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Introduction to Problem Solving – Notes
Introduction to problem solving.
- Steps for problem solving ( analysing the problem, developing an algorithm, coding, testing and debugging).
- flow chart and
- pseudo code,
Decomposition
Introduction
Computers is machine that not only use to develop the software. It is also used for solving various day-to-day problems.
Computers cannot solve a problem by themselves. It solve the problem on basic of the step-by-step instructions given by us.
Thus, the success of a computer in solving a problem depends on how correctly and precisely we –
- Identifying (define) the problem
- Designing & developing an algorithm and
- Implementing the algorithm (solution) do develop a program using any programming language.
Thus problem solving is an essential skill that a computer science student should know.
Steps for Problem Solving-
1. Analysing the problem
Analysing the problems means understand a problem clearly before we begin to find the solution for it. Analysing a problem helps to figure out what are the inputs that our program should accept and the outputs that it should produce.
2. Developing an Algorithm
It is essential to device a solution before writing a program code for a given problem. The solution is represented in natural language and is called an algorithm.
Algorithm: A set of exact steps which when followed, solve the problem or accomplish the required task.
Coding is the process of converting the algorithm into the program which can be understood by the computer to generate the desired solution.
You can use any high level programming languages for writing a program.
4. Testing and Debugging
The program created should be tested on various parameters.
- The program should meet the requirements of the user.
- It must respond within the expected time.
- It should generate correct output for all possible inputs.
- In the presence of syntactical errors, no output will be obtained.
- In case the output generated is incorrect, then the program should be checked for logical errors, if any.
Software Testing methods are
- unit or component testing,
- integration testing,
- system testing, and
- acceptance testing
Debugging – The errors or defects found in the testing phases are debugged or rectified and the program is again tested. This continues till all the errors are removed from the program.
Algorithm is a set of sequence which followed to solve a problem.
Algorithm for an activity ‘riding a bicycle’: 1) remove the bicycle from the stand, 2) sit on the seat of the bicycle, 3) start peddling, 4) use breaks whenever needed and 5) stop on reaching the destination.
Algorithm for Computing GCD of two numbers:
Step 1: Find the numbers (divisors) which can divide the given numbers.
Step 2: Then find the largest common number from these two lists.
A finite sequence of steps required to get the desired output is called an algorithm. Algorithm has a definite beginning and a definite end, and consists of a finite number of steps.
Characteristics of a good algorithm
- Precision — the steps are precisely stated or defined.
- Uniqueness — results of each step are uniquely defined and only depend on the input and the result of the preceding steps.
- Finiteness — the algorithm always stops after a finite number of steps.
- Input — the algorithm receives some input.
- Output — the algorithm produces some output.
While writing an algorithm, it is required to clearly identify the following:
- The input to be taken from the user.
- Processing or computation to be performed to get the desired result.
- The output desired by the user.
Representation of Algorithms
There are two common methods of representing an algorithm —
Flowchart — Visual Representation of Algorithms
A flowchart is a visual representation of an algorithm. A flowchart is a diagram made up of boxes, diamonds and other shapes, connected by arrows. Each shape represents a step of the solution process and the arrow represents the order or link among the steps. There are standardised symbols to draw flowcharts.
Start/End – Also called “Terminator” symbol. It indicates where the flow starts and ends.
Process – Also called “Action Symbol,” it represents a process, action, or a single step. Decision – A decision or branching point, usually a yes/no or true/ false question is asked, and based on the answer, the path gets split into two branches.
Input / Output – Also called data symbol, this parallelogram shape is used to input or output data.
Arrow – Connector to show order of flow between shapes.
Question: Write an algorithm to find the square of a number. Algorithm to find square of a number. Step 1: Input a number and store it to num Step 2: Compute num * num and store it in square Step 3: Print square
The algorithm to find square of a number can be represented pictorially using flowchart
A pseudocode (pronounced Soo-doh-kohd) is another way of representing an algorithm. It is considered as a non-formal language that helps programmers to write algorithm. It is a detailed description of instructions that a computer must follow in a particular order.
- It is intended for human reading and cannot be executed directly by the computer.
- No specific standard for writing a pseudocode exists.
- The word “pseudo” means “not real,” so “pseudocode” means “not real code”.
Keywords are used in pseudocode:
Question : Write an algorithm to calculate area and perimeter of a rectangle, using both pseudocode and flowchart.
Pseudocode for calculating area and perimeter of a rectangle.
INPUT length INPUT breadth COMPUTE Area = length * breadth PRINT Area COMPUTE Perim = 2 * (length + breadth) PRINT Perim The flowchart for this algorithm
Benefits of Pseudocode
- A pseudocode of a program helps in representing the basic functionality of the intended program.
- By writing the code first in a human readable language, the programmer safeguards against leaving out any important step.
- For non-programmers, actual programs are difficult to read and understand, but pseudocode helps them to review the steps to confirm that the proposed implementation is going to achieve the desire output.
Flow of Control :
The flow of control depicts the flow of process as represented in the flow chart. The process can flow in
In a sequence steps of algorithms (i.e. statements) are executed one after the other.
In a selection, steps of algorithm is depend upon the conditions i.e. any one of the alternatives statement is selected based on the outcome of a condition.
Conditionals are used to check possibilities. The program checks one or more conditions and perform operations (sequence of actions) depending on true or false value of the condition.
Conditionals are written in the algorithm as follows: If is true then steps to be taken when the condition is true/fulfilled otherwise steps to be taken when the condition is false/not fulfilled
Question : Write an algorithm to check whether a number is odd or even. • Input: Any number • Process: Check whether the number is even or not • Output: Message “Even” or “Odd” Pseudocode of the algorithm can be written as follows: PRINT “Enter the Number” INPUT number IF number MOD 2 == 0 THEN PRINT “Number is Even” ELSE PRINT “Number is Odd”
The flowchart representation of the algorithm
Repetitions are used, when we want to do something repeatedly, for a given number of times.
Question : Write pseudocode and draw flowchart to accept numbers till the user enters 0 and then find their average. Pseudocode is as follows:
Step 1: Set count = 0, sum = 0 Step 2: Input num Step 3: While num is not equal to 0, repeat Steps 4 to 6 Step 4: sum = sum + num Step 5: count = count + 1 Step 6: Input num Step 7: Compute average = sum/count Step 8: Print average The flowchart representation is
Once an algorithm is finalised, it should be coded in a high-level programming language as selected by the programmer. The ordered set of instructions are written in that programming language by following its syntax.
The syntax is the set of rules or grammar that governs the formulation of the statements in the language, such as spelling, order of words, punctuation, etc.
Source Code: A program written in a high-level language is called source code.
We need to translate the source code into machine language using a compiler or an interpreter so that it can be understood by the computer.
Decomposition is a process to ‘decompose’ or break down a complex problem into smaller subproblems. It is helpful when we have to solve any big or complex problem.
- Breaking down a complex problem into sub problems also means that each subproblem can be examined in detail.
- Each subproblem can be solved independently and by different persons (or teams).
- Having different teams working on different sub-problems can also be advantageous because specific sub-problems can be assigned to teams who are experts in solving such problems.
Once the individual sub-problems are solved, it is necessary to test them for their correctness and integrate them to get the complete solution.
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Introduction to Problem Solving Class 11 Notes | CBSE Computer Science
Latest Problem Solving Class 11 Notes includes Problem Solving, steps, algorithm and its need, flow chart, pseudo code with lots of examples.
- 1 What is Problem Solving?
- 2 Steps for problem solving
- 3 What is Algorithm?
- 4 Why do we need Algorithm?
- 5.1 Flow chart
- 5.2 Flow Chart Examples
- 5.3 Pseudo code
- 5.4 Pseudo Code Example
- 6.1 Selection
- 6.2 Algorithm, Pseudocode, Flowchart with Selection ( Using if ) Examples
- 6.3 Repetition
- 6.4 Algorithm, Pseudocode, Flowchart with Repetition ( Loop ) Examples
- 7 Decomposition
What is Problem Solving?
Problem solving is the process of identifying a problem, analyze the problem, developing an algorithm for the identified problem and finally implementing the algorithm to develop program.
Steps for problem solving
There are 4 basic steps involved in problem solving
Analyze the problem
- Developing an algorithm
- Testing and debugging
Analyzing the problem is basically understanding a problem very clearly before finding its solution. Analyzing a problem involves
- List the principal components of the problem
- List the core functionality of the problem
- Figure out inputs to be accepted and output to be produced
Developing an Algorithm
- A set of precise and sequential steps written to solve a problem
- The algorithm can be written in natural language
- There can be more than one algorithm for a problem among which we can select the most suitable solution.
Algorithm written in natural language is not understood by computer and hence it has to be converted in machine language. And to do so program based on that algorithm is written using high level programming language for the computer to get the desired solution.
Testing and Debugging
After writing program it has to be tested on various parameters to ensure that program is producing correct output within expected time and meeting the user requirement.
There are many standard software testing methods used in IT industry such as
- Component testing
- Integration testing
- System testing
- Acceptance testing
What is Algorithm?
