fit. The interviewer may ask you about your past experiences, how you handled conflicts, and your problem-solving skills.

The Importance of Preparation

Preparation is key to success when it comes to technical interviews. By understanding the interview process and knowing what to expect at each stage, you can plan and prepare accordingly.

Additionally, familiarizing yourself with commonly asked technical questions and practicing coding challenges can help you build confidence and ensure you’re ready to showcase your skills during the interview.

Next, we’ll dive deeper into the top five most frequently asked technical questions in interviews and provide strategies to effectively answer them.

Top 5 Commonly Asked Technical Questions

Technical questions are a crucial component of any technical interview. In this section, we will break down the five most frequently asked technical questions in interviews and provide insights on how to prepare for them.

1. Data Structures

Data structures are fundamental concepts that every developer must know. Interviewers will typically ask questions related to arrays, lists, stacks, queues, and trees. Be prepared to explain the purpose, advantages, and disadvantages of each data structure, as well as their time and space complexity. Practice implementing them in different coding languages to become more confident.

2. Algorithms

Interviewers often ask algorithm questions to test a candidate’s problem-solving skills. Common algorithm questions include sorting and searching algorithms, dynamic programming, and graph algorithms. Be familiar with the time and space complexity of each algorithm and practice implementing them in different coding languages.

3. System Design

System design questions assess a candidate’s ability to design scalable and efficient architectures. Interviewers may ask you to design a web application, a distributed system, or a database schema. Be prepared to discuss trade-offs, scalability, data consistency, and performance. Use diagrams, flowcharts, and tables to illustrate your solutions.

4. Programming Languages

Interviewers may ask questions to test your knowledge of specific programming languages. Be familiar with the syntax, features, and libraries of the language mentioned in the job description. Practice writing code for common tasks, such as reading and writing files, parsing XML and JSON data, and working with a database.

5. Problem-Solving Techniques

Problem-solving questions evaluate a candidate’s ability to analyze and solve real-world problems. Interviewers may present you with a scenario and ask you to identify the problem, propose a solution, and discuss trade-offs. Be prepared to ask clarifying questions, break down the problem into smaller sub-problems, and consider edge cases and constraints.

To prepare for technical questions, research the company and job description, and review the technologies and skills mentioned. Practice coding challenges on websites such as HackerRank and LeetCode. Consider joining a mock interview group or partnering with a mentor to receive feedback. By dedicating time and effort to your preparation, you can showcase your technical skills confidently and stand out during your next technical interview.

How to Prepare for Technical Interviews

Preparing for technical interviews can be daunting, but it doesn’t have to be. With the right strategies and mindset, you can increase your chances of success and stand out from other candidates. Here are some interview preparation tips to help you prepare effectively:

1. Brush up on fundamental concepts

Technical interviews often test your understanding of fundamental computer science concepts such as data structures, algorithms, and programming languages. Take some time to review these concepts and ensure you have a solid understanding of them. There are plenty of online resources available, such as Khan Academy and Codecademy, that can help you review these concepts.

2. Practice coding challenges

Coding challenges are a common component of technical interviews. Practice solving coding problems on websites such as LeetCode, HackerRank, and CodeSignal. These websites offer a variety of coding challenges that will test your problem-solving skills and help you prepare for technical interviews.

3. Research the company and position

Do your research on the company and position you’re interviewing for. Look at the company’s website, read up on their mission and values, and learn about their products and services. This will help you tailor your answers to the company’s needs and showcase your interest in the position.

4. Prepare questions to ask

At the end of the interview, the interviewer will likely ask if you have any questions. Prepare some thoughtful questions to ask about the company and position. This will demonstrate your interest and show that you’ve done your research.

5. Practice, practice, practice

Finally, practice your interview skills as much as possible. Conduct mock interviews with friends or family members, and practice answering common technical interview questions. The more you practice, the more confident you’ll be in your abilities.

If you want to ace your next technical interview, remember that preparation is key. By following the tips and strategies outlined in this guide, you can increase your chances of success. Remember to familiarize yourself with the technical interview process and common questions, practice coding challenges, and stay up-to-date with relevant technical concepts.

Additionally, don’t forget to practice good communication skills, be confident, and stay calm under pressure. Technical interviews can be challenging, but with the right preparation and mindset, you can accomplish your goals.

Thank you for reading this guide. We hope you found it helpful and informative. Good luck on your next technical interview!

10 Problem Solving Interview Questions To Hire the Best Candidates

You can't account for every external factor that occurs, and there won't be a single person that can solve every problem. here, we’ll explore why problem-solving questions are crucial to your interview process and offer ten problem solving interview questions to help you hire the best candidate..

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No matter how perfect or well-thought-out a business plan sounds, unforeseen circumstances will always arise. You can't account for every external factor that occurs, and there won't be a single person that can solve every problem. For a company to be successful, you will need to hire a wide array of capable employees who can identify and resolve almost any issue. 

You'll have to employ interview problem solving questions that examine how a candidate solves problems during the interview process. Here, we’ll explore why problem solving questions are crucial to your interview process and offer ten problem solving interview questions to help you hire the best candidate.

What Are Problem Solving Interview Questions?

First, it's important to note what problem solving questions are and why they're essential.

Problem solving interview questions are thought provoking inquiries that analyze a candidate's ability to recognize unexpected complications and their process of solving them. This includes planning on multiple levels (having a plan A and a plan B), implementation, and execution. 

These types of questions specifically target an interviewee's critical thinking and creativity. By understanding how a person handles problems, you'll get a clearer idea of how they'll fit in the workplace.

Internally solving problems within a business structure is also vital to the synergy and prolonged survival of a company. If its workers can't discern or ignore problems, they will only worsen. 

You'll want to consider a prospective worker's problem-solving capabilities before hiring. 

It may be wise to research a more in-depth explanation of why problem-solving skills are critical when hiring in the workplace.

Tips For Using Problem Solving Questions To Screen Candidates

A big part of adequately gauging a candidate's abilities during the screening process is how you utilize interview questions about problem solving. 

Here are some helpful tips to optimize your interview questions for problem solving and make the most out of your time: 

Look Out For Generic Answers

Many resources help people practice interview responses by giving them generic answers to the standard problem solving interview questions based on "what employers want to hear."

You'll want to be on guard for these answers because they don't reflect a person's actual abilities and are easy to replicate. 

You'll want to ask questions drawing from a worker's personal experiences to combat this. Candidates who provide unique and genuine answers give more in-depth insights into their problem solving capacity. 

Ask Job Specific Questions

Different jobs have different problems. 

Asking a computer programmer how to treat a cramped muscle is the same as asking a fitness trainer how to solve an error in the HTML; you won't be getting any insights into their job-specific skills. 

Ask questions that are relevant to the interviewee’s potential position. Use common problems in that field and try to pertain to a specific theme. 

It's also a good idea to propose real problems at your workplace . Compare and contrast the candidate's solution to how your company resolved the issue. 

Their response may not be the same, but it could be vastly more effective than your resolution.

Ask Different Types of Problem Solving Questions

There are different categories of problems. Technical problem solving interview questions gain one perspective on a candidate’s skill set. A relationship problem solving question or a critical thinking problem solving question offers additional insight.

A technical problem might mean an error in the system or a malfunctioning piece of equipment. A candidate should be able to notice early signs of these problems (if applicable) and take action accordingly. 

They should also know when the situation is impossible for them to solve alone and that they should go to a higher authority for help.

A relationship problem is when there is a conflict between two or more employees. Teamwork is critical in some fields and a must for cumulative progress. 

HR can't resolve every little argument between workers, so it's often up to the individual to take action and compromise. 

Assessing a candidate's relationship problem solving ability is essential, especially in team-based environments. 

A critical thinking problem is a more complex problem requiring creativity and innovation to solve. 

There isn't a simple fix to these problems, and a person will have to get crafty to solve them. Management, organization, and unanticipated issues usually fall under this category and require the greatest attention to resolve. 

Give Candidates Multiple Opportunities To Relay Experiences

Keep in mind that not every exceptional employee is good at interviews. Some people panic and freeze up on the spot; it's a natural reaction.

If your screening process has multiple stages, you'll want to capitalize on this by assessing a candidate's problem solving abilities twice. There should be one time when they are asked unexpectedly and another when they have time to formulate their answer.  

By doing this, you won't miss out on highly qualified individuals who may not be the best at interviews, and you'll also get a better idea of each candidate's capabilities. 

Incorporate Team Related Problems

People cannot always solve problems on their own. A person shouldn't be entirely dependent on others, but they also have to be able to work on a team efficiently .

The way a candidate tackles team-related issues conveys their ability to get along with co-workers, leadership potential, and capacity for compromise.

People on different wavelengths are going to have other ideas and solutions. If no one can agree, then nothing is ever going to get done. You'll also have to consider a candidate's competence at evenly distributing work and versatility in the planning process. 

