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Communications and Networking Research Group

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PUBLICATIONS

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134. Vishrant Tripathi, Nick Jones, Eytan Modiano, Fresh-CSMA: A Distributed Protocol for Minimizing Age of Information, IEEE Journal on Communications and Networks, 2024.

133. Bai Liu, Quang Nguyen, Qingkai Liang, Eytan Modiano, Tracking Drift-Plus-Penalty: Utility Maximization for Partially Observable and Controllable Networks, IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, 2024.

132. Xinzhe Fu, Eytan Modiano, Optimal Routing to Parallel Servers with Unknown Utilities – Multi-armed Bandit With Queues, IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, January 2022.

131. Bai Liu, Qingkai Liang, Eytan Modiano, Tracking MaxWeight: Optimal Control for Partially Observable and Controllable Networks, IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, August 2023.

130. Xinzhe Fu, Eytan Modiano, Joint Learning and Control in Stochastic Queueing Networks with unknown Utilities, Proceedings of the ACM on Measurement and Analysis of Computing Systems, 2023.

129. Vishrant Tripathi, Rajat Talak, Eytan Modiano, Information Freshness in Multi-Hop Wireless Networks, IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking,” April 2023.

128.  Xinzhe Fu, Eytan Modiano, “ Learning-NUM: Network Utility Maximization with Unknown Utility Functions and Queueing Delay ,”  IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking,” 2022.

127.  Bai Liu, Qiaomin Xie, Eytan Modiano,  " RL-QN: A Reinforcement Learning Framework for Optimal Control of Queueing Systems ,"  ACM Transactions on Modeling and Performance Evaluation of Computing Systems (TOMPECS), 2022.

126. Xinzhe Fu and E. Modiano,  “ Elastic Job Scheduling with Unknown Utility Functions ,” Performance Evaluation, 2021.

125. Bai Liu and E. Modiano, “ Optimal Control for Networks with Unobservable Malicious Nodes ,”  Performance Evaluation, 2021.

124. Vishrant Tripathi, Rajat Talak, Eytan Modiano, " Age Optimal Information Gathering and Dissemination on Graphs ,”  Transactions on Mobile Computing, April 2021.

123.  Xinyu Wu, Dan Wu, Eytan Modiano, “ Predicting Failure Cascades in Large Scale Power Systems via the Influence Model Framework, ”  IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2021.

122.   Roy D. Yates, Yin Sun, D. Richard Brown III, Sanjit K. Kaul, Eytan Modiano and Sennur Ulukus, “ Age of Information: An Introduction and Survey, ”  Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, February 2021.

121.   Jianan Zhang, Abhishek Sinha, Jaime Llorca, Anonia Tulino, Eytan Modiano, “ Optimal Control of Distributed Computing Networks with Mixed-Cast Traffic Flows ,”  IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, 2021.

120.   Thomas Stahlbuhk, Brooke Shrader, Eytan Modiano, " Learning Algorithms for Minimizing Queue Length Regret ,”  IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 2021.

119.   Thomas Stahlbuhk, Brooke Shrader, Eytan Modiano, “ Throughput Maximization in Uncooperative Spectrum Sharing Networks ,”  IEEE/ACM IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, Vol. 28, No. 6, December 2020.

118.   Thomas Stahlbuhk, Brooke Shrader, Eytan Modiano, “ Learning algorithms for scheduling in wireless networks with unknown channel statistics ,” Ad Hoc Networks, Vol. 85, pp. 131-144, 2019.

117.   Rajat Talak, Eytan Modiano, “ Age-Delay Tradeoffs in Queueing Systems ,”  IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 2021.

116.   Rajat Talak, Sertac Karaman, Eytan Modiano, " Improving Age of Information in Wireless Networks with Perfect Channel State Information ,”  IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, Vol. 28, No. 4, August 2020.

115.   Igor Kadota and Eytan Modiano, “ Minimizing the Age of Information in Wireless Networks with Stochastic Arrivals ,” IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, 2020.

114.   Rajat Talak, Sertac Karaman, Eytan Modiano, “ Optimizing Information Freshness in Wireless Networks under General Interference Constraints ,”  IEEE/ACM transactions on Networking, Vol. 28, No. 1, February 2020.

113.   X. Fu and E. Modiano, " Fundamental Limits of Volume-based Network DoS Attacks ," Proceedings of the ACM on Measurement and Analysis of Computing Systems, Vol. 3, No. 3, December 2019. 

112.   Rajat Talak, Sertac Karaman, Eytan Modiano, “ Capacity and Delay Scaling for Broadcast Transmission in Highly Mobile Wireless Networks ,” IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, 2019.

111.   Abhishek Sinha and Eytan Modiano, “ Throughput-Optimal Broadcast in Wireless Networks with Point-to-Multipoint Transmissions , IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, Vol. 19, No. 9, September 2020.

110.   Yu-Pin Hsu, Eytan Modiano, Lingjie Duan, “ Scheduling Algorithms for Minimizing Age of Information in Wireless Broadcast Networks with Random Arrivals ,”  IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, Vol. 19, No. 12, December 2020.

109.   Xiaolin Jiang, Hossein S. Ghadikolaei, Gabor Fodor, Eytan Modiano, Zhibo Pang, Michele Zorzi, Carlo Fischione, " Low-latency Networking: Where Latency Lurks and How to Tame It ,”  Proceedings of the IEEE, 2019.

108.   Jianan Zhang, Edmund Yeh, Eytan Modiano, “ Robustness of Interdependent Random Geometric Networks ,” IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering, Vol. 6, No. 3, July-September 2019.

107.   Qingkai Liang, Hyang-Won Lee, Eytan Modiano, “ Robust Design of Spectrum-Sharing Networks ,” IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, Vol. 18, No. 8, August 2019.

106.   A. Sinha, L. Tassiulas, E. Modiano, “ Throughput-Optimal Broadcast in Wireless Networks with Dynamic Topology ,”  IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, Vol. 18, No. 5, May 2019.

105. Igor Kadota, Abhishek Sinha, Eytan Modiano, “ Scheduling Algorithms for Optimizing Age of Information in Wireless Networks With Throughput Constraints ,”  IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, August 2019.

104.   Igor Kadota, Abhishek Sinha, Rahul Singh, Elif Uysal-Biyikoglu, Eytan Modjano, “ Scheduling Policies for Minimizing Age of Information in Broadcast Wireless Networks ,” IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, Vol. 26, No. 5, October 2018.

103.   Jianan Zhang and Eytan Modiano, “ Connectivity in Interdependent Networks ,”  IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, 2018.

102.   Qingkai Liang, Eytan Modiano, “ Minimizing Queue Length Regret Under Adversarial Network Models ,” Proceedings of the ACM on Measurement and Analysis of Computing Systems, Volume 2, Issue 1, April 2018, Article No.: 11, pp 1-32. (same as Sigmetrics 2018).

101.   A. Sinha and E. Modiano, “ Optimal Control for Generalized Network Flow Problems ,”  IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, 2018.

100.   Hossein Shokri-Ghadikolaei, Carlo Fischione, Eytan Modiano  “ Interference Model Similarity Index and Its Applications to mmWave Networks ,”  IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 2018.

99.   Matt Johnston, Eytan Modiano, “ Wireless Scheduling with Delayed CSI: When Distributed Outperforms Centralized, ’ IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, 2018.

98.   A. Sinha, G. Paschos, E. Modiano, “ Throughput-Optimal Multi-hop Broadcast Algorithms ," IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, 2017.

97.   Nathan Jones, Georgios Paschos, Brooke Shrader, Eytan Modiano, " An Overlay Architecture for Throughput Optimal Multipath Routing ,” IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, 2017.

96.   Greg Kuperman, Eytan Modiano, “ Providing Guaranteed Protection in Multi-Hop Wireless Networks with Interference Constraints ,” IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, 2017.

95.   Matt Johnston, Eytan Modiano, Isaac Kesslassy, “ Channel Probing in Opportunistic Communications Systems ,”  IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, November, 2017.

94.   Anurag Rai, Georgios Paschos, Chih-Ping Lee, Eytan Modiano, " Loop-Free Backpressure Routing Using Link-Reversal Algorithms ", IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, October, 2017.

93.   Matt Johnston and Eytan Modiano, “" Controller Placement in Wireless Networks with Delayed CSI ,” IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, 2017.

92.   Jianan Zheng, E. Modiano, D. Hay, " Enhancing Network Robustness via Shielding ,”  IEEE Transactions on Networking, 2017.

91.   M. Markakis, E. Modiano, J.N. Tsitsiklis, “ Delay Analysis of the Max-Weight Policy under Heavy-Tailed Traffic via Fluid Approximations ,” Mathematics of Operations Research, October, 2017.

90.   Qingkai Liang and E. Modiano, “ Survivability in Time-Varying Graphs ,”  IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, 2017.

89.   A. Sinha, G. Paschos, C. P. Li, and E. Modiano, “ Throughput-Optimal Multihop Broadcast on Directed Acyclic Wireless Networks ," IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, Vol. 25, No. 1, Feb. 2017.

88.   G. Celik, S. Borst, , P. Whiting , E. Modiano, “ Dynamic Scheduling with Reconfiguration Delays ,”  Queueing Systems, 2016.

87.  G. Paschos, C. P. Li, E. Modiano, K. Choumas, T. Korakis, “ In-network Congestion Control for Multirate Multicast ,”   IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking,  2016.

86.   H. Seferoglu and E. Modiano, “ TCP-Aware Backpressure Routing and Scheduling ,” IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, 2016.

85.   H. Seferoglu and E. Modiano, “ Separation of Routing and Scheduling in Backpressure-Based Wireless Networks ," IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, Vol. 24, No. 3, 2016.

84.   M. Markakis, E. Modiano, J.N. Tsitsiklis, “ Delay Stability of Back-Pressure Policies in the presence of Heavy-Tailed Traffic ,”  IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, 2015.

83.   S. Neumayer, E. Modiano,  “ Network Reliability Under Geographically Correlated Line and Disk Failure Models ,” Computer Networks, to appear, 2016.

82.   S. Neumayer, E. Modiano, A. Efrat, “ Geographic Max-Flow and Min-Cut Under a Circular Disk Failure Model ,” Computer Networks, 2015.

81.   Marzieh Parandehgheibi, Hyang-Won Lee, Eytan Modiano, Survivable Path Sets:  A new approach to survivability in multi-layer networks ,”  IEEE Journal on Lightwave Technology, 2015.

80.   G. Kuperman, E. Modiano, A. Narula-Tam, “ Network Protection with Multiple Availability Guarantees ,” Computer Networks, 2015.

79.   G. Kuperman, E. Modiano, A. Narula-Tam, “ Analysis and Algorithms for Partial Protection in Mesh Networks ,” IEEE/OSA Journal of Optical Communications and Networks, 2014.

78.   Krishna Jagannathan, Mihalis Markakis, Eytan Modiano, John Tsitsiklis, " Throughput Optimal Scheduling over Time-Varying Channels in the presence of Heavy-Tailed Traffic ,” IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 2014.

77.   Chih-Ping Li and Eytan Modiano, “ Receiver-Based Flow Control for Networks in Overload ," IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, Vol. 23, No. 2, 2015.

76.   Matthew Johnston, Hyang-Won Lee, Eytan Modiano, “ A Robust Optimization Approach to Backup Network Design with Random Failures ,” IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, Vol. 23, No. 4, 2015.

75.   Guner Celik and Eytan Modiano, “ Scheduling in Networks with Time-Varying Channels and Reconfiguration Delay ," IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, Vol. 23, No. 1, 2015.

74.   Matt Johnston, H.W. Lee, E. Modiano, “ Robust Network Design for Stochastic Traffic Demands ," IEEE Journal of Lightwave Technology, 2013.

73.   Mihalis Markakis, Eytan Modiano, John Tsitsiklis, “ Max-Weight Scheduling in Queueing Networks With Heavy-Tailed Traffic, ” IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, 2014.

72.   Kayi Lee, Hyang-Won Lee, Eytan Modiano, " Maximizing Reliability in WDM Networks through Lightpath Routing ,”  IEEE ACM Transactions on Networking, 2014.

71.   Krishna Jaggannathan and Eytan Modiano, “ The Impact of Queue Length Information on Buffer Overflow in Parallel Queues ,”  IEEE transactions on Information Theory, 2013.

70.   Krishna Jagannathan, Ishai Menashe, Gil Zussman, Eytan Modiano, “ Non-cooperative Spectrum Access - The Dedicated vs. Free Spectrum Choice ,” IEEE JSAC, special issue on Economics of Communication Networks & Systems, to appear, 2012.

69.   Guner Celik and Eytan Modiano, “ Dynamic Server Allocation over Time Varying Channels with Switchover Delay ," IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, to appear, 2012.

68.   Anand Srinivas and Eytan Modiano, " Joint Node Placement and Assignment for Throughput Optimization in Mobile Backbone Networks ,” IEEE JSAC, special issue on Communications Challenges and Dynamics for Unmanned Autonomous Vehicles, June, 2012.

67.   Guner Celik and Eytan Modiano, “ Controlled Mobility in Stochastic and Dynamic Wireless Networks ," Queueing Systems, 2012.

66.   Krishna Jagannathan, Shie Mannor, Ishai Menache, Eytan Modiano, “ A State Action Frequency Approach to Throughput Maximization over Uncertain Wireless Channels ,” Internet Mathematics, Vol. 9, Nos. 2–3: 136–160.

65.   Long Le, E. Modiano, N. Shroff, “Optimal Control of Wireless Networks with Finite Buffers ,” IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, to appear, 2012.

64.   K. Jagannathan, M. Markakis, E. Modiano, J. Tsitsiklis, “Queue Length Asymptotics for Generalized Max-Weight Scheduling in the presence of Heavy-Tailed Traffic,” IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, Vol. 20, No. 4, August 2012.

63.   Kayi Lee, Hyang-Won Lee, Eytan Modiano, “ Reliability in Layered Networks with Random Link Failures, ” IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, December 2011.

62.   Krishna Jagannathan, Eytan Modiano, Lizhong Zheng, “ On the Role of Queue Length Information in Network Control ,” IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, September 2011.

61.   Hyang-Won Lee, Long Le, Eytan Modiano, “ Distributed Throughput Maximization in Wireless Networks via Random Power Allocation, ” IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, 2011.

60.   Sebastian Neumayer, Gil Zussman, Rueven Cohen, Eytan Modiano, " Assessing the Vulnerability of the Fiber Infrastructure to Disasters, " IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, December 2011.

59.   Kayi Lee, Eytan Modiano, Hyang-Won Lee, “ Cross Layer Survivability in WDM-based Networks ,” IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, August 2011.

58.   Emily Craparo, Jon How, and Eytan Modiano, “Throughput Optimization in Mobile Backbone Networks,” IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, April, 2011.

57.   Hyang-Won Lee, Kayi Lee, and Eytan Modiano, “Diverse Routing in Networks with Probabilistic Failures,” IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, December, 2010.

56.   Guner Celik, Gil Zussman, Wajahat Khan and Eytan Modiano, “MAC Protocols For Wireless Networks With Multi-packet Reception Cabaility ,” IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, February, 2010.

55.   Atilla Eryilmaz, Asuman Ozdaglar, Devavrat Shah, and Eytan Modiano, “Distributed Cross-Layer Algorithms for the Optimal Control of Multi-hop Wireless Networks,” IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, April 2010.

54.   Murtaza Zafer and Eytan Modiano, “Minimum Energy Transmission over a Wireless Channel With Deadline and Power Constraints ,” IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, pp. 2841-2852, December, 2009.

53.   Murtaza Zafer and Eytan Modiano, “A Calculus Approach to Energy-Efficient Data Transmission with Quality of Service Constraints,” IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, 2009.

52.   Anand Srinivas, Gil Zussman, and Eytan Modiano, “Construction and Maintenance of Wireless Mobile Backbone Networks,” IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, 2009.

51.   Andrew Brzezinski, Gil Zussman, and Eytan Modiano, “Distributed Throughput Maximization in Wireless Mesh Networks Via Pre-Partitioning,” IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, December, 2008.

50.   Amir Khandani, Eytan Modiano, Jinane Abounadi, Lizhong Zheng, “Reliability and Route Diversity in Wireless Networks,” IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, December, 2008.

49.   Alessandro Tarello, Jun Sun, Murtaza Zafer and Eytan Modiano, “Minimum Energy Transmission Scheduling Subject to Deadline Constraints,” ACM Wireless Networks, October, 2008.

48.   Murtaza Zafer, Eytan Modiano, “Optimal Rate Control for Delay-Constrained Data Transmission over a Wireless Channel,” IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, September, 2008.

47.   Andrew Brzezinski and Eytan Modiano, “Achieving 100% Throughput In Reconfigurable IP/WDM Networks,” IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, August, 2008.

46.   Michael Neely, Eytan Modiano and C. Li, “Fairness and Optimal Stochastic Control for Heterogeneous Networks,” IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, September, 2008.

45.   Amir Khandani, Jinane Abounadi, Eytan Modiano, Lizhong Zheng, “Cooperative Routing in Static Wireless Networks,” IEEE Transactions on Communications, November 2007.

44.   Murtaza Zafer, Eytan Modiano, “Joint Scheduling of Rate-guaranteed and Best-effort Users over a Wireless Fading Channel,” IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, October, 2007.

43.   Krishna Jagannathan, Sem Borst, Phil Whiting and Eytan Modiano, “Scheduling of Multi-Antenna Broadcast Systems with Heterogeneous Users,” IEEE Journal of Selected Areas in Communications, September, 2007.Amir Khandani, Jinane

42.   Anand Ganti, Eytan Modiano, and John Tsitsiklis, “Optimal Transmission Scheduling in Symmetric Communication Models with Intermittent Connectivity, ” IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, March, 2007.

41.   Michael Neely and Eytan Modiano, “Logarithmic Delay for NxN Packet Switches Under Crossbar Constraints,” IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, November, 2007.

40.   Jun Sun, Jay Gao, Shervin Shambayati and Eytan Modiano, “Ka-Band Link Optimization with Rate Adaptation for Mars and Lunar Communications,”   International Journal of Satellite Communications and Networks, March, 2007.

39.   Jun Sun and Eytan Modiano, "Fair Allocation of A Wireless Fading Channel: An Auction Approach" Institute for Mathematics and its Applications, Volume 143: Wireless Communications, 2006.

38.   Jun Sun, Eytan Modiano and Lizhong Zhang, “Wireless Channel Allocation Using An Auction Algorithm,” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, May, 2006.

37.   Murtaza Zafer and Eytan Modiano, "Blocking Probability and Channel Assignment for Connection Oriented Traffic in Wireless Networks," IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, April, 2006.

36.   Alvin Fu, Eytan Modiano, and John Tsitsiklis, "Optimal Transmission Scheduling over a fading channel with Energy and Deadline Constraints" IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, March,2006.

35.   Poompat Saengudomlert, Eytan Modiano and Rober Gallager, “On-line Routing and Wavelength Assignment for Dynamic Traffic in WDM Ring and Torus Networks,” IEEE Transactions on Networking, April, 2006.

34.   Li-Wei Chen, Eytan Modiano and Poompat Saengudomlert, "Uniform vs. Non-Uniform band Switching in WDM Networks," Computer Networks (special issue on optical networks), January, 2006.