- A set of precise, finite and sequential set of steps written to solve a problem and get the desired output.
- Algorithm has definite beginning and definite end.
- It lead to desired result in finite amount of time of followed correctly.
Why do we need Algorithm?
- Algorithm helps programmer to visualize the instructions to be written clearly.
- Algorithm enhances the reliability, accuracy and efficiency of obtaining solution.
- Algorithm is the easiest way to describe problem without going into too much details.
- Algorithm lets programmer understand flow of problem concisely.
Characteristics of a good algorithm
- Precision — the steps are precisely stated or defined.
- Uniqueness — results of each step are uniquely defined and only depend on the input and the result of the preceding steps.
- Finiteness — the algorithm always stops after a finite number of steps.
- Input — the algorithm receives some input.
- Output — the algorithm produces some output.
What are the points that should be clearly identified while writing Algorithm?
- The input to be taken from the user
- Processing or computation to be performed to get the desired result
- The output desired by the user
Representation of Algorithm
An algorithm can be represented in two ways:
Pseudo code
- Flow chart is visual representation of an algorithm.
- It’s a diagram made up of boxes, diamonds and other shapes, connected by arrows.
- Each step represents a step of solution process.
- Arrows in the follow chart represents the flow and link among the steps.
Flow Chart Examples
Example 1: Write an algorithm to divide a number by another and display the quotient.
Input: Two Numbers to be divided Process: Divide number1 by number2 to get the quotient Output: Quotient of division
Step 1: Input a two numbers and store them in num1 and num2 Step 2: Compute num1/num2 and store its quotient in num3 Step 3: Print num3
- Pseudo code means ‘not real code’.
- A pseudo code is another way to represent an algorithm. It is an informal language used by programmer to write algorithms.
- It does not require strict syntax and technological support.
- It is a detailed description of what algorithm would do.
- It is intended for human reading and cannot be executed directly by computer.
- There is no specific standard for writing a pseudo code exists.
Keywords used in writing pseudo code
Pseudo Code Example
Example: write an algorithm to display the square of a given number.
Input, Process and Output Identification
Input: Number whose square is required Process: Multiply the number by itself to get its square Output: Square of the number
Step 1: Input a number and store it to num. Step 2: Compute num * num and store it in square. Step 3: Print square.
INPUT num COMPUTE square = num*num PRINT square
Example: Write an algorithm to calculate area and perimeter of a rectangle, using both pseudo code and flowchart.
INPUT L INPUT B COMPUTER Area = L * B PRINT Area COMPUTE Perimeter = 2 * ( L + B ) PRINT Perimeter
Flow of Control
An algorithm is considered as finite set of steps that are executed in a sequence. But sometimes the algorithm may require executing some steps conditionally or repeatedly. In such situations algorithm can be written using
Selection in algorithm refers to Conditionals which means performing operations (sequence of steps) depending on True or False value of given conditions. Conditionals are written in the algorithm as follows:
If <condition> then Steps to be taken when condition is true Otherwise Steps to be taken when condition is false
Algorithm, Pseudocode, Flowchart with Selection ( Using if ) Examples
Example: write an algorithm, pseudocode and flowchart to display larger between two numbers
INPUT: Two numbers to be compared PROCESS: compare two numbers and depending upon True and False value of comparison display result OUTPUT: display larger no
STEP1: read two numbers in num1, num2 STEP 2: if num1 > num2 then STEP 3: display num1 STEP 4: else STEP 5: display num2
INPUT num1 , num2 IF num1 > num2 THEN PRINT “num1 is largest” ELSE PRINT “num2 is largest” ENDIF
Example: write pseudocode and flowchart to display largest among three numbers
INPUT: Three numbers to be compared PROCESS: compare three numbers and depending upon True and False value of comparison display result OUTPUT: display largest number
INPUT num1, num2, num3 PRINT “Enter three numbers” IF num1 > num2 THEN IF num1 > num3 THEN PRINT “num1 is largest” ELSE PRINT “num3 is largest” END IF ELSE IF num2 > num3 THEN PRINT “num2 is largest” ELSE PRINT “num3 is largest” END IF END IF
- Repetition in algorithm refers to performing operations (Set of steps) repeatedly for a given number of times (till the given condition is true).
- Repetition is also known as Iteration or Loop
Repetitions are written in algorithm is as follows:
While <condition>, repeat step numbers Steps to be taken when condition is true End while
Algorithm, Pseudocode, Flowchart with Repetition ( Loop ) Examples
Example: write an algorithm, pseudocode and flow chart to display “Techtipnow” 10 times
Step1: Set count = 0 Step2: while count is less than 10, repeat step 3,4 Step 3: print “techtipnow” Step 4: count = count + 1 Step 5: End while
SET count = 0 WHILE count<10 PRINT “Techtipnow” Count = count + 1 END WHILE
Example: Write pseudocode and flow chart to calculate total of 10 numbers
Step 1: SET count = 0, total = 0 Step 2: WHILE count < 10, REPEAT steps 3 to 5 Step 3: INPUT a number in var Step 4: COMPUTE total = total + var Step 5: count = count + 1 Step 6: END WHILE Step 7: PRINT total
Example: Write pseudo code and flow chart to find factorial of a given number
Step 1: SET fact = 1 Step 2: INPUT a number in num Step 3: WHILE num >=1 REPEAT step 4, 5 Step 4: fact = fact * num Step 5: num = num – 1 Step 6: END WHILE Step 7: PRINT fact
Decomposition
- Decomposition means breaking down a complex problem into smaller sub problems to solve them conveniently and easily.
- Breaking down complex problem into sub problem also means analyzing each sub problem in detail.
- Decomposition also helps in reducing time and effort as different subprograms can be assigned to different experts in solving such problems.
- To get the complete solution, it is necessary to integrate the solution of all the sub problems once done.
Following image depicts the decomposition of a problem
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Introduction to problem solving Computer Science Class 11 Notes
This article – introduction to problem solving Computer Science Class 11 offers comprehensive notes for Chapter 4 of the CBSE Computer Science Class 11 NCERT textbook.
Topics Covered
Introduction to problem solving Computer Science class 11
Computers, mobiles, the internet, etc. becomes our essentials nowadays for our routine life. We are using the to make our tasks easy and faster.
For example, earlier we were going to banks and standing in long queues for any type of transaction like money deposits or withdrawals. Today we can do these tasks from anywhere without visiting banks through internet banking and mobiles.
Basically, this was a complex problem and solved by a computer. The system was made online with the help of computers and the internet and made our task very easy.
This process is termed “Computerisations”. The problem is solved by using software to make a task easy and comfortable. Problem solving is a key term related to computer science.
The question comes to your mind how to solve a complex problem using computers? Let’s begin the article introduction to problem-solving Computer Science 11.
Introduction to problem solving Computer Science Class 11 – Steps for problem solving
“Computer Science is a science of abstraction -creating the right model for a problem and devising the appropriate mechanizable techniques to solve it.”
Solving any complex problem starts with understanding the problem and identifying the problem.
Suppose you are going to school by your bicycle. While riding on it you hear some noise coming from it. So first you will try to find that from where the noise is coming. So if you couldn’t solve the problem, you need to get it repaired.
The bicycle mechanic identifies the problem like a source of noise, causes of noise etc. then understand them and repair it for you.
So there are multiple steps involved in problem-solving. If the problem is simple and easy, we will find the solution easily. But the complex problem needs a few methods or steps to solve.
So complex problem requires some tools, a system or software in order to provide the solution. So it is a step-by-step process. These steps are as follows:
Analysing the problem
Developing an algorithm, testing and debugging.
The first step in the introduction to problem solving Computer Science Class 11 is analyzing the problem.
When you need to find a solution for a problem, you need to understand the problem in detail. You should identify the reasons and causes of the problem as well as what to be solved.
So this step involves a detailed study of the problem and then you need to follow some principles and core functionality of the solution.
In this step input and output, elements should be produced.
The second step for introduction to problem solving Computer Science class 11 is developing an algorithm.
An algorithm is a step-by-step process of a solution to a complex problem. It is written in natural language. An algorithm consists of various steps and begins from start to end. In between input, process and output will be specified. More details we will cover in the next section.
In short, the algorithm provides all the steps required to solve a problem.
For example:
Finding the simple interest, you need to follow the given steps:
- Gather required information and data such as principle amount, rate of interest and duration.
- Apply the formula for computing simple interest i.e. si=prn/100
- Now store the answer in si
- Display the calculated simple interest
In the above example, I have started and completed a task in a finite number of steps. It is completed in 4 finite steps.
Why algorithm is needed?
The algorithm helps developers in many ways. So it is needed for them for the following reasons:
- It prepares a roadmap of the program to be written before writing code.
- It helps to clearly visualise the instructions to be given in the program.
- When the algorithm is developed, a programmer knows the number of steps required to follow for the particular task.
- Algorithm writing is the initial stage (first step) of programming.
- It makes program writing easy and simple.
- It also ensures the accuracy of data and program output.