Yes, a person's solo problem solving capabilities are important, but their teamwork skills and communication are vital. Keep this in mind during the screening process.

Build Off of Interviewee Responses

Don't go through a repetitive hit-and-go questioning process. Once you ask a question, try to build on the candidate's response. 

This especially goes for questions that draw on a person's real-life experiences. You may have a limited time to ask your questions, but that doesn't mean you have to go through all of them.

Getting in-depth answers to a few questions will better look at a person's problem solving abilities and work ethic. 

If there's something you're curious about or something the candidate says piques your interest, speak up and try to pry as much as possible. 

10 Problem Solving Interview Questions To Hire the Best Candidate

Here are some excellent base questions to ask prospective employees. Each job is unique and encounters different issues, so you'll likely have to make some modifications to fit your case better.

Nonetheless, these are ten great problem solving interview questions that'll isolate the best candidates during the screening process:

1. What Is Your Approach To Problem Solving? 

One of the first things you'll want to assess in a candidate is their approach to solving problems. 

Using inefficient, unorganized, or reckless methods can be more detrimental than good, so be sure to comprehend a person's problem solving strategy deeply. 

Try to get them to relay the exact structure of their approach and have them explain their reasoning behind each step. Encourage your candidate to draw on past experiences and successes as well. 

The problem solving approach also includes a person's attitude towards an issue. Consider elements such as cautiousness, incentive, and reliance on external factors. 

2. How Do You Identify Potential Problems? 

Problems cannot be solved if they cannot be seen. 

Ask the candidate how they have identified different problems throughout their work and personal history. You'll also want to inquire about frequent issues in your business's workplace and common complaints. 

Don't just assess a candidate's ability to realize problems. The time it takes to identify a problem is equally important. Problems become more blatant the longer they are left untouched.

An excellent type of question to use here is a scenario question. Propose a simulated setting based on your company's environment and have them pinpoint the problem. 

3. How Do You Evaluate The Impact of Potential Problems? 

Another skill prospective employees need is the capacity for foresight. They should be able to evaluate the adverse effects of a particular issue. Otherwise, they'd be able to identify the problem but have no incentive to solve it. 

Try to ask questions relating to cause and effect. Ex: If [blank] occurs, then what will happen in the short term and the long run.

4. How Do You Prioritize Problems To Be Solved? 

A spilled drink likely won't require as much attention as a corporate-wide virus in the systems. 

Recognizing where issues lie and knowing how to distribute time can save large sums of money while avoiding catastrophic scenarios.

A candidate's prioritization of problems also indicates their decision-making and organization skills. 

To go further in-depth here, give a candidate a series of problems and have them rank them in the order in which they should be solved. 

5. How Do You Develop Solutions To Problems? 

Developing solutions is a prominent indicator of planning ability and intuitive thinking. Proposing unique problems will test an individual's creative process and reveal how flexible their logic is. 

If a person has a single set strategy for solving every problem, they'll eventually fail. You'll need to hire adaptable workers who can think outside of the box. 

There will never be a plan that accounts for everything.

You can modify this question to work with different problems, such as technical problems, relationship problems, and critical-thinking problems. Each of them necessitates a distinctive solution, so you'll inadvertently force a candidate to display their plasticity. 

6. How Do You Implement Solutions To Problems? 

Having a plan is one thing. Putting it into action is an entirely different matter. If you're familiar with the adage "easier said than done," you can probably infer the purpose of this question.

Unfortunately, you probably won't be able to test candidates firsthand on their ability to implement solutions to problems . The next best thing is closely scrutinizing their personal experiences. 

Ask about problems they have solved in the past. Inquire about what may have happened if their solution didn't work. 

For any theoretical scenarios, you propose, point out flaws in the candidate's plan of action and have them gauge the practicality of performing it.  

Be meticulous here and determine how viable their answers are. 

7. How Do You Evaluate The Effectiveness of Solutions? 

There should be multiple layers to a person's planning process. A candidate can't just propose a well-thought-out plan without evaluating its efficiency. 

The easiest or quickest solutions won't always be the most effective. Yes, simplicity and speed are crucial factors in evaluating effectiveness, but they aren't all-encompassing.

Candidates should also consider the resources used and the longevity of their solution. Identify "bandage fix" answers, and look for long-term results.

A candidate should exhibit the ability to compare the pros and cons of different solutions and determine which one will be the most effective. 

8. How Do You Learn From Problem Solving Experiences? 

Learning from past problems is essential for solving future ones.

A candidate's ability to draw from previous experiences will suggest their effectiveness at problem solving at your workplace.

You will want to hear about the successes of a candidate's problem solving endeavors and their utter failures. Have them relay their gravest mistakes and how they learned from those experiences.

Remember, while succeeding feels good, a person learns more from failure. If a candidate is confident enough to tell you about their most significant shortcoming, they've moved past it and will likely handle adversity more effectively. 

9. How Do You Handle A Situation Where a Colleague Made a Mistake?

It is almost always more comfortable to stay in your lane and mind your own business when it comes to working life. However, interacting with others is a crucial part of teamwork and creating an effective workplace environment.

This question gauges your candidate’s interpersonal skills. You would not like to hear your candidate slandering former colleagues or companies. 

Instead, a candidate's ability to exhibit diplomacy within the workplace is a far more desirable response. When people can work together well and solve problems, your business is more likely to run like a well-oiled machine.

10. How Have You Overcome Personal Weaknesses To Improve Work Performance?

When looking to gain insight into a candidate's self-awareness, this is a great leading question to get a conversation started. 

While self-awareness may seem more relevant to life outside of work, it procures growth in all aspects of a person’s life, leading to a more well-rounded employee. 

A promising candidate will be more than willing to acknowledge their weaknesses, using them as a tool to improve performance. Candidates' answer to this question will also gauge their willingness to learn and adjust to various fluid workplace elements. 

More examples of questions to identify Problem Solving skills

- Can you tell me about a time when you overcame a significant challenge?

- What is your problem solving process?

- When you have to solve a problem, what do you think is the most important thing to consider?

The Bottom Line

There will always be unaccounted problems in a company's business structure. There are no amount of preventive measures one can take to avoid them all; it's just not possible.

Hiring intuitive employees who can think broadly and resolve issues independently is essential to every company. This is why problem solving interview questions are so vital.

Evaluating this skill set in prospective candidates may require extra work but is ultimately worth it. 

Try this free problem solving advanced test if you're looking for a more in-depth evaluation of an applicant's problem solving abilities for your screening process.

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30 Information Technology Technician Interview Questions and Answers

Common Information Technology Technician interview questions, how to answer them, and example answers from a certified career coach.

Being an Information Technology (IT) Technician is no easy feat. You are the backbone of modern businesses, ensuring that technology-driven operations run smoothly and effectively. As you prepare for your interview, it’s essential to showcase not only your technical expertise but also your problem-solving skills and ability to handle stressful situations gracefully.

In this article, we aim to help you excel in your upcoming interview by providing a list of common IT technician interview questions. Along with these questions, we’ll provide insights on how best to answer them, demonstrating your capabilities and readiness to step into this critical role.

1. Can you describe a complex technical issue you had to resolve and the steps you took to solve it?

Unraveling the mysteries of tech glitches is a daily task for those in IT. The ability to troubleshoot, isolate the problem, and find a solution is critical to the job. Employers want to see that you have a systematic, logical approach to problem-solving and the patience and persistence to see it through.

Example: “A complex issue I resolved was a recurring network outage in a company. The problem was intermittent, making it difficult to pinpoint the cause.

I started by analyzing the network logs and found patterns of outages during peak usage times. This suggested a capacity issue. To verify, I conducted stress tests on the network outside business hours.

Results confirmed my suspicion – the network couldn’t handle high traffic volumes. I proposed upgrading the network infrastructure to support higher capacities and implementing load balancing techniques.

Once approved, I coordinated with vendors for upgrades and oversaw the implementation process. Post-upgrade, the network performance improved significantly and no further outages were reported.”

2. How do you stay updated on the latest industry trends and technologies?

In the rapidly evolving field of information technology, the ability to keep up-to-date with the latest trends and technologies is invaluable. Employers need to know that you have the initiative and resources to stay current in your field. Your answer will demonstrate your commitment to professional development, your curiosity, and your ability to adapt to new technologies and methodologies.

Example: “I regularly follow industry-specific websites and blogs, such as TechCrunch and Wired, to stay informed about the latest trends and technologies. I also attend webinars, online courses, and IT conferences whenever possible for hands-on learning experiences. Participating in professional networks and forums is another way I keep up with emerging developments. Lastly, I dedicate some time each week to learn new skills or deepen my understanding of a specific technology through platforms like Coursera and Udemy.”

3. Can you explain a time when you had to explain a technical problem to a non-technical person?

The essence of being an effective IT technician is not just about understanding complex systems, but also about communicating those complexities in a simple, understandable way to non-technical people. By asking this question, employers want to gauge your ability to bridge the gap between the technical and non-technical, ensuring that you can effectively communicate solutions and troubleshoot problems for all users, regardless of their technical understanding.

