thesis statements about justice

150 Social Justice Essay Topics & Examples

⭐ top 10 social justice issues to write about, 🏆 best social justice topic ideas & essay examples, ⭐ simple & easy social justice essay titles, 📌 most interesting social justice topics to write about, 👍 good social justice research topics, ❓ research questions about social justice.

Social justice essays are an excellent tool for demonstrating your awareness of the current issues in society.

Inequality in society should be addressed, and social justice advocates are at the forefront of such initiatives. Everyone should be able to achieve their goals and dreams if they put in the effort, assuming of course that reaching that target is at all possible.

To that end, you should ask various social justice essay questions and investigate different situations, particularly those that surround marginalized communities.

While the civil rights movement has succeeded in eliminating discriminatory policies and gender segregation, people should remain vigilant so that inequality again.

There are many topics you can discuss in your essay, but is better to focus on something specific and conduct a detailed investigation. It is easy to take some examples of data that shows a situation that seems unequal and declare that the system is flawed.

However, the data may be inaccurate, and the causes may be different from what you initially perceive them to be. Many fields will be too small for statistic laws to apply, and so there will be a temporary prevalence of people with a specific trait.

Declarations of premature conclusions and calls to action based on these conjectures are not productive and will generally lead to harm.

Be sure to consider evidence from both sides when discussing the topic of injustice, especially in its sensitive applications.

The case of police officers and the racial disparity in arrests is a prominent example, as there is significant disagreement, and neither side can be considered entirely correct.

At other times, unequal treatments may be explained by racial and gender differences without the application of discriminatory practices, particularly with regards to cultural practices.

The importance of justice is above debate, but it is not always about declaring one side correct while the other is wrong and at fault. Humanity operates best when it is unified and follows the same purpose of fairness.

Lastly, try to avoid confusing equality with equity, as the two social justice essay topics are significantly different. The former involves similar starting conditions and opportunities for all people, though they will likely achieve varying successes in life.

The latter means equality of outcomes, meaning that the unsuccessful receive support, which logically has to come at the expense of those who succeed.

You may support either position, with equality being a more traditional concept that seems logical to many people and equity being considered effective at improving the conditions of marginalized communities. However, make your position clear, as the difference is critical and informs your personal concept of social justice.

Here are some additional tips for your paper:

Separate the points you make in your essay with social justice essay titles. These titles will help the reader navigate the paper and understand your main claims.
Try to introduce original ideas instead of contributing to ongoing debates. An essay does not allow enough space to let you add something that will change the situation to such discussions.
The topic of social justice is inherently political, as most suggestions will involve policy-level changes. However, you should try to distance yourself from politics and work with factual information.

Visit IvyPanda to find more social justice essay examples and other useful paper samples to boost your creative process!

Unemployment.
Global Warming.
School Shooting.
Income Inequality.
Global Pandemic.
Social Security.
Racial & LGBTQ Discrimination.
Mental Health Stigma.
Famine and Starvation.
Discrimination in Voting.
Social Justice in Education With a clear distinction between justice taught in class and justice allowed to thrive in the school environments, teachers can be able to observe how their students perceive and response to social injustices in the […]
Jay-Z’s Contribution to Hip-Hop and Fight for Social Justice One should admit that the crime rate among black people in some poor areas is really quite high, and that is another problem Jay-Z covers in his music.
David Miller’s Theory of Desert in Social Justice The dependence of rewards on the variety of external and conditional factors makes the public and scholars question the idea of the desert and its use for justice.
Social Justice and the Australian Indigenous People The main idea behind the formation of the social justice commission was to give the indigenous Australian people choice by empowering them to stand up for their rights.
Advocating for Social Justice in Healthcare However, health care is also often related to the idea of social justice a term that describes the allocation of resources and benefits to people according to their needs and abilities.
Social Justice From the Biblical Point of View Furthermore, all oppressed and poor people are considered to be “righteous” in the Bible because it “is a reflection of God’s faithful love in action and his desire for justice and righteousness in this world”.
Social Justice and Importing Foreign Nurses Evaluation Given the lag between the submission of the article and its publication, it means that these sources most likely reflect the situation with the recruitment of foreign-educated nurses by the end of the 2000s.
Freedom and Social Justice Through Technology These two remarkable minds have made significant contributions to the debates on technology and how it relates to liberty and social justice.
Factors of Strategic Management of Social Justice Starting to talk about economic and technological changes that affect the sector of social justice, it is possible to observe tendencies of the level of development of the country from social policy.
Social Justice from a Philosophical Perspective Although their theories of justice were significant, they would not have existed without Plato’s influence and the contribution that their ideas of justice have made to political philosophy.
Social Justice in the Modern World The main link in social relations is a measure of social justice, a derivative of the equality of people’s opportunities to realize their potential.
Social Justice Quotes from “The Wife’s Lament” by Beck “never worse than now ever I suffer the torment of my exile”.”that man’s kinsmen began to think in secret that they would separate us” “so we would live far apart in the world” “My lord […]
Social Justice in Counseling Psychology The other barrier which is likely to arise in the process of integrating social justice in the workplace is legal and ethical issues.
Social Justice and Vulnerability Theories When the country’s economic analyzers assess the status of the economy, the older people are regarded as the first group of the population that is pulling the economy backward because they are entirely dependent.
Social Justice in Social Work Practice The moral approach of social work is fundamentally based on the idea of social justice. Despite the numerous risks associated with advocating for social justice, criticizing injustice is one of the few courageous ways to […]
Journal Editors’ Role Regarding Social Justice Issues Journal editors can involve professionals from social justice forums such as civil rights lawyers in their journals as well as reduce the complexity of the presentation of social justice article contents.
Researching the Concept of Social Justice A special kind of justice is social justice, the subjects of which are large social groups, society as a whole, and humanity.
The Role of Quilting in the African American Striving for Social Justice Perhaps quilting has become not only one of the symbols of African American national culture but also a way in which many black women have become visible and significant.
Promoting Social Justice Through Serving God Therefore, serving God in action correlates with the promotion of social justice and reflects the importance of Christian teachings about kindness towards others.
Promoting Social Justice With Head Start Program This essay will discuss the role of the Head Start program in the promotion of social justice in the US, focusing on the values taught to the children and the activities that constitute the program.
Social Justice and Mental Health However, it is difficult to imagine the U.S.taking nationwide action on mental health due to the absence of healthcare for physical health, which is widely accepted as a serious issue.
Religion, Politics, and Social Justice Organized religions want to change and implement rebranding to fit the new trend, concentrating on social justice in general rather than the individual spiritual aspirations of a person or a family.
Social Justice and Its Relevance in This Century To put the issue in perspective, he references the civil rights movement of the 1960s and juxtaposes it against the fact that the US had a black president.
Social Justice Arts as a Remedy for People The work led to the formation of the movement called Black Lives Matter which calls for an end to oppressing black people through law enforcement.
Social Justice, Diversity and Workplace Discrimination It also includes the fair distribution of the national wealth and resources among all citizens and the unbiased treatment of all individuals.
Social Justice: Why Do Violations Happen? If there is social inequality in a society, it must be corrected to serve the interests of the most oppressed groups of the population.
Definition of Social Justice and Social Justice in Leadership They should evaluate the situation, identify areas that need improvement and develop a plan to support the achievement of social justice.
Community Engagement and Social Justice Promotion Furthermore, as social justice is integrated into the curriculum, I would like to participate in practice-oriented assignments and class discussions to make a meaningful change.
Social Justice Leadership and Supervision While the concepts of leadership and supervision tend to be referenced within the clinical contend and primarily apply to the responsibilities of the professionals in mental institutions, the issues articulated in the article and chapters […]
Uganda’s Economic Planning and Social Justice On the eastern, it borders Kenya, North is Southern Sudan, to the west is DRC and to the southwest is Rwanda, while to the South is Tanzania.
Rise of Mental Social Justice It relates to the social justice leadership in clinical and supervisory practice in mental health settings by challenging the modern tenets of managerialism and neoliberalism.
Social Justice in the US Healthcare System Social justice is a relatively broad concept, the interpretation of which often depends on the political and economic views of an individual.
Conceptualizing Supervision in Search of Social Justice Based on these findings, it could be concluded that Social justice leadership is meant to become the remedy and the ideological, political, and medical opponent of the dominant positivist biomedical paradigm.
Researching HIV, AIDS and Social Justice Disney claims that poverty and social injustice lead to the spread of HIV/AIDS among underprivileged people in all countries. The disease was a kind of stigma and infected people were subjected to discrimination and alienation.
Equal Pay Convention Ratified by New Zealand and Ensuring Social Justice This paper seeks to identify whether the ratification of the International Labour Organisation equal pay for an equal value of work Convention by New Zealand delivered social justice to the women in the New Zealand […]
Influence of Socioeconomic Status and Social Justice on Health in the US In the video, Richard David and James Collins have determined that racism, inappropriate social policies, and chronic stress are major social factors that lead to the delivery of low-weight babies among African American women.
Social Justice Perspective Thus public health deals not only with the guarantee of a long healthy life but also regulate and control the death rate, try to expand the life interval, and other things that the policy of […]
Deaf Youth: Social Justice Through Media and Activism The Deaf Youth USA for instance strives to educate, inspire, and empower the deaf youth to make difference in the communities.
Re-Examining Criminal and Social Justice Systems: Reducing Incarceration Rates in the US The changes in criminal justice policy over the past decades and the alteration of the same from one of rehabilitative and social justice to one of retributive justice and increasing reliance on imprisonment as a […]
Social Justice and Ethics: Beneficiaries of U.S. Welfare Programs In United States the beneficiaries include the poor, the old, the disabled, survivors, farmers, corporations and any other individual who may be eligible.
Social Justice and Feminism in America So as to make a change in this situation, the feminists in America took efforts to improve the condition of women.
Equality of Opportunity and Social Justice: Affirmative Action If this is the situation in advanced nations of the world, the plight in the newly emerging states in Africa, Asia, and Latin America can easily be imagined as to how difficult would it be […]
Christianity Religion and Asian World: Social Justice It was also said that the greatest botched opportunity in all church history was in the 1260s the court of the great Kublai Khan asked the Polos when they returned to Italy in 1269 to […]
Social Justice for Indigenous Women in Canada However, the problem of social justice or, to be more accurate, the lack thereof becomes especially poignant when considering criminal issues and their management, as well as the factors that contribute to reducing the rates […]
Social Justice and Educational Reform in the US People are free to develop their individual attitudes to the importance of social justice in education and leadership. Social justice may be used in the creation of job announcements, proposals, and statements to attract attention […]
Social Justice in Quality Health Care The provision of accessible health services is necessary to minimize the health risks of the low-income households and improve their quality of life.
What Is Social Justice? To my mind, the two most important principles of justice that should be used to govern within a just society are the selection of highly virtuous state leaders and government representatives to put in charge […]
Social Justice: Philosophy of Employment The philosophy of empowerment supports dignity and self-worth; as such, value to all people, regardless of their status or race is an important rule of empowerment.
American Women’s Movements for Social Justice Like Alice Walker, Deborah Gray, and Collins, Tyra Banks continues the legacy of black women since she is ready to campaign against racism, sexism, and discrimination.
Social Justice Group Work for Homeless Young Mothers The group discussed in the article was started for the purpose of assisting residents address the problem of homelessness especially in aspects of parenting and during pregnancy periods.
Readings for Diversity and Social Justice: An Anthology In that way, the authors noted that racial and ethnic differences tend to produce impact on lives of communities in the entirety of their aspects, and thus can aggravate other social justice issues.
Health Care Services: Social Justice Analysis For instance, the level of poverty in the USA is on the rise, and many people simply have no funds to purchase their health insurance. In conclusion, it is possible to note that social justice […]
Social Justice Issues: Elderly Minority Groups Students should know the peculiarities of the populations in question and should be aware of practices and services available to those patients.
Black Lives Matter and Social Justice Social media is a new public platform that has proved to be extremely effective in fighting against the normalization of violence against African-Americans.
Ethics and Social Justice in Education Policies The real-life problem that contributes to those controversies is the multicultural genuineness of the community that was exposed to the federal and state standard reforms that transpired throughout the last ten years.
Administrative Constitutionalism and Social Justice The current point of view at the crimes and violence is predestined by the commercial pressure applied to the mass media sources. In the majority of the cases, popular media becomes the viral source of […]
Counselors as Social Justice Advocates The compelling vision of social justice is to achieve “free, full, and equal participation” of all groups in society to realize their aspirations and mutual needs.
U.S. Postal Service’s Ethics and Social Justice In spite of the fact that the current agency was organized in 1971, the background of the organization is related to the development of the first postal service in the country based on the U.S.
Ethics Issues: Social Justice In other words, it is observed that an individual has a duty of ensuring that the law is followed while the government is expected to provide the basic rights and freedoms.
Education and Social Justice The society should also reduce the gap between the poor and the rich. The current level of inequality explains why “every school should reinvent itself in order to deal with social injustice”.
Social justice and the black – white achievement gap From a national perspective, the achievement gap between the Black and White is reported to have narrowed down in 2007 as compared to the same gap in 1990.
Setting an Agenda for Social Justice According to Wilkinson, Brundrett is a professor of Educational Research in the Faculty of Education, Community, and Leisure and the head of the Centre for Research and Evaluation, in the Liverpool John Moores University.
Prosperity and Social Justice The short story was also the subject of debate when it was first written because it failed to fit in any particular genre at the time.”The Yellow Wallpaper” was mostly considered a horror story when […]
Social Justice: Wray’s Essential Aspects of Biblical Law and Justice Wray has conducted an extensive study on the subject of social justice and suggests that students taking any course on law or social justice must go back to the origins of these laws and justice, […]
Social Justice: The Catholic’s Social Teachings on Justice The church also seeks to instill value in the prisoners’ lives through teachings and practices that accept prisoners as people who deserve to be treated with dignity.
Social and Criminal Justice Responses to Sex Work The negative attitude of the community and the criminalization of sex works made workers of his industry vulnerable and susceptible for the physical assaults of men in the street, their customers and even policemen.
Is Social Justice the Same Thing as Political Egalitarianism? An Analysis from a Theory of Justice Perspective This is the question that is likely to arise when one is analyzing social justice in the context of political developments in the society.
Social Justice and Gay Rights This perception of gays was radically reformed thanks to the efforts of gay rights movements which trace their roots to the 1960s and the Stonewall Riots of 1969 which marked the birth of the gay […]
The People Demand Social Justice: The Social Protest in Israel as an Agoral Gathering
The Woman Who Spoke of Love and Social Justice
Peace and Eco-Social Justice: Failed Distributive Justice, Violence and Militancy in India
Spirituality, Women ‘s Issues, Sustainability, and Social Justice
Multicultural Counseling Social Justice and Advocacy Reaction
The Paradox of Dominate Ideologies in The Fight of Social Justice
Letter from Birmingham Jail’ by Martin Luther King Jr. and Social Justice
Richard Spencer and the Issues of Social Justice and White Nationalism
The Moving Beyond Pity and Inspiration: Disability as a social Justice Issue by Eli Clare
The Importance of Human Rights and Social Justice
Social Justice: The Role of Higher Education, Criminality and Race
Turning Points in the Lives of Chinese and Indian Women Leaders Working Toward Social Justice
Paulo Freire’s Social Justice Idea
Producing and Practicing Social Justice in Education
Urban Social Justice: The Gentrification Debate
The Role of Education in Society as Explained in Conell’s Social Justice in Education
The Issues of the Canadian Social Services and Social Justice Domain
Wellbeing, Freedom, and Social Justice: The Capability Approach
The Principle of Social Justice and Advocacy Support
The Biblical Prophets’ Teachings on the Love of God in Social Justice
The Relationship Between Free Market and Social Justice
Uneasy Bedfellows: Social Justice and Neo-Liberal Practice in the Housing Market
The Ethics of Pricing and Access to Health Care: A Social Justice Issue
Measuring Attitudes Toward Distributive Justice: The Basic Social Justice Orientations Scale
The Importance of the Covenant House as a Symbol of Christian Social Justice
Social Justice Orientation and Multicultural Environment
The New Political Economy of J. S. Mill: The Means to Social Justice
The ‘s Coat of Arms Are Trust, Empathy, and Social Justice
The Vietnam War and Its Impact on The Creation of Social Justice
Race Relations and Social Justice Problems
Poverty, Inequality and Social Justice in Nonmetropolitan America
Rape Culture, Rapth, and the Cycles of Social Justice
The Three Social Justice Issues That Fires Me Up as a Citizen in the United States
Reading Baldwin After Harvey: Why Climate Change Is a Social Justice Issue
The Importance of Social Justice Is Universal Across
Effective Practice During The Social Justice System
The Issue of Social Justice Activism in Various Social Media Networks
Sustainable Development and Social Justice: Expanding the Rawlsian Framework of Global Justice
Once Upon Today: Teaching for Social Justice with Postmodern Picturebook
The Congressional Black Caucus Use of Social Media for Social Justice Issues
The Effective Teaching Techniques of Lisa Espinosa in Providing Information on the Topic of Cultural Relevance and Social Justice
Reading Baldwin After Harvey: Why Climate Change Is a Social Justice Issue?
How Does Social Justice Highlight the Relationship Between Social Welfare and Crime Control?
Social Justice and Academic Success: Is Individual Effort Enough?
Rawls’s Theory of Social Justice: How Decisions Are Made?
Are Consultation and Social Justice Advocacy Similar Exploring the Perceptions?
How Arc Advances Social Justice?
What Are the Different Factors Affect Social Justice?
What Does the Information Society Mean for Social Justice and Civil Society?
What Is the Connection Between Curricular Practices, Social Justice and Democratic Purpose in the United States Education System?
How the United States Has Both Market and Social Justice?
What Is the Impact of Social Justice on The United States?
What Is the Impact of Social Justice on Human Development?
How Does Social Justice Actions Project?
When High Pressure, System Constraints, and a Social Justice Mission Collide?
What Is the Concept of Social Justice Social Work?
What Is the Connection Between Free Market and Social Justice?
What Is the Goal of Social Justice Education?
What Social Justice Issues Are You Most Passionate About?
What Is Consist Social Justice Western Perspectives?
How Social Justice Course Changed My Outlook?
What Are the Three Social Justice Issues That Fires Up as a Citizen in the United States?
What Has Limited the Impact of UK Disability Equality Law on Social Justice?
What Is Rawls’ Expanding Framework for Global Justice?
How Does the Film “Lord of Flies” Relate to Social Justice?
Does the Legal System Promote Social Justice?
Are the People Demand Social Justice?
Social Justice and the University Community: Does Campus?
What Does “Social Justice” Mean?
What Does Teaching for Social Justice Mean for Teachers?
Why Is Education a Social Justice and Right for Each Child?
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How to Write a Thesis Statement | 4 Steps & Examples