- It increases the reliability and efficiency of the solution.
Characteristics of a good algorithm
The characteristics of a good algorithm are as follows:
- It starts and ends with a finite number of steps. Therefore the steps are precisely stated or defined.
- In the algorithm, the result of each step is defined uniquely and based on the given input and process.
- After completion of the task, the algorithm will end.
- The algorithm accepts input and produces the output.
While writing the algorithm the following things should be clearly identified:
- The input required for the task
- The computation formula or processing instructions
After writing the algorithm, it is required to represent it. Once the steps are finalised, it is required to be represented logically. This logical representation of the program clearly does the following:
- Clears the logic of the program
- The execution of the program
The algorithm is steps written in the form of text. So it is difficult to read sometimes. So if it is represented in pictorial form it would be better for analysis of the program.
The flowchart is used to represent the algorithm in visual form.
Flowchart – Visual representation of an algorithm
A flowchart is made of some symbols or shapes like rectangles, squares, and diamonds connected by arrows. Every shape represents each step of an algorithm. The arrow basically represents the order or link of the steps.
The symbols used in the flow chart are as follows:
Coding is an essential part of the introduction to problem solving ComputerScience11.
- It is pronounced as soo-doh-kohd
- It is one of the ways of representing algorithms in a systematic way
- The word pseudo means not real, therefore pseudocode means not real code
- It is non-formal language, that helps programmers to write code
- It is written in human understandable language
- It cannot be directly read by computers
- There is no specific standard or way of writing pseudocode is there
When an algorithm is prepared, the next step is writing code. This code will be written in a specific programming language. The code follows certain rules and regulations of the programing language and provides solutions.
When coding is done you need to maintain it with proper documentation as well. The best practices for coding procedures must be followed. Because this code can be reviewed a number of times for further development and upgradation.
Let’s understand this step with a simple example!!
When your mother prepares a cake at your home, she will give peace of cake to someone before serving it to check the taste of the cake, right!!! If anything is needed like sugar or softness or hardness should be improved she will decide and do the improvement.
Similarly after writing code testing and debugging are required to check the software whether is providing the solution in a good manner not.
Have look at this also: Computer Science Class XI
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By Sanjay Parmar
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- Introduction to Algorithms and Flowcharts
Problem Solving
Today, we use computers in every field for various purposes. But, we know that they cannot solve the problems all by themselves. Furthermore, we have to give step by step instructions to the computer for solving the problem. We can define problem-solving as a process of understanding the problem, finding solutions for the problem, and finally implementing the solution to it. We can design the solution before coding in the form of algorithms and flowcharts. Moreover, the identification of arithmetic and logical operations is very important in developing the program.
Therefore, we can say that a successful problem-solving process depends on the following factors:
- understanding the problem and defining it precisely.
- designing proper algorithms and flowcharts of the solution.
- implementing the algorithm successfully.
When the problems are easy we can easily search out a solution. Whereas, complex problems require step by step process to solve. Hence, this means that we have to apply problem-solving techniques to solve the problem. Furthermore, this starts with finding a precise definition of the problem and ends with a successful solution. Moreover, the identification of arithmetic and logical operations plays a vital role while designing the algorithm. Here, we will study the algorithms and flowcharts.
Designing the solution
After understanding the relationship between input and output and the functionalities required we have to design an algorithm or flowchart. Furthermore, the algorithm should contain all the necessary functions to solve the problem. Moreover, it should produce a proper output for every input.
Hence, we can say that before writing the exact code for the problem it is necessary to define a solution. We can do this by starting with an initial plan and improvising it till it gives perfect results. Moreover, there can be more than one possible solution for a problem. Therefore, it is the responsibility of the programmer to choose the best solution.
While designing a problem we can represent it in algorithms and flowcharts. Hence, before writing the program code we can design the solution either in the form of an algorithm or a flowchart.
Browse more Topics Under Problem Solving Methodologies
- Understanding of the Problem
- Solution for the Problem
- Breaking Down Solution into Simple Steps
- Identification of Arithmetic and Logical Operations
- Control Structure
Introduction to Algorithms
An algorithm is basically a procedure of steps that we exactly follow to solve a particular task or problem. We can say that it is a set of rules that we need to follow while developing a program code during problem-solving. Furthermore, if we write an algorithm before actually writing a code, it becomes easy to perform the coding part. Moreover, the algorithm is in simple English language hence, others can also easily understand it and develop the code.
Features of an algorithm
The features of an algorithm are as follows:
The algorithm should be very clear and unambiguous in its meaning. It should be simple so that one can understand it easily.
- Well-defined inputs
A program may require to take input from the user. Therefore, the algorithm should clearly define the inputs.
- Well-defined outputs
The algorithm should clearly specify the output that the program will produce.
The algorithm should have a termination point. This means that the algorithm should not be such that it runs infinite times or end up in loops.
- Feasibility
The algorithm should be such that we can implement it easily. Hence, it should be simple and practical to implement.
- Language independent
It should be in simple English language. Since the code implementation should result in the same output no matter which programming language we use while writing the code.
Introduction to Flowcharts
It is basically a diagrammatic representation of an algorithm. Furthermore, it uses various symbols and arrows to describe the beginning, ending, and flow of the program. Moreover, the programmers use it to depicting the flow of data and instructions while problem-solving. F lowcharting is the process of drawing a flowchart for an algorithm.
Symbols in a flowchart
The flowchart uses various symbols in the representation. These basic symbols are as follows:
It represents the start, stop, or halt in a program’s flow. The flowchart always starts and ends with this symbol. Besides, we represent it using an oval shape.
Input/Output
We represent it using a parallelogram . It indicates any input from the user or output of the program.
We represent it using a rectangle . It indicates any arithmetic operation’s processing such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, etc.
We represent it using the diamond symbol. It represents any type of decision in a program that results in true or false. For example. if-conditions.
We represent it using a circle . Whenever a flowchart is too large we can use connectors to avoid confusion.
These are basically arrows that represent the flow of the program.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Q1. What are the main steps in problem-solving?
A1. A successful problem-solving process depends on the following factors:
- understanding the problem.
- designing proper algorithms and flowcharts.
- implementing the algorithm.
Q2. What is problem-solving?
A2. We can define problem-solving as a process of understanding the problem, finding solution for the problem, and finally implementing the solution to it.
Q3. What is an algorithm?
A3. An algorithm is basically a procedure of steps that we exactly follow to solve a particular task or problem.
Q4. What is a flowchart?
A4. It is basically a diagrammatic representation of an algorithm. Furthermore, it uses various symbols and arrows to describe the beginning, ending, and flow of the program.
Q5. Name the features of an algorithm.
A5. The features of an algorithm are as follows:
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Problem Solving Methodologies
- Control Structures
- Identification of Arithmetic and Logical Operations Required for Solution
- Understanding the Problem
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Prerequisites: No prerequisites or prior knowledge required. This article on Computer Fundamentals is designed for absolute beginners.
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- Variables ( C , C++ , Java )
- Data Types ( C , C++ , Java )
- Operators ( C , C++ , Java )
- Control Structures (Conditionals, Loops)
- Functions and Procedures
- Importance of Computer Security
- Common Security Threats
- Malware (Viruses, Worms, Trojans)
- Network Security Measures (Firewalls, Encryption)
- Access Control
- User Authentication
- Privacy Concerns and Data Protection
Any digital computer performs the following five operations:
- Step 1 − Accepts data as input.
- Step 2 − Saves the data/instructions in its memory and utilizes them as and when required.
- Step 3 − Execute the data and convert it into useful information.
- Step 4 − Provides the output.
- Step 5 − Have control over all the above four steps
A journey through the history of computers. We’ll start with the origins of computing and explore the milestones that led to the development of electronic computers.
- Software Development: Computer fundamentals are fundamental to software development. Understanding programming languages, algorithms, data structures, and software design principles are crucial for developing applications, websites, and software systems. It forms the basis for creating efficient and functional software solutions.
- Network Administration : Computer fundamentals are essential for network administrators. They help set up and manage computer networks, configure routers and switches, troubleshoot network issues, and ensure reliable connectivity. Knowledge of computer fundamentals enables network administrators to maintain and optimize network performance.
- Cybersecurity : Computer fundamentals are at the core of cybersecurity. Understanding the basics of computer networks, operating systems, encryption techniques, and security protocols helps professionals protect systems from cyber threats. It enables them to identify vulnerabilities, implement security measures, and respond effectively to security incidents.
- Data Analysis : Computer fundamentals are necessary for data analysis and data science. Knowledge of programming, statistical analysis, and database management is essential to extract insights from large datasets. Understanding computer fundamentals helps in processing and analyzing data efficiently, enabling data-driven decision-making.
- Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning : Computer fundamentals provide the foundation for AI and machine learning. Concepts such as algorithms, data structures, and statistical modelling are vital in training and developing intelligent systems. Understanding computer fundamentals allows professionals to create AI models, train them on large datasets, and apply machine learning techniques to solve complex problems.
Q.1 How long does it take to learn computer fundamentals?