Example: “During a system update at my previous company, we experienced an unexpected server outage. I had to explain the situation to our non-technical CEO. I used the analogy of a city power grid: just as cities sometimes experience blackouts due to maintenance or unforeseen issues, our “city” (the server) was temporarily down for similar reasons.

I reassured her that like utility workers restoring power, our IT team was working diligently to bring our systems back online. This simple comparison helped her understand the issue and eased her concerns about the downtime.”

4. What steps would you take to secure a network?

Securing a network is a fundamental part of an IT technician’s role, and how you answer this question will demonstrate your technical knowledge, problem-solving skills, and understanding of best practices in IT security. Hiring managers want to ensure you have the critical thinking skills to identify potential vulnerabilities, implement security measures, and maintain the integrity of the network.

Example: “To secure a network, I would begin by implementing strong password policies and two-factor authentication for all users.

Next, I’d ensure that the network is protected with firewalls and intrusion detection systems to monitor and block suspicious activity.

Regularly updating software and hardware components is also crucial as it helps in fixing vulnerabilities that could be exploited by attackers.

Encrypting sensitive data adds an additional layer of protection, making it unreadable even if intercepted.

Lastly, regular audits and penetration testing can help identify potential weaknesses before they are exploited.

Educating staff about cybersecurity best practices is equally important to prevent human errors leading to security breaches.”

5. Can you discuss your experience with cloud computing and virtualization?

As an IT technician, your role may involve managing, supporting, or even building cloud and virtualization infrastructures. These technologies are central to many aspects of today’s IT landscape, from data storage and disaster recovery to application deployment and network virtualization. This question helps employers determine if you have the necessary skills and experience to handle these tasks.

Example: “I have substantial experience in cloud computing, specifically with platforms like AWS and Azure. I’ve managed data migration projects to the cloud, ensuring secure and efficient transfer of sensitive information.

In terms of virtualization, I am proficient in using VMware for creating and managing virtual machines. This includes allocating resources, troubleshooting performance issues, and implementing disaster recovery protocols.

My expertise lies in leveraging these technologies to improve system efficiency, reduce costs, and enhance security measures.”

6. How would you handle a situation where you cannot resolve a user’s problem?

As an IT technician, you’re bound to encounter a variety of problems, some of which may be outside your current skill set or require additional resources to solve. This question is important because it allows the hiring manager to assess your problem-solving skills, your ability to manage stress, and your customer service skills. It also helps them understand your ability to work collaboratively, seek help when necessary, and manage expectations.

Example: “In situations where I can’t resolve a user’s problem, my first step would be to acknowledge the issue and reassure the user that I’m doing everything in my power to find a solution.

If it’s beyond my expertise, I wouldn’t hesitate to escalate it to a higher level of support or involve a colleague with more experience in that particular area.

It’s crucial to keep the user updated about the progress and manage their expectations effectively. If delays occur, clear communication is key.

Learning from such instances is also vital for personal growth and improving future troubleshooting efforts.”

7. What is your process for troubleshooting a hardware issue?

As an IT technician, your role involves a significant amount of problem-solving, particularly when it comes to hardware issues. Interviewers want to understand your methodology, your technical skills, and your resourcefulness. They’re interested in how you approach problems, how you diagnose issues, and how you determine and implement solutions. This question also gives them insight into your patience and communication skills when dealing with non-technical colleagues.

Example: “When troubleshooting a hardware issue, I start by identifying the problem through user reports or system alerts. I then replicate the issue if possible to better understand what’s happening.

Next, I check for common causes of such issues like software updates, driver compatibility, or physical damage. If these are not the cause, I consult technical manuals or online resources for potential solutions.

If necessary, I replace the faulty component with a functioning one for further testing. Once the issue is resolved, I document the process and solution to help address similar problems in the future. Throughout this process, communication with affected users is key to manage expectations and ensure satisfaction.”

8. Describe your experience with network architecture and design.

As an IT technician, you’re not just a problem-solver, but also a potential innovator. Employers want to know that you have an understanding of network infrastructure, including design and architecture, as you may be tasked with improving or creating new systems. This goes beyond troubleshooting and into the realm of strategic IT development, contributing directly to the efficiency and evolution of the company’s tech environment.

Example: “I have extensive experience in network architecture and design. I’ve worked on projects involving the development of scalable networks, ensuring they are secure and efficient.

My tasks included designing physical and virtual networks, implementing security measures, and troubleshooting any issues that arose.

Having a deep understanding of protocols like TCP/IP, DNS, and DHCP was crucial for this work. I also utilized software such as Cisco Packet Tracer to simulate and test network designs before implementation.

This experience has honed my problem-solving skills and given me a comprehensive understanding of how to create effective network infrastructures.”

9. What programming languages are you proficient in and how have you utilized them in your past roles?

In the fast-paced tech world, an IT technician’s ability to navigate and use different programming languages is vital. Hiring managers need to see that you’re not only technically proficient but adaptable and capable of applying your skills to solve real-world problems. Therefore, they want to hear about your experience and how you’ve used those languages in practical settings.

Example: “I am proficient in Python, Java, and SQL.

In my experience with Python, I’ve developed various automation scripts to streamline system tasks, improving efficiency by 30%.

With Java, I created a user-friendly interface for an internal database management tool which significantly enhanced usability.

Using SQL, I’ve managed large datasets, performed complex queries and data analysis that supported key business decisions.”

10. Can you discuss a time when you had to implement a major system upgrade?

This question aims to examine your project management and problem-solving skills. System upgrades are often complex, involving many different components and teams, and can result in significant downtime if not managed properly. Therefore, your ability to plan, coordinate, and execute a major system upgrade—and to handle any problems that arise during the process—is a key indicator of your technical and leadership skills in the IT field.

Example: “In a previous role, we had to upgrade our Customer Relationship Management system. The goal was to improve data management and customer service.

The first step involved analyzing the old system’s performance and identifying areas for improvement. We discovered that data retrieval was slow and the user interface wasn’t user-friendly.

Next, I coordinated with the software provider on customization requirements. This included faster data processing capabilities and an intuitive UI design.

During implementation, I led training sessions for the staff to ensure smooth transition. Post-implementation, I monitored the system closely for any issues.

This experience taught me the importance of thorough preparation, effective communication, and continuous monitoring during a major system upgrade.”

11. How familiar are you with data backup and recovery procedures?

As an IT technician, one of your primary responsibilities will be to ensure the protection and integrity of data. This involves not only preventing data loss through regular backups, but also being able to restore that data in the event of a system failure or other unforeseen circumstances. Employers need to be confident that you have the necessary skills and experience to handle these critical tasks.

Example: “I have a solid understanding of data backup and recovery procedures. I am well-versed in setting up regular automated backups, using both onsite and offsite storage to ensure data safety.

In terms of recovery, I’m experienced in creating disaster recovery plans which include steps for restoring data from backups. This involves testing the plan regularly to confirm its effectiveness.

Moreover, I understand the importance of encryption in securing backed-up data and version control to track changes over time. These procedures are vital in maintaining data integrity and ensuring business continuity.”

12. What is your approach to managing and monitoring network performance?

The health and speed of a company’s network can have a profound impact on daily operations. If you’re the one keeping an eye on it, you’ll need to be proactive, consistently monitoring performance and making necessary adjustments to prevent issues before they occur. This question aims to assess your technical skills, problem-solving abilities, and understanding of the importance of network performance in an organization.

Example: “My approach to managing and monitoring network performance involves proactive measures and reactive solutions. I use network monitoring tools to track system performance, identify issues before they become problems, and analyze data for long-term improvements.

Proactive management includes regular maintenance, updates, and patches to prevent potential vulnerabilities. This also encompasses capacity planning to ensure the infrastructure can handle growth and demand spikes.

On the reactive side, when an issue arises, I prioritize immediate resolution while identifying the root cause to prevent recurrence.

Overall, my goal is to maintain optimal network performance with minimal downtime, ensuring business continuity and user satisfaction.”

13. How have you handled a situation where there was a major system failure?

Think about what happens when your computer crashes: it’s stressful, right? Now imagine that happening on a company-wide scale. That’s what IT technicians are often up against. Hiring managers want to know that you can handle that stress, troubleshoot under pressure, and come up with a solution that gets everything back on track. It’s all about being able to handle the unexpected and keep the technological backbone of the company intact.

Example: “In a major system failure, my first priority is to isolate the issue. I recall an incident where our company’s main server crashed unexpectedly. I quickly identified the problem as a hardware malfunction and isolated it from the network.

Next, I implemented our disaster recovery plan, restoring service using backup servers. Simultaneously, I coordinated with the hardware vendor for immediate replacement of the faulty component.

Throughout this process, communication was key. I kept all relevant parties informed about the situation and estimated recovery time. This approach minimized downtime and ensured business continuity.”