How to Write a Thesis Statement | 4 Steps & Examples

Published on January 11, 2019 by Shona McCombes . Revised on August 15, 2023 by Eoghan Ryan.

A thesis statement is a sentence that sums up the central point of your paper or essay . It usually comes near the end of your introduction .

Your thesis will look a bit different depending on the type of essay you’re writing. But the thesis statement should always clearly state the main idea you want to get across. Everything else in your essay should relate back to this idea.

You can write your thesis statement by following four simple steps:

Start with a question
Write your initial answer
Develop your answer
Refine your thesis statement

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What is a thesis statement, placement of the thesis statement, step 1: start with a question, step 2: write your initial answer, step 3: develop your answer, step 4: refine your thesis statement, types of thesis statements, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about thesis statements.

A thesis statement summarizes the central points of your essay. It is a signpost telling the reader what the essay will argue and why.

The best thesis statements are:

Concise: A good thesis statement is short and sweet—don’t use more words than necessary. State your point clearly and directly in one or two sentences.
Contentious: Your thesis shouldn’t be a simple statement of fact that everyone already knows. A good thesis statement is a claim that requires further evidence or analysis to back it up.
Coherent: Everything mentioned in your thesis statement must be supported and explained in the rest of your paper.

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The thesis statement generally appears at the end of your essay introduction or research paper introduction .

The spread of the internet has had a world-changing effect, not least on the world of education. The use of the internet in academic contexts and among young people more generally is hotly debated. For many who did not grow up with this technology, its effects seem alarming and potentially harmful. This concern, while understandable, is misguided. The negatives of internet use are outweighed by its many benefits for education: the internet facilitates easier access to information, exposure to different perspectives, and a flexible learning environment for both students and teachers.

You should come up with an initial thesis, sometimes called a working thesis , early in the writing process . As soon as you’ve decided on your essay topic , you need to work out what you want to say about it—a clear thesis will give your essay direction and structure.

You might already have a question in your assignment, but if not, try to come up with your own. What would you like to find out or decide about your topic?

For example, you might ask:

After some initial research, you can formulate a tentative answer to this question. At this stage it can be simple, and it should guide the research process and writing process .

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Now you need to consider why this is your answer and how you will convince your reader to agree with you. As you read more about your topic and begin writing, your answer should get more detailed.

In your essay about the internet and education, the thesis states your position and sketches out the key arguments you’ll use to support it.

The negatives of internet use are outweighed by its many benefits for education because it facilitates easier access to information.

In your essay about braille, the thesis statement summarizes the key historical development that you’ll explain.

The invention of braille in the 19th century transformed the lives of blind people, allowing them to participate more actively in public life.

A strong thesis statement should tell the reader:

Why you hold this position
What they’ll learn from your essay
The key points of your argument or narrative

The final thesis statement doesn’t just state your position, but summarizes your overall argument or the entire topic you’re going to explain. To strengthen a weak thesis statement, it can help to consider the broader context of your topic.

These examples are more specific and show that you’ll explore your topic in depth.

Your thesis statement should match the goals of your essay, which vary depending on the type of essay you’re writing:

In an argumentative essay , your thesis statement should take a strong position. Your aim in the essay is to convince your reader of this thesis based on evidence and logical reasoning.
In an expository essay , you’ll aim to explain the facts of a topic or process. Your thesis statement doesn’t have to include a strong opinion in this case, but it should clearly state the central point you want to make, and mention the key elements you’ll explain.

If you want to know more about AI tools , college essays , or fallacies make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples or go directly to our tools!

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A thesis statement is a sentence that sums up the central point of your paper or essay . Everything else you write should relate to this key idea.

The thesis statement is essential in any academic essay or research paper for two main reasons:

It gives your writing direction and focus.
It gives the reader a concise summary of your main point.

Without a clear thesis statement, an essay can end up rambling and unfocused, leaving your reader unsure of exactly what you want to say.

Follow these four steps to come up with a thesis statement :

Ask a question about your topic .
Write your initial answer.
Develop your answer by including reasons.
Refine your answer, adding more detail and nuance.

The thesis statement should be placed at the end of your essay introduction .

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The Writing Center • University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Thesis Statements

What this handout is about.

This handout describes what a thesis statement is, how thesis statements work in your writing, and how you can craft or refine one for your draft.

Introduction

Writing in college often takes the form of persuasion—convincing others that you have an interesting, logical point of view on the subject you are studying. Persuasion is a skill you practice regularly in your daily life. You persuade your roommate to clean up, your parents to let you borrow the car, your friend to vote for your favorite candidate or policy. In college, course assignments often ask you to make a persuasive case in writing. You are asked to convince your reader of your point of view. This form of persuasion, often called academic argument, follows a predictable pattern in writing. After a brief introduction of your topic, you state your point of view on the topic directly and often in one sentence. This sentence is the thesis statement, and it serves as a summary of the argument you’ll make in the rest of your paper.

What is a thesis statement?

A thesis statement:

tells the reader how you will interpret the significance of the subject matter under discussion.
is a road map for the paper; in other words, it tells the reader what to expect from the rest of the paper.
directly answers the question asked of you. A thesis is an interpretation of a question or subject, not the subject itself. The subject, or topic, of an essay might be World War II or Moby Dick; a thesis must then offer a way to understand the war or the novel.
makes a claim that others might dispute.
is usually a single sentence near the beginning of your paper (most often, at the end of the first paragraph) that presents your argument to the reader. The rest of the paper, the body of the essay, gathers and organizes evidence that will persuade the reader of the logic of your interpretation.