The time required to learn computer fundamentals can vary depending on your prior knowledge and the depth of understanding you aim to achieve. With consistent effort and dedication, one can grasp the basics within a few weeks or months. However, mastering computer fundamentals is an ongoing process as technology evolves.
Q.2 Are computer fundamentals only for technical professionals?
No, computer fundamentals are not limited to technical professionals. They are beneficial for anyone who uses computers in their personal or professional life. Basic computer skills are increasingly essential in various careers and everyday tasks.
Q.3 Can I learn computer fundamentals without any prior technical knowledge?
Absolutely! Computer fundamentals are designed to be beginner-friendly. You can start learning without any prior technical knowledge. There are numerous online tutorials, courses, and resources available that cater to beginners.
Q.4 How can computer fundamentals improve my job prospects?
Computer skills are highly sought after in today’s job market. Proficiency in computer fundamentals can enhance your employability by opening up job opportunities in various industries. It demonstrates your adaptability, problem-solving abilities, and ability to work with digital tools.
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Chapter 4 Class 11 - Introduction to Problem Solving
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Do you want to learn how to solve problems using computers? Do you want to develop your logical thinking and programming skills ? Do you want to explore the fascinating world of algorithms and data structures ? If you answered yes to any of these questions, then this chapter is for you! 🙌
In this chapter, you will learn about the basic concepts and techniques of problem solving using computers. You will learn how to:
- Define a problem and its specifications 📝
- Analyze a problem and identify its inputs, outputs and processing steps 🔎
- Design an algorithm to solve a problem using various methods such as pseudocode, flowcharts and decision tables 📊
- Implement an algorithm using a programming language such as Python 🐍
- Test and debug your program to ensure its correctness and efficiency 🛠️
- Evaluate your solution and compare it with other possible solutions 💯
By the end of this chapter, you will be able to apply your problem solving skills to various domains such as mathematics, science, engineering, games, art and more. You will also be able to appreciate the beauty and elegance of algorithms and data structures, and how they can help you solve complex and challenging problems. 😍
This chapter is designed for students who have some basic knowledge of computers and programming, but want to improve their problem solving abilities. It is also suitable for anyone who is interested in learning more about computer science and its applications. 🚀
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Introduction to Problem Solving Class 11 Notes
Teachers and Examiners ( CBSESkillEduction ) collaborated to create the Introduction to Problem Solving Class 11 Notes . All the important Information are taken from the NCERT Textbook Computer Science (083) class 11 .
Introduction to Problem Solving
Problems cannot be resolved by computers alone. We must provide clear, step-by-step directions on how to solve the issue. Therefore, the effectiveness of a computer in solving a problem depends on how exactly and correctly we describe the problem, create an algorithm to solve it, and then use a programming language to implement the algorithm to create a programme. So, the process of identifying a problem, creating an algorithm to solve it, and then putting the method into practise to create a computer programme is known as problem solving.
Steps for Problem Solving
To identify the best solution to a difficult problem in a computer system, a Problem Solving methodical approach is necessary. To put it another way, we must use problem-solving strategies to solve the difficult problem in a computer system. Problem fixing starts with the accurate identification of the issue and concludes with a fully functional programme or software application. Program Solving Steps are – 1. Analysing the problem 2. Developing an Algorithm 3. Coding 4. Testing and Debugging
Analyzing the problem – It is important to clearly understand a problem before we begin to find the solution for it. If we are not clear as to what is to be solved, we may end up developing a program which may not solve our purpose.
Developing an Algorithm – Before creating the programme code to solve a particular problem, a solution must be thought out. Algorithm is a step by step process where we write the problem and the steps of the programs.
Coding – After the algorithm is completed, it must be translated into a form that the computer can understand in order to produce the desired outcome. A programme can be written in a number of high level programming languages.
Testing and Debugging – The developed programme needs to pass different parameter tests. The programme needs to fulfil the user’s requirements. It must answer in the anticipated amount of time. For all conceivable inputs, it must produce accurate output.
What is the purpose of Algorithm?
A programme is created by a programmer to tell the computer how to carry out specific activities. Then, the computer executes the instructions contained in the programme code. As a result, before creating any code, the programmer first creates a roadmap for the software. Without a roadmap, a programmer might not be able to visualise the instructions that need to be written clearly and might end up creating a software that might not function as intended. This roadmap is known as algorithm.
Why do we need an Algorithm?
The purpose of using an algorithm is to increase the reliability, accuracy and efficiency of obtaining solutions.
Characteristics of a good algorithm
• Precision — the steps are precisely stated or defined. • Uniqueness — results of each step are uniquely defined and only depend on the input and the result of the preceding steps. • Finiteness — the algorithm always stops after a finite number of steps. • Input — the algorithm receives some input. • Output — the algorithm produces some output.
While writing an algorithm, it is required to clearly identify the following:
• The input to be taken from the user • Processing or computation to be performed to get the desired result • The output desired by the user
Representation of Algorithms
There are two common methods of representing an algorithm —flowchart and pseudocode. Either of the methods can be used to represent an algorithm while keeping in mind the following: • it showcases the logic of the problem solution, excluding any implementational details • it clearly reveals the flow of control during execution of the program
Flowchart — Visual Representation of Algorithms
A flowchart is a visual representation of an algorithm. A flowchart is a diagram made up of boxes, diamonds and other shapes, connected by arrows. Each shape represents a step of the solution process and the arrow represents the order or link among the steps.
There are standardized symbols to draw flowcharts. Some are given below –
Flow Chart Syntax
How to draw flowchart
Q. Draw a flowchart to find the sum of two numbers?
Q. Draw a flowchart to print the number from 1 to 10?
Another way to represent an algorithm is with a pseudocode, which is pronounced Soo-doh-kohd. It is regarded as a non-formal language that aids in the creation of algorithms by programmers. It is a thorough explanation of the steps a computer must take in a specific order.
The word “pseudo” means “not real,” so “pseudocode” means “not real code”. Following are some of the frequently used keywords while writing pseudocode –
Write an algorithm to display the sum of two numbers entered by user, using both pseudocode and flowchart.
Pseudocode for the sum of two numbers will be – input num1 input num2 COMPUTE Result = num1 + num2 PRINT Result
Flowchart for this pseudocode or algorithm –
Flow of Control
The flow of control depicts the flow of events as represented in the flow chart. The events can flow in a sequence, or on branch based on a decision or even repeat some part for a finite number of times.
Sequence – These algorithms are referred to as executing in sequence when each step is carried out one after the other.
Selection – An algorithm may require a question at some point because it has come to a stage when one or more options are available. This type of problem we can solve using If Statement and Switch Statement in algorithm or in the program.
Repetition – We often use phrases like “go 50 steps then turn right” while giving directions. or “Walk to the next intersection and turn right.” These are the kind of statements we use, when we want something to be done repeatedly. This type of problem we can solve using For Statement, While and do-while statement.
Verifying Algorithms
Software is now used in even more important services, such as the medical industry and space missions. Such software must function properly in any circumstance. As a result, the software designer must ensure that every component’s operation is accurately defined, validated, and confirmed in every way.
To verify, we must use several input values and run the algorithm for each one to produce the desired result. We can then tweak or enhance the algorithm as necessary.
Comparison of Algorithm
There may be more than one method to use a computer to solve a problem, If you wish to compare two programmes that were created using two different approaches for resolving the same issue, they should both have been built using the same compiler and executed on the same machine under identical circumstances.
Once an algorithm is decided upon, it should be written in the high-level programming language of the programmer’s choice. By adhering to its grammar, the ordered collection of instructions is written in that programming language. The grammar or set of rules known as syntax controls how sentences are produced in a language, including word order, punctuation, and spelling.
Decomposition
A problem may occasionally be complex, meaning that its solution cannot always be found. In these circumstances, we must break it down into simpler components. Decomposing or breaking down a complicated problem into smaller subproblems is the fundamental concept behind addressing a complex problem by decomposition. These side issues are more straightforward to resolve than the main issue.
Computer Science Class 11 Notes
- Unit 1 : Basic Computer Organisation
- Unit 1 : Encoding Schemes and Number System
- Unit 2 : Introduction to problem solving
- Unit 2 : Getting Started with Python
- Unit 2 : Conditional statement and Iterative statements in Python
- Unit 2 : Function in Python
- Unit 2 : String in Python
- Unit 2 : Lists in Python
- Unit 2 : Tuples in Python
- Unit 2 : Dictionary in Python
- Unit 3 : Society, Law and Ethics
Computer Science Class 11 MCQ
Computer science class 11 ncert solutions.
- Unit 2 : Tuples and Dictionary in Python
Browse Course Material
Course info, instructors.
- Dr. George Kocur
- Dr. Christopher Cassa
- Prof. Marta C. Gonzalez
Departments
- Civil and Environmental Engineering
As Taught In
- Programming Languages
- Software Design and Engineering
- Computational Science and Engineering
Learning Resource Types
Introduction to computers and engineering problem solving, lecture notes.