14. Can you explain your understanding of ITIL and its role in IT service management?

This question seeks to assess your familiarity with the Information Technology Infrastructure Library (ITIL), a widely adopted framework for managing IT services. If the organization adheres to this framework, they’ll want a technician who understands its principles and can apply them in their work. This ensures the IT services align with the business needs, leading to improved efficiency and effectiveness.

Example: “ITIL, or Information Technology Infrastructure Library, is a set of best practices for IT service management (ITSM) that aims to align IT services with the needs of businesses. It provides a framework for managing different aspects of IT services, from planning and delivery to support and maintenance.

The role of ITIL in ITSM is crucial as it helps organizations create value by maintaining a balance between the investment in services and the quality of services delivered. This results in improved customer satisfaction, reduced costs, and enhanced productivity.

As an IT technician, understanding and applying ITIL principles can help streamline processes, reduce redundancies, and ultimately deliver more efficient and effective IT services.”

15. What strategies do you use to protect a system from malware and other cybersecurity threats?

Cybersecurity is a fundamental aspect of any IT role, and hiring managers want to be assured that you have the skills and knowledge to protect their systems. They want to know whether you’re up-to-date with the latest security protocols, how you manage and mitigate risks, and your approach to maintaining the integrity and confidentiality of their data. Essentially, they’re assessing your ability to safeguard their digital assets against potential threats.

Example: “To protect a system from malware and other cybersecurity threats, I employ a multi-layered approach.

This starts with implementing robust antivirus software that can detect, quarantine, and eliminate various types of malware. Regular updates are essential to keep the software effective against new threats.

Next, firewalls are set up to monitor incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules. This helps prevent unauthorized access to or from a private network.

I also advocate for regular system backups to ensure data recovery in case of a breach.

Lastly, educating users about safe online practices is crucial as human error often leads to breaches. This includes training on recognizing phishing attempts, using strong passwords, and avoiding suspicious downloads or links.”

16. Can you discuss a project where you had to use your knowledge of database management?

This question is a way for you to demonstrate your technical skills and practical experience with database management. It’s not just about knowing the theory, it’s about applying that knowledge to real-world scenarios. Your response could highlight your problem-solving skills, your ability to work under pressure, and how you approach complex tasks. It’s also an opportunity to showcase any unique approaches or strategies you have used to achieve success.

Example: “In a recent project, I was tasked with optimizing an existing database system for a client. The goal was to improve data retrieval speed and ensure data integrity.

I started by analyzing the current structure of the database and identifying areas that could be improved. This included inefficient queries and poorly designed tables.

After this initial analysis, I implemented changes such as indexing certain columns to speed up query times, normalizing tables to eliminate redundant data, and creating stored procedures to automate common tasks.

The result was a 35% improvement in data retrieval times and significantly fewer errors related to data inconsistencies. This experience has honed my skills in database management and optimization.”

17. How have you utilized automation in your previous roles to improve efficiency?

This question is designed to assess your adaptability and innovation skills. As an IT professional, you’re expected to constantly look for ways to streamline processes and make operations more efficient. One such method is through the use of automation. By asking about your experience with automation, the interviewer wants to gauge your understanding of its potential benefits and whether you can creatively apply it to enhance productivity in the role you’re applying for.

Example: “In my experience, automation plays a crucial role in enhancing efficiency. For instance, I implemented automated software updates and patch management across all systems. This not only reduced manual effort but also minimized downtime due to unexpected system issues.

I also utilized scripting for routine tasks like user account creation or deletion, which significantly cut down the time spent on these repetitive activities.

Moreover, by automating data backup processes, I ensured data safety while freeing up staff to focus on more strategic tasks.

These initiatives improved operational efficiency and allowed us to provide better service levels.”

18. What is your experience with managing user access and permissions?

Access management is a critical part of an IT technician’s job. Providing the right level of access to the appropriate individuals while maintaining security protocols is a balancing act that requires skill and diligence. By asking this question, hiring managers are seeking to understand your experience and comfort level with this important aspect of the role. They want to know if you can effectively manage user access and permissions without compromising security or disrupting necessary workflow.

Example: “I have extensive experience in managing user access and permissions. In my previous role, I was responsible for setting up and maintaining user accounts which involved granting appropriate levels of access based on their roles within the organization.

I’ve worked with Active Directory to manage group policies and permissions for different departments. This has given me a deep understanding of how to balance security needs with operational functionality.

Moreover, I am familiar with using Identity Access Management (IAM) tools that automate the process of controlling user access. These tools ensure only authorized individuals can access certain data or systems, enhancing overall network security.

In terms of troubleshooting, I’m adept at identifying and resolving issues related to access control, such as users being unable to access certain resources. My approach is always guided by best practices and compliance requirements.”

19. How would you handle a situation where you need to work with a difficult team member?

This question is a test of your interpersonal skills. In a field like IT, where teamwork can often be essential to solving complex problems or completing major projects, being able to work with all types of personalities is a must. Employers want to know that you can navigate difficult relationships and still get your job done efficiently and effectively.

Example: “In a situation with a difficult team member, I would first try to understand their perspective. This could involve direct communication to identify any issues or misunderstandings.

If this doesn’t resolve the issue, I’d leverage my technical skills to ensure our tasks are completed efficiently despite personal differences. For instance, using project management tools can help streamline collaboration and minimize friction.

As an IT technician, maintaining professionalism is crucial. So, regardless of the situation, I’d stay focused on delivering quality work while promoting a positive working environment.”

20. Can you discuss a time when you had to meet a tight deadline for a project?

This question is designed to gauge your ability to manage time, prioritize tasks, and work under pressure. As an IT Technician, you will often face tight deadlines and urgent project demands. Demonstrating your ability to successfully navigate this kind of environment is important to potential employers. They want to see that you have the capacity to stay calm, make smart decisions, and deliver quality work, even when the clock is ticking.

Example: “In one instance, we had to implement a critical software update across the company within two days. This was challenging due to the size of our network and potential disruptions to operations.

I prioritized tasks effectively, coordinating with my team for efficient execution. We worked in shifts to ensure round-the-clock progress while minimizing downtime during peak business hours.

Despite the pressure, we successfully completed the update ahead of schedule. This experience reinforced the importance of teamwork, effective planning, and adaptability under tight deadlines.”

21. What is your approach to documenting IT processes and maintaining records?

As an IT technician, you’re not just a problem solver, but also a record keeper. Documentation is a key part of maintaining the health of an IT system. It helps in tracking changes, identifying patterns, and ensuring continuity in case of staff turnover. By asking this question, hiring managers want to evaluate your organizational skills and your commitment to keeping meticulous records, both of which are essential for smooth operation and future troubleshooting.

Example: “My approach to documenting IT processes involves using a combination of diagrams and written instructions. Diagrams help visualize complex processes, while written instructions provide detailed steps.

For record maintenance, I use digital tools like project management software or databases that allow easy access and updates. Regular audits ensure the records are accurate and up-to-date.

Keeping documentation clear, concise, and easily understandable is crucial for effective communication within the team and ensuring smooth operations.”

22. How have you managed vendor relationships in your previous roles?

Navigating vendor relationships is a critical part of an IT technician’s role. Whether it’s sourcing software, hardware, or services, the ability to successfully manage these relationships can impact a company’s bottom line and overall operational efficiency. This question aims to explore your negotiation skills, communication abilities, and your knack for fostering collaborative partnerships.

Example: “In managing vendor relationships, effective communication has been key. I ensured regular updates on both sides to keep track of progress and address issues promptly.

I also prioritized understanding each vendor’s capabilities and limitations. This helped in setting realistic expectations and avoiding potential conflicts.

Negotiation skills were crucial too. By striking a balance between our needs and the vendor’s, we achieved mutually beneficial agreements.

Finally, I utilized technology for efficient vendor management. Tools like Vendor Management Systems (VMS) streamlined processes, saving time and reducing errors.”

23. Can you describe a project where you had to use your knowledge of wireless networking?

This question seeks to uncover your hands-on experience with wireless networking. As an IT technician, you’ll often have to work with wireless networks, troubleshoot connectivity issues, and possibly even set up new networks. Your answer will give the interviewer a sense of your practical skills, problem-solving abilities, and the depth of your understanding of wireless networking technology.

Example: “In a recent project, I was tasked with setting up a wireless network for a small business. The goal was to ensure seamless connectivity across the office.

I started by conducting a site survey to understand the layout and identify potential signal interferences. Based on this, I selected appropriate hardware including routers and repeaters.

The next step involved configuring the devices, ensuring security measures like WPA2 encryption were in place. Post-configuration, I conducted tests to check coverage, speed, and stability.

The project was successful, resulting in robust, secure wireless connectivity throughout the premises. This experience honed my practical skills in wireless networking, from planning to implementation and troubleshooting.”