If your assignment asks you to take a position or develop a claim about a subject, you may need to convey that position or claim in a thesis statement near the beginning of your draft. The assignment may not explicitly state that you need a thesis statement because your instructor may assume you will include one. When in doubt, ask your instructor if the assignment requires a thesis statement. When an assignment asks you to analyze, to interpret, to compare and contrast, to demonstrate cause and effect, or to take a stand on an issue, it is likely that you are being asked to develop a thesis and to support it persuasively. (Check out our handout on understanding assignments for more information.)

How do I create a thesis?

A thesis is the result of a lengthy thinking process. Formulating a thesis is not the first thing you do after reading an essay assignment. Before you develop an argument on any topic, you have to collect and organize evidence, look for possible relationships between known facts (such as surprising contrasts or similarities), and think about the significance of these relationships. Once you do this thinking, you will probably have a “working thesis” that presents a basic or main idea and an argument that you think you can support with evidence. Both the argument and your thesis are likely to need adjustment along the way.

Writers use all kinds of techniques to stimulate their thinking and to help them clarify relationships or comprehend the broader significance of a topic and arrive at a thesis statement. For more ideas on how to get started, see our handout on brainstorming .

How do I know if my thesis is strong?

If there’s time, run it by your instructor or make an appointment at the Writing Center to get some feedback. Even if you do not have time to get advice elsewhere, you can do some thesis evaluation of your own. When reviewing your first draft and its working thesis, ask yourself the following :

Do I answer the question? Re-reading the question prompt after constructing a working thesis can help you fix an argument that misses the focus of the question. If the prompt isn’t phrased as a question, try to rephrase it. For example, “Discuss the effect of X on Y” can be rephrased as “What is the effect of X on Y?”
Have I taken a position that others might challenge or oppose? If your thesis simply states facts that no one would, or even could, disagree with, it’s possible that you are simply providing a summary, rather than making an argument.
Is my thesis statement specific enough? Thesis statements that are too vague often do not have a strong argument. If your thesis contains words like “good” or “successful,” see if you could be more specific: why is something “good”; what specifically makes something “successful”?
Does my thesis pass the “So what?” test? If a reader’s first response is likely to be “So what?” then you need to clarify, to forge a relationship, or to connect to a larger issue.
Does my essay support my thesis specifically and without wandering? If your thesis and the body of your essay do not seem to go together, one of them has to change. It’s okay to change your working thesis to reflect things you have figured out in the course of writing your paper. Remember, always reassess and revise your writing as necessary.
Does my thesis pass the “how and why?” test? If a reader’s first response is “how?” or “why?” your thesis may be too open-ended and lack guidance for the reader. See what you can add to give the reader a better take on your position right from the beginning.

Suppose you are taking a course on contemporary communication, and the instructor hands out the following essay assignment: “Discuss the impact of social media on public awareness.” Looking back at your notes, you might start with this working thesis:

Social media impacts public awareness in both positive and negative ways.

You can use the questions above to help you revise this general statement into a stronger thesis.

Do I answer the question? You can analyze this if you rephrase “discuss the impact” as “what is the impact?” This way, you can see that you’ve answered the question only very generally with the vague “positive and negative ways.”
Have I taken a position that others might challenge or oppose? Not likely. Only people who maintain that social media has a solely positive or solely negative impact could disagree.
Is my thesis statement specific enough? No. What are the positive effects? What are the negative effects?
Does my thesis pass the “how and why?” test? No. Why are they positive? How are they positive? What are their causes? Why are they negative? How are they negative? What are their causes?
Does my thesis pass the “So what?” test? No. Why should anyone care about the positive and/or negative impact of social media?

After thinking about your answers to these questions, you decide to focus on the one impact you feel strongly about and have strong evidence for:

Because not every voice on social media is reliable, people have become much more critical consumers of information, and thus, more informed voters.

This version is a much stronger thesis! It answers the question, takes a specific position that others can challenge, and it gives a sense of why it matters.

Let’s try another. Suppose your literature professor hands out the following assignment in a class on the American novel: Write an analysis of some aspect of Mark Twain’s novel Huckleberry Finn. “This will be easy,” you think. “I loved Huckleberry Finn!” You grab a pad of paper and write:

Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn is a great American novel.

You begin to analyze your thesis:

Do I answer the question? No. The prompt asks you to analyze some aspect of the novel. Your working thesis is a statement of general appreciation for the entire novel.

Think about aspects of the novel that are important to its structure or meaning—for example, the role of storytelling, the contrasting scenes between the shore and the river, or the relationships between adults and children. Now you write:

In Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain develops a contrast between life on the river and life on the shore.

Do I answer the question? Yes!
Have I taken a position that others might challenge or oppose? Not really. This contrast is well-known and accepted.
Is my thesis statement specific enough? It’s getting there–you have highlighted an important aspect of the novel for investigation. However, it’s still not clear what your analysis will reveal.
Does my thesis pass the “how and why?” test? Not yet. Compare scenes from the book and see what you discover. Free write, make lists, jot down Huck’s actions and reactions and anything else that seems interesting.
Does my thesis pass the “So what?” test? What’s the point of this contrast? What does it signify?”

After examining the evidence and considering your own insights, you write:

Through its contrasting river and shore scenes, Twain’s Huckleberry Finn suggests that to find the true expression of American democratic ideals, one must leave “civilized” society and go back to nature.

This final thesis statement presents an interpretation of a literary work based on an analysis of its content. Of course, for the essay itself to be successful, you must now present evidence from the novel that will convince the reader of your interpretation.

Works consulted

We consulted these works while writing this handout. This is not a comprehensive list of resources on the handout’s topic, and we encourage you to do your own research to find additional publications. Please do not use this list as a model for the format of your own reference list, as it may not match the citation style you are using. For guidance on formatting citations, please see the UNC Libraries citation tutorial . We revise these tips periodically and welcome feedback.

Anson, Chris M., and Robert A. Schwegler. 2010. The Longman Handbook for Writers and Readers , 6th ed. New York: Longman.

Lunsford, Andrea A. 2015. The St. Martin’s Handbook , 8th ed. Boston: Bedford/St Martin’s.

Ramage, John D., John C. Bean, and June Johnson. 2018. The Allyn & Bacon Guide to Writing , 8th ed. New York: Pearson.

Ruszkiewicz, John J., Christy Friend, Daniel Seward, and Maxine Hairston. 2010. The Scott, Foresman Handbook for Writers , 9th ed. Boston: Pearson Education.

You may reproduce it for non-commercial use if you use the entire handout and attribute the source: The Writing Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

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Cognition’s new ai tool devin is set to revolutionize coding industry, heated discussions erupt on reddit over chatgpt’s entry in scholarly publication, do you use quotation marks when paraphrasing, typely review, how to rewrite the sentence in active voice, criminal justice reform thesis statement examples.

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Criminal Justice Reform is an urgent topic aiming to address issues within the judicial, correctional, and law enforcement systems. Thesis statements in this field should be compelling and precise to reflect the complexity and importance of the matter. Below are examples of good and bad thesis statements on criminal justice reform, along with detailed explanations for their effectiveness or inadequacy.

Comparing Good Thesis Statement Examples

Specific and Clear Good: “This thesis will explore the effects of restorative justice programs on the recidivism rates of juvenile offenders in the United States.” Bad: “Restorative justice programs are beneficial.”

The good statement is specific and clear, focusing on restorative justice programs, a defined demographic (juvenile offenders), and a measurable outcome (recidivism rates). In contrast, the bad example is vague and general.

Arguable and Debatable Good: “Mandatory minimum sentencing policies disproportionately affect minority communities, perpetuating systemic racial biases within the criminal justice system.” Bad: “Mandatory minimum sentences are controversial.”

The good statement is debatable and presents a clear argument, highlighting the racial disparities and systemic biases due to mandatory minimum sentences. The bad example is non-committal and fails to present a clear standpoint or argument.

Researchable and Measurable Good: “Investing in community policing initiatives can foster trust and collaboration between law enforcement and local communities, thereby improving public safety.” Bad: “Community policing is a good approach.”

The good example presents a researchable hypothesis regarding investment in community policing and its potential effects on trust, collaboration, and public safety. The bad example is too general and lacks specific variables or measurable outcomes.

Bad Thesis Statement Examples

Overly Broad: “The criminal justice system needs reform.”

Though true, this statement is excessively broad and does not provide specific areas or aspects of the criminal justice system that require reform.

Lack of Clear Argument: “Incarceration rates are high in many countries.”

While factual, this statement lacks a clear argument or focus, serving as a poor guide for research direction and analysis.

Unmeasurable and Unresearchable: “A fair criminal justice system is crucial for society’s well-being.”

Though philosophically sound, this statement is unmeasurable and broad, making it inappropriate for scholarly research.

Crafting a strong thesis statement for research on criminal justice reform is crucial for guiding your investigation and clarifying your study’s objective and scope. Effective thesis statements should be specific, arguable, and researchable, acting as a guiding light for scholarly inquiry. In contrast, ineffective ones are often too broad, lack clear arguments, and are not conducive to empirical study. The examples and analysis provided in this guide offer students valuable insights for developing thesis statements that serve as robust foundations for their research on the imperative issue of criminal justice reform.

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222 Criminal Justice Thesis Topics To Make You Shine

What is criminal justice? Criminal justice deals with delivering justice to people who have committed crimes. The field entails a series of institutions and government agencies that co-work to bring illegal activities to book. Some of the purposes of a criminal justice thesis paper include:

Facilitating the rehabilitation of offenders
Ensuring that similar crimes do not occur again
Providing moral support for victims

Such papers are critical, and this one has to take a professional approach, especially when writing criminal justice paper topics.

How To Write Criminal Justice Thesis Papers

Students in college and university taking criminal justice as a major are supposed to equip themselves with various writing techniques. For instance, there are times when one has to employ the methods used by a lawyer in presenting a case.

Since this is a cross-disciplinary field, you will have to formulate your arguments in a defensible thesis with evidence to support them. The criminal justice thesis statement should be:

Concise, Easy to understand, and Backed up by evidence and research.

You can choose to present the evidence either in qualitative or quantitative data. The former is expressed in texts, observations, and interviews, while the latter is in the form of numbers drawn from statistics.

For a quality criminal justice paper, use these expert writing tips:

Use the APA style guide in formatting your paper
Present your arguments in a clear language
Do not stuff up too many pieces of evidence in one paragraph
Avoid using personal opinions when defending a particular argument

With that, let us now look at some of the most brilliant thesis topics for criminal justice:

Criminal Justice Senior Thesis Topics

Discuss the history and development of the criminal justice system
How the rate of crime varies with different age brackets
The impact of aggression in compelling one to commit a crime
Why illegal immigrants are primarily associated with crime
The role of education level in contributing to crime
How does unemployment cause crime in society?
Why are teenagers the majority of victims violating the law?
The relationship between gender and criminal activity
The role of firearms in advancing illegal activities
How policies and government laws can lead to crime
The role of the media in promoting crime
Why is it challenging to manage crime in a society where the rule of law is obscure?
The role of political campaigns and elections in contributing to crime
Factors that led to the attack at the US Capitol
Why drug and substance abuse is a leading cause of crime
Programs that can help alleviate crime in any given society

General Criminal Justice Thesis Ideas

Contribution of the study of criminology to the society
How the study of criminology leads to the formulation of public policies
The role of parents in preventing crimes
How the education system has helped prevent crime
The role of social media in planning and funding criminal behaviour
How criminal gangs recruit members
The implication of coronavirus on increased criminal behaviour
How corrupt leaders can stir up criminal behaviour among citizens
Why you should know your neighbours and what they do
The role of biometric and facial recognition systems in curbing crime
The effectiveness of the police in reducing crime
Are penalties related to crimeless punitive?
What is the implication of representing a serial killer in a criminal case?
How to sensitize society on what constitutes criminal behaviour
The impact of racism on criminal behaviour
How bullying can be a cause of criminal behaviour in the future

Hot Criminal Justice Research Topics

The role of forgeries and fake documents in advancing crime
How corrupt police officers are creeping crime
Ways of dealing with criminal behaviour at the grassroots level
The role of the International Criminal Court in curbing crime
Why social media is a significant fuel for crime
The role of hate speech in advancing criminal activities
How the family background of a person can lead him/her to crime
Why students in college are at risk of joining gangs
Latest ways in which criminals are smuggling goods into the country
The impact of being labelled as a criminal on one’s reputation
Is it possible for a criminal to genuinely transform while in prison?
Religious ways of preventing crime in communities
Why it is necessary to be careful when walking at night
The role of the FBI in dismantling criminal groups
How school dropouts get into illegal activity
The part of peer pressure in leading one to commit a crime