33.   Andrew Brzezinski and Eytan Modiano, "Dynamic Reconfiguration and Routing Algorithms for IP-over-WDM networks with Stochastic Traffic," IEEE Journal of Lightwave Technology, November, 2005

32.   Randall Berry and Eytan Modiano, "Optimal Transceiver Scheduling in WDM/TDM Networks," IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, August, 2005.

31.   Poompat Saengudomlert, Eytan Modiano, and Robert G. Gallager, “Dynamic Wavelength Assignment for WDM All-Optical Tree Networks,” IEEE Transactions on Networking, August, 2005.

30.   Ashwinder Ahluwalia and Eytan Modiano, "On the Complexity and Distributed Construction of Energy Efficient Broadcast Trees in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks," IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, October, 2005.

29.   Michael Neely, Charlie Rohrs and Eytan Modiano, "Equivalent Models for Analysis of Deterministic Service Time Tree Networks," IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, October, 2005.

28.   Michael Neely and Eytan Modiano, "Capacity and Delay Tradeoffs for Ad Hoc Mobile Networks," IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, May, 2005.

27.   Li-Wei Chen and Eytan Modiano, "Efficient Routing and Wavelength Assignment for Reconfigurable WDM Networks with Wavelength Converters," IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, February, 2005. Selected as one of the best papers from Infocom 2003 for fast-track publication in IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking.

26.   Michael Neely and Eytan Modiano, "Convexity in Queues with General Inputs," IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, May, 2005.

25.   Anand Srinivas and Eytan Modiano, "Finding Minimum Energy Disjoint Paths in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks," ACM Wireless Networks, November, 2005. Selected to appear in a special issue dedicated to best papers from Mobicom 2003.

24.   Michael Neely, Eytan Modiano and Charlie Rohrs, "Dynamic Power Allocation and Routing for Time-Varying Wireless Networks," IEEE Journal of Selected Areas in Communication, January, 2005.

23.   Chunmei Liu and Eytan Modiano, "On the performance of additive increase multiplicative decrease (AIMD) protocols in hybrid space-terrestrial networks," Computer Networks, September, 2004.

22.   Li-Wei Chen and Eytan Modiano, "Dynamic Routing and Wavelength Assignment with Optical Bypass using Ring Embeddings," Optical Switching and Networking (Elsevier), December, 2004.

21.   Aradhana Narula-Tam, Eytan Modiano and Andrew Brzezinski, "Physical Topology Design for Survivable Routing of Logical Rings in WDM-Based Networks," IEEE Journal of Selected Areas in Communication, October, 2004.

20.   Randall Berry and Eytan Modiano, "'The Role of Switching in Reducing the Number of Electronic Ports in WDM Networks," IEEE Journal of Selected Areas in Communication, October, 2004.

19.   Jun Sun and Eytan Modiano, "Routing Strategies for Maximizing Throughput in LEO Satellite Networks,," IEEE JSAC, February, 2004.

18.   Jun Sun and Eytan Modiano, "Capacity Provisioning and Failure Recovery for Low Earth Orbit Satellite Networks," International Journal on Satellite Communications, June, 2003.

17.   Alvin Fu, Eytan Modiano, and John Tsitsiklis, "Optimal Energy Allocation and Admission Control for Communications Satellites," IEEE Transactions on Networking, June, 2003.

16.   Michael Neely, Eytan Modiano and Charles Rohrs, "Power Allocation and Routing in Multi-Beam Satellites with Time Varying Channels," IEEE Transactions on Networking, February, 2003.

15.   Eytan Modiano and Aradhana Narula-Tam, "Survivable lightpath routing: a new approach to the design of WDM-based networks," IEEE Journal of Selected Areas in Communication, May 2002.

14.   Aradhana Narula-Tam, Phil Lin and Eytan Modiano, "Efficient Routing and Wavelength Assignment for Reconfigurable WDM Networks," IEEE Journal of Selected Areas in Communication, January, 2002.

13.   Brett Schein and Eytan Modiano, "Quantifying the benefits of configurability in circuit-switched WDM ring networks with limited ports per node," IEEE Journal on Lightwave Technology, June, 2001.

12.   Aradhana Narula-Tam and Eytan Modiano, "Dynamic Load Balancing in WDM Packet Networks with and without Wavelength Constraints," IEEE Journal of Selected Areas in Communications, October 2000.

11.   Randy Berry and Eytan Modiano, "Reducing Electronic Multiplexing Costs in SONET/WDM Rings with Dynamically Changing Traffic," IEEE Journal of Selected Areas in Communications, October 2000.

10.   Eytan Modiano and Richard Barry, "A Novel Medium Access Control Protocol for WDM-Based LANs and Access Networks Using a Master-Slave Scheduler," IEEE Journal on Lightwave Technology, April 2000.

9.   Eytan Modiano and Anthony Ephremides, "Communication Protocols for Secure Distributed Computation of Binary Functions," Information and Computation, April 2000.

8.   Angela Chiu and Eytan Modiano, "Traffic Grooming Algorithms for Reducing Electronic Multiplexing Costs in WDM Ring Networks," IEEE Journal on Lightwave Technology, January 2000.

7.   Eytan Modiano, "An Adaptive Algorithm for Optimizing the Packet Size Used in Wireless ARQ Protocols," Wireless Networks, August 1999.

6.   Eytan Modiano, "Random Algorithms for Scheduling Multicast Traffic in WDM Broadcast-and-Select Networks," IEEE Transactions on Networking, July, 1999.

5.   Eytan Modiano and Richard Barry, "Architectural Considerations in the Design of WDM-based Optical Access Networks," Computer Networks, February 1999.

4.   V.W.S. Chan, K. Hall, E. Modiano and K. Rauschenbach, "Architectures and Technologies for High-Speed Optical Data Networks," IEEE Journal of Lightwave Technology, December 1998.

3.   Eytan Modiano and Anthony Ephremides, "Efficient Algorithms for Performing Packet Broadcasts in a Mesh Network," IEEE Transactions on Networking, May 1996.

2.   Eytan Modiano, Jeffrey Wieselthier and Anthony Ephremides, "A Simple Analysis of Queueing Delay in a Tree Network of Discrete-Time Queues with Constant Service Times," IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, February 1996.

1.   Eytan Modiano and Anthony Ephremides, "Communication Complexity of Secure Distributed Computation in the Presence of Noise," IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, July 1992.

Other Papers

5.  Eytan Modiano, "Satellite Data Networks," AIAA Journal on Aerospace Computing, Information and Communication, September, 2004.

4.  Eytan Modiano and Phil Lin, "Traffic Grooming in WDM networks," IEEE Communications Magazine, July, 2001.

3.  Eytan Modiano and Aradhana Narula, "Mechanisms for Providing Optical Bypass in WDM-based Networks," SPIE Optical Networks, January 2000.

2.  K. Kuznetsov, N. M. Froberg, Eytan Modiano, et. al., "A Next Generation Optical Regional Access Networks," IEEE Communications Magazine, January, 2000.

1.  Eytan Modiano, "WDM-based Packet Networks," (Invited Paper) IEEE Communications Magazine, March 1999.

Conference Papers

246. Xinyu Wu, Dan Wu, Eytan Modiano, “ Overload Balancing in Single-Hop Networks With Bounded Buffers ,” IFIP Networking, 2022.

245.  Xinzhe Fu, Eytan Modiano, “ Optimal Routing for Stream Learning Systems ,”  IEEE Infocom, April 2022.

244.  Vishrant Tripathi, Luca Ballotta, Luca Carlone, E. Modiano, “ Computation and Communication Co-Design for Real-Time Monitoring and Control in Multi-Agent Systems ,”  IEEE Wiopt, 2021.

243. Eray Atay, Igor Kadota, E. Modiano, “ Aging Wireless Bandits: Regret Analysis and Order-Optimal Learning Algorithm ,”  IEEE Wiopt 2021.

242. Xinzhe Fu and E. Modiano,  “ Elastic Job Scheduling with Unknown Utility Functions ,” IFIP Performance, Milan, 2021.

241. Bai Liu and E. Modiano, “ Optimal Control for Networks with Unobservable Malicious Nodes ,”  IFIP Performance, Milan, 2021.

240. Bai Liu, Qiaomin Xie,  Eytan Modiano, “ RL-QN:  A Reinforcement Learning Framework for Optimal Control of Queueing Systems ,”  ACM Sigmetrics Workshop on Reinforcement Learning in Networks and Queues (RLNQ), 2021.

239. Xinzhe Fu and E. Modiano,  “ Learning-NUM: Network Utility Maximization with Unknown Utility Functions and Queueing Delay ,  ACM MobiHoc 2021.  

238. Vishrant Tripathi and Eytan Modiano,  “ An Online Learning Approach to Optimizing Time-Varying Costs of AoI ,”  ACM MobiHoc 2021. 

237.   Igor Kadota, Muhammad Shahir Rahman, and Eytan Modiano, " WiFresh: Age-of-Information from Theory to Implementation ,”  International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks (ICCCN), 2021.

236. Vishrant Tripathi and Eytan Modiano, “ Age Debt: A General Framework For Minimizing Age of Information ,”  IEEE Infocom Workshop on Age-of-Information, 2021.

235. Igor Kadota, Eytan Modiano, “ Age of Information in Random Access Networks with Stochastic Arrivals ,” IEEE Infocom, 2020.

234. Igor Kadota, M. Shahir Rahman, Eytan Modiano, Poster: Age of Information in Wireless Networks: from Theory to Implementation , ACM Mobicom, 2020.

233. Xinyu Wu, Dan Wu, Eytan Modiano, “ An Influence Model Approach to Failure Cascade Prediction in Large Scale Power Systems ,” IEEE American Control Conference, July, 2020.

232. X. Fu and E. Modiano, " Fundamental Limits of Volume-based Network DoS Attacks ," Proc. ACM Sigmetrics, Boston, MA, June 2020.

231. Vishrant Tripathi, Eytan Modiano, “ A Whittle Index Approach to Minimizing Functions of Age of Information ,” Allerton Conference on Communication, Control, and Computing, September 2019.

230. Bai Liu, Xiaomin Xie, Eytan Modiano, “ Reinforcement Learning for Optimal Control of Queueing Systems ,” Allerton Conference on Communication, Control, and Computing, September 2019.

229. Rajat Talak, Sertac Karaman, Eytan Modiano, “ A Theory of Uncertainty Variables for State Estimation and Inference ,” Allerton Conference on Communication, Control, and Computing, September 2019.

228. Rajat Talak, Eytan Modiano, “ Age-Delay Tradeoffs in Single Server Systems ,” IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory, Paris, France, July, 2019.

227. Rajat Talak, Sertac Karaman, Eytan Modiano, “ When a Heavy Tailed Service Minimizes Age of Information ,” IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory, Paris, France, July, 2019.

226. Qingkai Liang, Eytan Modiano, “ Optimal Network Control with Adversarial Uncontrollable Nodes ,” ACM MobiHoc, Catania, Italy, June 2019.

225. Igor Kadota, Eytan Modiano, “ Minimizing the Age of Information in Wireless Networks with Stochastic Arrivals ,” ACM MobiHoc, June 2019.

224. Maotong Xu, Jelena Diakonikolas, Suresh Subramaniam, Eytan Modiano, “ A Hierarchical WDM-based Scalable Data Center Network Architecture ,” IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), Shanghai, China, June 2019.

223. Maotong Xu, Min Tian, Eytan Modiano, Suresh Subramaniam, " RHODA Topology Configuration Using Bayesian Optimization

222.   Anurag Rai, Rahul Singh and Eytan Modiano, " A Distributed Algorithm for Throughput Optimal Routing in Overlay Networks ,”  IFIP Networking 2019, Warsaw, Poland, May 2019.

221.   Qingkai Liang and Eytan Modiano, " Optimal Network Control in Partially-Controllable Networks ,”  IEEE Infocom, Paris, April 2019.

220.   Xinzhe Fu and Eytan Modiano, " Network Interdiction Using Adversarial Traffic Flows ,”  IEEE Infocom, Paris, April 2019.

219.   Vishrant Tripathi, Rajat Talak, Eytan Modiano, " Age Optimal Information Gathering and Dissemination on Graphs ,”  IEEE Infocom, Paris, April 2019.

218.   Jianan Zhang, Hyang-Won Lee, Eytan Modiano, " On the Robustness of Distributed Computing Networks ,”  DRCN 2019, Coimbra, Portugal, March, 2019.

217.   Hyang-Won Lee, Jianan Zhang and Eytan Modiano, " Data-driven Localization and Estimation of Disturbance in the Interconnected Power System ,”  IEEE Smartgridcomm, October, 2018.

216.   Jianan Zhang and Eytan Modiano, " Joint Frequency Regulation and Economic Dispatch Using Limited Communication ,”  IEEE Smartgridcomm, October, 2018.

215.   Rajat Talak, Sertac Karaman, Eytan Modiano, " Scheduling Policies for Age Minimization in Wireless Networks with Unknown Channel State ,”  IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory, July 2018.

214.   Thomas Stahlbuhk, Brooke Shrader, Eytan Modiano, " Online Learning Algorithms for Minimizing Queue Length Regret ,”  IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory, July 2018.

213.   Rajat Talak, Sertac Karaman, Eytan Modiano, " Distributed Scheduling Algorithms for Optimizing Information Freshness in Wireless Networks ,”  IEEE SPAWC, Kalamata, Greece, June, 2018.

212.   Rajat Talak, Sertac Karaman, Eytan Modiano, " Optimizing Information Freshness in Wireless Networks under General Interference Constraints ,”  ACM MobiHoc 2018, Los Angeles, CA, June 2018.

211.   Thomas Stahlbuhk, Brooke Shrader, Eytan Modiano, " Learning Algorithms for Scheduling in Wireless Networks with Unknown Channel Statistics ,”  ACM MobiHoc, June 2018.

210.   Khashayar Kamran, Jianan Zhang, Edmund Yeh, Eytan Modiano, " Robustness of Interdependent Geometric Networks Under Inhomogeneous Failures ,”  Workshop on Spatial Stochastic Models for Wireless Networks (SpaSWiN), Shanghai, China, May 2018.

209.   Rajat Talak, Sertac Karaman, Eytan Modiano, " Optimizing Age of Information in Wireless Networks with Perfect Channel State Information ,”  Wiopt 2018, Shanghai, China, May 2018.

208.   Abhishek Sinha, Eytan Modiano, " Network Utility Maximization with Heterogeneous Traffic Flows ,”  Wiopt 2018, Shanghai, China, May 2018.

207.   Qingkai Liang, Eytan Modiano, " Minimizing Queue Length Regret Under Adversarial Network Models ,”  ACM Sigmetrics, 2018.

206.   Jianan Zhang, Abhishek Sinha, Jaime Llorca, Anonia Tulino, Eytan Modiano, " Optimal Control of Distributed Computing Networks with Mixed-Cast Traffic Flows ,”  IEEE Infocom, Honolulu, HI, April 2018.

205.   Qingkai Liang, Eytan Modiano, " Network Utility Maximization in Adversarial Environments ,”  IEEE Infocom, Honolulu, HI, April 2018.

204.   Igor Kadota, Abhishek Sinha, Eytan Modiano, " Optimizing Age of Information in Wireless Networks with Throughput Constraints ,”  IEEE Infocom, Honolulu, HI, April 2018.

203.   QIngkai Liang, Verina (Fanyu) Que, Eytan Modiano, " Accelerated Primal-Dual Policy Optimization for Safe Reinforcement Learning ,”  NIPS workshop on “Transparent and interpretable machine learning in safety critical environments,"December 2017.

202.   Rahul Singh, Xueying Guo,Eytan Modiano, " Risk-Sensitive Optimal Control of Queues ,”  IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC), December 2017.

201.   Rajat Talak, Sertac Karaman, Eytan Modiano, " Minimizing Age of Information in Multi-Hop Wireless Networks ,”  Allerton Conference on Communication, Control, and Computing, September 2017.

200.   Abhishek Sinha, Eytan Modiano, " Throughput-Optimal Broadcast in Wireless Networks with Point-to-Multipoint Transmissions ,”  ACM MobiHoc, Madras, India, July 2017.

199.   Rajat Talak, Sertac Karaman, Eytan Modiano, " Capacity and delay scaling for broadcast transmission in highly mobile wireless networks ,”  ACM MobiHoc, Madras, India, July 2017.

198.5 . Y.-P. Hsu, E. Modiano, and L. Duan, " Age of Information: Design and Analysis of Optimal Scheduling Algorithms ,”  IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (ISIT), 2017.

198.   Qingkai Liang and Eytan Modiano, " Coflow Scheduling in Input-Queued Switches: Optimal Delay Scaling and Algorithms ,”  IEEE Infocom, Atlanta, GA, May 2017.

197.   Jianan Zhang and Eytan Modiano, " Robust Routing in Interdependent Networks ,”  IEEE Infocom, Atlanta, GA, May 2017.

196.   Abhishek Sinha, Eytan Modiano, " Optimal Control for Generalized Network Flow Problems ,”  IEEE Infocom, Atlanta, GA, May 2017.

195.   Rajat Talak*, Sertac Karaman, Eytan Modiano, " Speed Limits in Autonomous Vehicular Networks due to Communication Constraints ,”  IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC), Las Vegas, NV, December 2016.

194.   Marzieh Parandehgheibi*, Konstantin Turitsyn, Eytan Modiano, " Distributed Frequency Control in Power Grids Under Limited Communication ,”  IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC), Las Vegas, NV, December 2016.

193.   Igor Kadota, Elif Uysal-Biyikoglu, Rahul Singh, Eytan Modiano, " Minimizing Age of Information in Broadcast Wireless Networks ,”  Allerton Allerton Conference on Communication, Control, and Computing, September 2016.

192.   Jianan Zhang, Edmund Yeh, Eytan Modiano, " Robustness of Interdependent Random Geometric Networks ,”  Allerton Conference on Communication, Control, and Computing, September 2016.

191.   Abhishek Sinha, Leandros Tassiulas, Eytan Modiano, " Throughput-Optimal Broadcast in Wireless Networks with Dynamic Topology ,”  ACM MobiHoc'16, Paderborn, Germany, July, 2016. (winner of best paper award)

190.   Abishek Sinha, Georgios Paschos, Eytan Modiano, " Throughput-Optimal Multi-hop Broadcast Algorithms ,”  ACM MobiHoc'16, Paderborn, Germany, July, 2016.

189.   Thomas Stahlbuhk, Brooke Shrader, Eytan Modiano, " Throughput Maximization in Uncooperative Spectrum Sharing Networks ,”  IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory, Barcelona, Spain, July 2016.

188.   Thomas Stahlbuhk, Brooke Shrader, Eytan Modiano, " Topology Control for Wireless Networks with Highly-Directional Antennas ,”  IEEE Wiopt, Tempe, Arizona, May, 2016.

187.   Qingkai Liang, H.W. Lee, Eytan Modiano, " Robust Design of Spectrum-Sharing Networks ,”  IEEE Wiopt, Tempe, Arizona, May, 2016.

186.   Hossein Shokri-Ghadikolae, Carlo Fischione and Eytan Modiano, " On the Accuracy of Interference Models in Wireless Communications ,”  IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), 2016.

185.   Qingkai Liang and Eytan Modiano, " Survivability in Time-varying Networks ,”  IEEE Infocom, San Francisco, CA, April 2016.

184.   Kyu S. Kim, Chih-Ping Li, Igor Kadota, Eytan Modiano, " Optimal Scheduling of Real-Time Traffic in Wireless Networks with Delayed Feedback ,”  Allerton conference on Communication, Control, and Computing, September 2015.