- Computer Science and Engineering
- Introduction to Problem Solving and Programming (Video)
- Co-ordinated by : IIT Kanpur
- Available from : 2009-12-31
- Watch on YouTube
- Assignments
- Transcripts
Introduction to Problem Solving Skills
What is problem solving and why is it important.
The ability to solve problems is a basic life skill and is essential to our day-to-day lives, at home, at school, and at work. We solve problems every day without really thinking about how we solve them. For example: it’s raining and you need to go to the store. What do you do? There are lots of possible solutions. Take your umbrella and walk. If you don't want to get wet, you can drive, or take the bus. You might decide to call a friend for a ride, or you might decide to go to the store another day. There is no right way to solve this problem and different people will solve it differently.
Problem solving is the process of identifying a problem, developing possible solution paths, and taking the appropriate course of action.
Why is problem solving important? Good problem solving skills empower you not only in your personal life but are critical in your professional life. In the current fast-changing global economy, employers often identify everyday problem solving as crucial to the success of their organizations. For employees, problem solving can be used to develop practical and creative solutions, and to show independence and initiative to employers.
Throughout this case study you will be asked to jot down your thoughts in idea logs. These idea logs are used for reflection on concepts and for answering short questions. When you click on the "Next" button, your responses will be saved for that page. If you happen to close the webpage, you will lose your work on the page you were on, but previous pages will be saved. At the end of the case study, click on the "Finish and Export to PDF" button to acknowledge completion of the case study and receive a PDF document of your idea logs.
What Does Problem Solving Look Like?
The ability to solve problems is a skill, and just like any other skill, the more you practice, the better you get. So how exactly do you practice problem solving? Learning about different problem solving strategies and when to use them will give you a good start. Problem solving is a process. Most strategies provide steps that help you identify the problem and choose the best solution. There are two basic types of strategies: algorithmic and heuristic.
Algorithmic strategies are traditional step-by-step guides to solving problems. They are great for solving math problems (in algebra: multiply and divide, then add or subtract) or for helping us remember the correct order of things (a mnemonic such as “Spring Forward, Fall Back” to remember which way the clock changes for daylight saving time, or “Righty Tighty, Lefty Loosey” to remember what direction to turn bolts and screws). Algorithms are best when there is a single path to the correct solution.
But what do you do when there is no single solution for your problem? Heuristic methods are general guides used to identify possible solutions. A popular one that is easy to remember is IDEAL [ Bransford & Stein, 1993 ] :
- I dentify the problem
- D efine the context of the problem
- E xplore possible strategies
- A ct on best solution
IDEAL is just one problem solving strategy. Building a toolbox of problem solving strategies will improve your problem solving skills. With practice, you will be able to recognize and use multiple strategies to solve complex problems.
Watch the video
What is the best way to get a peanut out of a tube that cannot be moved? Watch a chimpanzee solve this problem in the video below [ Geert Stienissen, 2010 ].
[PDF transcript]
Describe the series of steps you think the chimpanzee used to solve this problem.
- [Page 2: What does Problem Solving Look Like?] Describe the series of steps you think the chimpanzee used to solve this problem.
Think of an everyday problem you've encountered recently and describe your steps for solving it.
- [Page 2: What does Problem Solving Look Like?] Think of an everyday problem you've encountered recently and describe your steps for solving it.
Developing Problem Solving Processes
Problem solving is a process that uses steps to solve problems. But what does that really mean? Let's break it down and start building our toolbox of problem solving strategies.
What is the first step of solving any problem? The first step is to recognize that there is a problem and identify the right cause of the problem. This may sound obvious, but similar problems can arise from different events, and the real issue may not always be apparent. To really solve the problem, it's important to find out what started it all. This is called identifying the root cause .
Example: You and your classmates have been working long hours on a project in the school's workshop. The next afternoon, you try to use your student ID card to access the workshop, but discover that your magnetic strip has been demagnetized. Since the card was a couple of years old, you chalk it up to wear and tear and get a new ID card. Later that same week you learn that several of your classmates had the same problem! After a little investigation, you discover that a strong magnet was stored underneath a workbench in the workshop. The magnet was the root cause of the demagnetized student ID cards.
The best way to identify the root cause of the problem is to ask questions and gather information. If you have a vague problem, investigating facts is more productive than guessing a solution. Ask yourself questions about the problem. What do you know about the problem? What do you not know? When was the last time it worked correctly? What has changed since then? Can you diagram the process into separate steps? Where in the process is the problem occurring? Be curious, ask questions, gather facts, and make logical deductions rather than assumptions.
Watch Adam Savage from Mythbusters, describe his problem solving process [ ForaTv, 2010 ]. As you watch this section of the video, try to identify the questions he asks and the different strategies he uses.
Adam Savage shared many of his problem solving processes. List the ones you think are the five most important. Your list may be different from other people in your class—that's ok!
- [Page 3: Developing Problem Solving Processes] Adam Savage shared many of his problem solving processes. List the ones you think are the five most important.
“The ability to ask the right question is more than half the battle of finding the answer.” — Thomas J. Watson , founder of IBM
Voices From the Field: Solving Problems
In manufacturing facilities and machine shops, everyone on the floor is expected to know how to identify problems and find solutions. Today's employers look for the following skills in new employees: to analyze a problem logically, formulate a solution, and effectively communicate with others.
In this video, industry professionals share their own problem solving processes, the problem solving expectations of their employees, and an example of how a problem was solved.
Meet the Partners:
- Taconic High School in Pittsfield, Massachusetts, is a comprehensive, fully accredited high school with special programs in Health Technology, Manufacturing Technology, and Work-Based Learning.
- Berkshire Community College in Pittsfield, Massachusetts, prepares its students with applied manufacturing technical skills, providing hands-on experience at industrial laboratories and manufacturing facilities, and instructing them in current technologies.
- H.C. Starck in Newton, Massachusetts, specializes in processing and manufacturing technology metals, such as tungsten, niobium, and tantalum. In almost 100 years of experience, they hold over 900 patents, and continue to innovate and develop new products.
- Nypro Healthcare in Devens, Massachusetts, specializes in precision injection-molded healthcare products. They are committed to good manufacturing processes including lean manufacturing and process validation.
Making Decisions
Now that you have a couple problem solving strategies in your toolbox, let's practice. In this exercise, you are given a scenario and you will be asked to decide what steps you would take to identify and solve the problem.
Scenario: You are a new employee and have just finished your training. As your first project, you have been assigned the milling of several additional components for a regular customer. Together, you and your trainer, Bill, set up for the first run. Checking your paperwork, you gather the tools and materials on the list. As you are mounting the materials on the table, you notice that you didn't grab everything and hurriedly grab a few more items from one of the bins. Once the material is secured on the CNC table, you load tools into the tool carousel in the order listed on the tool list and set the fixture offsets.
Bill tells you that since this is a rerun of a job several weeks ago, the CAD/CAM model has already been converted to CNC G-code. Bill helps you download the code to the CNC machine. He gives you the go-ahead and leaves to check on another employee. You decide to start your first run.
What problems did you observe in the video?
- [Page 5: Making Decisions] What problems did you observe in the video?
- What do you do next?
- Try to fix it yourself.
- Ask your trainer for help.
As you are cleaning up, you think about what happened and wonder why it happened. You try to create a mental picture of what happened. You are not exactly sure what the end mill hit, but it looked like it might have hit the dowel pin. You wonder if you grabbed the correct dowel pins from the bins earlier.
You can think of two possible next steps. You can recheck the dowel pin length to make sure it is the correct length, or do a dry run using the CNC single step or single block function with the spindle empty to determine what actually happened.
- Check the dowel pins.
- Use the single step/single block function to determine what happened.
You notice that your trainer, Bill, is still on the floor and decide to ask him for help. You describe the problem to him. Bill asks if you know what the end mill ran into. You explain that you are not sure but you think it was the dowel pin. Bill reminds you that it is important to understand what happened so you can fix the correct problem. He suggests that you start all over again and begin with a dry run using the single step/single block function, with the spindle empty, to determine what it hit. Or, since it happened at the end, he mentions that you can also check the G-code to make sure the Z-axis is raised before returning to the home position.
- Run the single step/single block function.
- Edit the G-code to raise the Z-axis.
You finish cleaning up and check the CNC for any damage. Luckily, everything looks good. You check your paperwork and gather the components and materials again. You look at the dowel pins you used earlier, and discover that they are not the right length. As you go to grab the correct dowel pins, you have to search though several bins. For the first time, you are aware of the mess - it looks like the dowel pins and other items have not been put into the correctly labeled bins. You spend 30 minutes straightening up the bins and looking for the correct dowel pins.
Finally finding them, you finish setting up. You load tools into the tool carousel in the order listed on the tool list and set the fixture offsets. Just to make sure, you use the CNC single step/single block function, to do a dry run of the part. Everything looks good! You are ready to create your first part. The first component is done, and, as you admire your success, you notice that the part feels hotter than it should.
You wonder why? You go over the steps of the process to mentally figure out what could be causing the residual heat. You wonder if there is a problem with the CNC's coolant system or if the problem is in the G-code.