Tip-Top Criminological Research Topics

The role of mental health in any criminal behaviour
How protests and demonstrations amount to illegal activities
The implication of religious beliefs on committing a crime
How social class is a critical player in the crime
Does weather facilitate criminal behaviour in any way?
Does cheating in exams amount to criminal behaviour?
Ways of detecting and curtailing criminal activity before it happens
How terrorism is facilitating crime in developing nations
What amounts to an environmental crime?
The implication of prejudice in violence
Methods of deception used by human traffickers
Forms of identity theft in America
Causes and effects of juvenile delinquency
How to curb criminal activities related to gambling
Is prostitution contributing to crime in societies?
Effective ways of prosecuting and punishing rape criminals

Criminology Research Paper Topics On Discrimination

How racial profiling leads to crime
Are our court systems becoming discriminatory based on race and social class?
The impact of systematic bias on criminal justice
How targeting minority groups leads to crime
The impact of ethnic backgrounds on criminal activities
Why the government should implement policies against gender discrimination
The role of social movements in preventing discrimination
How to deal with people who incite racial discrimination
Ways of managing stereotypes as portrayed by the media
The role of the clergy in breaking class-based social violence
How discriminatory crime affects families
The impact of discrimination on the performance of students
The effects of corporate crime on the minor businesses
How influential people in government contribute to crime
Ways of dealing with hate crime and its implication on justice
Effective crime preventions programs against marginalized communities

Criminal Law Research Topics

The role of corrupt judges in enhancing crime
Why tampering with evidence is facilitating the advancement of more criminal activities.
How to manage cases of premeditated murder
Should court systems use more punitive measures for punishing murderers?
How does society view lawyers who defend murderers?
Are there loopholes in criminal law that are advancing criminal behaviour?
In what ways is the justice system perverted?
Discuss the essence of studying criminal law
The role of the jury in delivering just sentences to guilty criminals
What is the implication of the presidential pardon on criminals?
How to protect the privacy of inmates
Do convicts on death have rights as any other human being?
How technology is advancing the practice of criminal law
Compare and contrast the number of men and women pursuing criminal law in the United States
What are some of the cultural impediments to the rule of criminal law?
The implication of fines and bonds on criminals with money

Criminal Justice Research Questions

How does street lighting helps reduce the crime rate?
Can security agencies use technology to prevent terrorism?
Discuss illegal research techniques in genetics and their dangers
What is the impact of smartphones on crime rates?
How does the National Guard help in reducing crime?
What is the role of psychometric examinations in criminology?
Does the court system take too long to administer justice?
Is arbitration applicable in the case of a murder charge?
What are the fundamental principles of crime prevention?
The role of mass media during chaotic elections
Is it to keep a registry of sexual offenders?
What can institutions do to prevent cases of sexual assault?
What is the motive of a ransom in a kidnapping case?
When do felony disenfranchisement laws apply?
What is the role of forensic science in modern criminology?
Discuss the association between substance abuse and crime?

Expert Criminal Law Topics For Research Paper

Effects of forging contracts in a work setting
Should presidents face criminal proceedings during their tenure?
The implication of the president’s immunity to international crimes
How can the courts ensure a fair trial for all accused persons?
How long should attorneys take to prepare a defence?
Implications for substantial injustice for any criminal case
Effects of giving self-incriminating evidence
How to deal with a crime under the international law
Should prosecutors obtain evidence in a manner that violates a person’s rights?
The place of torture in obtaining information from a suspect
What is the effectiveness of a petition in a murder case?
The role of the press in criminal proceedings
Discuss the rights and welfare of victims of criminal offences
How ballistic experts differentiate between an accidental and intentional shooting
The role of the state in upholding law and order
How lawyers defend their clients: Is it unethical at times?

Law Enforcement Research Paper Topics

Is how police handle suspects justified?
Weigh in on the ongoing police brutality claims on a racial basis
The role of law enforcers in sensitizing people on peace
Why it is necessary to have police stations in every community
Causes of corruption and crime among some law enforcers
Evaluate the response of law enforcers during the attack at the US Capitol
Assess how male and female police officers handle crime
What is the effect of police patrols on crime rates?
How police involvement with criminal groups fuels up crime
Police technologies used to detect and counter crime
What improvements should the police have to handle crime effectively?
Compare and contrast law enforcement strategies used in the UK and US
Comment on the use of biometric data in tracing criminals
How effective are informers in assisting the police to curb crime?
Evaluate how different law enforcement agencies handle crime
How digital footprints have helped law enforcers to arrest criminals

Criminal Justice Research Proposal Topics

The role of community policing in preventing crime
Does the length of criminal trials affect their outcome?
Should courts punish crimes committed on a religious basis?
What are some of the challenges to implementing stringent prosecution laws?
Does infringement of copyright laws amount to criminal behaviour?
Should journalists take photos of suspects on trial and publish them?
Assess the different classes of crime systems
How to deal with cyber-stalking in the case of couples
Discuss the effectiveness of courts dealing with drug-related cases
Analyzing the implication of mandatory sentencing
What happens in the case of a wrongful conviction in a criminal case?
What motivates people to commit crimes?
Discuss the psychology behind aggressive criminal behaviour
Compare and contrast between murder and homicide
Evaluate the different classes of criminal offenders

Criminal Investigation Research Paper Topics

Discuss the process of beginning a criminal investigation
Interrogation methods that are involved in criminal investigations
How does investigative journalism complement criminal investigations?
How crime-related movies have created a perception in people’s minds
The role of criminal investigations in delivering sentences
How technology has made criminal investigations more effective
The difference in investigating between civil and criminal cases
Discuss the unethical sides of criminal investigations
The role of information sharing technologies in criminal investigations
Why murder cases take too long to be solved
Secretive methods of conducting criminal investigations
Discuss the relationship between criminal investigations and the evidence presented in court
Why most detectives do not have a specific regalia
The implication of conducting criminal investigations in the face of the coronavirus
How to handle inquiries for cases beyond a country’s border

Criminal Justice Research Topics For College Students

The impact of TV series on crime rates
How different countries handle criminal cases
Discuss the impact of witness interference in a criminal case
How court systems contribute to crime
Are the witness protection policies effective enough?
The role of CCTVs in promoting justice in criminal cases
The impact of criminal courts on advancing good morals in a society
Discuss the truth in the statement ‘justice delayed is not justice denied.’
Importance of studying criminal justice in the 21 st century
Discuss the role of fingerprints in a criminal investigation
Should criminal cases be completed in less than a week?
What happens when a president commits a national crime during his tenure?
How the Director of Public Prosecutions can help in combating corruption
The responsibility of court officers in protecting the suspects
Do criminal cases caught on camera need any further investigations?
How should a state deal with foreigners who are guilty of criminal offences in their country?

Research Methods In Criminal Justice Topics

Use of questionnaires
Real-time survey systems in criminal justice
Effectiveness of one on one interviews
Field research in criminology
Observation as a criminology research method
How participant observation works
Impact of ethnography
Use of case study in investigating crime
Experiments in criminology
Second data analysis methods
Deliberate manipulation of social customs
Analysis of government data
Research of historical documents
Studies using the Delphi method
Conclusive research methods for criminal justice
Descriptive research methods

Your top-rated criminal justice is just a step away from A+ grades with our expert thesis titles. Use our high-tech thesis writing services to improve your paper today!

OASIS: Writing Center

Writing a paper: thesis statements, basics of thesis statements.

The thesis statement is the brief articulation of your paper's central argument and purpose. You might hear it referred to as simply a "thesis." Every scholarly paper should have a thesis statement, and strong thesis statements are concise, specific, and arguable. Concise means the thesis is short: perhaps one or two sentences for a shorter paper. Specific means the thesis deals with a narrow and focused topic, appropriate to the paper's length. Arguable means that a scholar in your field could disagree (or perhaps already has!).

Strong thesis statements address specific intellectual questions, have clear positions, and use a structure that reflects the overall structure of the paper. Read on to learn more about constructing a strong thesis statement.

Being Specific

This thesis statement has no specific argument:

Needs Improvement: In this essay, I will examine two scholarly articles to find similarities and differences.

This statement is concise, but it is neither specific nor arguable—a reader might wonder, "Which scholarly articles? What is the topic of this paper? What field is the author writing in?" Additionally, the purpose of the paper—to "examine…to find similarities and differences" is not of a scholarly level. Identifying similarities and differences is a good first step, but strong academic argument goes further, analyzing what those similarities and differences might mean or imply.

Better: In this essay, I will argue that Bowler's (2003) autocratic management style, when coupled with Smith's (2007) theory of social cognition, can reduce the expenses associated with employee turnover.

The new revision here is still concise, as well as specific and arguable. We can see that it is specific because the writer is mentioning (a) concrete ideas and (b) exact authors. We can also gather the field (business) and the topic (management and employee turnover). The statement is arguable because the student goes beyond merely comparing; he or she draws conclusions from that comparison ("can reduce the expenses associated with employee turnover").

Making a Unique Argument

This thesis draft repeats the language of the writing prompt without making a unique argument:

Needs Improvement: The purpose of this essay is to monitor, assess, and evaluate an educational program for its strengths and weaknesses. Then, I will provide suggestions for improvement.

You can see here that the student has simply stated the paper's assignment, without articulating specifically how he or she will address it. The student can correct this error simply by phrasing the thesis statement as a specific answer to the assignment prompt.

Better: Through a series of student interviews, I found that Kennedy High School's antibullying program was ineffective. In order to address issues of conflict between students, I argue that Kennedy High School should embrace policies outlined by the California Department of Education (2010).

Words like "ineffective" and "argue" show here that the student has clearly thought through the assignment and analyzed the material; he or she is putting forth a specific and debatable position. The concrete information ("student interviews," "antibullying") further prepares the reader for the body of the paper and demonstrates how the student has addressed the assignment prompt without just restating that language.

Creating a Debate

This thesis statement includes only obvious fact or plot summary instead of argument:

Needs Improvement: Leadership is an important quality in nurse educators.

A good strategy to determine if your thesis statement is too broad (and therefore, not arguable) is to ask yourself, "Would a scholar in my field disagree with this point?" Here, we can see easily that no scholar is likely to argue that leadership is an unimportant quality in nurse educators. The student needs to come up with a more arguable claim, and probably a narrower one; remember that a short paper needs a more focused topic than a dissertation.

Better: Roderick's (2009) theory of participatory leadership is particularly appropriate to nurse educators working within the emergency medicine field, where students benefit most from collegial and kinesthetic learning.

Here, the student has identified a particular type of leadership ("participatory leadership"), narrowing the topic, and has made an arguable claim (this type of leadership is "appropriate" to a specific type of nurse educator). Conceivably, a scholar in the nursing field might disagree with this approach. The student's paper can now proceed, providing specific pieces of evidence to support the arguable central claim.

Choosing the Right Words

This thesis statement uses large or scholarly-sounding words that have no real substance:

Needs Improvement: Scholars should work to seize metacognitive outcomes by harnessing discipline-based networks to empower collaborative infrastructures.

There are many words in this sentence that may be buzzwords in the student's field or key terms taken from other texts, but together they do not communicate a clear, specific meaning. Sometimes students think scholarly writing means constructing complex sentences using special language, but actually it's usually a stronger choice to write clear, simple sentences. When in doubt, remember that your ideas should be complex, not your sentence structure.

Better: Ecologists should work to educate the U.S. public on conservation methods by making use of local and national green organizations to create a widespread communication plan.

Notice in the revision that the field is now clear (ecology), and the language has been made much more field-specific ("conservation methods," "green organizations"), so the reader is able to see concretely the ideas the student is communicating.

Leaving Room for Discussion

This thesis statement is not capable of development or advancement in the paper:

Needs Improvement: There are always alternatives to illegal drug use.