183.   Marzieh Parandehgheibi, Eytan Modiano, " Modeling the Impact of Communication Loss on the Power Grid Under Emergency Control ,”  IEEE SmartGridComm, Miami, FL, Nov. 2015.

182.   Anurag Rai, Chih-ping Li, Georgios Paschos, Eytan Modiano, " Loop-Free Backpressure Routing Using Link-Reversal Algorithms ,”  Proceedings of the ACM MobiHoc, July 2015.

181.   Longbo Huang, Eytan Modiano, " Optimizing Age of Information in a Multiclass Queueing System ,”  Proceedings of IEEE ISIT 2015, Hong Kong, Jun 2015.

180.   M. Johnston, E. Modiano, " A New Look at Wireless Scheduling with Delayed Information ,”  Proceedings of IEEE ISIT 2015, Hong Kong, June 2015.

179.   M. Johnston, E. Modiano, " Scheduling over Time Varying Channels with Hidden State Information ,”  Proceedings of IEEE ISIT 2015, Hong Kong, June 2015.

178.   M. Johnston and E. Modiano, " Controller Placement for Maximum Throughput Under Delayed CSI ,”  IEEE Wiopt, Mombai, India, May 2015.

177.   A. Sinha, G. Paschos, C. P. Li, and E. Modiano, " Throughput Optimal Broadcast on Directed Acyclic Graphs ,”  IEEE Infocom, Hong Kong, April 2015.

176.   J. Zheng and E. Modiano, " Enhancing Network Robustness via Shielding ,”  IEEE Design of Reliable Communication Networks, Kansas City, March 2015.

175.   H. W. Lee and E. Modiano, " Robust Design of Cognitive Radio Networks ,”  Information and Communication Technology Convergence (ICTC), 2014.

174.   Greg Kuperman and Eytan Modiano, " Disjoint Path Protection in Multi-Hop Wireless Networks with Interference Constraints ,”  IEEE Globecom, Austin, TX, December 2014.

173.   Marzieh Parandehgheibi, Eytan Modiano, David Hay, " Mitigating Cascading Failures in Interdependent Power Grids and Communication Networks ,”  IEEE Smartgridcomm, Venice, Italy, November 2014.

172.   Georgios Paschos and Eytan Modiano, " Throughput optimal routing in overlay networks ,”  Allerton conference on Communication, Control, and Computing, September 2014.

171.   Nathan Jones, George Paschos, Brooke Shrader, Eytan Modiano, " An overlay architecture for Throughput Optimal Multipath Routing ,”  ACM MobiHoc, August 2014.

170.   Matt Johnston, Eytan Modiano, Yuri Polyanskiy, " Opportunistic Scheduling with Limited Channel State Information: A Rate Distortion Approach ,”  IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory, Honolulu, HI, July 2014.

169.   Chih-Ping Li, Georgios Paschos, Eytan Modiano, Leandros Tassiulas, " Dynamic Overload Balancing in Server Farms ,”  Networking 2014, Trondheim, Norway, June, 2014.

168.   Hulya Seferonglu and Eytan Modiano, " TCP-Aware Backpressure Routing and Scheduling ,”  Information Theory and Applications, San Diego, CA, February 2014.

167.   Mihalis Markakis, Eytan Modiano, John Tsitsiklis, " Delay Stability of Back-Pressure Policies in the presence of Heavy-Tailed Traffic ,”  Information Theory and Applications, San Diego, CA, February 2014.

166.   Kyu Soeb Kim, Chih-ping Li, Eytan Modiano, " Scheduling Multicast Traffic with Deadlines in Wireless Networks ,”  IEEE Infocom, Toronto, CA, April 2014.

165.   Georgios Paschos, Chih-ping Li, Eytan Modiano, Kostas Choumas, Thanasis Korakis, " A Demonstration of Multirate Multicast Over an 802.11 Mesh Network ,”  IEEE Infocom, Toronto, CA, April 2014.

164.   Sebastian Neumayer, Eytan Modiano, " Assessing the Effect of Geographically Correlated Failures on Interconnected Power-Communication Networks ,”  IEEE SmartGridComm, 2013.

163.   Marzieh Parandehgheibi, Eytan Modiano, " Robustness of Interdependent Networks: The case of communication networks and the power grid ,”  IEEE Globecom, December 2013.

162.   Matt Johnston, Eytan Modiano, " Optimal Channel Probing in Communication Systems: The Two-Channel Case ,”  IEEE Globecom, December 2013.

161.   Mihalis Markakis, Eytan Modiano, John N. Tsitsiklis, " Delay Analysis of the Max-Weight Policy under Heavy-Tailed Traffic via Fluid Approximations ,”  Allerton Conference, October 2013.

160.   Matthew Johnston, Isaac Keslassy, Eytan Modiano, " Channel Probing in Communication Systems: Myopic Policies Are Not Always Optimal ,”  IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory, July 2013.

159.   Krishna P Jagannathan, Libin Jiang, Palthya Lakshma Naik, Eytan Modiano, " Scheduling Strategies to Mitigate the Impact of Bursty Traffic in Wireless Networks ,”  11th International Symposium on Modeling and Optimization in Mobile, Ad Hoc and Wireless Networks Wiopt 2013, Japan, May 2013. (Winner – Best Paper Award).

158.   Hulya Seferoglu and Eytan Modiano, " Diff-Max: Separation of Routing and Scheduling in Backpressure-Based Wireless Networks ,”  IEEE Infocom, Turin, Italy, April 2013.

157.   Chih-Ping Li, Eytan Modiano, " Receiver-Based Flow Control for Networks in Overload ,”  IEEE Infocom, Turin, Italy, April 2013.

156.   Nathan Jones, Brooke Shrader, Eytan Modiano, " Distributed CSMA with Pairwise Coding ,”  IEEE Infocom, Turin, Italy, April 2013.

155.   Greg Kuperman and Eytan Modiano, " Network Protection with Guaranteed Recovery Times using Recovery Domains ,”  IEEE Infocom, Turin, Italy, April 2013.

154.   Greg Kuperman and Eytan Modiano, " Providing Protection in Multi-Hop Wireless Networks ,”  IEEE Infocom, Turin, Italy, April 2013.

153.   Greg Kuperman, Eytan Modiano, Aradhana Narula-Tam, " Network Protection with Multiple Availability Guarantees ,”  IEEE ICC workshop on New Trends in Optical Networks Survivability, June 2012.

152.   Nathaniel Jones, Brooke Shrader, Eytan Modiano, " Optimal Routing and Scheduling for a Simple Network Coding Scheme ,”  IEEE Infocom, Orlando, Fl, March, 2012.

151.   Mihalis Markakis, Eytan Modiano, John Tsitsiklis, " Max-Weight Scheduling in Networks with Heavy-Tailed Traffic ,”  IEEE Infocom, Orlando, Fl, March, 2012.

150.   Guner Celik and Eytan Modiano, " Scheduling in Networks with Time-Varying Channels and Reconfiguration Delay ,”  IEEE Infocom, Orlando, Fl, March, 2012.

149.   Sebastian Neumayer, Alon Efrat, Eytan Modiano, " Geographic Max-Flow and Min-cut Under a Circular Disk Failure Model ,”  IEEE Infocom (MC), Orlando, Fl, March, 2012.

148.   Marzieh Parandehgheibi, Hyang-Won Lee, and Eytan Modiano, " Survivable Paths in Multi-Layer Networks ,”  Conference on Information Science and Systems, March, 2012.

147.   Greg Kuperman, Eytan Modiano, and Aradhana Narula-Tam, " Partial Protection in Networks with Backup Capacity Sharing ,”  Optical Fiber Communications Conference (OFC), Anaheim, CA, March, 2012.

146.   Krishna Jagannathan, Libin Jiang, Eytan Modiano, " On Scheduling Algorithms Robust to Heavy-Tailed Traffic ,”  Information Theory and Applications (ITA), San Diego, CA, February 2012.

145.   M. Johnston, H.W. Lee, E. Modiano, " Robust Network Design for Stochastic Traffic Demands ,”  IEEE Globecom, Next Generation Networking Symposium, Houston, TX, December 2011.

144.   S. Neumayer, E. Modiano, " Network Reliability Under Random Circular Cuts ,”  IEEE Globecom, Optical Networks and Systems Symposium, Houston, TX, December 2011.

143.   H.W. Lee, K. Lee, E. Modiano, " Maximizing Reliability in WDM Networks through Lightpath Routing ,”  IEEE Globecom, Optical Networks and Systems Symposium, Houston, TX, December 2011.

142.   Guner Celik, Sem Borst, Eytan Modiano, Phil Whiting, " Variable Frame Based Max-Weight Algorithms for Networks with Switchover Delay ,”  IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory, St. Petersburgh, Russia, August 2011.

141.   Krishna Jaganathan, Ishai Menache, Eytan Modiano, and Gil Zussman, " Non-cooperative Spectrum Access - The Dedicated vs. Free Spectrum Choice ,”  ACM MOBIHOC'11, May 2011.

140.   Krishna Jagannathan, Shie Mannor, Ishai Menache, Eytan Modiano, " A State Action Frequency Approach to Throughput Maximization over Uncertain Wireless Channels ,”  IEEE Infocom (Mini-conference), Shanghai, China, April 2011.

139.   Guner Celik, Long B. Le, Eytan Modiano, " Scheduling in Parallel Queues with Randomly Varying Connectivity and Switchover Delay ,”  IEEE Infocom (Mini-conference), Shanghai, China, April 2011.

138.   Gregory Kuperman, Eytan Modiano, Aradhana Narula-Tam, " Analysis and Algorithms for Partial Protection in Mesh Networks ,”  IEEE Infocom (Mini-conference), Shanghai, China, April 2011.

137.   Matthew Johnston, Hyang-Won Lee, Eytan Modiano, " A Robust Optimization Approach to Backup Network Design with Random Failures ,”  IEEE Infocom, Shanghai, China, April 2011.

136.   Krishna Jagannathan, Mihalis Markakis, Eytan Modiano, John Tsitsiklis, " Queue Length Asymptotics for Generalized Max-Weight Scheduling in the presence of Heavy-Tailed Traffic ,”  IEEE Infocom, Shanghai, China, April 2011.

135.   Guner Celik and Eytan Modiano, " Dynamic Vehicle Routing for Data Gathering in Wireless Networks ,”  In Proc. IEEE CDC'10, Dec. 2010..***

134.   Long B. Le, Eytan Modiano, Changhee Joo, and Ness B. Shroff, " Longest-queue-first scheduling under the SINR interference model ,”  ACM MobiHoc, September 2010..***

133.   Krishna Jagannathan, Mihalis Markakis, Eytan Modiano, John Tsitsiklis, " Throughput Optimal Scheduling in the Presence of Heavy-Tailed Traffic ,”  Allerton Conference on Communication, Control, and Computing, September 2010..**

132.   Delia Ciullo, Guner Celik, Eytan Modiano, " Minimizing Transmission Energy in Sensor Networks via Trajectory Control ,”  IEEE Wiopt 2010, Avignon, France, June 2010, (10 pages; CD proceedings – page numbers not available).

131.   Sebastian Neumayer and Eytan Modiano, " Network Reliability with Geographically Correlated Failures ,”  IEEE Infocom 2010, San Diego, CA, March 2010, (9 pages; CD proceedings – page numbers not available).**

130.   Long Le, Eytan Modiano, Ness Shroff, " Optimal Control of Wireless Networks with Finite Buffers ,”  IEEE Infocom 2010, San Diego, CA, March 2010, (9 pages; CD proceedings – page numbers not available).

129.   Kayi Lee, Hyang-Won Lee, Eytan Modiano, " Reliability in Layered Network with Random Link Failures ,”  IEEE Infocom 2010, San Diego, CA, March 2010, (9 pages; CD proceedings – page numbers not available).**

128.   Krishna Jagannathan, Eytan Modiano, " The Impact of Queue length Information on Buffer Overflow in Parallel Queues ,”  Allerton Conference on Communication, Control, and Computing, September 2009, pgs. 1103 -1110 **

127.   Mihalis Markakis, Eytan Modiano, John Tsitsiklis, " Scheduling Policies for Single-Hop with Heavy-Tailed Traffic ,”  Allerton Conference on Communication, Control, and Computing, September 2009, pgs. 112 – 120..**

126.   Dan Kan, Aradhana Narula-Tam, Eytan Modiano, " Lightpath Routing and Capacity Assignment for Survivable IP-over-WDM Networks ,”  DRCN 2009, Alexandria, VA October 2009, pgs. 37 -44..**

125.   Mehdi Ansari, Alireza Bayesteh, Eytan Modiano, " Opportunistic Scheduling in Large Scale Wireless Networks ,”  IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory, Seoul, Korea, June 2009, pgs. 1624 – 1628.

124.   Hyang-Won Lee, Eytan Modiano and Long Bao Le, " Distributed Throughput Maximization in Wireless Networks via Random Power Allocation ,”  IEEE Wiopt, Seoul, Korea, June 2009. (9 pages; CD proceedings – page numbers not available).

123.   Wajahat Khan, Eytan Modiano, Long Le, " Autonomous Routing Algorithms for Networks with Wide-Spread Failures ,”  IEEE MILCOM, Boston, MA, October 2009. (6 pages; CD proceedings – page numbers not available).**

122.   Guner Celik and Eytan Modiano, " Random Access Wireless Networks with Controlled Mobility ,”  IEEE Med-Hoc-Nets, Haifa, Israel, June 2009, pgs. 8 – 14.**

121.   Hyang-Won Lee and Eytan Modiano, " Diverse Routing in Networks with Probabilistic Failures ,”  IEEE Infocom, April 2009, pgs. 1035 – 1043.

120.   Kayi Lee and Eytan Modiano, " Cross-layer Survivability in WDM-based Networks ,”  IEEE Infocom, April 2009, pgs. 1017 -1025..**

119.   Krishna Jagannathan, Eytan Modiano, Lizhong Zheng, " On the Trade-off between Control Rate and Congestion in Single Server Systems ,”  IEEE Infocom, April 2009, pgs. 271 – 279.**

118.   Sebastian Neumayer, Gil Zussman, Rueven Cohen, Eytan Modiano, " Assessing the Vulnerability of the Fiber Infrastructure to Disasters ,”  IEEE Infocom, April 2009, pgs. 1566 – 1574.**

117.   Long Le, Krishna Jagannathan and Eytan Modiano, " Delay analysis of max-weight scheduling in wireless ad hoc networks ,”  Conference on Information Science and Systems, Baltimore, MD, March, 2009, pgs. 389 – 394.**

116.   Krishna Jagannathan, Eytan Modiano, Lizhong Zheng, " Effective Resource Allocation in a Queue: How Much Control is Necessary? ,”  Allerton Conference on Communication, Control, and Computing, September 2008, pgs. 508 – 515.**

115.   Sebastian Neumayer, Gil Zussman, Rueven Cohen, Eytan Modiano, " Assessing the Impact of Geographically Correlated Network Failures ,”  IEEE MILCOM, November 2008. (6 pages; CD proceedings – page numbers not available).**

114.   Emily Craparo, Jonathan P. How, and Eytan Modiano, " Simultaneous Placement and Assignment for Exploration in Mobile Backbone Networks ,”  IEEE conference on Decision and Control (CDC), November 2008, pgs. 1696 – 1701 **

113.   Anand Srinivas and Eytan Modiano, " Joint node placement and assignment for throughput optimization in mobile backbone networks ,”  IEEE INFOCOM'08, pp. 1130 – 1138, Phoenix, AZ, Apr. 2008, pgs. 1130 – 1138.**

112.   Guner Celik, Gil Zussman, Wajahat Khan and Eytan Modiano, " MAC for Networks with Multipacket Reception Capability and Spatially Distributed Nodes ,”  IEEE INFOCOM'08, Phoenix, AZ, Apr. 2008, pgs. 1436 – 1444.**

111.   Gil Zussman, Andrew Brzezinski, and Eytan Modiano, " Multihop Local Pooling for Distributed Throughput Maximization in Wireless Networks ,”  IEEE INFOCOM'08, Phoenix, AZ, Apr. 2008, pgs 1139 – 1147.**

110.   Emily Craparo, Jonathan How and Eytan Modiano, " Optimization of Mobile Backbone Networks: Improved Algorithms and Approximation ,”  IEEE American Control Conference, Seattle, WA, June 2008, pgs. 2016 – 2021.**

109.   Atilla Eryilmaz, Asuman Ozdaglar, Devavrat Shah, Eytan Modiano, " Imperfect Randomized Algorithms for the Optimal Control of Wireless Networks ,”  Conference on Information Science and Systems, Princeton, NJ, March, 2008, pgs. 932 – 937.

108.   Anand Srinivas and Eytan Modiano, " Optimal Path Planning for Mobile Backbone Networks ,”  Conference on Information Science and Systems, Princeton, NJ, March, 2008, pgs. 913 – 918.

107.   Kayi Lee and Eytan Modiano, " Cross-layer Survivability in WDM Networks with Multiple Failures ,”  IEEE Optical Fiber Communications Conference, San Diego, CA February, 2008 (3 pages; CD proceedings – page numbers not available).

106.   Andrew Brzezinski, Gil Zussman and Eytan Modiano, " Local Pooling Conditions for Joint Routing and Scheduling ,”  Workshop on Information Theory and Applications, pp. 499 – 506, La Jolla, CA, January, 2008, pgs. 499 – 506.

105.   Murtaza Zafer and Eytan Modiano, " Minimum Energy Transmission over a Wireless Fading Channel with Packet Deadlines ,”  Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC), New Orleans, LA, December, 2007, pgs. 1148 – 1155.**

104.   Atilla Eryilmaz, Asuman Ozdaglar, Eytan Modiano, " Polynomial Complexity Algorithms for Full Utilization of Multi-hop Wireless Networks ,”  IEEE Infocom, Anchorage, AK, April, 2007, pgs. 499 – 507.

103.   Murtaza Zafer and Eytan Modiano, " Delay Constrained Energy Efficient Data Transmission over a Wireless Fading Channel ,”  Workshop on Information Theory and Application, University of California, San Diego, CA, February, 2007, pgs. 289 – 298.**

102.   Atilla Eryilmaz, Eytan Modiano, Asuman Ozdaglar, " Randomized Algorithms for Throughput-Optimality and Fairness in Wireless Networks ,”  Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC), San Diego, CA, December, 2006, pgs. 1936 – 1941.