- Look at the G-code.
After thinking about the problem, you decide that maybe there's something wrong with the setup. First, you clean up the damaged materials and remove the broken tool. You check the CNC machine carefully for any damage. Luckily, everything looks good. It is time to start over again from the beginning.
You again check your paperwork and gather the tools and materials on the setup sheet. After securing the new materials, you use the CNC single step/single block function with the spindle empty, to do a dry run of the part. You watch carefully to see if you can figure out what happened. It looks to you like the spindle barely misses hitting the dowel pin. You determine that the end mill was broken when it hit the dowel pin while returning to the start position.
After conducting a dry run using the single step/single block function, you determine that the end mill was damaged when it hit the dowel pin on its return to the home position. You discuss your options with Bill. Together, you decide the best thing to do would be to edit the G-code and raise the Z-axis before returning to home. You open the CNC control program and edit the G-code. Just to make sure, you use the CNC single step/single block function, to do another dry run of the part. You are ready to create your first part. It works. You first part is completed. Only four more to go.
As you are cleaning up, you notice that the components are hotter than you expect and the end mill looks more worn than it should be. It dawns on you that while you were milling the component, the coolant didn't turn on. You wonder if it is a software problem in the G-code or hardware problem with the CNC machine.
It's the end of the day and you decide to finish the rest of the components in the morning.
- You decide to look at the G-code in the morning.
- You leave a note on the machine, just in case.
You decide that the best thing to do would be to edit the G-code and raise the Z-axis of the spindle before it returns to home. You open the CNC control program and edit the G-code.
While editing the G-code to raise the Z-axis, you notice that the coolant is turned off at the beginning of the code and at the end of the code. The coolant command error caught your attention because your coworker, Mark, mentioned having a similar issue during lunch. You change the coolant command to turn the mist on.
- You decide to talk with your supervisor.
- You discuss what happened with a coworker over lunch.
As you reflect on the residual heat problem, you think about the machining process and the factors that could have caused the issue. You try to think of anything and everything that could be causing the issue. Are you using the correct tool for the specified material? Are you using the specified material? Is it running at the correct speed? Is there enough coolant? Are there chips getting in the way?
Wait, was the coolant turned on? As you replay what happened in your mind, you wonder why the coolant wasn't turned on. You decide to look at the G-code to find out what is going on.
From the milling machine computer, you open the CNC G-code. You notice that there are no coolant commands. You add them in and on the next run, the coolant mist turns on and the residual heat issues is gone. Now, its on to creating the rest of the parts.
Have you ever used brainstorming to solve a problem? Chances are, you've probably have, even if you didn't realize it.
You notice that your trainer, Bill, is on the floor and decide to ask him for help. You describe the problem with the end mill breaking, and how you discovered that items are not being returned to the correctly labeled bins. You think this caused you to grab the incorrect length dowel pins on your first run. You have sorted the bins and hope that the mess problem is fixed. You then go on to tell Bill about the residual heat issue with the completed part.
Together, you go to the milling machine. Bill shows you how to check the oil and coolant levels. Everything looks good at the machine level. Next, on the CNC computer, you open the CNC G-code. While looking at the code, Bill points out that there are no coolant commands. Bill adds them in and when you rerun the program, it works.
Bill is glad you mentioned the problem to him. You are the third worker to mention G-code issues over the last week. You noticed the coolant problems in your G-code, John noticed a Z-axis issue in his G-code, and Sam had issues with both the Z-axis and the coolant. Chances are, there is a bigger problem and Bill will need to investigate the root cause .
Talking with Bill, you discuss the best way to fix the problem. Bill suggests editing the G-code to raise the Z-axis of the spindle before it returns to its home position. You open the CNC control program and edit the G-code. Following the setup sheet, you re-setup the job and use the CNC single step/single block function, to do another dry run of the part. Everything looks good, so you run the job again and create the first part. It works. Since you need four of each component, you move on to creating the rest of them before cleaning up and leaving for the day.
It's a new day and you have new components to create. As you are setting up, you go in search of some short dowel pins. You discover that the bins are a mess and components have not been put away in the correctly labeled bins. You wonder if this was the cause of yesterday's problem. As you reorganize the bins and straighten up the mess, you decide to mention the mess issue to Bill in your afternoon meeting.
You describe the bin mess and using the incorrect length dowels to Bill. He is glad you mentioned the problem to him. You are not the first person to mention similar issues with tools and parts not being put away correctly. Chances are there is a bigger safety issue here that needs to be addressed in the next staff meeting.
In any workplace, following proper safety and cleanup procedures is always important. This is especially crucial in manufacturing where people are constantly working with heavy, costly and sometimes dangerous equipment. When issues and problems arise, it is important that they are addressed in an efficient and timely manner. Effective communication is an important tool because it can prevent problems from recurring, avoid injury to personnel, reduce rework and scrap, and ultimately, reduce cost, and save money.
You now know that the end mill was damaged when it hit the dowel pin. It seems to you that the easiest thing to do would be to edit the G-code and raise the Z-axis position of the spindle before it returns to the home position. You open the CNC control program and edit the G-code, raising the Z-axis. Starting over, you follow the setup sheet and re-setup the job. This time, you use the CNC single step/single block function, to do another dry run of the part. Everything looks good, so you run the job again and create the first part.
At the end of the day, you are reviewing your progress with your trainer, Bill. After you describe the day's events, he reminds you to always think about safety and the importance of following work procedures. He decides to bring the issue up in the next morning meeting as a reminder to everyone.
In any workplace, following proper procedures (especially those that involve safety) is always important. This is especially crucial in manufacturing where people are constantly working with heavy, costly, and sometimes dangerous equipment. When issues and problems arise, it is important that they are addressed in an efficient and timely manner. Effective communication is an important tool because it can prevent problems from recurring, avoid injury to personnel, reduce rework and scrap, and ultimately, reduce cost, and save money. One tool to improve communication is the morning meeting or huddle.
The next morning, you check the G-code to determine what is wrong with the coolant. You notice that the coolant is turned off at the beginning of the code and also at the end of the code. This is strange. You change the G-code to turn the coolant on at the beginning of the run and off at the end. This works and you create the rest of the parts.
Throughout the day, you keep wondering what caused the G-code error. At lunch, you mention the G-code error to your coworker, John. John is not surprised. He said that he encountered a similar problem earlier this week. You decide to talk with your supervisor the next time you see him.
You are in luck. You see your supervisor by the door getting ready to leave. You hurry over to talk with him. You start off by telling him about how you asked Bill for help. Then you tell him there was a problem and the end mill was damaged. You describe the coolant problem in the G-code. Oh, and by the way, John has seen a similar problem before.
Your supervisor doesn't seem overly concerned, errors happen. He tells you "Good job, I am glad you were able to fix the issue." You are not sure whether your supervisor understood your explanation of what happened or that it had happened before.
The challenge of communicating in the workplace is learning how to share your ideas and concerns. If you need to tell your supervisor that something is not going well, it is important to remember that timing, preparation, and attitude are extremely important.
It is the end of your shift, but you want to let the next shift know that the coolant didn't turn on. You do not see your trainer or supervisor around. You decide to leave a note for the next shift so they are aware of the possible coolant problem. You write a sticky note and leave it on the monitor of the CNC control system.
How effective do you think this solution was? Did it address the problem?
In this scenario, you discovered several problems with the G-code that need to be addressed. When issues and problems arise, it is important that they are addressed in an efficient and timely manner. Effective communication is an important tool because it can prevent problems from recurring and avoid injury to personnel. The challenge of communicating in the workplace is learning how and when to share your ideas and concerns. If you need to tell your co-workers or supervisor that there is a problem, it is important to remember that timing and the method of communication are extremely important.
You are able to fix the coolant problem in the G-code. While you are glad that the problem is fixed, you are worried about why it happened in the first place. It is important to remember that if a problem keeps reappearing, you may not be fixing the right problem. You may only be addressing the symptoms.
You decide to talk to your trainer. Bill is glad you mentioned the problem to him. You are the third worker to mention G-code issues over the last week. You noticed the coolant problems in your G-code, John noticed a Z-axis issue in his G-code, and Sam had issues with both the Z-axis and the coolant. Chances are, there is a bigger problem and Bill will need to investigate the root cause .
Over lunch, you ask your coworkers about the G-code problem and what may be causing the error. Several people mention having similar problems but do not know the cause.
You have now talked to three coworkers who have all experienced similar coolant G-code problems. You make a list of who had the problem, when they had the problem, and what each person told you.
When you see your supervisor later that afternoon, you are ready to talk with him. You describe the problem you had with your component and the damaged bit. You then go on to tell him about talking with Bill and discovering the G-code issue. You show him your notes on your coworkers' coolant issues, and explain that you think there might be a bigger problem.
You supervisor thanks you for your initiative in identifying this problem. It sounds like there is a bigger problem and he will need to investigate the root cause. He decides to call a team huddle to discuss the issue, gather more information, and talk with the team about the importance of communication.