This sample thesis statement makes a claim, but it is not a claim that will sustain extended discussion. This claim is the type of claim that might be appropriate for the conclusion of a paper, but in the beginning of the paper, the student is left with nowhere to go. What further points can be made? If there are "always alternatives" to the problem the student is identifying, then why bother developing a paper around that claim? Ideally, a thesis statement should be complex enough to explore over the length of the entire paper.

Better: The most effective treatment plan for methamphetamine addiction may be a combination of pharmacological and cognitive therapy, as argued by Baker (2008), Smith (2009), and Xavier (2011).

In the revised thesis, you can see the student make a specific, debatable claim that has the potential to generate several pages' worth of discussion. When drafting a thesis statement, think about the questions your thesis statement will generate: What follow-up inquiries might a reader have? In the first example, there are almost no additional questions implied, but the revised example allows for a good deal more exploration.

Thesis Mad Libs

If you are having trouble getting started, try using the models below to generate a rough model of a thesis statement! These models are intended for drafting purposes only and should not appear in your final work.

In this essay, I argue ____, using ______ to assert _____.
While scholars have often argued ______, I argue______, because_______.
Through an analysis of ______, I argue ______, which is important because_______.

Words to Avoid and to Embrace

When drafting your thesis statement, avoid words like explore, investigate, learn, compile, summarize , and explain to describe the main purpose of your paper. These words imply a paper that summarizes or "reports," rather than synthesizing and analyzing.

Instead of the terms above, try words like argue, critique, question , and interrogate . These more analytical words may help you begin strongly, by articulating a specific, critical, scholarly position.

Read Kayla's blog post for tips on taking a stand in a well-crafted thesis statement.

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Justice Theses Samples For Students

27 samples of this type

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Acknowledgement

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I am especially grateful for the support and guidance of my dissertation advisor, Dr. A. P., provided all through the progression and development on this research study.

My thanks also go to the men and women in blue of Singapore Police Force whom had provided their valuable time to participate in the survey and their willingness to share. I also would like to thank DSP (NS) Azrin Abdul Rahim and SSI Selamat Bustaman for their valuable guidance and insights towards this study.

Expertly Crafted Thesis On African American Men And The Police: Bulls Eye On The Back?

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Executive Summary

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A .The violation of pregnant women rights B .The long technical procedures 2. The general opinion A. A summary on the recently addressed legal cases. B. The ethical principles that are established purposely to handle these issues. C. Reviews of the underlying 3. Maternal decision making legal approaches

A. The failure to take in to consideration a pregnant woman’s entitlement to integrity and consent

B. Recognition of medical knowledge on limitation available to a prediction of possible results in obstetrics C. Victimization of candidate of addictions and psychiatric problems D. Women facing a threat to be dissuade from their duty of parental care 4. Recent cases

A. Charges of a woman refusing to undergo cesarean delivery – march 2004

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Affirmative Action and Minority Employment in California Higher Education

Chapter 4: Results and Discussion

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Chapter 1 – Introduction and background to the problem

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Overcrowded jails filled with violent inmates. Prisons segregated by race. (deliberate fragment). The California prison system currently holds approximately 316,000 inmates across 33 state prisons and dozens of other facilities of varying levels of security (CDCR,gov, 2012). More than 30,000 of these inmates have life sentences. 93% of inmates are male, 7% female; 11.7% of the prison population of California are parole violators. Almost 39% of the prison population of California is Hispanic, 29% black, 27% white and 6% other (CDCR.gov, 2012).

Example Of Interpretive Analysis Comparison Of Two Stories Thesis

I have used “The Answer is No” and “One of These Days” in this paper to develop the thesis that Good ethical people of the society refrain from being associated with bad and unethical people and they are not scared of worst outcomes of such decisions”.

Thesis On My Sister's Keeper Ethical Issues

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Home > USC Columbia > Arts and Sciences > Criminology and Criminal Justice > Criminology and Criminal Justice Theses and Dissertations

Criminology and Criminal Justice Theses and Dissertations

Theses/dissertations from 2023 2023.

The Risk of Protection: Examining the Contextual Effects of Child Protective Services on Child Maltreatment Fatalities in the U.S. , Cosette Morgan McCullough

Theses/Dissertations from 2022 2022

Too Feminine for Execution?: Gender Stereotypes and the Media’s Portrayal of Women Sentenced to Death , Kelsey M. Collins

Juveniles, Transferred Juveniles, and the Impact of a Criminal Record on Employment Prospects in Adulthood: An Experimental Study , Joanna Daou

Theses/Dissertations from 2021 2021

Why So Long? Examining the Nexus Between Case Complexity and Delay in Florida’s Death Penalty System , Corey Daniel Burton

The Criminalization of HIV and HIV Stigma , Deanna Cann

Views of Substance Use During Pregnancy: Social Responses to the Issue , Taylor Ruddy

The Spatial Variability of Crime: A Review of Methodological Choice, Proposed Models, and Methods for Illustrating the Phenomenon , Matthew D. Spencer

Community Corrections Officer Decision-Making: An Intersectional Analysis , Amber Leigh Williams Wilson

Theses/Dissertations from 2020 2020

The Utility of Using Virtue Locales to Explain Criminogenic Environments , Hunter Max Boehme

Fostering Resilience in Correctional Officers , Jon Thomas Arthur Gist

The Impact of Race/Ethnicity on Sentencing: A Matching Approach , Travis Jones

Unraveling the Temporal Aspects of Victimization: The Reciprocal, Additive, and Cumulative Effects of Direct/Vicarious Victimization on Crime , Yeoju Park

Theses/Dissertations from 2019 2019

Media Influence on College Students' Perceptions of the Police , Matilda Foster

Evaluating the Effectiveness of Ohio's Certificate of Relief , Peter Leasure

Trends in the Prevalence of Arrest for Intimate Partner Violence Using the National Crime Victimization Survey , Tara E. Martin

Reading Between the Lines: An Intersectional Media Analysis of Female Sex Offenders in Florida Newspapers , Toniqua C. Mikell

Theses/Dissertations from 2018 2018

The Short-Term Self-Control Stability of College Students , Nicholas James Blasco

Developmental Patterns of Religiosity in Relation to Criminal Trajectories among Serious Offenders across Adolescence and Young Adulthood , Siying Guo

Local Incarceration As Social Control: A National Analysis Of Social, Economic, And Political Determinants Of Jail Use In The United States , Heather M. Ouellette

Association Between Perception Of Police Prejudice Against Minorities And Juvenile Delinquency , Kwang Hyun Ra

A Quasi-Experimental Analysis Of School-Based Situational Crime Prevention Measures , Gary Zhang

Theses/Dissertations from 2017 2017

Sex Offender Policies that Spin the Revolving Door: An Exploration of the Relationships Between Residence Restrictions, Homelessness, and Recidivism , Deanna Cann

Untangling the Interconnected Relationships between Alcohol Use, Employment, and Offending , Margaret M. Chrusciel

Inmate Time Utilization And Well-Being , Mateja Vuk

Theses/Dissertations from 2016 2016

The Socio-Legal Construction Of Adolescent Criminality: Examining Race, Community, And Contextual Factors Through The Lens Of Focal Concerns , Patrick Glen Lowery

The Impact Of Deinstitutionalization On Murders Of Law Enforcement Officers , Xueyi Xing

Theses/Dissertations from 2015 2015

Relationships Between Law Enforcement Officer-Involved Vehicle Collisions And Other Police Behaviors , John Andrew Hansen

In the Eye of the Beholder: Exploring the Dialogic Approach to Police Legitimacy , Justin Nix

Criminology on Crimes Against Humanity: A North Korean Case Study , Megan Alyssa Novak

General Strain Theory and Bullying Victimization: Do Parental Support and Control Alleviate the Negative Effects of Bullying , Jonathon Thompson

Theses/Dissertations from 2014 2014

Adultification in Juvenile Corrections: A Comparison of Juvenile and Adult Officers , Riane Miller Bolin

Perception of Police in Public Housing Communities , Taylor Brickley

Neighborhood Disorganization and Police Decision-Making in the New York City Police Department , Allison Carter

The Impact of Race on Strickland Claims in Federal Courts in the South , Wyatt Gibson

Lead Exposure and Crime , Tara Elaine Martin

GETTING AWAY WITH MURDER: HAZING, HEGEMONIC MASCULINITY, AND VICTIMIZATION , TONIQUA CHAREE MIKELL

Theses/Dissertations from 2013 2013

Policing Alcohol and Related Crimes On Campus , Andrea Nicole Allen

Gender and Programming: A Comparison of Program Availability and Participation in U.S. Prisons for Men and Women , Courtney A. Crittenden

Assessing the Impact of the Court Response to Domestic Violence in Two Neighboring Counties , Gillian Mira Pinchevsky

Theses/Dissertations from 2012 2012

Criminal Sentencing In the Court Communities of South Carolina: An Examination of offender, Judge, and County Characteristics , Rhys Hester

Examining the Effects of Religiosity and Religious Environments On Inmate Misconduct , Benjamin Dane Meade

Theses/Dissertations from 2011 2011

Criminologists' Opinions On Correctional Rehabilitation , Heather M. Ouellette

Theses/Dissertations from 2010 2010

A Qualitative Analysis of the Etiology, Manifestation, and Institutional Responses to Self-Injurious Behaviors in Prison , Steven Doty

Theses/Dissertations from 2002 2002

The Effects of Administrative Factors on Police Officer Job Performance , Irick Anthony Geary Jr.

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Home > College of Social and Behavioral Sciences > Criminal Justice > Criminal Justice Theses, Projects, and Dissertations

Criminal Justice Theses, Projects, and Dissertations

Theses/projects/dissertations from 2023 2023.

HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN THE AMERICAS: COMPARISON OF ORIGINAL SOURCE COMPILATION VERSUS UNODC DATA , Ivette Avila Jimenez

SUPPORTING REENTRY AT THE EGOCENTRIC LEVEL: INVESTIGATING THE ROLE SOCIAL NETWORKS PLAY POST INCARCERATION , Jennifer Perretti

Theses/Projects/Dissertations from 2022 2022

Crisis Intervention Team Training and Use of Force on Persons with Mental Illnesses , Xavier Aguirre

THE EFFECT OF POLICE SUB-CULTURE ON INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE WITHIN LAW ENFORCEMENT FAMILIES , Geovvany Mendez

FORMAL AND INFORMAL LABELING OF ADOLESCENTS: THE CONSEQUENCES OF CUMULATIVE DISADVANTAGE ON DEVIANCE DURING EMERGING ADULTHOOD , Chijioke Onyekonwu

Theses/Projects/Dissertations from 2020 2020

UNDERSTANDING WHY INDIVIDUALS USE CLUB DRUGS AT RAVES AND ELECTRONIC DANCE MUSIC EVENTS: A PEER CLUSTER THEORY APPROACH , Brandi N. Burns

PERSONALITY DIFFERENCES IN PREDICTING ASSAULT AND BINGE DRINKING: VARIATION ACROSS EXPLANATORY FACTORS AND GENDER , Allison De Franco

IDENTIFYING MARKERS OF TRANSIT STATES EMBEDDED IN INTERNATIONAL DRUG TRAFFICKING NETWORKS , Citlalik Ibarra Figueroa

AN INTERRUPTED TIME SERIES ANALYSIS EVALUATING THE IMPACT OF HELLER ON VIOLENT GUN CRIME TRENDS IN WASHINGTON D.C. AND DETROIT, MICHIGAN , Naveen Raj Madahar

Theses/Projects/Dissertations from 2018 2018

FEMALE LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICER'S EXPERIENCES OF WORKPLACE HARASSMENT , Vanessa Brodeur

CAN WE LEARN FROM HACKERS TO PROTECT VICTIMS? , Nicholas Marshall Chavez

Theses/Projects/Dissertations from 2017 2017

HOW FAR WILL YOU GO WHEN THERE IS AN EMBARGO?A STOCHASTIC ACTOR-ORIENTED MODEL OF THE EFFECTS OF ARMS EMBARGOS ON ILLICIT WEAPONS TRADE , Jennifer A. Hagala

Social Media and the Voice of the Department , Brittany N. Rios

Theses/Projects/Dissertations from 2016 2016

CROSSING BORDERS: MEXICAN DRUG TRAFFICKING ORGANIZATIONS INFLUENCE ON INTERSTATE GANG STRUCTURE , Stacey Michelle Goldberg