24. What is your experience with disaster recovery planning?

Unexpected events can take a business offline, which can lead to productivity loss, data loss, and even revenue loss. As an IT technician, it’s your responsibility to prevent or at least minimize such occurrences. Hiring managers ask this question to gauge your ability to handle this responsibility and to understand your experience and skills in creating and implementing recovery plans to safeguard the company’s digital assets.

Example: “I have extensive experience in disaster recovery planning. In my previous role, I was responsible for developing and implementing a comprehensive disaster recovery plan. This involved identifying potential risks, assessing the impact on business operations, and devising strategies to mitigate these risks.

My approach is always proactive rather than reactive. I believe in regular testing of the plan to ensure its effectiveness and making necessary updates as technology or business needs evolve.

Having successfully navigated several unexpected system failures with minimal downtime, I can confidently say that effective disaster recovery planning is critical in maintaining business continuity and minimizing losses.”

25. How have you dealt with a situation where you had to prioritize multiple tasks?

Juggling multiple tasks is a common scenario in the IT realm. From updating software systems to troubleshooting hardware issues, IT technicians can face a flurry of tasks daily. Your potential employer wants to ensure that you can not only handle the pressure of multiple demands but also manage your time effectively to prioritize and address these tasks. This question is designed to assess your problem-solving skills and ability to handle demanding situations.

Example: “In the IT field, prioritizing tasks is crucial. I usually start by assessing each task’s urgency and importance. For instance, a server down issue impacting multiple users would take precedence over a minor software update.

I also utilize project management tools to keep track of deadlines and progress. This helps me stay organized and ensures no task is overlooked.

Moreover, effective communication with team members and stakeholders is key in managing expectations and keeping everyone informed about the status of various tasks.”

26. Can you discuss a time when you had to adapt to a major change in technology or process?

Change is the only constant in the technology sector. If you’re working in IT, you need to be adaptable and willing to learn new skills. This question is asked to assess your ability to handle change, learn new things, and solve problems in a fast-paced, ever-evolving industry. It also helps interviewers gauge your flexibility and agility in response to changing circumstances or demands.

Example: “In one instance, our organization decided to transition from a traditional on-premise server setup to cloud-based solutions. It was a significant shift that required me to quickly adapt and learn new skills.

I took the initiative to enroll in online courses and sought help from experts in this field. I spent many hours learning about cloud computing concepts, benefits, and potential challenges.

The transition process was challenging but rewarding. We managed to move all our data to the cloud successfully, improving efficiency and reducing costs. This experience taught me how important it is to stay updated with technology trends and be adaptable in my role as an IT technician.”

27. What is your approach to training and supporting non-technical staff?

The essence of an IT technician’s role lies not only in resolving technical issues but also in empowering non-technical staff to use technology more effectively. This means you need to be patient and possess the ability to communicate complex technical issues in a simple and understandable manner. Hiring managers ask this question to assess your communication skills, empathy, and ability to adapt your technical knowledge to different audiences.

Example: “My approach to training non-technical staff involves simplifying complex concepts into easily understandable terms. I use visual aids, real-life examples, and hands-on exercises to make learning more engaging.

For support, I believe in proactive communication and patience. It’s crucial to provide a safe space where they feel comfortable asking questions or seeking help.

I also advocate for the creation of user-friendly guides and FAQs as reference materials that can empower them to resolve minor issues independently.”

28. Can you describe a project that required significant problem-solving skills?

As an IT technician, you’re often the go-to person when there’s a technical issue or challenge. Your problem-solving skills are critical to resolving these situations, and employers want to know about your approach to tackling difficult projects. By asking this question, hiring managers are seeking to understand your thought process, technical expertise, and how you handle pressure or frustration when faced with a challenging problem.

Example: “In one instance, our company’s network experienced a significant slowdown. I was tasked to identify and resolve the issue.

After conducting an initial assessment, it became clear that the problem wasn’t straightforward. The slowdown was intermittent and unpredictable.

I systematically isolated different parts of the network to pinpoint the source. This involved testing individual servers, switches, and routers.

The issue turned out to be a faulty network interface card in one of our main servers. It was intermittently dropping packets causing the overall performance degradation.

Replacing the card resolved the issue. This project required keen analytical skills, patience, and a deep understanding of networking principles.”

29. What is your experience with system audits and compliance?

This question seeks to uncover your familiarity with the critical aspects of IT operations that involve system audits and compliance. Both of these areas are essential for maintaining the security, efficiency, and legality of a company’s IT infrastructure. Your experience demonstrates your ability to identify potential issues, ensure systems meet specific requirements, and maintain the overall health of the IT environment.

Example: “I have substantial experience with system audits and compliance. During my career, I’ve performed regular audits to ensure data integrity and security. This involved checking software applications for potential vulnerabilities and making sure that all systems were compliant with industry standards.

My work also included implementing corrective measures when non-compliance issues were identified. Furthermore, I was responsible for creating comprehensive reports on audit findings and presenting them to the management team.

Understanding regulatory requirements and staying updated with changes is crucial in this role. Therefore, I regularly attend training sessions and webinars related to IT compliance and auditing.”

30. How do you handle stress and pressure in a highly technical, fast-paced environment?

Tech environments are often high-stress, high-pressure situations. Deadlines are tight, stakes are high and, in many cases, the whole company is relying on your team to keep everything running smoothly. Thus, employers need to be sure you can handle the pressure without buckling, keep up with the pace, and still perform your duties effectively.

Example: “In a high-pressure environment, I believe it’s crucial to maintain composure and prioritize tasks effectively. One strategy I use is breaking down complex problems into manageable parts. This approach not only makes the task less overwhelming but also allows for more efficient problem-solving.

Moreover, I ensure to take short breaks when needed to clear my mind and refocus. It helps me stay productive without compromising on the quality of work.

Lastly, I’m a strong advocate of continuous learning. Keeping myself updated with the latest technological advancements enables me to adapt quickly in a fast-paced environment.”

30 Middleware Engineer Interview Questions and Answers

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Ronna McDaniel, TV News and the Trump Problem

The former republican national committee chairwoman was hired by nbc and then let go after an outcry..

This transcript was created using speech recognition software. While it has been reviewed by human transcribers, it may contain errors. Please review the episode audio before quoting from this transcript and email [email protected] with any questions.

From “The New York Times,” I’m Michael Barbaro. This is “The Daily.”

[MUSIC PLAYING]

Today, the saga of Ronna McDaniel and NBC and what it reveals about the state of television news headed into the 2024 presidential race. Jim Rutenberg, a “Times” writer at large, is our guest.

It’s Monday, April 1.

Jim, NBC News just went through a very public, a very searing drama over the past week, that we wanted you to make sense of in your unique capacity as a longtime media and political reporter at “The Times.” This is your sweet spot. You were, I believe, born to dissect this story for us.

Oh, brother.

Well, on the one hand, this is a very small moment for a major network like NBC. They hire, as a contributor, not an anchor, not a correspondent, as a contributor, Ronna McDaniel, the former RNC chairwoman. It blows up in a mini scandal at the network.

But to me, it represents a much larger issue that’s been there since that moment Donald J. Trump took his shiny gold escalator down to announce his presidential run in 2015. This struggle by the news media to figure out, especially on television, how do we capture him, cover him for all of his lies, all the challenges he poses to Democratic norms, yet not alienate some 74, 75 million American voters who still follow him, still believe in him, and still want to hear his reality reflected in the news that they’re listening to?

Right. Which is about as gnarly a conundrum as anyone has ever dealt with in the news media.

Well, it’s proven so far unsolvable.

Well, let’s use the story of what actually happened with Ronna McDaniel and NBC to illustrate your point. And I think that means describing precisely what happened in this situation.

The story starts out so simply. It’s such a basic thing that television networks do. As elections get underway, they want people who will reflect the two parties.

They want talking heads. They want insiders. They want them on their payroll so they can rely on them whenever they need them. And they want them to be high level so they can speak with great knowledge about the two major candidates.

Right. And rather than needing to beg these people to come on their show at 6 o’clock, when they might be busy and it’s not their full-time job, they go off and they basically put them on retainer for a bunch of money.

Yeah. And in this case, here’s this perfect scenario because quite recently, Ronna McDaniel, the chairwoman of the Republican National Committee through the Trump era, most of it, is now out on the market. She’s actually recently been forced out of the party. And all the networks are interested because here’s the consummate insider from Trump world ready to get snatched up under contract for the next election and can really represent this movement that they’ve been trying to capture.

So NBC’S key news executives move pretty aggressively, pretty swiftly, and they sign her up for a $300,000 a year contributor’s contract.

Nice money if you can get it.

Not at millions of dollars that they pay their anchors, but a very nice contract. I’ll take it. You’ll take it. In the eyes of NBC execs she was perfect because she can be on “Meet the Press” as a panelist. She can help as they figure out some of their coverage. They have 24 hours a day to fill and here’s an official from the RNC. You can almost imagine the question that would be asked to her. It’s 10:00 PM on election night. Ronna, what are the Trump people thinking right now? They’re looking at the same numbers you are.