Root Cause Analysis
Root cause analysis ( RCA ) is a method of problem solving that identifies the underlying causes of an issue. Root cause analysis helps people answer the question of why the problem occurred in the first place. RCA uses clear cut steps in its associated tools, like the "5 Whys Analysis" and the "Cause and Effect Diagram," to identify the origin of the problem, so that you can:
- Determine what happened.
- Determine why it happened.
- Fix the problem so it won’t happen again.
RCA works under the idea that systems and events are connected. An action in one area triggers an action in another, and another, and so on. By tracing back these actions, you can discover where the problem started and how it developed into the problem you're now facing. Root cause analysis can prevent problems from recurring, reduce injury to personnel, reduce rework and scrap, and ultimately, reduce cost and save money. There are many different RCA techniques available to determine the root cause of a problem. These are just a few:
- Root Cause Analysis Tools
- 5 Whys Analysis
- Fishbone or Cause and Effect Diagram
- Pareto Analysis
How Huddles Work
Communication is a vital part of any setting where people work together. Effective communication helps employees and managers form efficient teams. It builds trusts between employees and management, and reduces unnecessary competition because each employee knows how their part fits in the larger goal.
One tool that management can use to promote communication in the workplace is the huddle . Just like football players on the field, a huddle is a short meeting where everyone is standing in a circle. A daily team huddle ensures that team members are aware of changes to the schedule, reiterated problems and safety issues, and how their work impacts one another. When done right, huddles create collaboration, communication, and accountability to results. Impromptu huddles can be used to gather information on a specific issue and get each team member's input.
The most important thing to remember about huddles is that they are short, lasting no more than 10 minutes, and their purpose is to communicate and identify. In essence, a huddle’s purpose is to identify priorities, communicate essential information, and discover roadblocks to productivity.
Who uses huddles? Many industries and companies use daily huddles. At first thought, most people probably think of hospitals and their daily patient update meetings, but lots of managers use daily meetings to engage their employees. Here are a few examples:
- Brian Scudamore, CEO of 1-800-Got-Junk? , uses the daily huddle as an operational tool to take the pulse of his employees and as a motivational tool. Watch a morning huddle meeting .
- Fusion OEM, an outsourced manufacturing and production company. What do employees take away from the daily huddle meeting .
- Biz-Group, a performance consulting group. Tips for a successful huddle .
Brainstorming
One tool that can be useful in problem solving is brainstorming . Brainstorming is a creativity technique designed to generate a large number of ideas for the solution to a problem. The method was first popularized in 1953 by Alex Faickney Osborn in the book Applied Imagination . The goal is to come up with as many ideas as you can in a fixed amount of time. Although brainstorming is best done in a group, it can be done individually. Like most problem solving techniques, brainstorming is a process.
- Define a clear objective.
- Have an agreed a time limit.
- During the brainstorming session, write down everything that comes to mind, even if the idea sounds crazy.
- If one idea leads to another, write down that idea too.
- Combine and refine ideas into categories of solutions.
- Assess and analyze each idea as a potential solution.
When used during problem solving, brainstorming can offer companies new ways of encouraging staff to think creatively and improve production. Brainstorming relies on team members' diverse experiences, adding to the richness of ideas explored. This means that you often find better solutions to the problems. Team members often welcome the opportunity to contribute ideas and can provide buy-in for the solution chosen—after all, they are more likely to be committed to an approach if they were involved in its development. What's more, because brainstorming is fun, it helps team members bond.
- Watch Peggy Morgan Collins, a marketing executive at Power Curve Communications discuss How to Stimulate Effective Brainstorming .
- Watch Kim Obbink, CEO of Filter Digital, a digital content company, and her team share their top five rules for How to Effectively Generate Ideas .
Importance of Good Communication and Problem Description
Communication is one of the most frequent activities we engage in on a day-to-day basis. At some point, we have all felt that we did not effectively communicate an idea as we would have liked. The key to effective communication is preparation. Rather than attempting to haphazardly improvise something, take a few minutes and think about what you want say and how you will say it. If necessary, write yourself a note with the key points or ideas in the order you want to discuss them. The notes can act as a reminder or guide when you talk to your supervisor.
Tips for clear communication of an issue:
- Provide a clear summary of your problem. Start at the beginning, give relevant facts, timelines, and examples.
- Avoid including your opinion or personal attacks in your explanation.
- Avoid using words like "always" or "never," which can give the impression that you are exaggerating the problem.
- If this is an ongoing problem and you have collected documentation, give it to your supervisor once you have finished describing the problem.
- Remember to listen to what's said in return; communication is a two-way process.
Not all communication is spoken. Body language is nonverbal communication that includes your posture, your hands and whether you make eye contact. These gestures can be subtle or overt, but most importantly they communicate meaning beyond what is said. When having a conversation, pay attention to how you stand. A stiff position with arms crossed over your chest may imply that you are being defensive even if your words state otherwise. Shoving your hands in your pockets when speaking could imply that you have something to hide. Be wary of using too many hand gestures because this could distract listeners from your message.
The challenge of communicating in the workplace is learning how and when to share your ideas or concerns. If you need to tell your supervisor or co-worker about something that is not going well, keep in mind that good timing and good attitude will go a long way toward helping your case.
Like all skills, effective communication needs to be practiced. Toastmasters International is perhaps the best known public speaking organization in the world. Toastmasters is open to anyone who wish to improve their speaking skills and is willing to put in the time and effort to do so. To learn more, visit Toastmasters International .
Methods of Communication
Communication of problems and issues in any workplace is important, particularly when safety is involved. It is therefore crucial in manufacturing where people are constantly working with heavy, costly, and sometimes dangerous equipment. As issues and problems arise, they need to be addressed in an efficient and timely manner. Effective communication is an important skill because it can prevent problems from recurring, avoid injury to personnel, reduce rework and scrap, and ultimately, reduce cost and save money.
There are many different ways to communicate: in person, by phone, via email, or written. There is no single method that fits all communication needs, each one has its time and place.
In person: In the workplace, face-to-face meetings should be utilized whenever possible. Being able to see the person you need to speak to face-to-face gives you instant feedback and helps you gauge their response through their body language. Be careful of getting sidetracked in conversation when you need to communicate a problem.
Email: Email has become the communication standard for most businesses. It can be accessed from almost anywhere and is great for things that don’t require an immediate response. Email is a great way to communicate non-urgent items to large amounts of people or just your team members. One thing to remember is that most people's inboxes are flooded with emails every day and unless they are hyper vigilant about checking everything, important items could be missed. For issues that are urgent, especially those around safety, email is not always be the best solution.
Phone: Phone calls are more personal and direct than email. They allow us to communicate in real time with another person, no matter where they are. Not only can talking prevent miscommunication, it promotes a two-way dialogue. You don’t have to worry about your words being altered or the message arriving on time. However, mobile phone use and the workplace don't always mix. In particular, using mobile phones in a manufacturing setting can lead to a variety of problems, cause distractions, and lead to serious injury.
Written: Written communication is appropriate when detailed instructions are required, when something needs to be documented, or when the person is too far away to easily speak with over the phone or in person.
There is no "right" way to communicate, but you should be aware of how and when to use the appropriate form of communication for your situation. When deciding the best way to communicate with a co-worker or manager, put yourself in their shoes, and think about how you would want to learn about the issue. Also, consider what information you would need to know to better understand the issue. Use your good judgment of the situation and be considerate of your listener's viewpoint.
Did you notice any other potential problems in the previous exercise?
- [Page 6:] Did you notice any other potential problems in the previous exercise?
Summary of Strategies
In this exercise, you were given a scenario in which there was a problem with a component you were creating on a CNC machine. You were then asked how you wanted to proceed. Depending on your path through this exercise, you might have found an easy solution and fixed it yourself, asked for help and worked with your trainer, or discovered an ongoing G-code problem that was bigger than you initially thought.
When issues and problems arise, it is important that they are addressed in an efficient and timely manner. Communication is an important tool because it can prevent problems from recurring, avoid injury to personnel, reduce rework and scrap, and ultimately, reduce cost, and save money. Although, each path in this exercise ended with a description of a problem solving tool for your toolbox, the first step is always to identify the problem and define the context in which it happened.
There are several strategies that can be used to identify the root cause of a problem. Root cause analysis (RCA) is a method of problem solving that helps people answer the question of why the problem occurred. RCA uses a specific set of steps, with associated tools like the “5 Why Analysis" or the “Cause and Effect Diagram,” to identify the origin of the problem, so that you can:
Once the underlying cause is identified and the scope of the issue defined, the next step is to explore possible strategies to fix the problem.
If you are not sure how to fix the problem, it is okay to ask for help. Problem solving is a process and a skill that is learned with practice. It is important to remember that everyone makes mistakes and that no one knows everything. Life is about learning. It is okay to ask for help when you don’t have the answer. When you collaborate to solve problems you improve workplace communication and accelerates finding solutions as similar problems arise.