101.   Anand Srinivas, Gil Zussman, and Eytan Modiano, " Distributed Mobile Disk Cover - A Building Block for Mobile Backbone Networks ,”  Proc. Allerton Conf. on Communication, Control, and Computing, Allerton, IL, September 2006, (9 pages; CD proceedings – page numbers not available).**

100.   Krishna Jagannathan, Sem Borst, Phil Whiting, Eytan Modiano, " Scheduling of Multi-Antenna Broadcast Systems with Heterogeneous Users ,”  Allerton Conference on Communication, Control and Computing, Allerton, IL, September 2006, (10 pages; CD proceedings – page numbers not available).**

99.   Andrew Brzezinski, Gil Zussman, and Eytan Modiano, " Enabling Distributed Throughput Maximization in Wireless Mesh Networks - A Partitioning Approach ,”  Proceedings of ACM MOBICOM'06, Los Angeles, CA, Sep. 2006, (12 pages; CD proceedings – page numbers not available).**

98.   Eytan Modiano, Devavrat Shah, and Gil Zussman, " Maximizing Throughput in Wireless Networks via Gossiping ,”  Proc. ACM SIGMETRICS / IFIP Performance'06, Saint-Malo, France, June 2006, (12 pages; CD proceedings – page numbers not available). (best paper award)

97.   Anand Srinivas, Gil Zussman, and Eytan Modiano, " Mobile Backbone Networks – Construction and Maintenance ,”  Proc. ACM MOBIHOC'06, Florence, Italy, May 2006, (12 pages; CD proceedings – page numbers not available).**

96.   Andrew Brzezinski and Eytan Modiano, " Achieving 100% throughput in reconfigurable optical networks ,”  IEEE INFOCOM 2006 High-Speed Networking Workshop, Barcelona, Spain, April 2006, (5 pages; CD proceedings – page numbers not available).**

95.   Krishna P. Jagannathan, Sem Borst, Phil Whiting, Eytan Modiano, " Efficient scheduling of multi-user multi-antenna systems ,”  Proceedings of WiOpt 2006, Boston, MA, April 2006, (8 pages; CD proceedings – page numbers not available).**

94.   Andrew Brzezinski and Eytan Modiano, " Greedy weighted matching for scheduling the input-queued switch ,”  Conference on Information Sciences and Systems (CISS), Princeton, NJ, March 2006, pgs. 1738 – 1743.**

93.   Murtaza Zafer and Eytan Modiano, " Optimal Adaptive Data Transmission over a Fading Channel with Deadline and Power Constraints ,”  Conference on Information Sciences and Systems (CISS), Princeton, New Jersey, March 2006, pgs. 931 – 937.**

92.   Li-Wei Chen and E. Modiano, " A Geometric Approach to Capacity Provisioning in WDM Networks with Dynamic Traffic ,”  Conference on Information Science and Systems (CISS), Princeton, NJ, March, 2006, pgs. 1676 – 1683, **

91.   Jun Sun and Eytan Modiano, " Channel Allocation Using Pricing in Satellite Networks ,”  Conference on Information Science and Systems (CISS), Princeton, NJ, March, 2006, pgs. 182 – 187.**

90.   Jun Sun, Jay Gao, Shervin Shambayatti and Eytan Modiano, " Ka-Band Link Optimization with Rate Adaptation ,”  IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky, MN, March, 2006. (7 pages; CD proceedings – page numbers not available).

89.   Alessandro Tarello, Eytan Modiano and Jay Gao, " Energy efficient transmission scheduling over Mars proximity links ,”  IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky, MN, March, 2006. (10 pages; CD proceedings – page numbers not available).

88.   A. Brzezinski and E. Modiano, " RWA decompositions for optimal throughput in reconfigurable optical networks ,”  INFORMS Telecommunications Conference, Dallas, TX, March 2006 (3 pages; CD proceedings – page numbers not available).**

87.   Li Wei Chen and E. Modiano, " Geometric Capacity Provisioning for Wavelength Switched WDM Networks ,”  Workshop on Information Theory and Application, University of California, San Diego, CA, February, 2006. (8 pages; CD proceedings – page numbers not available).**

86.   Murtaza Zafer and Eytan Modiano, " Joint Scheduling of Rate-guaranteed and Best-effort Services over a Wireless Channel ,”  IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, Seville, Spain, December, 2005, pgs. 6022–6027.**

85.   Jun Sun and Eytan Modiano, " Opportunistic Power Allocation for Fading Channels with Non-cooperative Users and Random Access ,”  IEEE BroadNets – Wireless Networking Symposium, Boston, MA, October, 2005, pgs. 397–405.**

84.   Li Wei Chen and Eytan Modiano, " Uniform vs. Non-uniform Band Switching in WDM Networks ,”  IEEE BroadNets-Optical Networking Symposium, Boston, MA, October, 2005, pgs. 219– 228.**

83.   Sonia Jain and Eytan Modiano, " Buffer Management Schemes for Enhanced TCP Performance over Satellite Links ,”  IEEE MILCOM, Atlantic City, NJ, October 2005 (8 pages; CD proceedings – page numbers not available).**

82.   Murtaza Zafer and Eytan Modiano, " Continuous-time Optimal Rate Control for Delay Constrained Data Transmission ,”  Allerton Conference on Communications, Control and Computing, Allerton, IL, September, 2005 (10 pages; CD proceedings – page numbers not available).**

81.   Alessandro Tarello, Eytan Modiano, Jun Sun, Murtaza Zafer, " Minimum Energy Transmission Scheduling subject to Deadline Constraints ,”  IEEE Wiopt, Trentino, Italy, April, 2005, pgs. 67–76. (Winner of best student paper award).**

80.   Amir Khandani, Eytan Modiano, Jinane Abounadi, Lizhong Zheng, " Reliability and Route Diversity in Wireless Networks ,”  Conference on Information Science and System, Baltimore, MD, March, 2005, (8 pages; CD proceedings – page numbers not available).**

79.   Andrew Brzezinski, Iraj Saniee, Indra Widjaja, Eytan Modiano, " Flow Control and Congestion Management for Distributed Scheduling of Burst Transmissions in Time-Domain Wavelength Interleaved Networks ,”  IEEE/OSA Optical Fiber Conference (OFC), Anaheim, CA, March, 2005, pgs. WC4-1–WC4-3.

78.   Andrew Brzezinski and Eytan Modiano, " Dynamic Reconfiguration and Routing Algorithms for IP-over-WDM Networks with Stochastic Traffic ,”  IEEE Infocom 2005, Miami, FL, March, 2005, pgs. 6–11.**

77.   Murtaza Zafer and Eytan Modiano, " A Calculus Approach to Minimum Energy Transmission Policies with Quality of Service Guarantees ,”  IEEE Infocom 2005, Miami, FL, March, 2005, pgs. 548–559.**

76.   Michael Neely and Eytan Modiano, " Fairness and optimal stochastic control for heterogeneous networks ,”  IEEE Infocom 2005, Miami, FL, March, 2005, pgs. 1723 – 1734.**

75.   Aradhana Narula-Tam, Thomas G. Macdonald, Eytan Modiano, and Leslie Servi, " A Dynamic Resource Allocation Strategy for Satellite Communications ,”  IEEE MILCOM, Monterey, CA, October, 2004, pgs. 1415 – 1421.

74.   Li-Wei Chen, Poompat Saengudomlert and Eytan Modiano, " Optimal Waveband Switching in WDM Networks ,”  IEEE International Conference on Communication (ICC), Paris, France, June, 2004, pgs. 1604 – 1608.**

73.   Michael Neely and Eytan Modiano, " Logarithmic Delay for NxN Packet Switches ,”  IEEE Workshop on High performance Switching and Routing (HPSR 2004), Phoenix, AZ, April, 2004, pgs. 3–9.**

72.   Li-Wei Chen and Eytan Modiano, " Dynamic Routing and Wavelength Assignment with Optical Bypass using Ring Embeddings ,”  IEEE Workshop on High performance Switching and Routing (HPSR 2004), Phoenix, Az, April, 2004, pgs. 119–125.**

71.   Randall Berry and Eytan Modiano, " On the Benefits of Tunability in Reducing Electronic Port Counts in WDM/TDM Networks ,”  IEEE Infocom, Hong Kong, March 2004, pgs. 1340–1351.

70.   Andrew Brzezinski and Eytan Modiano, " A new look at dynamic traffic scheduling in WDM networks with transceiver tuning latency ,”  Informs Telecommunications Conference, Boca Raton, FL, March 2004, pgs. 25–26.**

69.   Chunmei Liu and Eytan Modiano, " Packet Scheduling with Window Service Constraints ,”  Conference on Information Science and System, Princeton, NJ, March, 2004, pgs. 178–184.**

68.   Jun Sun, Eytan Modiano, and Lizhong Zheng, " A Novel Auction Algorithm for Fair Allocation of a Wireless Fading Channel ,”  Conference on Information Science and System, Princeton, NJ, March, 2004, pgs. 1377–1383.**

67.   Murtaza Zafer and Eytan Modiano, " Impact of Interference and Channel Assignment on Blocking Probability in Wireless Networks ,”  Conference on Information Science and System, Princeton, NJ, March, 2004, pgs. 430–436.**

66.   Chunmei Liu and Eytan Modiano, " An Analysis of TCP over Random Access Satellite Links ,”  IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC), Atlanta, GA, February, 2004, pgs. 2033–2040..**

65.   Randall Berry and Eytan Modiano, " Using tunable optical transceivers for reducing the number of ports in WDM/TDM Networks ,”  IEEE/OSA Optical Fiber Conference (OFC), Los Angeles, CA, February, 2004, pgs. 23–27.

64.   Aradhana Narula-Tam, Eytan Modiano and Andrew Brzezinski, " Physical Topology Design for Survivable Routiing of Logical Rings in WDM-based Networks ,”  IEEE Globecom, San francisco, CA, December, 2003, pgs. 2552–2557.

63.   Jun Sun, Lizhong Zheng and Eytan Modiano, " Wireless Channel Allocation Using an Auction Algorithm ,”  Allerton Conference on Communications, Control and Computing, October, 2003, pgs. 1114–1123..**

62.   Amir Khandani, Jinane Abounadi, Eytan Modiano, Lizhong Zhang, " Cooperative Routing in Wireless Networks ,”  Allerton Conference on Communications, Control and Computing, October, 2003, pgs. 1270–1279.**

61.   Poompat Saengudomlert, Eytan Modiano and Robert Gallager, " Dynamic Wavelength Assignment for WDM all optical Tree Networks ,”  Allerton Conference on Communications, Control and Computing, October, 2003, 915–924.**

60.   Aradhana Narula-Tam and Eytan Modiano, " Designing Physical Topologies that Enable Survivable Routing of Logical Rings ,”  IEEE Workshop on Design of Reliable Communication Networks (DRCN), October, 2003, pgs. 379–386.

59.   Anand Srinivas and Eytan Modiano, " Minimum Energy Disjoint Path Routing in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks ,”  ACM Mobicom, San Diego, Ca, September, 2003, pgs. 122–133.**

58.   Michael Neely and Eytan Modiano, " Improving Delay in Ad-Hoc Mobile Networks Via Redundant Packet Transfers ,”  Conference on Information Science and System, Baltimore, MD, March, 2003 (6 pages; CD proceedings – page numbers not available).**

57.   Michael Neely, Eytan Modiano and Charles Rohrs, " Dynamic Power Allocation and Routing for Time Varying Wireless Networks ,”  IEEE Infocom 2003, San Francisco, CA, April, 2003, pgs. 745–755.**

56.   Alvin Fu, Eytan Modiano, and John Tsitsiklis, " Optimal Energy Allocation for Delay-Constrained Data Transmission over a Time-Varying Channel ,”  IEEE Infocom 2003, San Francisco, CA, April, 2003, pgs. 1095–1105.**

55.   Poompat Saengudomlert, Eytan Modiano and Rober Gallager, " On-line Routing and Wavelength Assignment for Dynamic Traffic in WDM Ring and Torus Networks ,”  IEEE Infocom 2003, San Francisco, CA, April, 2003, pgs. 1805–1815.**

54.   Li-Wei Chen and Eytan Modiano, " Efficient Routing and Wavelength Assignment for Reconfigurable WDM Networks with Wavelength Converters ,”  IEEE Infocom 2003, San Francisco, CA, April, 2003, pgs. 1785–1794. Selected as one of the best papers of Infocom 2003 for fast track publication in IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking.**

53.   Mike Neely, Jun Sun and Eytan Modiano, " Delay and Complexity Tradeoffs for Dynamic Routing and Power Allocation in a Wireless Network ,”  Allerton Conference on Communication, Control, and Computing, Allerton, Illinois, October, 2002, pgs. 157 –159.**

52.   Anand Ganti, Eytan Modiano and John Tsitsiklis, " Transmission Scheduling for Multi-Channel Satellite and Wireless Networks ,”  Allerton Conference on Communication, Control, and Computing, Allerton, Illinois, October, 2002, pgs. 1318–1327.**

51.   Poompat Saengudomlert, Eytan Modiano, and Robert G. Gallager, " Optimal Wavelength Assignment for Uniform All-to-All Traffic in WDM Tree Networks ,”  Allerton Conference on Communication, Control, and Computing, Allerton, Illinois, October, 2002, pgs. 528–537.**

50.   Hungjen Wang, Eytan Modiano and Muriel Medard, " Partial Path Protection for WDM Networks: End-to-End Recovery Using Local Failure Information ,”  IEEE International Symposium on Computer Communications (ISCC), Taormina, Italy, July 2002, pgs. 719–725.**

49.   Jun Sun and Eytan Modiano, " Capacity Provisioning and Failure Recovery in Mesh-Torus Networks with Application to Satellite Constellations ,”  IEEE International Symposium on Computer Communications (ISCC), Taormina, Italy, July 2002, pgs. 77–84.**

48.   Alvin Fu, Eytan Modiano, and John Tsitsiklis, " Optimal Energy Allocation and Admission Control for Communications Satellites ,”  IEEE INFOCOM 2002, New York, June, 2002, pgs. 648–656.**

47.   Michael Neely, Eytan Modiano and Charles Rohrs, " Power and Server Allocation in a Multi-Beam Satellite with Time Varying Channels ,”  IEEE INFOCOM 2002, New York, June, 2002, pgs. 1451–1460..**

46.   Mike Neely, Eytan Modiano and Charles Rohrs, " Tradeoffs in Delay Guarantees and Computation Complexity for N x N Packet Switches ,”  Conference on Information Science and Systems, Princeton, NJ, March, 2002, pgs. 136–148.**

45.   Alvin Fu, Eytan Modiano and John Tsitsiklis, " Transmission Scheduling Over a Fading Channel with Energy and Deadline Constraints ,”  Conference on Information Science and System, Princeton, NJ, March, 2002, pgs. 1018–1023.**

44.   Chunmei Liu and Eytan Modiano, " On the Interaction of Layered Protocols: The Case of Window Flow Control and ARQ ,”  Conference on Information Science and System, Princeton, NJ, March, 2002, pgs. 118–124.**

43.   Mike Neely, Eytan Modiano and Charles Rohrs, " Packet Routing over Parallel Time-varying Queues with Application to Satellite and Wireless Networks ,”  Conference on Information Science and System, Princeton, NJ, March, 2002, pgs. 360–366.**

42.   Ahluwalia Ashwinder, Eytan Modiano and Li Shu, " On the Complexity and Distributed Construction of Energy Efficient Broadcast Trees in Static Ad Hoc Wireless Networks ,”  Conference on Information Science and System, Princeton, NJ, March, 2002, pgs. 807–813.**

41.   Jun Sun and Eytan Modiano, " Capacity Provisioning and Failure Recovery for Satellite Constellations ,”  Conference on Information Science and System, Princeton, NJ, March, 2002, pgs. 1039–1045.**

40.   Eytan Modiano, Hungjen Wang, and Muriel Medard, " Partial Path Protection for WDM networks ,”  Informs Telecommunications Conference, Boca Raton, FL, March 2002, pgs. 78–79.**

39.   Poompat Saengudomlert, Eytan H. Modiano, and Robert G. Gallager, " An On-Line Routing and Wavelength Assignment Algorithm for Dynamic Traffic in a WDM Bidirectional Ring ,”  Joint Conference on Information Sciences (JCIS), Durham, North Carolina, March, 2002, pgs. 1331–1334.**

38.   Randy Berry and Eytan Modiano, " Switching and Traffic Grooming in WDM Networks ,”  Joint Conference on Information Sciences (JCIS), Durham, North Carolina, March, 2002, pgs. 1340–1343.

37.   Eytan Modiano, Hungjen Wang, and Muriel Medard, " Using Local Information for WDM Network Protection ,”  Joint Conference on Information Sciences (JCIS), Durham, North Carolina, March, 2002, pgs. 1398–1401.**

36.   Aradhana Narula-Tam and Eytan Modiano, " Network architectures for supporting survivable WDM rings ,”  IEEE/OSA Optical Fiber Conference (OFC) 2002, Anaheim, CA, March, 2002, pgs. 105–107.

35.   Michael Neely, Eytan Modiano, Charles Rohrs, " Packet Routing over Parallel Time-Varying Queues with Application to Satellite and Wireless Networks ,”  Allerton Conference on Communication, Control, and Computing, Allerton, Illinois, September, 2001, pgs. 1110-1111.**

34.   Eytan Modiano and Randy Berry, " The Role of Switching in Reducing Network Port Counts ,”  Allerton Conference on Communication, Control, and Computing, Allerton, Illinois, September, 2001, pgs. 376-385.

33.   Eytan Modiano, " Resource allocation and congestion control in next generation satellite networks ,”  IEEE Gigabit Networking Workshop (GBN 2001), Anchorage, AK, April 2001, (2 page summary-online proceedings).

32.   Eytan Modiano and Aradhana Narula-Tam, " Survivable Routing of Logical Topologies in WDM Networks ,”  IEEE Infocom 2001, Anchorage, AK, April 2001, pgs. 348–357.

31.   Michael Neely and Eytan Modiano, " Convexity and Optimal Load Distribution in Work Conserving */*/1 Queues ,”  IEEE Infocom 2001, Anchorage, AK, April 2001, pgs. 1055–1064.

30.   Eytan Modiano and Randy Berry, " Using Grooming Cross- Connects to Reduce ADM Costs in Sonet/WDM Ring Networks ,”  IEEE/OSA Optical Fiber Conference (OFC) 2001, Anaheim, CA March 2001, pgs. WL1- WL3.

29.   Eytan Modiano and Aradhana Narula-Tam, " Designing Survivable Networks Using Effective Rounting and Wavelenght Assignment (RWA) ,”  IEEE/OSA Optical Fiber Conference (OFC) 2001, Anaheim, CA March 2001, pgs. TUG5-1 – TUG5– 3.

28.   Roop Ganguly and Eytan Modiano, " Distributed Algorithms and Architectures for Optical Flow Switching in WDM networks ,”  IEEE International Symposium on Computer Communications (ISCC 2000), Antibes, France, July 2000, pgs. 134–139.

27.   Aradhana Narula-Tam, Philip J. Lin and Eytan Modiano, " Wavelength Requirements for Virtual topology Reconfiguration in WDM Ring Networks ,”  IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC 2000), New Orleans, LA, June 2000, pgs. 1650–1654.

26.   Eytan Modiano, "Optical Flow Switching for the Next Generation Internet,”  IEEE Gigabit Networking Workshop (GBN 2000), Tel-aviv, March 2000 (2 page summary-online proceedings).

25.   Aradhana Narula and Eytan Modiano, " Dynamic Reconfiguration in WDM Packet Networks with Wavelength Limitations ,”  IEEE/OSA Optical Fiber Conference (OFC) 2000, Baltimore, MD, March, 2000, pgs. 1210–1212.

24.   Brett Schein and Eytan Modiano, " Quantifying the benefits of configurability in circuit-switched WDM ring networks ,”  IEEE Infocom 2000, Tel Aviv, Israel, April, 2000, pgs.1752–1760..***

23.   Aradhana Narula-Tam and Eytan Modiano, " Load Balancing Algorithms for WDM-based IP networks ,”  IEEE Infocom 2000, Tel Aviv, Israel, April, 2000, pgs. 1010–1019.

22.   Nan Froberg, M. Kuznetsov, E. Modiano, et. al., " The NGI ONRAMP test bed: Regional Access WDM technology for the Next Generation Internet ,”  IEEE LEOS ’99, October, 1999, pgs. 230–231.