The Effects of Gender on Driving Under the Influence of Alcohol Sentencing Disaprities in Pennsylvania , Dianna Hurst

Theses/Projects/Dissertations from 2015 2015

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AGE OF ONSET OF DRUG USE, DRUG DEPENDENCE, MENTAL DISORDERS, AND OFFENSE TYPE AND SEVERITY , Kimberly Diane Gallo

BULLYCIDE: AN EXPLORATION OF THE PREVALENCE OF POTENTIAL INDICATORS COMPARING LGBTIQ AND HETEROSEXUAL ADULTS , Isai Valdez

Theses/Projects/Dissertations from 2014 2014

A Typology of Homegrown Terrorists , Cynthia Estella Quintero

Los Angeles County's Criminal Street Gangs: Does Violence Roll Downhill? , Jasmin B. Randle

WOMEN AS VICTIMS OR SURVIVORS , Shelby N. Swanson

Theses/Dissertations from 2013 2013

International cocaine and heroin trafficking: A network approach , Stephen Richard Anderson

Drone effects: Structural change in Al Qa̕ ida communications , Stacy Michelle Bush

A path analysis on the acquisition of mental health treatment and the effect of that treatment on subsequent offending , Gabriel Jude Saucedo

Theses/Dissertations from 2012 2012

Empirical test of the general strain theory on workplace shootings , Joshwan Marcus Cobbs

Identity theft: A problem of complex systems or moral panic? , Matthew Timothy Tracy

Theses/Dissertations from 2011 2011

Controlling gang crime: The Santa Nita gang injunction , Bryan William Devor

An examination of the organizational factors that contribute to police officer perceived organizational support , Dustin Cody Gaines

Immigrant Hispanic women and the victimization they encounter in the United States , Alejandra Aranda Redondo

Hate crimes based on gender identity and sexual orientation , Katie Nicole Williams

Theses/Dissertations from 2010 2010

An examination of observed disparities between felony murder and manslaughter rates across California , Michael Christopher Fuhr

Cartoon violence: A comparison of past and present , Elizabeth Cameron Macias

Job stress among public service employees , Carlena Antonette Orosco

Theses/Dissertations from 2009 2009

Detection of deception in criminal defendents: Treatment or trial? , Loran Noelle Bounds

Disciplinary patterns and complaint system of the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department , Scott Eric Hutter

The effectiveness of using homicide and auto theft rates as indicators of violent and property crime in the United States , Joseph Allan Schwartz

Theses/Dissertations from 2008 2008

The nine reasons why inmates offend: Rational choice and determinism , Anthony Robert Carbo

Juvenile movement between activity nodes , Jill Mary Christie

Examining the effects of abuse on girls in gangs , Champagne Monique Ford

Gang membership, drug sales, violence, and guns , Jose Fabian Gonzalez Dominquez

Measuring crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) in shopping centers , Anchalee Roongsittchichai

The effects of Megan's Law on the reintegration of child sex offenders , Trisha Marie Tenorio

Theses/Dissertations from 2007 2007

The invisible woman: The lesbian - scared straight , Kathleen Louise Dart

Artists and crooks: A correlational examination of creativity and criminal thinking , Luis Daniel Gascón

Crime and the Sorcerer's Stone: Using Harry Potter to teach theories of crime , Julie Elizabeth Humphrey

The effectiveness of anger management counseling on recidivism rates of gang-related adolescents in the Project BRIDGE Program , Candace Kay Johnson

Healthcare fraud and non-fraud healthcare crimes: A comparison , Michael Ponce

Implications of sex offender residency restrictions , Erin Patricia Wolbeck

Theses/Dissertations from 2006 2006

Assessing the impact of the mentally ill offender crime reduction aftercare program in San Bernardino, California , Araseli De La Rosa

Insulating effects of early childhood education , William Anthony Kull

Parolee and police officer perceptions of prison gang etiology, power, and control , William Henry Richert

Theses/Dissertations from 2005 2005

Treatment of mentally ill juvenile offenders in the criminal justice system , Robin Michelle Atlas

The geo-spatial analysis and environmental factors of narcotics hot spots , Stefanie Wrae Balchak

The effects of family size on the development of delinquency , Tasha DeLeeuw Gilbert

A portable traveler's weblog , Feng-Chun Lung

Trafficking in women: International sex services , Joseph Morgan Wilcox

Theses/Dissertations from 2004 2004

Spirituality: The effects on female inmates and recidivism , Joanne Marie Erbe

The impact of social disorganization and public school characteristics in explaining suspensions and expulsions , Amanda De Vries Liabeuf

The relationship between place management and physical environment in apartment crime , Eric Steven McCord

Domestic violence and the Air Force family: Research into situational dynamics and evaluation of the Air Force Family Advocacy Program , Thomas Peter Sherman

Female property crime offenders: Explanations from economic marginalization perspective , Susan Chih-Wen Su

Theses/Dissertations from 2003 2003

Why do they resist? Exploring dynamics of police-citizen violence during arrest encounters , Kimberly Joy Belvedere

Boot camps: An alternative sanction for better or worse , Angela Dawn Macdonald

Theses/Dissertations from 2002 2002

Chemical dependency treatment: An examination of following continuing care recommendations , Briar Lee Faulkner

The criminal behavior and motivations behind McVeigh's decision to bomb the Murrah Federal Building , Mark Lawson Fetter

Theses/Dissertations from 2001 2001

A description and assessment of a Youth Accountability Board , Tamara Dawn Sorensen

Privatization of Southern California local detention facilities , Anita Whitehead

High technology cargo theft: A new multibillion dollar criminal industry , John Robert Yakstas

Theses/Dissertations from 2000 2000

Commuters and city crime rates , Colin Leslie Adkins

Banning Correctional Facility: Residential substance abuse treatment program process survey , Melinda DeAnn Hulvey

An evaluation of the drugs crime nexus, legalization of drugs, drug enforcement, and drug treatment rehabilitation , James Richard Keesling

Evaluation of the operation New Hope Alternative School and lifestyle improvement program for at-risk juveniles , Matthew Ashley Robby

The promise of restorative justice: An outcomes evaluation of an Orange County Victim Offender Reconciliation Program, with focus on the victim's perspective , Charlaine Annette Cecilia White

Theses/Dissertations from 1999 1999

Is capital punishment a deterrent to crime? , Greg Warren Colyer

Theses/Dissertations from 1998 1998

Cross cultural relations in law enforcement , Mario Martin Cortez

Domestic violence: An evaluation of policy effects on arrests for the Riverside County Sheriff's Department from 1987 to 1997 , James Patrick McElvain

The verdict in retrospect: An anlysis of the sociological and jurisprudential paradigms of jury decision-making , Christopher S. Riley

A comparative study of recidivism rates between graduates of Twin Pines Ranch and juveniles in Riverside County who completed probation , Djuan Maria Smith

Birth and the magistrate: The influence of pregnancy on judicial decisions , Kristi Dawne Waits

Theses/Dissertations from 1997 1997

Child abuse and juvenile delinquency: A review of the literature , Charlotte Center Anthony

Resistance and perceptions of punitiveness as a function of voluntary and involuntary participation in domestic violence treatment programs , Aimee Kristine Cassidy

Drug court: Using diversion to supervise and treat an escalating drug offender population , Laura Davis

Sanctioning DUI offenders: The effect of extralegal factors on sentence severity , Beverly K. Rios

Theses/Dissertations from 1996 1996

Survey on the seriousness of crime: A comparison of three police departments , Terry J. Comnick

Quality of services at community correction facilities , Funmi Stella Tofowomo

Theses/Dissertations from 1995 1995

Attitudes toward hiring and working with homosexuals in Southern California law enforcement agencies , James Frederick Doyle

The Marine Corps subculture , David Herman Marshall

The continuing evolution of policing: community oriented policing in the civilian sector and its applicability in the military environment , Ralph George Schindler

Death sentence experience: The impact on family members of condemned inmates , Catherine Anne Vallejo

Self-perceptions of women who kill , Maria Guadalupe Venegas

Theses/Dissertations from 1994 1994

Trust in courtroom participants: A question of bias in prospective jurors , Robin Leslie Adrian

A study of employee theft in hospitals , Elena Castillo-Pekarcik

The comparison of victim-offender mediation programs between China and America , Yang Fang

Mentoring with youthful offenders: An implementation evaluation , R. Steve Lowe

Comparisons of inmate offense severity ratings and attitudes toward rehabilitation , Henry William Provencher

Theses/Dissertations from 1993 1993

Law enforcement officers killed and assaulted, 1960-1987: A descriptive analysis , Thomas Edward Singer

Theses/Dissertations from 1992 1992

An analysis of plea bargaining , Gabriela Aceves

Empirical analysis and evaluation of the California Department of Youth Authority's post parole substance abuse treatment program: El Centro, California , Don Allen Josi

Theses/Dissertations from 1991 1991

The re-emergence of public support for rehabilitative treatment in prisons , Victoria Lynn Penley

Theses/Dissertations from 1990 1990

Claims making in the case study of missing children: A case study , James Leonard Griggs

The ignored victim: An examination of male rape in a general population , Thomas Williams

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Home > School, College, or Department > CUPA > Criminology and Criminal Justice > Theses

Criminology and Criminal Justice Masters Theses

Theses/dissertations from 2023 2023.

Do Frameworks Matter? Testing the Framing Effect on Public Support for Prison Pell Grants , Natalie Miles Burke

Community Supervision: Perspectives of Probation and Parole Officers and Supervisors on Key Supervision Approaches and Policy Changes , Asianna Nelson

Theses/Dissertations from 2022 2022

Examining Probation Lengths in Philadelphia, PA , Madeline Grace Davis

A Walk in the Park: A Spatial Analysis of Crime and Portland Parks , Cheyenne Pamela Hodgen

Testing the LS/CMI for Predictive Accuracy: Does Age Matter? , Sandra Stephanie Lawlor

A Day Late and a Dollar Short: Examining Perceptions of Which Exonerees Deserve Compensation , Alexandra Pauline Olson

The Effect of Peer Relationships and Cyberbullying Victimization on Young Adults' Propensity to Cyberbully , Taaj Weraphorn Orr

Theses/Dissertations from 2021 2021

Identifying the Cost of Preventable Chronic Disease in Prison: Can Illness Prevention of Adults in Custody Save Money? , Molly Bineham

Is More Always Better? A Look at Visitation and Recidivism , Teriin Lee

Open Crime Maps: How Are Police Departments Doing So Far? , Khaing Sandee Lynn

Incarceration and Suicide: Do the Risk Factors Differ for Civilians and Veterans? , Rheannon Gail Ramsey

Marijuana-related Crime in Oregon Following Legalization of Recreational Use , Ana Alicia Soto

Theses/Dissertations from 2020 2020

A Systematic Content Analysis of the Justice Reinvestment Programs Across Oregon Counties , Lorena Ambriz

Juveniles in the Interrogation Room: Defense Attorneys as a Protective Factor , Caitlin Noelle August

Time Series Analysis Evaluating Mortality Rates and the Differences of How States Investigate Deaths , Jordan M. Bruhn

Intimate Partner Violence Risk Assessment: the Additive Value of Victim Reported Risk , Jennifer Joanne Johnson

Correctional Quackery: a Study of Program Availability and Inmate Assaults in Adult Correctional Facilities , Casey Jay Legere

Identifying Typologies of Failure to Appear , Ciara McGlynn

Understanding Fare Evasion Defendant Compliance: an Assessment of Criminal Records , Nataly Nunez Vasquez

Crime Risk near Reported Homeless Encampments: a Spatial Analysis , Kortney Lynn Russell

Theses/Dissertations from 2019 2019

Spatial Analysis of Burglary and Robbery Crime Concentration Near Mass-Transit in Portland , Bryce Edward Barthuly

An Evaluation of Clackamas County's Transition Center Using Propensity Score Modeling , Alicia de Jong McKay

Situational Context of Police Use of Deadly Force: a Comparison of Black and White Subjects of Fatal Police Shootings , Shana Lynn Meaney Ruess

Effects of Regulation Intensity on Marijuana Black Market After Legalization , Sikang Song