One tool that can be useful for generating possible solutions is brainstorming . Brainstorming is a technique designed to generate a large number of ideas for the solution to a problem. The method was first popularized in 1953 by Alex Faickney Osborn in the book Applied Imagination. The goal is to come up with as many ideas as you can, in a fixed amount of time. Although brainstorming is best done in a group, it can be done individually.
Depending on your path through the exercise, you may have discovered that a couple of your coworkers had experienced similar problems. This should have been an indicator that there was a larger problem that needed to be addressed.
In any workplace, communication of problems and issues (especially those that involve safety) is always important. This is especially crucial in manufacturing where people are constantly working with heavy, costly, and sometimes dangerous equipment. When issues and problems arise, it is important that they be addressed in an efficient and timely manner. Effective communication is an important tool because it can prevent problems from recurring, avoid injury to personnel, reduce rework and scrap, and ultimately, reduce cost and save money.
One strategy for improving communication is the huddle . Just like football players on the field, a huddle is a short meeting with everyone standing in a circle. A daily team huddle is a great way to ensure that team members are aware of changes to the schedule, any problems or safety issues are identified and that team members are aware of how their work impacts one another. When done right, huddles create collaboration, communication, and accountability to results. Impromptu huddles can be used to gather information on a specific issue and get each team member's input.
To learn more about different problem solving strategies, choose an option below. These strategies accompany the outcomes of different decision paths in the problem solving exercise.
- View Problem Solving Strategies Select a strategy below... Root Cause Analysis How Huddles Work Brainstorming Importance of Good Problem Description Methods of Communication
Communication is one of the most frequent activities we engage in on a day-to-day basis. At some point, we have all felt that we did not effectively communicate an idea as we would have liked. The key to effective communication is preparation. Rather than attempting to haphazardly improvise something, take a few minutes and think about what you want say and how you will say it. If necessary, write yourself a note with the key points or ideas in the order you want to discuss them. The notes can act as a reminder or guide during your meeting.
- Provide a clear summary of the problem. Start at the beginning, give relevant facts, timelines, and examples.
In person: In the workplace, face-to-face meetings should be utilized whenever possible. Being able to see the person you need to speak to face-to-face gives you instant feedback and helps you gauge their response in their body language. Be careful of getting sidetracked in conversation when you need to communicate a problem.
There is no "right" way to communicate, but you should be aware of how and when to use the appropriate form of communication for the situation. When deciding the best way to communicate with a co-worker or manager, put yourself in their shoes, and think about how you would want to learn about the issue. Also, consider what information you would need to know to better understand the issue. Use your good judgment of the situation and be considerate of your listener's viewpoint.
"Never try to solve all the problems at once — make them line up for you one-by-one.” — Richard Sloma
Problem Solving: An Important Job Skill
Problem solving improves efficiency and communication on the shop floor. It increases a company's efficiency and profitability, so it's one of the top skills employers look for when hiring new employees. Recent industry surveys show that employers consider soft skills, such as problem solving, as critical to their business’s success.
The 2011 survey, "Boiling Point? The skills gap in U.S. manufacturing ," polled over a thousand manufacturing executives who reported that the number one skill deficiency among their current employees is problem solving, which makes it difficult for their companies to adapt to the changing needs of the industry.
In this video, industry professionals discuss their expectations and present tips for new employees joining the manufacturing workforce.
Quick Summary
- [Quick Summary: Question1] What are two things you learned in this case study?
- What question(s) do you still have about the case study?
- [Quick Summary: Question2] What question(s) do you still have about the case study?
- Is there anything you would like to learn more about with respect to this case study?
- [Quick Summary: Question3] Is there anything you would like to learn more about with respect to this case study?
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Step 1: Find the numbers (divisors) which can divide the given numbers. Step 2: Then find the largest common number from these two lists. A finite sequence of steps required to get the desired output is called an algorithm. Algorithm has a definite beginning and a definite end, and consists of a finite number of steps.
COMP1405/1005 - An Introduction to Computer Science and Problem Solving Fall 2011 - 6-1.2 Writing Programs in Processing It is now time to start writing simple programs to solve simple problems. As mentioned, we will be using the Processing language (available for free from www.Processing.org for your PC, MAC or Linux system).
Analyze the problem. Analyzing the problem is basically understanding a problem very clearly before finding its solution. Analyzing a problem involves. List the principal components of the problem. List the core functionality of the problem. Figure out inputs to be accepted and output to be produced.
We can do this in four steps. 1. Identify all of the nouns in the sentence. Given the 3 dimensions of a box (length, width, and height), calculate the volume. The nouns in the problem specification identify descriptions of information that you will need to either identify or keep track of.
This section provides the lecture notes for each session of the course along with supporting code files. ... Introduction to Computers and Engineering Problem Solving. Menu. More Info Syllabus Instructor Insights Readings ... Introduction to Java (PDF) L 2 Interactive Development Environment: Eclipse (PDF)
The audience for 1.00 is non-computer science majors. 1.00 does not focus on writing compilers or parsers or computing tools where the computer is the system; it focuses on engineering problems where the computer is part of the system, or is used to model a physical or logical system. 1.00 teaches the Java programming language, and it focuses ...
So it is a step-by-step process. These steps are as follows: Analysing the problem. Developing an algorithm. Coding. Testing and debugging. The first step in the introduction to problem solving Computer Science Class 11 is analyzing the problem.
1. Problem solving is a skill (it can be learned). It is not an innate ability. 2. Problem solving is fundamentally about attitude and effort (the "problem-solving stance"). 3. The problem-solving stance isn't something that you can just "turn on" when you need it for a test, etc. You have to live it - and successful
D. Further,ifwethink of the human and the computer as a problem solving team, the computer is definitely the junior partner in the team effort; specifically: 1. Thehuman does all of the problem statement phase of problem solving. 2. Thehuman then outlines a solution in the form of analgorithm,which can be thought of as a high-level program. 3.
MIT OpenCourseWare is a web based publication of virtually all MIT course content. OCW is open and available to the world and is a permanent MIT activity
to apply problem solving techniques. Problem solving begins with the precise identification of the problem and ends with a complete working solution in terms of a program or software. Key steps required for solving a problem using a computer are shown in Figure 4.1 and are discussed in following subsections. 4.2.1 Analysing the problem
Introduction to Problem Solving: Problem-solving strategies, Problem identification, Problem understanding, Algorithm development, Solution planning (flowcharts ... Problem solving - Lecture notes 1. Problem Solving and Programming. Lecture notes. 100% (9) Comments. ... Using computer's in problem solving. Software development method (SDM).
Introduction to Flowcharts. It is basically a diagrammatic representation of an algorithm. Furthermore, it uses various symbols and arrows to describe the beginning, ending, and flow of the program. Moreover, the programmers use it to depicting the flow of data and instructions while problem-solving. Flowcharting is the process of drawing a ...
Functionalities of Computer. Any digital computer performs the following five operations: Step 1 − Accepts data as input. Step 2 − Saves the data/instructions in its memory and utilizes them as and when required. Step 3 − Execute the data and convert it into useful information. Step 4 − Provides the output.
In this chapter, you will learn about the basic concepts and techniques of problem solving using computers. You will learn how to: Define a problem and its specifications 📝. Analyze a problem and identify its inputs, outputs and processing steps 🔎. Design an algorithm to solve a problem using various methods such as pseudocode, flowcharts ...
🚀This video Unlock the Power of Problem Solving! 💡 🔎I'll guide you through the essential Steps for Problem Solving. 💥 Learn Decomposition a break down co...
Developing an Algorithm - Before creating the programme code to solve a particular problem, a solution must be thought out. Algorithm is a step by step process where we write the problem and the steps of the programs. Coding - After the algorithm is completed, it must be translated into a form that the computer can understand in order to produce the desired outcome.
Introduction to Computers and Engineering Problem Solving. Menu. More Info Syllabus Instructor Insights Readings Lecture Notes Recitations Assignments Exams ... notes Lecture Notes. grading Exams. assignment_turned_in Programming Assignments with Examples.
Computer Science and Engineering; Introduction to Problem Solving and Programming (Video) Syllabus; Co-ordinated by : IIT Kanpur; Available from : 2009-12-31. Lec : 1; Modules / Lectures. Introduction to Problem Solving and Programming. Lecture 1; Lecture 2;
This video is Part - 1 of Algorithms, Flowcharts, Introduction to Problem Solving Algorithm and Flowchart for Beginners , Introduction to Problem Solving, Al...
Good problem solving skills empower you not only in your personal life but are critical in your professional life. In the current fast-changing global economy, employers often identify everyday problem solving as crucial to the success of their organizations. For employees, problem solving can be used to develop practical and creative solutions ...
Pdf Description. Page 1 : Chapter 4, , Introduction to, Problem Solving, 4.1 Introduction, Today, computers are all around us. We use them, for doing various tasks in a faster and more accurate, manner. For example, using a computer or smartphone,, we can book train tickets online., India is a big country and we have an enormous, railway network.
NCERT Class 11 Computer Science Chapter 4 | Class 11 Computer Science Notesclass 11 computer science one shot | class 11 computer science pythonHaan bhyii MA...