21.   Randy Berry and Eytan Modiano, " Minimizing Electronic Multiplexing Costs for Dynamic Traffic in Unidirectional SONET Ring Networks ,”  IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC ’99), Vancouver, CA, June 1999, pgs. 1724–1730..***

20.   Brett Schein and Eytan Modiano, "Increasing Traffic Capacity in WDM Ring Networks via Topology Reconfiguration,”  Conference on Information Science and Systems, Baltimore, MD, March 1999, pgs. 201 – 206.

19.   Eytan Modiano and Richard Barry, " Design and Analysis of an Asynchronous WDM Local Area Network Using a Master/Slave Scheduler ,”  IEEE Infocom ’99, New York, NY, March 1999, pgs. 900–907.

18.   Randy Berry and Eytan Modiano, " Grooming Dynamic Traffic in Unidirectional SONET Ring Networks ,”  IEEE/OSA Optical Fiber Conference (OFC) ’99, San Diego, CA, February 1999, pgs. 71–73.

17.   Angela Chiu and Eytan Modiano, " Reducing Electronic Multiplexing Costs in Unidirectional SONET/WDM Ring Networks Via Efficient Traffic Grooming ,”  IEEE Globecom '98, Sydney, Australia, November 1998, pgs. 322–327.

16.   Eytan Modiano, " Throughput Analysis of Unscheduled Multicast Transmissions in WDM Broadcast-and-Select Networks ,”  IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory, Boston, MA, September 1998, pg. 167.

15.   Eytan Modiano and Angela Chiu, "Traffic Grooming Algorithms for Minimizing Electronic Multiplexing Costs in Unidirectional SONET/WDM Ring Networks,”  Conference on Information Science and Systems, Princeton, NJ, March 1998, 653–658.

14.   Eytan Modiano and Eric Swanson, " An Architecture for Broadband Internet Services over a WDM-based Optical Access Network ,”  IEEE Gigabit Networking Workshop (GBN '98), San Francisco, CA, March 1998 (2 page summary-online proceedings).

13.   Eytan Modiano, " Unscheduled Multicasts in WDM Broadcast-and-Select Networks ,”  IEEE Infocom '98, San Francisco, CA, March 1998, pgs. 86–93.

12.   Eytan Modiano, Richard Barry and Eric Swanson, " A Novel Architecture and Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol for WDM Networks ,”  IEEE/OSA Optical Fiber Conference (OFC) '98, San Jose, CA, February 1998, pgs. 90–91.

11.   Eytan Modiano, " Scheduling Algorithms for Message Transmission Over a Satellite Broadcast System ,”  IEEE MILCOM 97, Monterey, CA, November 1997, pgs. 628–634.

10.   Eytan Modiano, " Scheduling Packet Transmissions in A Multi-hop Packet Switched Network Based on Message Length ,”  IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks (IC3N) Las Vegas, Nevada, September 1997, pgs. 350–357.

9.   Eytan Modiano, "A Simple Algorithm for Optimizing the Packet Size Used in ARQ Protocols Based on Retransmission History,”  Conference on Information Science and Systems, Baltimore, MD, March 1997, pgs. 672–677.

8.   Eytan Modiano, " A Multi-Channel Random Access Protocol for the CDMA Channel ,”  IEEE PIMRC '95, Toronto, Canada, September 1995, pgs. 799–803.

7.   Eytan Modiano Jeffrey Wieselthier and Anthony Ephremides, " A Simple Derivation of Queueing Delay in a Tree Network of Discrete-Time Queues with Deterministic Service Times ,”  IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory, Trondheim, Norway, June 1994, pg. 372.

6.   Eytan Modiano, Jeffrey Wieselthier and Anthony Ephremides, "An Approach for the Analysis of Packet Delay in an Integrated Mobile Radio Network,”  Conference on Information Sciences and Systems, Baltimore, MD, March 1993, pgs. 138-139.

5.   Eytan Modiano and Anthony Ephremides, " A Method for Delay Analysis of Interacting Queues in Multiple Access Systems ,”  IEEE INFOCOM 1993, San Francisco, CA, March 1993, pgs. 447 – 454.

4.   Eytan Modiano and Anthony Ephremides, " A Model for the Approximation of Interacting Queues that Arise in Multiple Access Schemes ,”  IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory, San Antonio, TX, January 1993, pg. 324.

3.   Eytan Modiano and Anthony Ephremides, " Efficient Routing Schemes for Multiple Broadcasts in a Mesh ,”  Conference on Information Sciences and Systems, Princeton, NJ, March 1992, pgs. 929 – 934.

2.   Eytan Modiano and Anthony Ephremides, " On the Secrecy Complexity of Computing a Binary Function of Non-uniformly Distributed Random Variables ,”  IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory, Budapest, Hungary, June 1991, pg. 213.

1.   Eytan Modiano and Anthony Ephremides, "Communication Complexity of Secure Distributed Computation in the Presence of Noise,”  IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory, San Diego, CA, January 1990, pg. 142.

Book Chapters

• Hyang-Won Lee, Kayi Lee, Eytan Modiano, " Cross-Layer Survivability " in Cross-Layer Design in Optical Networks, Springer, 2013.
• Li-Wei Chen and Eytan Modiano, " Geometric Capacity Provisioning for Wavelength-Switched WDM Networks ," Chapter in Computer Communications and Networks Series: Algorithms for Next Generation Networks, Springer, 2010.
• Amir Khandani, Eytan Modiano, Lizhong Zhang, Jinane Aboundi, " Cooperative Routing in Wireless Networks ," Chapter in Advances in Pervasive Computing and Networking, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2005.
• Jian-Qiang Hu and Eytan Modiano, " Traffic Grooming in WDM Networks ," Chapter in Emerging Optical Network Technologies, Kluwer Academic Publishers, to appear, 2004.
• Eytan Modiano, " WDM Optical Networks ," Wiley Encyclopedia of Telecommunications (John Proakis, Editor), 2003.
• Eytan Modiano, " Optical Access Networks for the Next Generation Internet ," in Optical WDM Networks: Principles and Practice, Kluwer Academic Prublishers, 2002.
• Eytan Modiano, Richard Barry and Eric Swanson, " A Novel Architecture and Medium Access Control protocol for WDM Networks ," Trends in Optics and Photonics Series (TOPS) volume on Optical Networks and Their Applications, 1998.
• Eytan Modiano and Kai-Yeung Siu, "Network Flow and Congestion Control," Wiley Encyclopedia of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, 1999.

Technical Reports

• Amir Khandani, Eytan Modiano, Jinane Abounadi, Lizhong Zheng, "Reliability and Route Diversity in Wireless Networks, " MIT LIDS Technical Report number 2634, November, 2004.
• Anand Srinivas and Eytan Modiano, "Minimum Energy Disjoint Path Routing in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks, " MIT LIDS Technical Report, P-2559, March, 2003.
• Eytan Modiano and Aradhana Narula-Tam, "Survivable lightpath routing: a new approach to the design of WDM-based networks, " LIDS report 2552, October, 2002.
• Michael Neely, Eytan Modiano and Charles Rohrs, "Packet Routing over Parallel Time-Varying Queues with Application to Satellite and Wireless Networks," LIDS report 2520, September, 2001.
• Jun Sun and Eytan Modiano, "Capacity Provisioning and Failure Recovery in Mesh-Torus Networks with Application to Satellite Constellations," LIDS report 2518, September, 2001.
• Hungjen Wang, Eytan Modiano and Muriel Medard, "Partial Path Protection for WDM Networks: End-to-End Recovery Using Local Failure Information, " LIDS report 2517, Sept. 2001.
• Alvin Fu, Eytan Modiano, and John Tsitsiklis, "Optimal Energy Allocation and Admission Control for Communications Satellites, " LIDS report 2516, September, 2001.
• Michael Neely, Eytan Modiano and Charles Rohrs, "Power and Server Allocation in a Multi-Beam Satellite with Time Varying Channels, " LIDS report 2515, September, 2001.
• Eytan Modiano, "Scheduling Algorithms for Message Transmission Over the GBS Satellite Broadcast System, " Lincoln Laboratory Technical Report Number TR-1035, June 1997.
• Eytan Modiano, "Scheduling Packet Transmissions in A Multi-hop Packet Switched Network Based on Message Length, " Lincoln Laboratory Technical Report number TR-1036, June, 1997.

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Study and Investigation on 5G Technology: A Systematic Review

Ramraj dangi.

1 School of Computing Science and Engineering, VIT University Bhopal, Bhopal 466114, India; [email protected] (R.D.); [email protected] (P.L.)

Praveen Lalwani

Gaurav choudhary.

2 Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark; moc.liamg@7777yrahduohcvaruag

3 Department of Information Security Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, Asan-si 31538, Korea

Giovanni Pau

4 Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Kore University of Enna, 94100 Enna, Italy; [email protected]

Associated Data

Not applicable.

In wireless communication, Fifth Generation (5G) Technology is a recent generation of mobile networks. In this paper, evaluations in the field of mobile communication technology are presented. In each evolution, multiple challenges were faced that were captured with the help of next-generation mobile networks. Among all the previously existing mobile networks, 5G provides a high-speed internet facility, anytime, anywhere, for everyone. 5G is slightly different due to its novel features such as interconnecting people, controlling devices, objects, and machines. 5G mobile system will bring diverse levels of performance and capability, which will serve as new user experiences and connect new enterprises. Therefore, it is essential to know where the enterprise can utilize the benefits of 5G. In this research article, it was observed that extensive research and analysis unfolds different aspects, namely, millimeter wave (mmWave), massive multiple-input and multiple-output (Massive-MIMO), small cell, mobile edge computing (MEC), beamforming, different antenna technology, etc. This article’s main aim is to highlight some of the most recent enhancements made towards the 5G mobile system and discuss its future research objectives.

1. Introduction

Most recently, in three decades, rapid growth was marked in the field of wireless communication concerning the transition of 1G to 4G [ 1 , 2 ]. The main motto behind this research was the requirements of high bandwidth and very low latency. 5G provides a high data rate, improved quality of service (QoS), low-latency, high coverage, high reliability, and economically affordable services. 5G delivers services categorized into three categories: (1) Extreme mobile broadband (eMBB). It is a nonstandalone architecture that offers high-speed internet connectivity, greater bandwidth, moderate latency, UltraHD streaming videos, virtual reality and augmented reality (AR/VR) media, and many more. (2) Massive machine type communication (eMTC), 3GPP releases it in its 13th specification. It provides long-range and broadband machine-type communication at a very cost-effective price with less power consumption. eMTC brings a high data rate service, low power, extended coverage via less device complexity through mobile carriers for IoT applications. (3) ultra-reliable low latency communication (URLLC) offers low-latency and ultra-high reliability, rich quality of service (QoS), which is not possible with traditional mobile network architecture. URLLC is designed for on-demand real-time interaction such as remote surgery, vehicle to vehicle (V2V) communication, industry 4.0, smart grids, intelligent transport system, etc. [ 3 ].

1.1. Evolution from 1G to 5G

First generation (1G): 1G cell phone was launched between the 1970s and 80s, based on analog technology, which works just like a landline phone. It suffers in various ways, such as poor battery life, voice quality, and dropped calls. In 1G, the maximum achievable speed was 2.4 Kbps.

Second Generation (2G): In 2G, the first digital system was offered in 1991, providing improved mobile voice communication over 1G. In addition, Code-Division Multiple Access (CDMA) and Global System for Mobile (GSM) concepts were also discussed. In 2G, the maximum achievable speed was 1 Mpbs.

Third Generation (3G): When technology ventured from 2G GSM frameworks into 3G universal mobile telecommunication system (UMTS) framework, users encountered higher system speed and quicker download speed making constant video calls. 3G was the first mobile broadband system that was formed to provide the voice with some multimedia. The technology behind 3G was high-speed packet access (HSPA/HSPA+). 3G used MIMO for multiplying the power of the wireless network, and it also used packet switching for fast data transmission.

Fourth Generation (4G): It is purely mobile broadband standard. In digital mobile communication, it was observed information rate that upgraded from 20 to 60 Mbps in 4G [ 4 ]. It works on LTE and WiMAX technologies, as well as provides wider bandwidth up to 100 Mhz. It was launched in 2010.

Fourth Generation LTE-A (4.5G): It is an advanced version of standard 4G LTE. LTE-A uses MIMO technology to combine multiple antennas for both transmitters as well as a receiver. Using MIMO, multiple signals and multiple antennas can work simultaneously, making LTE-A three times faster than standard 4G. LTE-A offered an improved system limit, decreased deferral in the application server, access triple traffic (Data, Voice, and Video) wirelessly at any time anywhere in the world.LTE-A delivers speeds of over 42 Mbps and up to 90 Mbps.

Fifth Generation (5G): 5G is a pillar of digital transformation; it is a real improvement on all the previous mobile generation networks. 5G brings three different services for end user like Extreme mobile broadband (eMBB). It offers high-speed internet connectivity, greater bandwidth, moderate latency, UltraHD streaming videos, virtual reality and augmented reality (AR/VR) media, and many more. Massive machine type communication (eMTC), it provides long-range and broadband machine-type communication at a very cost-effective price with less power consumption. eMTC brings a high data rate service, low power, extended coverage via less device complexity through mobile carriers for IoT applications. Ultra-reliable low latency communication (URLLC) offers low-latency and ultra-high reliability, rich quality of service (QoS), which is not possible with traditional mobile network architecture. URLLC is designed for on-demand real-time interaction such as remote surgery, vehicle to vehicle (V2V) communication, industry 4.0, smart grids, intelligent transport system, etc. 5G faster than 4G and offers remote-controlled operation over a reliable network with zero delays. It provides down-link maximum throughput of up to 20 Gbps. In addition, 5G also supports 4G WWWW (4th Generation World Wide Wireless Web) [ 5 ] and is based on Internet protocol version 6 (IPv6) protocol. 5G provides unlimited internet connection at your convenience, anytime, anywhere with extremely high speed, high throughput, low-latency, higher reliability and scalability, and energy-efficient mobile communication technology [ 6 ]. 5G mainly divided in two parts 6 GHz 5G and Millimeter wave(mmWave) 5G.

6 GHz is a mid frequency band which works as a mid point between capacity and coverage to offer perfect environment for 5G connectivity. 6 GHz spectrum will provide high bandwidth with improved network performance. It offers continuous channels that will reduce the need for network densification when mid-band spectrum is not available and it makes 5G connectivity affordable at anytime, anywhere for everyone.

mmWave is an essential technology of 5G network which build high performance network. 5G mmWave offer diverse services that is why all network providers should add on this technology in their 5G deployment planning. There are lots of service providers who deployed 5G mmWave, and their simulation result shows that 5G mmwave is a far less used spectrum. It provides very high speed wireless communication and it also offers ultra-wide bandwidth for next generation mobile network.

The evolution of wireless mobile technologies are presented in Table 1 . The abbreviations used in this paper are mentioned in Table 2 .

Summary of Mobile Technology.

Table of Notations and Abbreviations.

1.2. Key Contributions

The objective of this survey is to provide a detailed guide of 5G key technologies, methods to researchers, and to help with understanding how the recent works addressed 5G problems and developed solutions to tackle the 5G challenges; i.e., what are new methods that must be applied and how can they solve problems? Highlights of the research article are as follows.

• This survey focused on the recent trends and development in the era of 5G and novel contributions by the researcher community and discussed technical details on essential aspects of the 5G advancement.
• In this paper, the evolution of the mobile network from 1G to 5G is presented. In addition, the growth of mobile communication under different attributes is also discussed.
• This paper covers the emerging applications and research groups working on 5G & different research areas in 5G wireless communication network with a descriptive taxonomy.
• This survey discusses the current vision of the 5G networks, advantages, applications, key technologies, and key features. Furthermore, machine learning prospects are also explored with the emerging requirements in the 5G era. The article also focused on technical aspects of 5G IoT Based approaches and optimization techniques for 5G.
• we provide an extensive overview and recent advancement of emerging technologies of 5G mobile network, namely, MIMO, Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA), mmWave, Internet of Things (IoT), Machine Learning (ML), and optimization. Also, a technical summary is discussed by highlighting the context of current approaches and corresponding challenges.
• Security challenges and considerations while developing 5G technology are discussed.
• Finally, the paper concludes with the future directives.

The existing survey focused on architecture, key concepts, and implementation challenges and issues. In contrast, this survey covers the state-of-the-art techniques as well as corresponding recent novel developments by researchers. Various recent significant papers are discussed with the key technologies accelerating the development and production of 5G products.

2. Existing Surveys and Their Applicability

In this paper, a detailed survey on various technologies of 5G networks is presented. Various researchers have worked on different technologies of 5G networks. In this section, Table 3 gives a tabular representation of existing surveys of 5G networks. Massive MIMO, NOMA, small cell, mmWave, beamforming, and MEC are the six main pillars that helped to implement 5G networks in real life.

A comparative overview of existing surveys on different technologies of 5G networks.

2.1. Limitations of Existing Surveys

The existing survey focused on architecture, key concepts, and implementation challenges and issues. The numerous current surveys focused on various 5G technologies with different parameters, and the authors did not cover all the technologies of the 5G network in detail with challenges and recent advancements. Few authors worked on MIMO (Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access) NOMA, MEC, small cell technologies. In contrast, some others worked on beamforming, Millimeter-wave (mmWave). But the existing survey did not cover all the technologies of the 5G network from a research and advancement perspective. No detailed survey is available in the market covering all the 5G network technologies and currently published research trade-offs. So, our main aim is to give a detailed study of all the technologies working on the 5G network. In contrast, this survey covers the state-of-the-art techniques as well as corresponding recent novel developments by researchers. Various recent significant papers are discussed with the key technologies accelerating the development and production of 5G products. This survey article collected key information about 5G technology and recent advancements, and it can be a kind of a guide for the reader. This survey provides an umbrella approach to bring multiple solutions and recent improvements in a single place to accelerate the 5G research with the latest key enabling solutions and reviews. A systematic layout representation of the survey in Figure 1 . We provide a state-of-the-art comparative overview of the existing surveys on different technologies of 5G networks in Table 3 .

Systematic layout representation of survey.

2.2. Article Organization

This article is organized under the following sections. Section 2 presents existing surveys and their applicability. In Section 3 , the preliminaries of 5G technology are presented. In Section 4 , recent advances of 5G technology based on Massive MIMO, NOMA, Millimeter Wave, 5G with IoT, machine learning for 5G, and Optimization in 5G are provided. In Section 5 , a description of novel 5G features over 4G is provided. Section 6 covered all the security concerns of the 5G network. Section 7 , 5G technology based on above-stated challenges summarize in tabular form. Finally, Section 8 and Section 9 conclude the study, which paves the path for future research.

3. Preliminary Section

3.1. emerging 5g paradigms and its features.

5G provides very high speed, low latency, and highly salable connectivity between multiple devices and IoT worldwide. 5G will provide a very flexible model to develop a modern generation of applications and industry goals [ 26 , 27 ]. There are many services offered by 5G network architecture are stated below:

Massive machine to machine communications: 5G offers novel, massive machine-to-machine communications [ 28 ], also known as the IoT [ 29 ], that provide connectivity between lots of machines without any involvement of humans. This service enhances the applications of 5G and provides connectivity between agriculture, construction, and industries [ 30 ].

Ultra-reliable low latency communications (URLLC): This service offers real-time management of machines, high-speed vehicle-to-vehicle connectivity, industrial connectivity and security principles, and highly secure transport system, and multiple autonomous actions. Low latency communications also clear up a different area where remote medical care, procedures, and operation are all achievable [ 31 ].