That was good, but that’s exactly it. And we all know it, right? This is television in our current era.

So last Friday, NBC makes what should be a routine announcement, but one they’re very proud of, that they’ve hired Ronna McDaniel. And in a statement, they say it couldn’t be a more important moment to have a voice like Ronna’s on the team. So all’s good, right? Except for there’s a fly in the ointment.

Because it turns out that Ronna McDaniel has been slated to appear on “Meet the Press,” not as a paid NBC contributor, but as a former recently ousted RNC chair with the “Meet The Press” host, Kristen Welker, who’s preparing to have a real tough interview with Ronna McDaniel. Because of course, Ronna McDaniel was chair of the party and at Trump’s side as he tried to refuse his election loss. So this was supposed to be a showdown interview.

From NBC News in Washington, the longest-running show in television history. This is “Meet The Press” with Kristen Welker.

And here, all of a sudden, Kristin Welker is thrown for a loop.

In full disclosure to our viewers, this interview was scheduled weeks before it was announced that McDaniel would become a paid NBC News contributor.

Because now, she’s actually interviewing a member of the family who’s on the same payroll.

Right. Suddenly, she’s interviewing a colleague.

This will be a news interview, and I was not involved in her hiring.

So what happens during the interview?

So Welker is prepared for a tough interview, and that’s exactly what she does.

Can you say, as you sit here today, did Joe Biden win the election fair and square?

He won. He’s the legitimate president.

Did he win fair and square?

Fair and square, he won. It’s certified. It’s done.

She presses her on the key question that a lot of Republicans get asked these days — do you accept Joe Biden was the winner of the election?

But, I do think, Kristen —

Ronna, why has it taken you until now to say that? Why has it taken you until now to be able to say that?

I’m going to push back a little.

McDaniel gets defensive at times.

Because I do think it’s fair to say there were problems in 2020. And to say that does not mean he’s not the legitimate president.

But, Ronna, when you say that, it suggests that there was something wrong with the election. And you know that the election was the most heavily scrutinized. Chris Krebs —

It’s a really combative interview.

I want to turn now to your actions in the aftermath of the 2020 election.

And Welker actually really does go deeply into McDaniel’s record in those weeks before January 6.

On November 17, you and Donald Trump were recorded pushing two Republican Michigan election officials not to certify the results of the election. And on the call —

For instance, she presses McDaniel on McDaniel’s role in an attempt to convince a couple county commissioner level canvassers in Michigan to not certify Biden’s victory.

Our call that night was to say, are you OK? Vote your conscience. Not pushing them to do anything.

McDaniel says, look, I was just telling them to vote their conscience. They should do whatever they think is right.

But you said, do not sign it. If you can go home tonight, do not sign it. How can people read that as anything other than a pressure campaign?

And Welker’s not going to just let her off the hook. Welker presses her on Trump’s own comments about January 6 and Trump’s efforts recently to gloss over some of the violence, and to say that those who have been arrested, he’ll free them.

Do you support that?

I want to be very clear. The violence that happened on January 6 is unacceptable.

And this is a frankly fascinating moment because you can hear McDaniel starting to, if not quite reverse some of her positions, though in some cases she does that, at least really soften her language. It’s almost as if she’s switching uniforms from the RNC one to an NBC one or almost like breaking from a role she was playing.

Ronna, why not speak out earlier? Why just speak out about that now?

When you’re the RNC chair, you kind of take one for the whole team, right? Now, I get to be a little bit more myself.

She says, hey, you know what? Sometimes as RNC chair, you just have to take it for the team sometimes.

Right. What she’s really saying is I did things as chairwoman of the Republican National committee that now that I no longer have that job, I can candidly say, I wished I hadn’t done, which is very honest. But it’s also another way of saying I’m two faced, or I was playing a part.

Ronna McDaniel, thank you very much for being here this morning.

Then something extraordinary happens. And I have to say, I’ve never seen a moment like this in decades of watching television news and covering television news.

Welcome back. The panel is here. Chuck Todd, NBC News chief political analyst.

Welker brings her regular panel on, including Chuck Todd, now the senior NBC political analyst.

Chuck, let’s dive right in. What were your takeaways?

And he launches right into what he calls —

Look, let me deal with the elephant in the room.

The elephant being this hiring of McDaniel.

I think our bosses owe you an apology for putting you in this situation.

And he proceeds, on NBC’S air, to lace into management for, as he describes it, putting Welker in this crazy awkward position.

Because I don’t know what to believe. She is now a paid contributor by NBC News. I have no idea whether any answer she gave to you was because she didn’t want to mess up her contract.

And Todd is very hung up on this idea that when she was speaking for the party, she would say one thing. And now that she’s on the payroll at NBC, she’s saying another thing.

She has credibility issues that she still has to deal with. Is she speaking for herself, or is she speaking on behalf of who’s paying her?

Todd is basically saying, how are we supposed to know which one to believe.

What can we believe?

It is important for this network and for always to have a wide aperture. Having ideological diversity on this panel is something I prided myself on.

And what he’s effectively saying is that his bosses should have never hired her in this capacity.

I understand the motivation, but this execution, I think, was poor.

Someone said to me last night we live in complicated times. Thank you guys for being here. I really appreciate it.

Now, let’s just note here, this isn’t just any player at NBC. Chuck Todd is obviously a major news name at the network. And him doing this appears to just open the floodgates across the entire NBC News brand, especially on its sister cable network, MSNBC.

And where I said I’d never seen anything like what I saw on “Meet the Press” that morning, I’d never seen anything like this either. Because now, the entire MSNBC lineup is in open rebellion. I mean, from the minute that the sun comes up. There is Joe Scarborough and Mika Brzezinski.

We weren’t asked our opinion of the hiring. But if we were, we would have strongly objected to it.

They’re on fire over this.

believe NBC News should seek out conservative Republican voices, but it should be conservative Republicans, not a person who used her position of power to be an anti-democracy election denier.

But it rolls out across the entire schedule.

Because Ronna McDaniel has been a major peddler of the big lie.

The fact that Ms. McDaniel is on the payroll at NBC News, to me that is inexplicable. I mean, you wouldn’t hire a mobster to work at a DA’s office.

Rachel Maddow devotes an entire half hour.

It’s not about just being associated with Donald Trump and his time in the Republican Party. It’s not even about lying or not lying. It’s about our system of government.

Thumbing their noses at our bosses and basically accusing them of abetting a traitorous figure in American history. I mean, just extraordinary stuff. It’s television history.

And let’s face it, we journalists, our bosses, we can be seen as crybabies, and we’re paid complaining. Yeah, that’s what we’re paid to do. But in this case, the NBC executives cannot ignore this, because in the outcry, there’s a very clear point that they’re all making. Ronna McDaniel is not just a voice from the other side. She was a fundamental part of Trump’s efforts to deny his election loss.

This is not inviting the other side. This is someone who’s on the wrong side —

Of history.

Of history, of these moments that we’ve covered and are still covering.

And I think it’s fair to say that at this point, everyone understands that Ronna McDaniel’s time at NBC News is going to be very short lived. Yeah, basically, after all this, the executives at NBC have to face facts it’s over. And on Tuesday night, they release a statement to the staff saying as much.

They don’t cite the questions about red lines or what Ronna McDaniel represented or didn’t represent. They just say we need to have a unified newsroom. We want cohesion. This isn’t working.

I think in the end, she was a paid contributor for four days.

Yeah, one of the shortest tenures in television news history. And look, in one respect, by their standards, this is kind of a pretty small contract, a few hundred thousand dollars they may have to pay out. But it was way more costly because they hired her. They brought her on board because they wanted to appeal to these tens of millions of Americans who still love Donald J. Trump.

And what happens now is that this entire thing is blown up in their face, and those very same people now see a network that, in their view, in the view of Republicans across the country, this network will not accept any Republicans. So it becomes more about that. And Fox News, NBC’S longtime rival, goes wall to wall with this.

Now, NBC News just caved to the breathless demands from their far left, frankly, emotionally unhinged host.

I mean, I had it on my desk all day. And every minute I looked at that screen, it was pounding on these liberals at NBC News driving this Republican out.

It’s the shortest tenure in TV history, I think. But why? Well, because she supports Donald Trump, period.

So in a way, this leaves NBC worse off with that Trump Republican audience they had wanted to court than maybe even they were before. It’s like a boomerang with a grenade on it.

Yeah, it completely explodes in their face. And that’s why to me, the whole episode is so representative of this eight-year conundrum for the news media, especially on television. They still haven’t been able to crack the code for how to handle the Trump movement, the Trump candidacy, and what it has wrought on the American political system and American journalism.

We’ll be right back.

Jim, put into context this painful episode of NBC into that larger conundrum you just diagnosed that the media has faced when it comes to Trump.