Theses/Dissertations from 2018 2018

An Assessment of Sentencing Disparities among American Indians within the Eighth, Ninth, and Tenth Federal Circuit Courts , Makenzie Laron Aaby

Evaluating the Effectiveness of Justice Reinvestment Legislation in Oregon: Analyses of State and County Implementation , Christopher Wade Dollar

The Influence of Information on Public Support for Solitary Confinement: a Test of Belief Updating and Confirmation Bias , Kayla J. LaBranche

An Experimental Study on the Impact of Informal Rape Myth Education to Alter Rape Myth Acceptance Scores in a Non-Student Sample , Leah Noelle Reddy

Anti-LGB Hate Crimes: Political Threat or Political Legitimization? , Johanna R. Shreve

Theses/Dissertations from 2017 2017

Policing in an Era of Sousveillance: the Influence of Video Footage on Perceptions of Legitimacy , Megan Elizabeth Mohler

Theses/Dissertations from 2014 2014

Beyond Black and White: An Examination of Afrocentric Facial Features and Sex in Criminal Sentencing , Amanda Mae Petersen

Theses/Dissertations from 2013 2013

Bringing Functional Family Probation Services to the Community: A Qualitative Case Study , Denise Lynmarie Austin

Theses/Dissertations from 2012 2012

Drowning In It: State Crime and Refugee Deaths in the Borderlands , Brandy Marie Cochrane

The Influence of Parental Gender on the Type of Communication between Incarcerated Parents and Their Children , Sarah Renee Lazzari

Child Welfare and Delinquency: Examining Differences in First-Time Referrals of Crossover Youth within the Juvenile Justice System , Courtney Nicole Shrifter

Theses/Dissertations from 2011 2011

Identifying Victims of Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking in a Juvenile Custody Setting , Jonathan Dickinson Dabney

Campus Sexual Assault: How Oregon University System Schools Respond , Michael William Murphy

The Prevalence and Predictive Nature of Victimization, Substance Abuse & Mental Health on Recidivism: A Comparative Longitudinal Examination of Male and Female Oregon Department of Corrections Inmates , Anastacia Konstantinos Papadopulos

Social and Human Capital: Contributing Effects of Incarceration on Neighborhoods , Jacqueline Victoria Swofford

Theses/Dissertations from 2010 2010

An Empirical Assessment of the CAN SPAM Act , Alex Conrad Kigerl

Theses/Dissertations from 2002 2002

Discrimination and Nepotism within Police Specialty Units , Robert Norvell Hollins III

Theses/Dissertations from 2000 2000

An Evaluation of Recidivism Rates for Resolutions Northwest's Victim-Offender Mediation Program , Karin Jewel Stone

Theses/Dissertations from 1997 1997

An Historical Perspective of Oregon's and Portland's Political and Social Atmosphere in Relation to the Legal Justice System as it Pertained to Minorities: With Specific Reference to State Laws, City Ordinances, and Arrest and Court Records During the Period -- 1840-1895 , Clarinèr Freeman Boston

Law Enforcement Attitudes toward the 1989 Oregon Firearms Law and Gun Control , Andrew Schneiderman

Theses/Dissertations from 1996 1996

An Exploratory Inquiry into Community Policing Using Focus Groups: Perspectives from Social Service Providers , Tanya Leigh Ostrogorsky

Theses/Dissertations from 1995 1995

An Assessment of the Impact of Intimate Victim-Offender Relationship on Sentencing in Serious Assault Cases , Laura J. Hickman

Indigent v. Non-Indigent Sex Offenders: An Analysis of Sentencing in Clackamas, Multnomah and Washington Counties, Oregon , Dorelei Victoria Linder

The Portland Public School Police: Formative Years - 1937 to 1953 , Natalie Anne Woods

Theses/Dissertations from 1993 1993

Police Stress: A Literature Study on Police Occupational Stressors and the Responses in Police Officers to Stressful Job Events , Katarina Ahlstrom Mannheimer

Theses/Dissertations from 1992 1992

Race, aggravated murder, and the death sentence in Multnomah County, Oregon, 1984-1990 : a descriptive analysis and review , Patrick Arthur Jolley

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Portland State University Criminology & Criminal Justice

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Home > Theses

Criminal Justice and Criminology Theses

Theses from 2019 2019.

How Does the Association between Social Support and Drug Court Completion Vary by Drug of Choice? , Mary Jane Parker

Theses from 2018 2018

Disability Status and Victimization: An Examination of Mediating Factors on Risk , Taylor L. Gann

Financial Literacy and Victimization , Mecca Samaria Muhammad

Theses from 2017 2017

The Targeting of Undocumented Latino Immigrants by Active Street Offenders , Krystle Caraballo

Understanding Youth Perceptions of Police Legitimacy , Sara Hockin

Theses from 2016 2016

The Prediction of Violent Recidivism Amongst Individuals with Mental Disorders: Situational vs. Dispositional Factors , Michelle Harris

"Doomed to Deviance?": Examining the Impact of Perceived Ability to Change on Offending Behavior , Tricia Johnston

Use of Home Protection and Worry About Burglary , Tam Quach

Theses from 2015 2015

Suicide Ideation Amongst Adolescent American Indains in a Longitudinal Context , Jerreed Ivanich

The Role of Violent Victimization in Juvenile Delinquency and Substance Dependence: Examining the Mediating Effects of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder , Yeoju Park

Theses from 2014 2014

The Influence of Audience Presence on Cases of Victim Precipitated Homicide , Donald Hunt

Theses from 2013 2013

Adolescent Sexual Victimization: The Role of Social Support and Risky Lifestyle , Andia M. Azimi

Vicarious Victimization: Examining the Effects of Witnessing Victimization While Incarcerated on Offender Reentry. , Jane Christie Daquin

The Pathway From School to the Criminal Justice System: Predicting School Expulsion and Subsequent Adult Arrest Via A Longitudinal Model , Danielle Gentile

Comparing Needed and Actual Knowledge of Elder Abuse for Law Enforcement Officers, APS Workers, and Students in Criminal Justice and Social Work , Susannah Tapp

Theses from 2012 2012

Sanctionable Behavior in a Felony Level Drug Court: Categorizing Noncompliant Behavior Through a Criminal-Thinking Lens , Elizabeth Bonomo

Protecting the Castle: Applying Protection Motivation Theory to Explain the Use of Home Guardianship , Audrey C. Clubb

Examining the Relationship between Procedural Justice and Recidivism in a Jail-Based Residential Substance Abuse Treatment Program , Christian B. Dane

Adult Children of the Incarcerated: An Exploratory Study of Risks and Outcomes Among College Students , Shari B. Gadson

Policing Persons with Mental Illness in Georgia: Elucidating Perceptions of the Mental Health System , Meredith L. Knowles

A Study of Neighborhood Level Effects on the Likelihood of Reporting to the Police , Tonisia M. Pinson

Theses from 2011 2011

Knowledge and Opinions of Marijuana: A Farewell to Harms, Or a Learned Path Through the Gateway? , Charles E. Hogan

Victim Offender Overlap in Intimate Partner Violence , Erin A. Marsh

The Youth Party-Subculture: A Prerequisite for Adulthood Success? , Mollie V. Mills

Theses from 2010 2010

Adapting to Incarceration: Inmate Perceptions of Prison Life and Adjustment , Beverly Reece Crank

The Relationship Between Risky Behaviors, Individual Characteristics, and Sexual Revictimization Among College Women , Sadie J. Mummert

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how long to complete criminal justice master’s program

How Long Does it Take to Earn Your Master’s in Criminal Justice?

In a world where safety is top of mind, we turn to protective service professionals, such as police and detectives, forensic psychologists, security guards, correctional officers, and our criminal justice system to protect ourselves and our communities.

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) , these occupations will see an average of 409,500 job openings annually.

If you are excited about working in the criminal justice system and desire to help others, a master’s in Criminal Justice might be the perfect degree for you. Yet, you might also be wondering how long it will take to earn one, especially if you are eager to start your fulfilling career.

This article will explain what candidates can expect from a Criminal Justice program , including how long it will take to earn a master’s in Criminal Justice degree online or in person.

What is a master’s in Criminal Justice?

Criminal justice studies the law enforcement system and those who work inside it, including police officers, judges, correctional officers, and border patrol agents. These individuals work together to uphold the law and prevent, investigate, and address criminal activity.

Master’s in Criminal Justice and Human Security programs are designed to help students gain expertise in the worldwide political, cultural, and socioeconomic conditions contributing to crime and its prevention. Students also gain insight into the cultural, ethnic, religious, and ideological differences often found at the root of criminal acts, violence, and terror.

Students take Criminal Justice courses that cover topics including:

Criminology: Exploring the root causes of crime and criminal behavior.
Corrections: Understanding the rehabilitation and reintegration of offenders into society.
Law enforcement: Analyzing investigative techniques, crime scene management, and community policing strategies.
The court system: Examining the legal process, from arraignment to trial and sentencing.
Emerging Issues: Addressing contemporary challenges like cybercrime, human trafficking, and international security threats.

At University of Bridgeport, you also have the opportunity to choose between a thesis track or an internship track, which further allows them to tailor their degree to match their specific interests and goals.

Ready to make a difference? Learn how UB’s master’s degree in Criminal Justice and Human Security can elevate your career!

How long does it take to earn a master’s in criminal justice degree.

Every college and university’s master’s in Criminal Justice and Human Security program will vary in application requirements, course load, and program length.

Students should research ahead of time to fully understand what is expected of them in their chosen Criminal Justice and Human Security Master of Arts (MA) degree program.

However, many programs have similar requirements. For example, at University of Bridgeport, our students must submit their application by July 15 for the fall semester and December 1 for the spring semester and meet the following admission requirements :

Application
Official transcript for the last degree earned
In 250-500 words, detail why you are seeking this degree, how you expect to apply your degree to your professional career after graduation, and why you seek to pursue your degree through University of Bridgeport
Two letters of recommendation commenting on your work ethic, communication skills, and ability to complete a graduate degree program.

While earning their master’s in Criminal Justice, students will take 18 credit hours of core courses and 18 credit hours of electives.

Full-time students can earn their Criminal Justice Master of Arts (MA) degree in as little as one year, but flexible and part-time options are also available to meet a student’s needs, interests, and goals.

What can you do with a master’s in Criminal Justice and Human Security?

A master’s in Criminal Justice allows candidates to pursue advanced positions in law enforcement, corrections, courtroom, and security.

University of Bridgeport graduates go on to exciting careers earning the following median annual salaries, as reported by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS):

Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) agent ($86,280) : Investigate drug trafficking organizations, enforce the controlled substance laws, and collaborate with other law enforcement agencies to combat drug trafficking and criminal activities.
Police and detective supervisors ($69,160) : Lead teams and oversee various law enforcement operations.
Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists ($59,860) : Work within the correctional system to supervise and support individuals on probation, parole, or who are incarcerated.
Paralegals ($59,200) : Assist lawyers with various legal tasks such as conducting legal research, interviewing witnesses and clients, and preparing for trials and hearings.

Are you ready to make a difference?

Are you ready to service the local and global community as a crucial part of the justice system? If so, apply to University of Bridgeport’s Master of Arts (MA) in Criminal Justice and Human Security .

With our experienced faculty and flexible learning options, you’ll be prepared to work in criminal justice, international security, defense, intelligence, and transnational crime prevention or deterrence anywhere in the world.

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Federal Trade Commission, the Department of Justice and the Department of Health and Human Services Launch Cross-Government Inquiry on Impact of Corporate Greed in Health Care

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The Federal Trade Commission, the Department of Justice’s (DOJ) Antitrust Division, and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) jointly launched a cross-government public inquiry into private-equity and other corporations’ increasing control over health care.

Private equity firms and other corporate owners are increasingly involved in health care system transactions, and, at times, those transactions may lead to a maximizing of profits at the expense of quality care. The cross-government inquiry seeks to understand how certain health care market transactions may increase consolidation and generate profits for firms while threatening patients’ health, workers’ safety, quality of care, and affordable health care for patients and taxpayers.

The agencies issued a Request for Information (RFI) requesting public comment on deals conducted by health systems, private payers, private equity funds, and other alternative asset managers that involve health care providers, facilities, or ancillary products or services. The RFI also requests information on transactions that would not be reported to the Justice Department or FTC for antitrust review under the Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act.