Enhanced mobile broadband: Enhance mobile broadband is an important use case of 5G system, which uses massive MIMO antenna, mmWave, beamforming techniques to offer very high-speed connectivity across a wide range of areas [ 32 ].

For communities: 5G provides a very flexible internet connection between lots of machines to make smart homes, smart schools, smart laboratories, safer and smart automobiles, and good health care centers [ 33 ].

For businesses and industry: As 5G works on higher spectrum ranges from 24 to 100 GHz. This higher frequency range provides secure low latency communication and high-speed wireless connectivity between IoT devices and industry 4.0, which opens a market for end-users to enhance their business models [ 34 ].

New and Emerging technologies: As 5G came up with many new technologies like beamforming, massive MIMO, mmWave, small cell, NOMA, MEC, and network slicing, it introduced many new features to the market. Like virtual reality (VR), users can experience the physical presence of people who are millions of kilometers away from them. Many new technologies like smart homes, smart workplaces, smart schools, smart sports academy also came into the market with this 5G Mobile network model [ 35 ].

3.2. Commercial Service Providers of 5G

5G provides high-speed internet browsing, streaming, and downloading with very high reliability and low latency. 5G network will change your working style, and it will increase new business opportunities and provide innovations that we cannot imagine. This section covers top service providers of 5G network [ 36 , 37 ].

Ericsson: Ericsson is a Swedish multinational networking and telecommunications company, investing around 25.62 billion USD in 5G network, which makes it the biggest telecommunication company. It claims that it is the only company working on all the continents to make the 5G network a global standard for the next generation wireless communication. Ericsson developed the first 5G radio prototype that enables the operators to set up the live field trials in their network, which helps operators understand how 5G reacts. It plays a vital role in the development of 5G hardware. It currently provides 5G services in over 27 countries with content providers like China Mobile, GCI, LGU+, AT&T, Rogers, and many more. It has 100 commercial agreements with different operators as of 2020.

Verizon: It is American multinational telecommunication which was founded in 1983. Verizon started offering 5G services in April 2020, and by December 2020, it has actively provided 5G services in 30 cities of the USA. They planned that by the end of 2021, they would deploy 5G in 30 more new cities. Verizon deployed a 5G network on mmWave, a very high band spectrum between 30 to 300 GHz. As it is a significantly less used spectrum, it provides very high-speed wireless communication. MmWave offers ultra-wide bandwidth for next-generation mobile networks. MmWave is a faster and high-band spectrum that has a limited range. Verizon planned to increase its number of 5G cells by 500% by 2020. Verizon also has an ultra wide-band flagship 5G service which is the best 5G service that increases the market price of Verizon.

Nokia: Nokia is a Finnish multinational telecommunications company which was founded in 1865. Nokia is one of the companies which adopted 5G technology very early. It is developing, researching, and building partnerships with various 5G renders to offer 5G communication as soon as possible. Nokia collaborated with Deutsche Telekom and Hamburg Port Authority and provided them 8000-hectare site for their 5G MoNArch project. Nokia is the only company that supplies 5G technology to all the operators of different countries like AT&T, Sprint, T-Mobile US and Verizon in the USA, Korea Telecom, LG U+ and SK Telecom in South Korea and NTT DOCOMO, KDDI, and SoftBank in Japan. Presently, Nokia has around 150+ agreements and 29 live networks all over the world. Nokia is continuously working hard on 5G technology to expand 5G networks all over the globe.

AT&T: AT&T is an American multinational company that was the first to deploy a 5G network in reality in 2018. They built a gigabit 5G network connection in Waco, TX, Kalamazoo, MI, and South Bend to achieve this. It is the first company that archives 1–2 gigabit per second speed in 2019. AT&T claims that it provides a 5G network connection among 225 million people worldwide by using a 6 GHz spectrum band.

T-Mobile: T-Mobile US (TMUS) is an American wireless network operator which was the first service provider that offers a real 5G nationwide network. The company knew that high-band 5G was not feasible nationwide, so they used a 600 MHz spectrum to build a significant portion of its 5G network. TMUS is planning that by 2024 they will double the total capacity and triple the full 5G capacity of T-Mobile and Sprint combined. The sprint buyout is helping T-Mobile move forward the company’s current market price to 129.98 USD.

Samsung: Samsung started their research in 5G technology in 2011. In 2013, Samsung successfully developed the world’s first adaptive array transceiver technology operating in the millimeter-wave Ka bands for cellular communications. Samsung provides several hundred times faster data transmission than standard 4G for core 5G mobile communication systems. The company achieved a lot of success in the next generation of technology, and it is considered one of the leading companies in the 5G domain.

Qualcomm: Qualcomm is an American multinational corporation in San Diego, California. It is also one of the leading company which is working on 5G chip. Qualcomm’s first 5G modem chip was announced in October 2016, and a prototype was demonstrated in October 2017. Qualcomm mainly focuses on building products while other companies talk about 5G; Qualcomm is building the technologies. According to one magazine, Qualcomm was working on three main areas of 5G networks. Firstly, radios that would use bandwidth from any network it has access to; secondly, creating more extensive ranges of spectrum by combining smaller pieces; and thirdly, a set of services for internet applications.

ZTE Corporation: ZTE Corporation was founded in 1985. It is a partially Chinese state-owned technology company that works in telecommunication. It was a leading company that worked on 4G LTE, and it is still maintaining its value and doing research and tests on 5G. It is the first company that proposed Pre5G technology with some series of solutions.

NEC Corporation: NEC Corporation is a Japanese multinational information technology and electronics corporation headquartered in Minato, Tokyo. ZTE also started their research on 5G, and they introduced a new business concept. NEC’s main aim is to develop 5G NR for the global mobile system and create secure and intelligent technologies to realize 5G services.

Cisco: Cisco is a USA networking hardware company that also sleeves up for 5G network. Cisco’s primary focus is to support 5G in three ways: Service—enable 5G services faster so all service providers can increase their business. Infrastructure—build 5G-oriented infrastructure to implement 5G more quickly. Automation—make a more scalable, flexible, and reliable 5G network. The companies know the importance of 5G, and they want to connect more than 30 billion devices in the next couple of years. Cisco intends to work on network hardening as it is a vital part of 5G network. Cisco used AI with deep learning to develop a 5G Security Architecture, enabling Secure Network Transformation.

3.3. 5G Research Groups

Many research groups from all over the world are working on a 5G wireless mobile network [ 38 ]. These groups are continuously working on various aspects of 5G. The list of those research groups are presented as follows: 5GNOW (5th Generation Non-Orthogonal Waveform for Asynchronous Signaling), NEWCOM (Network of Excellence in Wireless Communication), 5GIC (5G Innovation Center), NYU (New York University) Wireless, 5GPPP (5G Infrastructure Public-Private Partnership), EMPHATIC (Enhanced Multi-carrier Technology for Professional Adhoc and Cell-Based Communication), ETRI(Electronics and Telecommunication Research Institute), METIS (Mobile and wireless communication Enablers for the Twenty-twenty Information Society) [ 39 ]. The various research groups along with the research area are presented in Table 4 .

Research groups working on 5G mobile networks.

3.4. 5G Applications

5G is faster than 4G and offers remote-controlled operation over a reliable network with zero delays. It provides down-link maximum throughput of up to 20 Gbps. In addition, 5G also supports 4G WWWW (4th Generation World Wide Wireless Web) [ 5 ] and is based on Internet protocol version 6 (IPv6) protocol. 5G provides unlimited internet connection at your convenience, anytime, anywhere with extremely high speed, high throughput, low-latency, higher reliability, greater scalablility, and energy-efficient mobile communication technology [ 6 ].

There are lots of applications of 5G mobile network are as follows:

• High-speed mobile network: 5G is an advancement on all the previous mobile network technologies, which offers very high speed downloading speeds 0 of up to 10 to 20 Gbps. The 5G wireless network works as a fiber optic internet connection. 5G is different from all the conventional mobile transmission technologies, and it offers both voice and high-speed data connectivity efficiently. 5G offers very low latency communication of less than a millisecond, useful for autonomous driving and mission-critical applications. 5G will use millimeter waves for data transmission, providing higher bandwidth and a massive data rate than lower LTE bands. As 5 Gis a fast mobile network technology, it will enable virtual access to high processing power and secure and safe access to cloud services and enterprise applications. Small cell is one of the best features of 5G, which brings lots of advantages like high coverage, high-speed data transfer, power saving, easy and fast cloud access, etc. [ 40 ].
• Entertainment and multimedia: In one analysis in 2015, it was found that more than 50 percent of mobile internet traffic was used for video downloading. This trend will surely increase in the future, which will make video streaming more common. 5G will offer High-speed streaming of 4K videos with crystal clear audio, and it will make a high definition virtual world on your mobile. 5G will benefit the entertainment industry as it offers 120 frames per second with high resolution and higher dynamic range video streaming, and HD TV channels can also be accessed on mobile devices without any interruptions. 5G provides low latency high definition communication so augmented reality (AR), and virtual reality (VR) will be very easily implemented in the future. Virtual reality games are trendy these days, and many companies are investing in HD virtual reality games. The 5G network will offer high-speed internet connectivity with a better gaming experience [ 41 ].
• Smart homes : smart home appliances and products are in demand these days. The 5G network makes smart homes more real as it offers high-speed connectivity and monitoring of smart appliances. Smart home appliances are easily accessed and configured from remote locations using the 5G network as it offers very high-speed low latency communication.
• Smart cities: 5G wireless network also helps develop smart cities applications such as automatic traffic management, weather update, local area broadcasting, energy-saving, efficient power supply, smart lighting system, water resource management, crowd management, emergency control, etc.
• Industrial IoT: 5G wireless technology will provide lots of features for future industries such as safety, process tracking, smart packing, shipping, energy efficiency, automation of equipment, predictive maintenance, and logistics. 5G smart sensor technology also offers smarter, safer, cost-effective, and energy-saving industrial IoT operations.
• Smart Farming: 5G technology will play a crucial role in agriculture and smart farming. 5G sensors and GPS technology will help farmers track live attacks on crops and manage them quickly. These smart sensors can also be used for irrigation, pest, insect, and electricity control.
• Autonomous Driving: The 5G wireless network offers very low latency high-speed communication, significant for autonomous driving. It means self-driving cars will come to real life soon with 5G wireless networks. Using 5G autonomous cars can easily communicate with smart traffic signs, objects, and other vehicles running on the road. 5G’s low latency feature makes self-driving more real as every millisecond is essential for autonomous vehicles, decision-making is done in microseconds to avoid accidents.
• Healthcare and mission-critical applications: 5G technology will bring modernization in medicine where doctors and practitioners can perform advanced medical procedures. The 5G network will provide connectivity between all classrooms, so attending seminars and lectures will be easier. Through 5G technology, patients can connect with doctors and take their advice. Scientists are building smart medical devices which can help people with chronic medical conditions. The 5G network will boost the healthcare industry with smart devices, the internet of medical things, smart sensors, HD medical imaging technologies, and smart analytics systems. 5G will help access cloud storage, so accessing healthcare data will be very easy from any location worldwide. Doctors and medical practitioners can easily store and share large files like MRI reports within seconds using the 5G network.
• Satellite Internet: In many remote areas, ground base stations are not available, so 5G will play a crucial role in providing connectivity in such areas. The 5G network will provide connectivity using satellite systems, and the satellite system uses a constellation of multiple small satellites to provide connectivity in urban and rural areas across the world.

4. 5G Technologies

This section describes recent advances of 5G Massive MIMO, 5G NOMA, 5G millimeter wave, 5G IOT, 5G with machine learning, and 5G optimization-based approaches. In addition, the summary is also presented in each subsection that paves the researchers for the future research direction.

4.1. 5G Massive MIMO

Multiple-input-multiple-out (MIMO) is a very important technology for wireless systems. It is used for sending and receiving multiple signals simultaneously over the same radio channel. MIMO plays a very big role in WI-FI, 3G, 4G, and 4G LTE-A networks. MIMO is mainly used to achieve high spectral efficiency and energy efficiency but it was not up to the mark MIMO provides low throughput and very low reliable connectivity. To resolve this, lots of MIMO technology like single user MIMO (SU-MIMO), multiuser MIMO (MU-MIMO) and network MIMO were used. However, these new MIMO also did not still fulfill the demand of end users. Massive MIMO is an advancement of MIMO technology used in the 5G network in which hundreds and thousands of antennas are attached with base stations to increase throughput and spectral efficiency. Multiple transmit and receive antennas are used in massive MIMO to increase the transmission rate and spectral efficiency. When multiple UEs generate downlink traffic simultaneously, massive MIMO gains higher capacity. Massive MIMO uses extra antennas to move energy into smaller regions of space to increase spectral efficiency and throughput [ 43 ]. In traditional systems data collection from smart sensors is a complex task as it increases latency, reduced data rate and reduced reliability. While massive MIMO with beamforming and huge multiplexing techniques can sense data from different sensors with low latency, high data rate and higher reliability. Massive MIMO will help in transmitting the data in real-time collected from different sensors to central monitoring locations for smart sensor applications like self-driving cars, healthcare centers, smart grids, smart cities, smart highways, smart homes, and smart enterprises [ 44 ].

Highlights of 5G Massive MIMO technology are as follows:

• Data rate: Massive MIMO is advised as the one of the dominant technologies to provide wireless high speed and high data rate in the gigabits per seconds.
• The relationship between wave frequency and antenna size: Both are inversely proportional to each other. It means lower frequency signals need a bigger antenna and vise versa.

Pictorial representation of multi-input and multi-output (MIMO).

• MIMO role in 5G: Massive MIMO will play a crucial role in the deployment of future 5G mobile communication as greater spectral and energy efficiency could be enabled.

State-of-the-Art Approaches

Plenty of approaches were proposed to resolve the issues of conventional MIMO [ 7 ].

The MIMO multirate, feed-forward controller is suggested by Mae et al. [ 46 ]. In the simulation, the proposed model generates the smooth control input, unlike the conventional MIMO, which generates oscillated control inputs. It also outperformed concerning the error rate. However, a combination of multirate and single rate can be used for better results.

The performance of stand-alone MIMO, distributed MIMO with and without corporation MIMO, was investigated by Panzner et al. [ 47 ]. In addition, an idea about the integration of large scale in the 5G technology was also presented. In the experimental analysis, different MIMO configurations are considered. The variation in the ratio of overall transmit antennas to spatial is deemed step-wise from equality to ten.

The simulation of massive MIMO noncooperative and cooperative systems for down-link behavior was performed by He et al. [ 48 ]. It depends on present LTE systems, which deal with various antennas in the base station set-up. It was observed that collaboration in different BS improves the system behaviors, whereas throughput is reduced slightly in this approach. However, a new method can be developed which can enhance both system behavior and throughput.

In [ 8 ], different approaches that increased the energy efficiency benefits provided by massive MIMO were presented. They analyzed the massive MIMO technology and described the detailed design of the energy consumption model for massive MIMO systems. This article has explored several techniques to enhance massive MIMO systems’ energy efficiency (EE) gains. This paper reviews standard EE-maximization approaches for the conventional massive MIMO systems, namely, scaling number of antennas, real-time implementing low-complexity operations at the base station (BS), power amplifier losses minimization, and radio frequency (RF) chain minimization requirements. In addition, open research direction is also identified.

In [ 49 ], various existing approaches based on different antenna selection and scheduling, user selection and scheduling, and joint antenna and user scheduling methods adopted in massive MIMO systems are presented in this paper. The objective of this survey article was to make awareness about the current research and future research direction in MIMO for systems. They analyzed that complete utilization of resources and bandwidth was the most crucial factor which enhances the sum rate.

In [ 50 ], authors discussed the development of various techniques for pilot contamination. To calculate the impact of pilot contamination in time division duplex (TDD) massive MIMO system, TDD and frequency division duplexing FDD patterns in massive MIMO techniques are used. They discussed different issues in pilot contamination in TDD massive MIMO systems with all the possible future directions of research. They also classified various techniques to generate the channel information for both pilot-based and subspace-based approaches.

In [ 19 ], the authors defined the uplink and downlink services for a massive MIMO system. In addition, it maintains a performance matrix that measures the impact of pilot contamination on different performances. They also examined the various application of massive MIMO such as small cells, orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) schemes, massive MIMO IEEE 802, 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) specifications, and higher frequency bands. They considered their research work crucial for cutting edge massive MIMO and covered many issues like system throughput performance and channel state acquisition at higher frequencies.

In [ 13 ], various approaches were suggested for MIMO future generation wireless communication. They made a comparative study based on performance indicators such as peak data rate, energy efficiency, latency, throughput, etc. The key findings of this survey are as follows: (1) spatial multiplexing improves the energy efficiency; (2) design of MIMO play a vital role in the enhancement of throughput; (3) enhancement of mMIMO focusing on energy & spectral performance; (4) discussed the future challenges to improve the system design.

In [ 51 ], the study of large-scale MIMO systems for an energy-efficient system sharing method was presented. For the resource allocation, circuit energy and transmit energy expenditures were taken into consideration. In addition, the optimization techniques were applied for an energy-efficient resource sharing system to enlarge the energy efficiency for individual QoS and energy constraints. The author also examined the BS configuration, which includes homogeneous and heterogeneous UEs. While simulating, they discussed that the total number of transmit antennas plays a vital role in boosting energy efficiency. They highlighted that the highest energy efficiency was obtained when the BS was set up with 100 antennas that serve 20 UEs.

This section includes various works done on 5G MIMO technology by different author’s. Table 5 shows how different author’s worked on improvement of various parameters such as throughput, latency, energy efficiency, and spectral efficiency with 5G MIMO technology.

Summary of massive MIMO-based approaches in 5G technology.

4.2. 5G Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA)

NOMA is a very important radio access technology used in next generation wireless communication. Compared to previous orthogonal multiple access techniques, NOMA offers lots of benefits like high spectrum efficiency, low latency with high reliability and high speed massive connectivity. NOMA mainly works on a baseline to serve multiple users with the same resources in terms of time, space and frequency. NOMA is mainly divided into two main categories one is code domain NOMA and another is power domain NOMA. Code-domain NOMA can improve the spectral efficiency of mMIMO, which improves the connectivity in 5G wireless communication. Code-domain NOMA was divided into some more multiple access techniques like sparse code multiple access, lattice-partition multiple access, multi-user shared access and pattern-division multiple access [ 52 ]. Power-domain NOMA is widely used in 5G wireless networks as it performs well with various wireless communication techniques such as MIMO, beamforming, space-time coding, network coding, full-duplex and cooperative communication etc. [ 53 ]. The conventional orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) used by 3GPP in 4G LTE network provides very low spectral efficiency when bandwidth resources are allocated to users with low channel state information (CSI). NOMA resolved this issue as it enables users to access all the subcarrier channels so bandwidth resources allocated to the users with low CSI can still be accessed by the users with strong CSI which increases the spectral efficiency. The 5G network will support heterogeneous architecture in which small cell and macro base stations work for spectrum sharing. NOMA is a key technology of the 5G wireless system which is very helpful for heterogeneous networks as multiple users can share their data in a small cell using the NOMA principle.The NOMA is helpful in various applications like ultra-dense networks (UDN), machine to machine (M2M) communication and massive machine type communication (mMTC). As NOMA provides lots of features it has some challenges too such as NOMA needs huge computational power for a large number of users at high data rates to run the SIC algorithms. Second, when users are moving from the networks, to manage power allocation optimization is a challenging task for NOMA [ 54 ]. Hybrid NOMA (HNOMA) is a combination of power-domain and code-domain NOMA. HNOMA uses both power differences and orthogonal resources for transmission among multiple users. As HNOMA is using both power-domain NOMA and code-domain NOMA it can achieve higher spectral efficiency than Power-domain NOMA and code-domain NOMA. In HNOMA multiple groups can simultaneously transmit signals at the same time. It uses a message passing algorithm (MPA) and successive interference cancellation (SIC)-based detection at the base station for these groups [ 55 ].