Well, Michael, it’s been there from the very beginning, from the very beginning of his political rise. The media was on this kind of seesaw. They go back and forth over how to cover him. Sometimes they want to cover him quite aggressively because he’s such a challenging candidate. He was bursting so many norms.

But at other times, there was this instinct to understand his appeal, for the same reason. He’s such an unusual candidate. So there was a great desire to really understand his voters. And frankly, to speak to his voters, because they’re part of the audience. And we all lived it, right?

But just let me take you back anyway because everything’s fresh again with perspective. And so if you go back, let’s look at when he first ran. The networks, if you recall, saw him as almost like a novelty candidate.

He was going to spice up what was expected to be a boring campaign between the usual suspects. And he was a ratings magnet. And the networks, they just couldn’t get enough of it. And they allowed him, at times, to really shatter their own norms.

Welcome back to “Meet the Press,” sir.

Good morning, Chuck.

Good morning. Let me start —

He was able to just call into the studio and riff with the likes of George Stephanopoulos and Chuck Todd.

What does it have to do with Hillary?

She can’t talk about me because nobody respects women more than Donald Trump.

And CNN gave him a lot of unmitigated airtime, if you recall during the campaign. They would run the press conferences.

It’s the largest winery on the East Coast. I own it 100 percent.

And let him promote his Trump steaks and his Trump wine.

Trump steaks. Where are the steaks? Do we have steaks?

I mean, it got that crazy. But again, the ratings were huge. And then he wins. And because they had previously given him all that airtime, they’ve, in retrospect, sort of given him a political gift, and more than that now have a journalistic imperative to really address him in a different way, to cover him as they would have covered any other candidate, which, let’s face it, they weren’t doing initially. So there’s this extra motivation to make up for lost ground and maybe for some journalistic omissions.

Right. Kind of correct for the lack of a rigorous journalistic filter in the campaign.

Exactly. And the big thing that this will be remembered for is we’re going to call a lie a lie.

I don’t want to sugarcoat this because facts matter, and the fact is President Trump lies.

Trump lies. We’re going to say it’s a lie.

And I think we can’t just mince around it because they are lies. And so we need to call them what they are.

We’re no longer going to use euphemisms or looser language we’re. Going to call it for what it is.

Trump lies in tweets. He spreads false information at rallies. He lies when he doesn’t need to. He lies when the truth is more than enough for him.

CNN was running chyrons. They would fact check Trump and call lies lies on the screen while Trump is talking. They were challenging Trump to his face —

One of the statements that you made in the tail end of the campaign in the midterms that —

Here we go.

That — well, if you don’t mind, Mr. President, that this caravan was an invasion.

— in these crazy press conferences —

They’re are hundreds of miles away, though. They’re hundreds and hundreds of miles away. That’s not an invasion.

Honestly, I think you should let me run the country. You run CNN. And if you did it well, your ratings —

Well, let me ask — if I may ask one other question. Mr. President, if I may ask another question. Are you worried —

That’s enough. That’s enough.

And Trump is giving it right back.

I tell you what, CNN should be ashamed of itself having you working for them. You are a rude, terrible person. You shouldn’t be working for CNN.

Very combative.

So this was this incredibly fraught moment for the American press. You’ve got tens of millions of Trump supporters seeing what’s really basic fact checking. These look like attacks to Trump supporters. Trump, in turn, is calling the press, the reporters are enemies of the people. So it’s a terrible dynamic.

And when January 6 happens, it’s so obviously out of control. And what the traditional press that follows, traditional journalistic rules has to do is make it clear that the claims that Trump is making about a stolen election are just so abjectly false that they don’t warrant a single minute of real consideration once the reporting has been done to show how false they are. And I think that American journalism really emerged from that feeling strongly about its own values and its own place in society.

But then there’s still tens of millions of Trump voters, and they don’t feel so good about the coverage. And they don’t agree that January 6 was an insurrection. And so we enter yet another period, where the press is going to have to now maybe rethink some things.

In what way?

Well, there’s a kind of quiet period after January 6. Trump is off of social media. The smoke is literally dissipating from the air in Washington. And news executives are kind of standing there on the proverbial battlefield, taking a new look at their situation.

And they’re seeing that in this clearer light, they’ve got some new problems, perhaps none more important for their entire business models than that their ratings are quickly crashing. And part of that diminishment is that a huge part of the country, that Trump-loving part of the audience, is really now severed from him from their coverage.

They see the press as actually, in some cases, being complicit in stealing an election. And so these news executives, again, especially on television, which is so ratings dependent, they’ve got a problem. So after presumably learning all these lessons about journalism and how to confront power, there’s a first subtle and then much less subtle rethinking.

Maybe we need to pull back from that approach. And maybe we need to take some new lessons and switch it up a little bit and reverse some of what we did. And one of the best examples of this is none other than CNN.

It had come under new management, was being led by a guy named Chris Licht, a veteran of cable news, but also Stephen Colbert’s late night show in his last job. And his new job under this new management is we’re going to recalibrate a little bit. So Chris Licht proceeds to try to bring the network back to the center.

And how does he do that?

Well, we see some key personalities who represented the Trump combat era start losing air time and some of them lose their jobs. There’s talk of, we want more Republicans on the air. There was a famous magazine article about Chris Licht’s balancing act here.

And Chris Licht says to a reporter, Tim Alberta of the “Atlantic” magazine, look, a lot in the media, including at his own network, quote unquote, “put on a jersey, took a side.” They took a side. And he says, I think we understand that jersey cannot go back on him. Because he says in the end of the day, by the way, it didn’t even work. We didn’t change anyone’s mind.

He’s saying that confrontational approach that defined the four years Trump was in office, that was a reaction to the feeling that TV news had failed to properly treat Trump with sufficient skepticism, that that actually was a failure both of journalism and of the TV news business. Is that what he’s saying?

Yeah. On the business side, it’s easier call, right? You want a bigger audience, and you’re not getting the bigger audience. But he’s making a journalistic argument as well that if the job is to convey the truth and take it to the people, and they take that into account as they make their own voting decisions and formulate their own opinions about American politics, if tens of millions of people who do believe that election was stolen are completely tuning you out because now they see you as a political combatant, you’re not achieving your ultimate goal as a journalist.

And what does Licht’s “don’t put a jersey back on” approach look like on CNN for its viewers?

Well, It didn’t look good. People might remember this, but the most glaring example —

Please welcome, the front runner for the Republican nomination for president, Donald Trump.

— was when he held a town hall meeting featuring Donald J. Trump, now candidate Trump, before an audience packed with Trump’s fans.

You look at what happened during that election. Unless you’re a very stupid person, you see what happens. A lot of the people —

Trump let loose a string of falsehoods.

Most people understand what happened. It was a rigged election.

The audience is pro-Trump audience, was cheering him on.

Are you ready? Are you ready? Can I talk?

Yeah, what’s your answer?

Can I? Do you mind?

I would like for you to answer the question.

OK. It’s very simple to answer.

That’s why I asked it.

It’s very simple. You’re a nasty person, I’ll tell you that.

And during, the CNN anchor hosting this, Kaitlan Collins, on CNN’s own air, it was a disaster.

It felt like a callback to the unlearned lessons of 2016.

Yeah. And in this case, CNN’s staff was up in arms.

Big shakeup in the cable news industry as CNN makes another change at the top.

Chris Licht is officially out at CNN after a chaotic run as chairman and CEO.

And Chris Licht didn’t survive it.

The chief executive’s departure comes as he faced criticism in recent weeks after the network hosted a town hall with Donald Trump and the network’s ratings started to drop.

But I want to say that the CNN leadership still, even after that, as they brought new leadership in, said, this is still the path we’re going to go on. Maybe that didn’t work out, but we’re still here. This is still what we have to do.

Right. And this idea is very much in the water of TV news, that this is the right overall direction.

Yeah. This is, by no means, isolated to CNN. This is throughout the traditional news business. These conversations are happening everywhere. But CNN was living it at that point.

And this, of course, is how we get to NBC deciding to hire Ronna McDaniel.

Right. Because they’re picking up — right where that conversation leaves off, they’re having the same conversation. But for NBC, you could argue this tension between journalistic values and audience. It’s even more pressing. Because even though MSNBC is a niche cable network, NBC News is part of an old-fashioned broadcast network. It’s on television stations throughout the country.

And in fact, those networks, they still have 6:30 newscasts. And believe it or not, millions of people still watch those every night. Maybe not as many as they used to, but there’s still some six or seven million people tuning in to nightly news. That’s important.

Right. We should say that kind of number is sometimes double or triple that of the cable news prime time shows that get all the attention.

On their best nights. So this is big business still. And that business is based on broad — it’s called broadcast for a reason. That’s based on broad audiences. So NBC had a business imperative, and they argue they had a journalistic imperative.