Highlights of 5G NOMA technology as follows:

Pictorial representation of orthogonal and Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA).

• NOMA provides higher data rates and resolves all the loop holes of OMA that makes 5G mobile network more scalable and reliable.
• As multiple users use same frequency band simultaneously it increases the performance of whole network.
• To setup intracell and intercell interference NOMA provides nonorthogonal transmission on the transmitter end.
• The primary fundamental of NOMA is to improve the spectrum efficiency by strengthening the ramification of receiver.

State-of-the-Art of Approaches

A plenty of approaches were developed to address the various issues in NOMA.

A novel approach to address the multiple receiving signals at the same frequency is proposed in [ 22 ]. In NOMA, multiple users use the same sub-carrier, which improves the fairness and throughput of the system. As a nonorthogonal method is used among multiple users, at the time of retrieving the user’s signal at the receiver’s end, joint processing is required. They proposed solutions to optimize the receiver and the radio resource allocation of uplink NOMA. Firstly, the authors proposed an iterative MUDD which utilizes the information produced by the channel decoder to improve the performance of the multiuser detector. After that, the author suggested a power allocation and novel subcarrier that enhances the users’ weighted sum rate for the NOMA scheme. Their proposed model showed that NOMA performed well as compared to OFDM in terms of fairness and efficiency.

In [ 53 ], the author’s reviewed a power-domain NOMA that uses superposition coding (SC) and successive interference cancellation (SIC) at the transmitter and the receiver end. Lots of analyses were held that described that NOMA effectively satisfies user data rate demands and network-level of 5G technologies. The paper presented a complete review of recent advances in the 5G NOMA system. It showed the comparative analysis regarding allocation procedures, user fairness, state-of-the-art efficiency evaluation, user pairing pattern, etc. The study also analyzes NOMA’s behavior when working with other wireless communication techniques, namely, beamforming, MIMO, cooperative connections, network, space-time coding, etc.

In [ 9 ], the authors proposed NOMA with MEC, which improves the QoS as well as reduces the latency of the 5G wireless network. This model increases the uplink NOMA by decreasing the user’s uplink energy consumption. They formulated an optimized NOMA framework that reduces the energy consumption of MEC by using computing and communication resource allocation, user clustering, and transmit powers.

In [ 10 ], the authors proposed a model which investigates outage probability under average channel state information CSI and data rate in full CSI to resolve the problem of optimal power allocation, which increase the NOMA downlink system among users. They developed simple low-complexity algorithms to provide the optimal solution. The obtained simulation results showed NOMA’s efficiency, achieving higher performance fairness compared to the TDMA configurations. It was observed from the results that NOMA, through the appropriate power amplifiers (PA), ensures the high-performance fairness requirement for the future 5G wireless communication networks.

In [ 56 ], researchers discussed that the NOMA technology and waveform modulation techniques had been used in the 5G mobile network. Therefore, this research gave a detailed survey of non-orthogonal waveform modulation techniques and NOMA schemes for next-generation mobile networks. By analyzing and comparing multiple access technologies, they considered the future evolution of these technologies for 5G mobile communication.

In [ 57 ], the authors surveyed non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) from the development phase to the recent developments. They have also compared NOMA techniques with traditional OMA techniques concerning information theory. The author discussed the NOMA schemes categorically as power and code domain, including the design principles, operating principles, and features. Comparison is based upon the system’s performance, spectral efficiency, and the receiver’s complexity. Also discussed are the future challenges, open issues, and their expectations of NOMA and how it will support the key requirements of 5G mobile communication systems with massive connectivity and low latency.

In [ 17 ], authors present the first review of an elementary NOMA model with two users, which clarify its central precepts. After that, a general design with multicarrier supports with a random number of users on each sub-carrier is analyzed. In performance evaluation with the existing approaches, resource sharing and multiple-input multiple-output NOMA are examined. Furthermore, they took the key elements of NOMA and its potential research demands. Finally, they reviewed the two-user SC-NOMA design and a multi-user MC-NOMA design to highlight NOMA’s basic approaches and conventions. They also present the research study about the performance examination, resource assignment, and MIMO in NOMA.

In this section, various works by different authors done on 5G NOMA technology is covered. Table 6 shows how other authors worked on the improvement of various parameters such as spectral efficiency, fairness, and computing capacity with 5G NOMA technology.

Summary of NOMA-based approaches in 5G technology.

4.3. 5G Millimeter Wave (mmWave)

Millimeter wave is an extremely high frequency band, which is very useful for 5G wireless networks. MmWave uses 30 GHz to 300 GHz spectrum band for transmission. The frequency band between 30 GHz to 300 GHz is known as mmWave because these waves have wavelengths between 1 to 10 mm. Till now radar systems and satellites are only using mmWave as these are very fast frequency bands which provide very high speed wireless communication. Many mobile network providers also started mmWave for transmitting data between base stations. Using two ways the speed of data transmission can be improved one is by increasing spectrum utilization and second is by increasing spectrum bandwidth. Out of these two approaches increasing bandwidth is quite easy and better. The frequency band below 5 GHz is very crowded as many technologies are using it so to boost up the data transmission rate 5G wireless network uses mmWave technology which instead of increasing spectrum utilization, increases the spectrum bandwidth [ 58 ]. To maximize the signal bandwidth in wireless communication the carrier frequency should also be increased by 5% because the signal bandwidth is directly proportional to carrier frequencies. The frequency band between 28 GHz to 60 GHz is very useful for 5G wireless communication as 28 GHz frequency band offers up to 1 GHz spectrum bandwidth and 60 GHz frequency band offers 2 GHz spectrum bandwidth. 4G LTE provides 2 GHz carrier frequency which offers only 100 MHz spectrum bandwidth. However, the use of mmWave increases the spectrum bandwidth 10 times, which leads to better transmission speeds [ 59 , 60 ].

Highlights of 5G mmWave are as follows:

Pictorial representation of millimeter wave.

• The 5G mmWave offer three advantages: (1) MmWave is very less used new Band, (2) MmWave signals carry more data than lower frequency wave, and (3) MmWave can be incorporated with MIMO antenna with the potential to offer a higher magnitude capacity compared to current communication systems.

In [ 11 ], the authors presented the survey of mmWave communications for 5G. The advantage of mmWave communications is adaptability, i.e., it supports the architectures and protocols up-gradation, which consists of integrated circuits, systems, etc. The authors over-viewed the present solutions and examined them concerning effectiveness, performance, and complexity. They also discussed the open research issues of mmWave communications in 5G concerning the software-defined network (SDN) architecture, network state information, efficient regulation techniques, and the heterogeneous system.

In [ 61 ], the authors present the recent work done by investigators in 5G; they discussed the design issues and demands of mmWave 5G antennas for cellular handsets. After that, they designed a small size and low-profile 60 GHz array of antenna units that contain 3D planer mesh-grid antenna elements. For the future prospect, a framework is designed in which antenna components are used to operate cellular handsets on mmWave 5G smartphones. In addition, they cross-checked the mesh-grid array of antennas with the polarized beam for upcoming hardware challenges.

In [ 12 ], the authors considered the suitability of the mmWave band for 5G cellular systems. They suggested a resource allocation system for concurrent D2D communications in mmWave 5G cellular systems, and it improves network efficiency and maintains network connectivity. This research article can serve as guidance for simulating D2D communications in mmWave 5G cellular systems. Massive mmWave BS may be set up to obtain a high delivery rate and aggregate efficiency. Therefore, many wireless users can hand off frequently between the mmWave base terminals, and it emerges the demand to search the neighbor having better network connectivity.

In [ 62 ], the authors provided a brief description of the cellular spectrum which ranges from 1 GHz to 3 GHz and is very crowed. In addition, they presented various noteworthy factors to set up mmWave communications in 5G, namely, channel characteristics regarding mmWave signal attenuation due to free space propagation, atmospheric gaseous, and rain. In addition, hybrid beamforming architecture in the mmWave technique is analyzed. They also suggested methods for the blockage effect in mmWave communications due to penetration damage. Finally, the authors have studied designing the mmWave transmission with small beams in nonorthogonal device-to-device communication.

This section covered various works done on 5G mmWave technology. The Table 7 shows how different author’s worked on the improvement of various parameters i.e., transmission rate, coverage, and cost, with 5G mmWave technology.

Summary of existing mmWave-based approaches in 5G technology.

4.4. 5G IoT Based Approaches

The 5G mobile network plays a big role in developing the Internet of Things (IoT). IoT will connect lots of things with the internet like appliances, sensors, devices, objects, and applications. These applications will collect lots of data from different devices and sensors. 5G will provide very high speed internet connectivity for data collection, transmission, control, and processing. 5G is a flexible network with unused spectrum availability and it offers very low cost deployment that is why it is the most efficient technology for IoT [ 63 ]. In many areas, 5G provides benefits to IoT, and below are some examples:

Smart homes: smart home appliances and products are in demand these days. The 5G network makes smart homes more real as it offers high speed connectivity and monitoring of smart appliances. Smart home appliances are easily accessed and configured from remote locations using the 5G network, as it offers very high speed low latency communication.

Smart cities: 5G wireless network also helps in developing smart cities applications such as automatic traffic management, weather update, local area broadcasting, energy saving, efficient power supply, smart lighting system, water resource management, crowd management, emergency control, etc.

Industrial IoT: 5G wireless technology will provide lots of features for future industries such as safety, process tracking, smart packing, shipping, energy efficiency, automation of equipment, predictive maintenance and logistics. 5G smart sensor technology also offers smarter, safer, cost effective, and energy-saving industrial operation for industrial IoT.

Smart Farming: 5G technology will play a crucial role for agriculture and smart farming. 5G sensors and GPS technology will help farmers to track live attacks on crops and manage them quickly. These smart sensors can also be used for irrigation control, pest control, insect control, and electricity control.

Autonomous Driving: 5G wireless network offers very low latency high speed communication which is very significant for autonomous driving. It means self-driving cars will come to real life soon with 5G wireless networks. Using 5G autonomous cars can easily communicate with smart traffic signs, objects and other vehicles running on the road. 5G’s low latency feature makes self-driving more real as every millisecond is important for autonomous vehicles, decision taking is performed in microseconds to avoid accidents [ 64 ].

Highlights of 5G IoT are as follows:

Pictorial representation of IoT with 5G.

• 5G with IoT is a new feature of next-generation mobile communication, which provides a high-speed internet connection between moderated devices. 5G IoT also offers smart homes, smart devices, sensors, smart transportation systems, smart industries, etc., for end-users to make them smarter.
• IoT deals with moderate devices which connect through the internet. The approach of the IoT has made the consideration of the research associated with the outcome of providing wearable, smart-phones, sensors, smart transportation systems, smart devices, washing machines, tablets, etc., and these diverse systems are associated to a common interface with the intelligence to connect.
• Significant IoT applications include private healthcare systems, traffic management, industrial management, and tactile internet, etc.

Plenty of approaches is devised to address the issues of IoT [ 14 , 65 , 66 ].

In [ 65 ], the paper focuses on 5G mobile systems due to the emerging trends and developing technologies, which results in the exponential traffic growth in IoT. The author surveyed the challenges and demands during deployment of the massive IoT applications with the main focus on mobile networking. The author reviewed the features of standard IoT infrastructure, along with the cellular-based, low-power wide-area technologies (LPWA) such as eMTC, extended coverage (EC)-GSM-IoT, as well as noncellular, low-power wide-area (LPWA) technologies such as SigFox, LoRa etc.

In [ 14 ], the authors presented how 5G technology copes with the various issues of IoT today. It provides a brief review of existing and forming 5G architectures. The survey indicates the role of 5G in the foundation of the IoT ecosystem. IoT and 5G can easily combine with improved wireless technologies to set up the same ecosystem that can fulfill the current requirement for IoT devices. 5G can alter nature and will help to expand the development of IoT devices. As the process of 5G unfolds, global associations will find essentials for setting up a cross-industry engagement in determining and enlarging the 5G system.

In [ 66 ], the author introduced an IoT authentication scheme in a 5G network, with more excellent reliability and dynamic. The scheme proposed a privacy-protected procedure for selecting slices; it provided an additional fog node for proper data transmission and service types of the subscribers, along with service-oriented authentication and key understanding to maintain the secrecy, precision of users, and confidentiality of service factors. Users anonymously identify the IoT servers and develop a vital channel for service accessibility and data cached on local fog nodes and remote IoT servers. The author performed a simulation to manifest the security and privacy preservation of the user over the network.

This section covered various works done on 5G IoT by multiple authors. Table 8 shows how different author’s worked on the improvement of numerous parameters, i.e., data rate, security requirement, and performance with 5G IoT.

Summary of IoT-based approaches in 5G technology.

4.5. Machine Learning Techniques for 5G

Various machine learning (ML) techniques were applied in 5G networks and mobile communication. It provides a solution to multiple complex problems, which requires a lot of hand-tuning. ML techniques can be broadly classified as supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning. Let’s discuss each learning technique separately and where it impacts the 5G network.

Supervised Learning, where user works with labeled data; some 5G network problems can be further categorized as classification and regression problems. Some regression problems such as scheduling nodes in 5G and energy availability can be predicted using Linear Regression (LR) algorithm. To accurately predict the bandwidth and frequency allocation Statistical Logistic Regression (SLR) is applied. Some supervised classifiers are applied to predict the network demand and allocate network resources based on the connectivity performance; it signifies the topology setup and bit rates. Support Vector Machine (SVM) and NN-based approximation algorithms are used for channel learning based on observable channel state information. Deep Neural Network (DNN) is also employed to extract solutions for predicting beamforming vectors at the BS’s by taking mapping functions and uplink pilot signals into considerations.

In unsupervised Learning, where the user works with unlabeled data, various clustering techniques are applied to enhance network performance and connectivity without interruptions. K-means clustering reduces the data travel by storing data centers content into clusters. It optimizes the handover estimation based on mobility pattern and selection of relay nodes in the V2V network. Hierarchical clustering reduces network failure by detecting the intrusion in the mobile wireless network; unsupervised soft clustering helps in reducing latency by clustering fog nodes. The nonparametric Bayesian unsupervised learning technique reduces traffic in the network by actively serving the user’s requests and demands. Other unsupervised learning techniques such as Adversarial Auto Encoders (AAE) and Affinity Propagation Clustering techniques detect irregular behavior in the wireless spectrum and manage resources for ultradense small cells, respectively.

In case of an uncertain environment in the 5G wireless network, reinforcement learning (RL) techniques are employed to solve some problems. Actor-critic reinforcement learning is used for user scheduling and resource allocation in the network. Markov decision process (MDP) and Partially Observable MDP (POMDP) is used for Quality of Experience (QoE)-based handover decision-making for Hetnets. Controls packet call admission in HetNets and channel access process for secondary users in a Cognitive Radio Network (CRN). Deep RL is applied to decide the communication channel and mobility and speeds up the secondary user’s learning rate using an antijamming strategy. Deep RL is employed in various 5G network application parameters such as resource allocation and security [ 67 ]. Table 9 shows the state-of-the-art ML-based solution for 5G network.

The state-of-the-art ML-based solution for 5G network.

Highlights of machine learning techniques for 5G are as follows:

Pictorial representation of machine learning (ML) in 5G.

• In ML, a model will be defined which fulfills the desired requirements through which desired results are obtained. In the later stage, it examines accuracy from obtained results.
• ML plays a vital role in 5G network analysis for threat detection, network load prediction, final arrangement, and network formation. Searching for a better balance between power, length of antennas, area, and network thickness crossed with the spontaneous use of services in the universe of individual users and types of devices.

In [ 79 ], author’s firstly describes the demands for the traditional authentication procedures and benefits of intelligent authentication. The intelligent authentication method was established to improve security practice in 5G-and-beyond wireless communication systems. Thereafter, the machine learning paradigms for intelligent authentication were organized into parametric and non-parametric research methods, as well as supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning approaches. As a outcome, machine learning techniques provide a new paradigm into authentication under diverse network conditions and unstable dynamics. In addition, prompt intelligence to the security management to obtain cost-effective, better reliable, model-free, continuous, and situation-aware authentication.

In [ 68 ], the authors proposed a machine learning-based model to predict the traffic load at a particular location. They used a mobile network traffic dataset to train a model that can calculate the total number of user requests at a time. To launch access and mobility management function (AMF) instances according to the requirement as there were no predictions of user request the performance automatically degrade as AMF does not handle these requests at a time. Earlier threshold-based techniques were used to predict the traffic load, but that approach took too much time; therefore, the authors proposed RNN algorithm-based ML to predict the traffic load, which gives efficient results.

In [ 15 ], authors discussed the issue of network slice admission, resource allocation among subscribers, and how to maximize the profit of infrastructure providers. The author proposed a network slice admission control algorithm based on SMDP (decision-making process) that guarantees the subscribers’ best acceptance policies and satisfiability (tenants). They also suggested novel N3AC, a neural network-based algorithm that optimizes performance under various configurations, significantly outperforms practical and straightforward approaches.

This section includes various works done on 5G ML by different authors. Table 10 shows the state-of-the-art work on the improvement of various parameters such as energy efficiency, Quality of Services (QoS), and latency with 5G ML.

The state-of-the-art ML-based approaches in 5G technology.

4.6. Optimization Techniques for 5G

Optimization techniques may be applied to capture NP-Complete or NP-Hard problems in 5G technology. This section briefly describes various research works suggested for 5G technology based on optimization techniques.

In [ 80 ], Massive MIMO technology is used in 5G mobile network to make it more flexible and scalable. The MIMO implementation in 5G needs a significant number of radio frequencies is required in the RF circuit that increases the cost and energy consumption of the 5G network. This paper provides a solution that increases the cost efficiency and energy efficiency with many radio frequency chains for a 5G wireless communication network. They give an optimized energy efficient technique for MIMO antenna and mmWave technologies based 5G mobile communication network. The proposed Energy Efficient Hybrid Precoding (EEHP) algorithm to increase the energy efficiency for the 5G wireless network. This algorithm minimizes the cost of an RF circuit with a large number of RF chains.

In [ 16 ], authors have discussed the growing demand for energy efficiency in the next-generation networks. In the last decade, they have figured out the things in wireless transmissions, which proved a change towards pursuing green communication for the next generation system. The importance of adopting the correct EE metric was also reviewed. Further, they worked through the different approaches that can be applied in the future for increasing the network’s energy and posed a summary of the work that was completed previously to enhance the energy productivity of the network using these capabilities. A system design for EE development using relay selection was also characterized, along with an observation of distinct algorithms applied for EE in relay-based ecosystems.

In [ 81 ], authors presented how AI-based approach is used to the setup of Self Organizing Network (SON) functionalities for radio access network (RAN) design and optimization. They used a machine learning approach to predict the results for 5G SON functionalities. Firstly, the input was taken from various sources; then, prediction and clustering-based machine learning models were applied to produce the results. Multiple AI-based devices were used to extract the knowledge analysis to execute SON functionalities smoothly. Based on results, they tested how self-optimization, self-testing, and self-designing are done for SON. The author also describes how the proposed mechanism classifies in different orders.

In [ 82 ], investigators examined the working of OFDM in various channel environments. They also figured out the changes in frame duration of the 5G TDD frame design. Subcarrier spacing is beneficial to obtain a small frame length with control overhead. They provided various techniques to reduce the growing guard period (GP) and cyclic prefix (CP) like complete utilization of multiple subcarrier spacing, management and data parts of frame at receiver end, various uses of timing advance (TA) or total control of flexible CP size.

This section includes various works that were done on 5G optimization by different authors. Table 11 shows how other authors worked on the improvement of multiple parameters such as energy efficiency, power optimization, and latency with 5G optimization.

Summary of Optimization Based Approaches in 5G Technology.

5. Description of Novel 5G Features over 4G

This section presents descriptions of various novel features of 5G, namely, the concept of small cell, beamforming, and MEC.

5.1. Small Cell

Small cells are low-powered cellular radio access nodes which work in the range of 10 meters to a few kilometers. Small cells play a very important role in implementation of the 5G wireless network. Small cells are low power base stations which cover small areas. Small cells are quite similar with all the previous cells used in various wireless networks. However, these cells have some advantages like they can work with low power and they are also capable of working with high data rates. Small cells help in rollout of 5G network with ultra high speed and low latency communication. Small cells in the 5G network use some new technologies like MIMO, beamforming, and mmWave for high speed data transmission. The design of small cells hardware is very simple so its implementation is quite easier and faster. There are three types of small cell tower available in the market. Femtocells, picocells, and microcells [ 83 ]. As shown in the Table 12 .

Types of Small cells.

MmWave is a very high band spectrum between 30 to 300 GHz. As it is a significantly less used spectrum, it provides very high-speed wireless communication. MmWave offers ultra-wide bandwidth for next-generation mobile networks. MmWave has lots of advantages, but it has some disadvantages, too, such as mmWave signals are very high-frequency signals, so they have more collision with obstacles in the air which cause the signals loses energy quickly. Buildings and trees also block MmWave signals, so these signals cover a shorter distance. To resolve these issues, multiple small cell stations are installed to cover the gap between end-user and base station [ 18 ]. Small cell covers a very shorter range, so the installation of a small cell depends on the population of a particular area. Generally, in a populated place, the distance between each small cell varies from 10 to 90 meters. In the survey [ 20 ], various authors implemented small cells with massive MIMO simultaneously. They also reviewed multiple technologies used in 5G like beamforming, small cell, massive MIMO, NOMA, device to device (D2D) communication. Various problems like interference management, spectral efficiency, resource management, energy efficiency, and backhauling are discussed. The author also gave a detailed presentation of all the issues occurring while implementing small cells with various 5G technologies. As shown in the Figure 7 , mmWave has a higher range, so it can be easily blocked by the obstacles as shown in Figure 7 a. This is one of the key concerns of millimeter-wave signal transmission. To solve this issue, the small cell can be placed at a short distance to transmit the signals easily, as shown in Figure 7 b.

Pictorial representation of communication with and without small cells.

5.2. Beamforming

Beamforming is a key technology of wireless networks which transmits the signals in a directional manner. 5G beamforming making a strong wireless connection toward a receiving end. In conventional systems when small cells are not using beamforming, moving signals to particular areas is quite difficult. Beamforming counter this issue using beamforming small cells are able to transmit the signals in particular direction towards a device like mobile phone, laptops, autonomous vehicle and IoT devices. Beamforming is improving the efficiency and saves the energy of the 5G network. Beamforming is broadly divided into three categories: Digital beamforming, analog beamforming and hybrid beamforming. Digital beamforming: multiuser MIMO is equal to digital beamforming which is mainly used in LTE Advanced Pro and in 5G NR. In digital beamforming the same frequency or time resources can be used to transmit the data to multiple users at the same time which improves the cell capacity of wireless networks. Analog Beamforming: In mmWave frequency range 5G NR analog beamforming is a very important approach which improves the coverage. In digital beamforming there are chances of high pathloss in mmWave as only one beam per set of antenna is formed. While the analog beamforming saves high pathloss in mmWave. Hybrid beamforming: hybrid beamforming is a combination of both analog beamforming and digital beamforming. In the implementation of MmWave in 5G network hybrid beamforming will be used [ 84 ].

Wireless signals in the 4G network are spreading in large areas, and nature is not Omnidirectional. Thus, energy depletes rapidly, and users who are accessing these signals also face interference problems. The beamforming technique is used in the 5G network to resolve this issue. In beamforming signals are directional. They move like a laser beam from the base station to the user, so signals seem to be traveling in an invisible cable. Beamforming helps achieve a faster data rate; as the signals are directional, it leads to less energy consumption and less interference. In [ 21 ], investigators evolve some techniques which reduce interference and increase system efficiency of the 5G mobile network. In this survey article, the authors covered various challenges faced while designing an optimized beamforming algorithm. Mainly focused on different design parameters such as performance evaluation and power consumption. In addition, they also described various issues related to beamforming like CSI, computation complexity, and antenna correlation. They also covered various research to cover how beamforming helps implement MIMO in next-generation mobile networks [ 85 ]. Figure 8 shows the pictorial representation of communication with and without using beamforming.

Pictorial Representation of communication with and without using beamforming.

5.3. Mobile Edge Computing

Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) [ 24 ]: MEC is an extended version of cloud computing that brings cloud resources closer to the end-user. When we talk about computing, the very first thing that comes to our mind is cloud computing. Cloud computing is a very famous technology that offers many services to end-user. Still, cloud computing has many drawbacks. The services available in the cloud are too far from end-users that create latency, and cloud user needs to download the complete application before use, which also increases the burden to the device [ 86 ]. MEC creates an edge between the end-user and cloud server, bringing cloud computing closer to the end-user. Now, all the services, namely, video conferencing, virtual software, etc., are offered by this edge that improves cloud computing performance. Another essential feature of MEC is that the application is split into two parts, which, first one is available at cloud server, and the second is at the user’s device. Therefore, the user need not download the complete application on his device that increases the performance of the end user’s device. Furthermore, MEC provides cloud services at very low latency and less bandwidth. In [ 23 , 87 ], the author’s investigation proved that successful deployment of MEC in 5G network increases the overall performance of 5G architecture. Graphical differentiation between cloud computing and mobile edge computing is presented in Figure 9 .

Pictorial representation of cloud computing vs. mobile edge computing.

6. 5G Security

Security is the key feature in the telecommunication network industry, which is necessary at various layers, to handle 5G network security in applications such as IoT, Digital forensics, IDS and many more [ 88 , 89 ]. The authors [ 90 ], discussed the background of 5G and its security concerns, challenges and future directions. The author also introduced the blockchain technology that can be incorporated with the IoT to overcome the challenges in IoT. The paper aims to create a security framework which can be incorporated with the LTE advanced network, and effective in terms of cost, deployment and QoS. In [ 91 ], author surveyed various form of attacks, the security challenges, security solutions with respect to the affected technology such as SDN, Network function virtualization (NFV), Mobile Clouds and MEC, and security standardizations of 5G, i.e., 3GPP, 5GPPP, Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), Next Generation Mobile Networks (NGMN), European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI). In [ 92 ], author elaborated various technological aspects, security issues and their existing solutions and also mentioned the new emerging technological paradigms for 5G security such as blockchain, quantum cryptography, AI, SDN, CPS, MEC, D2D. The author aims to create new security frameworks for 5G for further use of this technology in development of smart cities, transportation and healthcare. In [ 93 ], author analyzed the threats and dark threat, security aspects concerned with SDN and NFV, also their Commercial & Industrial Security Corporation (CISCO) 5G vision and new security innovations with respect to the new evolving architectures of 5G [ 94 ].

AuthenticationThe identification of the user in any network is made with the help of authentication. The different mobile network generations from 1G to 5G have used multiple techniques for user authentication. 5G utilizes the 5G Authentication and Key Agreement (AKA) authentication method, which shares a cryptographic key between user equipment (UE) and its home network and establishes a mutual authentication process between the both [ 95 ].

Access Control To restrict the accessibility in the network, 5G supports access control mechanisms to provide a secure and safe environment to the users and is controlled by network providers. 5G uses simple public key infrastructure (PKI) certificates for authenticating access in the 5G network. PKI put forward a secure and dynamic environment for the 5G network. The simple PKI technique provides flexibility to the 5G network; it can scale up and scale down as per the user traffic in the network [ 96 , 97 ].

Communication Security 5G deals to provide high data bandwidth, low latency, and better signal coverage. Therefore secure communication is the key concern in the 5G network. UE, mobile operators, core network, and access networks are the main focal point for the attackers in 5G communication. Some of the common attacks in communication at various segments are Botnet, message insertion, micro-cell, distributed denial of service (DDoS), and transport layer security (TLS)/secure sockets layer (SSL) attacks [ 98 , 99 ].

Encryption The confidentiality of the user and the network is done using encryption techniques. As 5G offers multiple services, end-to-end (E2E) encryption is the most suitable technique applied over various segments in the 5G network. Encryption forbids unauthorized access to the network and maintains the data privacy of the user. To encrypt the radio traffic at Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) layer, three 128-bits keys are applied at the user plane, nonaccess stratum (NAS), and access stratum (AS) [ 100 ].

7. Summary of 5G Technology Based on Above-Stated Challenges

In this section, various issues addressed by investigators in 5G technologies are presented in Table 13 . In addition, different parameters are considered, such as throughput, latency, energy efficiency, data rate, spectral efficiency, fairness & computing capacity, transmission rate, coverage, cost, security requirement, performance, QoS, power optimization, etc., indexed from R1 to R14.

Summary of 5G Technology above stated challenges (R1:Throughput, R2:Latency, R3:Energy Efficiency, R4:Data Rate, R5:Spectral efficiency, R6:Fairness & Computing Capacity, R7:Transmission Rate, R8:Coverage, R9:Cost, R10:Security requirement, R11:Performance, R12:Quality of Services (QoS), R13:Power Optimization).

8. Conclusions

This survey article illustrates the emergence of 5G, its evolution from 1G to 5G mobile network, applications, different research groups, their work, and the key features of 5G. It is not just a mobile broadband network, different from all the previous mobile network generations; it offers services like IoT, V2X, and Industry 4.0. This paper covers a detailed survey from multiple authors on different technologies in 5G, such as massive MIMO, Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA), millimeter wave, small cell, MEC (Mobile Edge Computing), beamforming, optimization, and machine learning in 5G. After each section, a tabular comparison covers all the state-of-the-research held in these technologies. This survey also shows the importance of these newly added technologies and building a flexible, scalable, and reliable 5G network.

9. Future Findings

This article covers a detailed survey on the 5G mobile network and its features. These features make 5G more reliable, scalable, efficient at affordable rates. As discussed in the above sections, numerous technical challenges originate while implementing those features or providing services over a 5G mobile network. So, for future research directions, the research community can overcome these challenges while implementing these technologies (MIMO, NOMA, small cell, mmWave, beam-forming, MEC) over a 5G network. 5G communication will bring new improvements over the existing systems. Still, the current solutions cannot fulfill the autonomous system and future intelligence engineering requirements after a decade. There is no matter of discussion that 5G will provide better QoS and new features than 4G. But there is always room for improvement as the considerable growth of centralized data and autonomous industry 5G wireless networks will not be capable of fulfilling their demands in the future. So, we need to move on new wireless network technology that is named 6G. 6G wireless network will bring new heights in mobile generations, as it includes (i) massive human-to-machine communication, (ii) ubiquitous connectivity between the local device and cloud server, (iii) creation of data fusion technology for various mixed reality experiences and multiverps maps. (iv) Focus on sensing and actuation to control the network of the entire world. The 6G mobile network will offer new services with some other technologies; these services are 3D mapping, reality devices, smart homes, smart wearable, autonomous vehicles, artificial intelligence, and sense. It is expected that 6G will provide ultra-long-range communication with a very low latency of 1 ms. The per-user bit rate in a 6G wireless network will be approximately 1 Tbps, and it will also provide wireless communication, which is 1000 times faster than 5G networks.

Acknowledgments

Author contributions.

Conceptualization: R.D., I.Y., G.C., P.L. data gathering: R.D., G.C., P.L, I.Y. funding acquisition: I.Y. investigation: I.Y., G.C., G.P. methodology: R.D., I.Y., G.C., P.L., G.P., survey: I.Y., G.C., P.L, G.P., R.D. supervision: G.C., I.Y., G.P. validation: I.Y., G.P. visualization: R.D., I.Y., G.C., P.L. writing, original draft: R.D., I.Y., G.C., P.L., G.P. writing, review, and editing: I.Y., G.C., G.P. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

This paper was supported by Soonchunhyang University.

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Informed consent statement, data availability statement, conflicts of interest.

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Recent Research in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Trend Analysis

• Conference paper
• First Online: 08 November 2017
• Cite this conference paper

• Prerak S. Shah 5 ,
• Neel N. Patel 5 ,
• Dhrumil M. Patel 5 ,
• Devanshi P. Patel 5 &
• Rutvij H. Jhaveri 5  

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems ((LNNS,volume 9))

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Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have emerged as one of the huge research areas in this digital world since last few years. In this paper, we review total of 150 research papers from January 2015 to December 2015 in order to enlighten the researchers and educators about baseline of the current trends in the field. This study is a graphical and systematic review of various research works carried out in WSNs. These findings show that the research in WSNs received more attention over the past few years. For the primary research method of studying, highly cited research papers from top-rated publishers were included. Although a vast number of research objectives have been floated in this field, we analyzed that there are two main topics which are trending in 2015 as discussed in the paper. This analysis would provide insights for researchers, students, publishers, and experts to study current research trends in WSNs.

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Shah, P.S., Patel, N.N., Patel, D.M., Patel, D.P., Jhaveri, R.H. (2018). Recent Research in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Trend Analysis. In: Mishra, D., Nayak, M., Joshi, A. (eds) Information and Communication Technology for Sustainable Development. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, vol 9. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3932-4_10

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Prediction Models and Clinical Outcomes—A Call for Papers

• 1 Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
• 2 Deputy Editor, JAMA Network Open
• 3 Epidemiology, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick
• 4 Statistical Editor, JAMA Network Open
• 5 Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
• 6 Editor, JAMA Network Open

The need to classify disease and predict outcomes is as old as medicine itself. Nearly 50 years ago, the advantage of applying multivariable statistics to these problems became evident. 1 Since then, the increasing availability of databases containing often-complex clinical information from tens or even hundreds of millions of patients, combined with powerful statistical techniques and computing environments, has spawned exponential growth in efforts to create more useful, focused, and accurate prediction models. JAMA Network Open receives dozens of manuscripts weekly that present new or purportedly improved instruments intended to predict a vast array of clinical outcomes. Although we are able to accept only a small fraction of those submitted, we have, nonetheless, published nearly 2000 articles dealing with predictive models over the past 6 years.

The profusion of predictive models has been accompanied by the growing recognition of the necessity for standards to help ensure accuracy of these models. An important milestone was the publication of the Transparent Reporting of a Multivariable Prediction Model for Individual Prognosis or Diagnosis ( TRIPOD ) guidelines nearly a decade ago. 2 TRIPOD is a reporting guideline intended to enable readers to better understand the methods used in published studies but does not prescribe what actual methods should be applied. Since then, while the field has continued to advance and technology improve, many predictive models in widespread use, when critically evaluated, have been found to neither adhere to reporting standards nor perform as well as expected. 3 , 4

There are numerous reasons why performance of models falls short, even when efforts are made to adhere to methodologic standards. Despite the vast amounts of data that are often brought to bear, they may not be appropriate to the task, or they may have been collected and analyzed in ways that are biased. Additionally, that some models fall short may simply reflect the inherent difficulty of predicting relatively uncommon events that occur as a result of complex biological processes occurring within complex clinical environments. Moreover, clinical settings are highly variable, and predictive models typically perform worse outside of the environments in which they were developed. A comprehensive discussion of these issues is beyond the scope of this article, but as physicist Neils Bohr once remarked, “it is very difficult to predict—especially the future.” 5

Although problems with accuracy are well documented, hundreds of predictive models are in regular use in clinical practice and are frequently the basis for critically important decisions. Many such models have been widely adopted without subsequent efforts to confirm that they actually continue to perform as expected. That is not to say that such models are without utility, because even a suboptimal model may perform better than an unaided clinician. Nevertheless, we believe that a fresh examination of selected, well-established predictive models is warranted if not previously done. JAMA Network Open has published articles addressing prediction of relatively common clinical complications, such as recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding. 6 We think there remains considerable opportunity for research in this vein. In particular, we seek studies that examine current performance of commonly applied clinical prediction rules. We are particularly interested in studies using data from a variety of settings and databases as well as studies that simultaneously assess multiple models addressing the same or similar outcomes.

We also remain interested in the derivation of new models that address a clear clinical need. They should utilize data that are commonly collected as part of routine care, or in principle can be readily extracted from electronic health records. We generally require that prediction models be validated with at least 1 other dataset distinct from the development dataset. In practice, this means data from different health systems or different publicly available or commercial datasets. We note that internal validation techniques, such as split samples, hold-out, k -fold, and others, are not designed to overcome the intrinsic differences between data sources and, therefore, are not suited to quantifying performance externally. While the population to which the models apply should be described explicitly, ideally any such models should be applicable to patients from the wide range of races, ethnicities, and backgrounds commonly encountered in clinic practice. Most importantly, we are interested in examples of models that have been evaluated in clinical settings, assessing their feasibility and potential clinical benefit. This includes studies with negative as well as positive outcomes.

Please see the journal’s Instructions for Authors for information on manuscript preparation and submission. 7 This is not a time-limited call for studies on this topic.

Published: April 12, 2024. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.9640

Open Access: This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC-BY License . © 2024 Fihn SD et al. JAMA Network Open .

Corresponding Author: Stephan D. Fihn, MD, MPH, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 325 Ninth Ave, Box 359780, Seattle, WA 98104 ( [email protected] ).

Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Dr Berlin reported receiving consulting fees from Kenvue related to acetaminophen outside the submitted work. No other disclosures were reported.

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Fihn SD , Berlin JA , Haneuse SJPA , Rivara FP. Prediction Models and Clinical Outcomes—A Call for Papers. JAMA Netw Open. 2024;7(4):e249640. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.9640

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Quantitative Finance > Statistical Finance

Title: predicting mergers and acquisitions in competitive industries: a model based on temporal dynamics and industry networks.

Abstract: M&A activities are pivotal for market consolidation, enabling firms to augment market power through strategic complementarities. Existing research often overlooks the peer effect, the mutual influence of M&A behaviors among firms, and fails to capture complex interdependencies within industry networks. Common approaches suffer from reliance on ad-hoc feature engineering, data truncation leading to significant information loss, reduced predictive accuracy, and challenges in real-world application. Additionally, the rarity of M&A events necessitates data rebalancing in conventional models, introducing bias and undermining prediction reliability. We propose an innovative M&A predictive model utilizing the Temporal Dynamic Industry Network (TDIN), leveraging temporal point processes and deep learning to adeptly capture industry-wide M&A dynamics. This model facilitates accurate, detailed deal-level predictions without arbitrary data manipulation or rebalancing, demonstrated through superior evaluation results from M&A cases between January 1997 and December 2020. Our approach marks a significant improvement over traditional models by providing detailed insights into M&A activities and strategic recommendations for specific firms.

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