So given all of that, Jim, I think the big messy question here is, when it comes to NBC, did they make a tactical error around hiring the wrong Republican which blew up? Or did they make an even larger error in thinking that the way you handle Trump and his supporters is to work this hard to reach them, when they might not even be reachable?

The best way to answer that question is to tell you what they’re saying right now, NBC management. What the management saying is, yes, this was a tactical error. This was clearly the wrong Republican. We get it.

But they’re saying, we are going to — and they said this in their statement, announcing that they were severing ties with McDaniel. They said, we’re going to redouble our efforts to represent a broad spectrum of the American votership. And that’s what they meant was that we’re going to still try to reach these Trump voters with people who can relate to them and they can relate to.

But the question is, how do you even do that when so many of his supporters believe a lie? How is NBC, how is CNN, how are any of these TV networks, if they have decided that this is their mission, how are they supposed to speak to people who believe something fundamentally untrue as a core part of their political identity?

That’s the catch-22. How do you get that Trump movement person who’s also an insider, when the litmus test to be an insider in the Trump movement is to believe in the denialism or at least say you do? So that’s a real journalistic problem. And the thing that we haven’t really touched here is, what are these networks doing day in and day out?

They’re not producing reported pieces, which I think it’s a little easier. You just report the news. You go out into the world. You talk to people, and then you present it to the world as a nuanced portrait of the country. This thing is true. This thing is false. Again, in many cases, pretty straightforward. But their bread and butter is talking heads. It’s live. It’s not edited. It’s not that much reported.

So their whole business model especially, again, on cable, which has 24 hours to fill, is talking heads. And if you want the perspective from the Trump movement, journalistically, especially when it comes to denialism, but when it comes to some other major subjects in American life, you’re walking into a place where they’re going to say things that aren’t true, that don’t pass your journalistic standards, the most basic standards of journalism.

Right. So you’re saying if TV sticks with this model, the kind of low cost, lots of talk approach to news, then they are going to have to solve the riddle of who to bring on, who represents Trump’s America if they want that audience. And now they’ve got this red line that they’ve established, that that person can’t be someone who denies the 2020 election reality. But like you just said, that’s the litmus test for being in Trump’s orbit.

So this doesn’t really look like a conundrum. This looks like a bit of a crisis for TV news because it may end up meaning that they can’t hire that person that they need for this model, which means that perhaps a network like NBC does need to wave goodbye to a big segment of these viewers and these eyeballs who support Trump.

I mean, on the one hand, they are not ready to do that, and they would never concede that that’s something they’re ready to do. The problem is barring some kind of change in their news model, there’s no solution to this.

But why bar changes to their news model, I guess, is the question. Because over the years, it’s gotten more and more expensive to produce news, the news that I’m talking about, like recorded packages and what we refer to as reporting. Just go out and report the news.

Don’t gab about it. Just what’s going on, what’s true, what’s false. That’s actually very expensive in television. And they don’t have the kind of money they used to have. So the talking heads is their way to do programming at a level where they can afford it.

They do some packages. “60 Minutes” still does incredible work. NBC does packages, but the lion’s share of what they do is what we’re talking about. And that’s not going to change because the economics aren’t there.

So then a final option, of course, to borrow something Chris Licht said, is that a network like NBC perhaps doesn’t put a jersey on, but accepts the reality that a lot of the world sees them wearing a jersey.

Yeah. I mean, nobody wants to be seen as wearing a jersey in our business. No one wants to be wearing a jersey on our business. But maybe what they really have to accept is that we’re just sticking to the true facts, and that may look like we’re wearing a jersey, but we’re not. And that may, at times, look like it’s lining up more with the Democrats, but we’re not.

If Trump is lying about a stolen election, that’s not siding against him. That’s siding for the truth, and that’s what we’re doing. Easier said than done. And I don’t think any of these concepts are new.

I think there have been attempts to do that, but it’s the world they’re in. And it’s the only option they really have. We’re going to tell you the truth, even if it means that we’re going to lose a big part of the country.

Well, Jim, thank you very much.

Thank you, Michael.

Here’s what else you need to know today.

[PROTESTERS CHANTING]

Over the weekend, thousands of protesters took to the streets of Tel Aviv and Jerusalem in some of the largest domestic demonstrations against the government of Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu since Israel invaded Gaza in the fall.

[NON-ENGLISH SPEECH]

Some of the protesters called on Netanyahu to reach a cease fire deal that would free the hostages taken by Hamas on October 7. Others called for early elections that would remove Netanyahu from office.

During a news conference on Sunday, Netanyahu rejected calls for early elections, saying they would paralyze his government at a crucial moment in the war.

Today’s episode was produced by Rob Szypko, Rikki Novetsky, and Alex Stern, with help from Stella Tan.

It was edited by Brendan Klinkenberg with help from Rachel Quester and Paige Cowett. Contains original music by Marion Lozano, Dan Powell, and Rowan Niemisto and was engineered by Chris Wood. Our theme music is by Jim Brunberg and Ben Landsverk of Wonderly.

That’s it for “The Daily.” I’m Michael Barbaro. See you tomorrow.

• April 2, 2024   •   29:32 Kids Are Missing School at an Alarming Rate
• April 1, 2024   •   36:14 Ronna McDaniel, TV News and the Trump Problem
• March 29, 2024   •   48:42 Hamas Took Her, and Still Has Her Husband
• March 28, 2024   •   33:40 The Newest Tech Start-Up Billionaire? Donald Trump.
• March 27, 2024   •   28:06 Democrats’ Plan to Save the Republican House Speaker
• March 26, 2024   •   29:13 The United States vs. the iPhone
• March 25, 2024   •   25:59 A Terrorist Attack in Russia
• March 24, 2024   •   21:39 The Sunday Read: ‘My Goldendoodle Spent a Week at Some Luxury Dog ‘Hotels.’ I Tagged Along.’
• March 22, 2024   •   35:30 Chuck Schumer on His Campaign to Oust Israel’s Leader
• March 21, 2024   •   27:18 The Caitlin Clark Phenomenon
• March 20, 2024   •   25:58 The Bombshell Case That Will Transform the Housing Market
• March 19, 2024   •   27:29 Trump’s Plan to Take Away Biden’s Biggest Advantage

Hosted by Michael Barbaro

Featuring Jim Rutenberg

Produced by Rob Szypko ,  Rikki Novetsky and Alex Stern

With Stella Tan

Edited by Brendan Klinkenberg ,  Rachel Quester and Paige Cowett

Original music by Marion Lozano ,  Dan Powell and Rowan Niemisto

Engineered by Chris Wood

Listen and follow The Daily Apple Podcasts | Spotify | Amazon Music

Ronna McDaniel’s time at NBC was short. The former Republican National Committee chairwoman was hired as an on-air political commentator but released just days later after an on-air revolt by the network’s leading stars.

Jim Rutenberg, a writer at large for The Times, discusses the saga and what it might reveal about the state of television news heading into the 2024 presidential race.

On today’s episode

Jim Rutenberg , a writer at large for The New York Times.

Background reading

Ms. McDaniel’s appointment had been immediately criticized by reporters at the network and by viewers on social media.

The former Republican Party leader tried to downplay her role in efforts to overturn the 2020 election. A review of the record shows she was involved in some key episodes .

There are a lot of ways to listen to The Daily. Here’s how.

We aim to make transcripts available the next workday after an episode’s publication. You can find them at the top of the page.

The Daily is made by Rachel Quester, Lynsea Garrison, Clare Toeniskoetter, Paige Cowett, Michael Simon Johnson, Brad Fisher, Chris Wood, Jessica Cheung, Stella Tan, Alexandra Leigh Young, Lisa Chow, Eric Krupke, Marc Georges, Luke Vander Ploeg, M.J. Davis Lin, Dan Powell, Sydney Harper, Mike Benoist, Liz O. Baylen, Asthaa Chaturvedi, Rachelle Bonja, Diana Nguyen, Marion Lozano, Corey Schreppel, Rob Szypko, Elisheba Ittoop, Mooj Zadie, Patricia Willens, Rowan Niemisto, Jody Becker, Rikki Novetsky, John Ketchum, Nina Feldman, Will Reid, Carlos Prieto, Ben Calhoun, Susan Lee, Lexie Diao, Mary Wilson, Alex Stern, Dan Farrell, Sophia Lanman, Shannon Lin, Diane Wong, Devon Taylor, Alyssa Moxley, Summer Thomad, Olivia Natt, Daniel Ramirez and Brendan Klinkenberg.

Our theme music is by Jim Brunberg and Ben Landsverk of Wonderly. Special thanks to Sam Dolnick, Paula Szuchman, Lisa Tobin, Larissa Anderson, Julia Simon, Sofia Milan, Mahima Chablani, Elizabeth Davis-Moorer, Jeffrey Miranda, Renan Borelli, Maddy Masiello, Isabella Anderson and Nina Lassam.

Jim Rutenberg is a writer at large for The Times and The New York Times Magazine and writes most often about media and politics. More about Jim Rutenberg

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