“When private equity firms buy out healthcare facilities only to slash staffing and cut quality, patients lose out,” said FTC Chair Lina M. Khan. “Through this inquiry the FTC will continue scrutinizing private equity roll-ups, strip-and-flip tactics, and other financial plays that can enrich executives but leave the American public worse off.”

“Preserving competition in health care markets is a priority for the Department of Justice because of its important impact on the health and well-being of Americans,” said Assistant Attorney General Jonathan Kanter of the Justice Department’s Antitrust Division. “This RFI will enable the agencies to accurately understand the modern market realities of the health care industry and forcefully enforce the law against unlawful deals. Hearing from patients, workers, and market participants will be critical in developing future enforcement and policy efforts relating to consolidation in the health care sector.”

“Increasing competition in health care markets gives people more choices. Competition helps ensure patients have access to high-quality, lower cost care, and that health care workers receive higher pay and work under better conditions. And it saves taxpayers money,” said Health and Human Services Secretary Xavier Becerra. “We need to do more to understand the impact of private equity and corporate dealmaking on our policymaking, regulatory decisions and enforcement actions. The Biden-Harris Administration is committed to improving transparency and competition in health care.”

Research has shown that competition in health care provider and payer markets promotes higher quality, lower cost health care, greater access to care, increased innovation, higher wages, and better benefits for health care workers. Comments submitted in response to the joint RFI will inform the agencies’ enforcement priorities and future action, including potential regulations aimed at promoting and protecting competition in health care markets and ensuring appropriate access to quality, affordable health care items and services.

The agencies’ RFI builds upon the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services’ recent RFI on Medicare Advantage and a RFI issued by the FTC and HHS on how pharmaceutical middleman groups may be contributing to drug shortages. The RFI issued today stems from a December 2023 announcement outlining efforts by the DOJ, FTC and HHS to lower health care and drug costs, while promoting competition to benefit patients and health care workers.

In addition to the launch of the RFI, all three agencies will also be participating today in a virtual public workshop that will explore the impact of private equity in health care and will discuss what the federal government is doing to address any harmful effects.

All market participants—including patients, consumer advocates, doctors, nurses, health care providers and administrators, employers, insurers, and more—are invited to share their comments in response to the RFI. The agencies seek comments on a variety of transactions, including those involving dialysis clinics, nursing homes, hospice providers, primary care providers, hospitals, home health agencies, home- and community-based services providers, behavioral health providers, as well as billing and collections services.

The public will have 60 days to submit comments at Regulations.gov , no later than May 6, 2024. Once submitted, comments will be posted to Regulations.gov.

The Federal Trade Commission develops policy initiatives on issues that affect competition, consumers, and the U.S. economy. The FTC will never demand money, make threats, tell you to transfer money, or promise you a prize. Follow the FTC on social media , read consumer alerts and the business blog , and sign up to get the latest FTC news and alerts .

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After R.B.G. Awards Go to Musk and Murdoch, Justice Ginsburg’s Family Objects

The children of Ruth Bader Ginsburg, who championed liberal causes and women’s rights, said the choice of recipients this year was an “affront” to the memory of their mother.

By Minho Kim

Reporting from Washington

When Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, a champion of liberal causes whose advocacy of women’s rights catapulted her to pop culture fame, helped establish a leadership award in 2019, she said she intended to celebrate “women who exemplify human qualities of empathy and humility.”

But this year, four of the recipients are men, including Elon Musk, the tech entrepreneur who frequently lobs tirades at perceived critics ; Rupert Murdoch, the business magnate whose empire gave rise to conservative media; and Michael Milken, the face of corporate greed in the 1980s who served nearly two years in prison . It has prompted family members and close colleagues of Justice Ginsburg to demand that her name be removed from the honor, commonly called the R.B.G. Award.

In a statement, her daughter, Jane C. Ginsburg, a law professor at Columbia University, said the choice of winners this year was “an affront to the memory of our mother.”

“The justice’s family wish to make clear that they do not support using their mother’s name to celebrate this year’s slate of awardees, and that the justice’s family has no affiliation with and does not endorse these awards,” Ms. Ginsburg said.

Even as he declined to specify any of the recipients who he believed undermined the spirit of the award, Trevor W. Morrison, a former dean of New York University School of Law and one of the justice’s former law clerks, expressed concern that not all of them reflected the justice’s values.

“Justice Ginsburg had an abiding commitment to careful, rigorous analysis and to fair-minded engagement with people of opposing views,” he said in a letter addressed to the organization that confers the awards, the Dwight D. Opperman Foundation. “It is difficult to see how the decision to bestow the R.B.G. Award on this year’s slate reflects any appreciation for — or even awareness of — these dimensions of the justice’s legacy.”

The recipients, who also include the businesswoman Martha Stewart and the actor Sylvester Stallone, will receive the Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg Leadership Award in April at the Library of Congress, where there is typically a ceremony and gala.

The Opperman Foundation declined to comment on the pushback. But in announcing its decision to recognize both men and women — until this year, the honor was called the Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg Woman of Leadership Award — it said it sought to uphold the value of gender equality.

“Justice Ginsburg fought not only for women but for everyone,” Julie Opperman, the chairwoman of the foundation, said in a statement. “Going forward, to embrace the fullness of Justice Ginsburg’s legacy, we honor both women and men who have changed the world by doing what they do best.”

Still, this year’s winners stand in stark contrast to past recipients, who include Queen Elizabeth II, the fashion designer Diane von Furstenberg and the actress and singer Barbra Streisand.

Some critics said a few of the honorees were antithetical to what the justice stood for.

“A self-described ‘flaming feminist litigator,’ Justice Ginsburg represented both men and women who defied gender norms and stereotypes as a way of advancing gender equality,” said Shana Knizhnik, an author of “Notorious RBG: The Life and Times of Ruth Bader Ginsburg.” “Honoring Elon Musk, who uses his platform to promote anti-feminist and anti-L.G.B.T.Q. sentiments, and Rupert Murdoch, who has used his immense power to undermine democracy, dishonors what Justice Ginsburg spent her career standing for.”

Mr. Musk and Mr. Murdoch did not respond to multiple requests for comment.

The justice cut a distinctive path from the start.

When she entered Harvard Law School in 1956, she was one of the nine women in a class of over 500. In her first year, she balanced the intensity of law school with raising a child and caring for her husband, who had been recently diagnosed with cancer. She remained at the top of the class.

Nevertheless, she was still chastised for taking a man’s spot in the class.

Over the nearly three decades she spent on the court, she emerged as a progressive voice, on the winning side in cases involving abortion, affirmative action and gender equality. Even when she found herself in the minority, she did some of her most notable work in dissent.

Reflecting on the awards, Justice Ginsburg’s son pointed to the timing of the announcement.

“Today would have been Mom’s 91st birthday,” said James S. Ginsburg, the founder of Cedille Records, a classical music recording company. “So it would be a perfect day to correct the record on this insult to her name and legacy.”

The World of Elon Musk

The billionaire’s portfolio includes the world’s most valuable automaker, an innovative rocket company and plenty of drama..

A Testy Interview: In the wake of a rough interview with Elon Musk that touched upon Donald Trump, his reported drug use and hate speech on X, the former television anchor Don Lemon said that his deal for a new talk show on X was called off just days before it was scheduled to air.

Tesla: Amid slower car sales and growing competition, investors are growing concerned about the future of the Musk-owned company .

The Musk Foundation: After making billions in tax-deductible donations to his charity, Musk has failed recently to donate the minimum required to justify a tax break — and what he did give often supported his interests.

OpenAI: Musk, who helped found the A.I. start-up in 2015, has filed a lawsuit accusing the company and its chief executive of breaching a contract by putting profits and commercial interests ahead of the public good.

SpaceX: Musk said that the private rocket company, which he founded in 2002, had switched where it was incorporated to Texas from Delaware , a move that could bolster the Lone Star State’s standing with business .

Neuralink: Neuralink, a company working to develop computer interfaces that can be implanted in human brains, placed its first device in a patient , said Musk, who founded the company.

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Justice Department sues Apple, alleging it illegally monopolized the smartphone market

The Justice Department announces an antitrust lawsuit against Apple, accusing the tech giant of engineering an illegal monopoly in smartphones that boxes out competitors and stifles innovation.

Attorney General Merrick Garland accompanied by New Jersey Attorney General Matthew Platkin and Deputy Attorney General Lisa Monaco, speaks during a news conference at the Department of Justice headquarters in Washington, Thursday, March 21, 2024. The Justice Department on Thursday announced a sweeping antitrust lawsuit against Apple, accusing the tech giant of engineering an illegal monopoly in smartphones that boxes out competitors and stifles innovation. (AP Photo/Jose Luis Magana)

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FILE - iPhone 15 Pro phones are shown during an announcement of new products on the Apple campus in Cupertino, Calif., Sept. 12, 2023. The Justice Department announced a sweeping antitrust lawsuit Thursday, March 24, 2024 against Apple, accusing the tech giant of having an illegal monopoly over smartphones in the U.S. (AP Photo/Jeff Chiu, File)

FILE - iPhone 15 phones are shown during an announcement of new products on the Apple campus in Cupertino, Calif., Sept. 12, 2023. The Justice Department announced a sweeping antitrust lawsuit Thursday, March 21, 2024 against Apple, accusing the tech giant of having an illegal monopoly over smartphones in the U.S. (AP Photo/Jeff Chiu, File)

FILE - The Apple logo is shown on a screen during an announcement on the Apple campus Sept. 12, 2023, in Cupertino, Calif. The Justice Department announced a sweeping antitrust lawsuit Thursday, March 21, 2024 against Apple, accusing the tech giant of having an illegal monopoly over smartphones in the U.S. (AP Photo/Jeff Chiu, File)

Acting Associate Attorney General Benjamin Mizer, speaks as Attorney General Merrick Garland listens during a news conference at Department of Justice headquarters in Washington, Thursday, March 21, 2024. The Justice Department on Thursday announced a sweeping antitrust lawsuit against Apple, accusing the tech giant of engineering an illegal monopoly in smartphones that boxes out competitors and stifles innovation. (AP Photo/Jose Luis Magana)

Deputy Attorney General Lisa Monaco speaks as Attorney General Merrick Garland listens during a news conference at Department of Justice headquarters in Washington, Thursday, March 21, 2024. The Justice Department on Thursday announced a sweeping antitrust lawsuit against Apple, accusing the tech giant of engineering an illegal monopoly in smartphones that boxes out competitors and stifles innovation. (AP Photo/Jose Luis Magana)

Assistant Attorney General Jonathan Kanter, of the Antitrust Division, speaks during a news conference at Department of Justice headquarters in Washington, Thursday, March 21, 2024. The Justice Department on Thursday announced a sweeping antitrust lawsuit against Apple, accusing the tech giant of engineering an illegal monopoly in smartphones that boxes out competitors and stifles innovation. (AP Photo/Jose Luis Magana)

Attorney General Merrick Garland speaks during a news conference at Department of Justice headquarters in Washington, Thursday, March 21, 2024. The Justice Department on Thursday announced a sweeping antitrust lawsuit against Apple, accusing the tech giant of engineering an illegal monopoly in smartphones that boxes out competitors and stifles innovation. (AP Photo/Jose Luis Magana)

Assistant Attorney General Jonathan Kanter, of the Antitrust Division, from second left, speaks as New Jersey Attorney General Matthew Platkin, Attorney General Merrick Garland and Deputy Attorney General Lisa Monaco, listen during a news conference on antitrust complaint agains Apple at Department of Justice headquarters in Washington, Thursday, March 21, 2024. The Justice Department on Thursday announced a sweeping antitrust lawsuit against Apple, accusing the tech giant of engineering an illegal monopoly in smartphones that boxes out competitors and stifles innovation. (AP Photo/Jose Luis Magana)

WASHINGTON (AP) — The Justice Department on Thursday announced a sweeping antitrust lawsuit against Apple , accusing the tech giant of engineering an illegal monopoly in smartphones that boxes out competitors, stifles innovation and keeps prices artificially high.

The lawsuit, filed in federal court in New Jersey, alleges that Apple has monopoly power in the smartphone market and leverages control over the iPhone to “engage in a broad, sustained, and illegal course of conduct.”

“Apple has locked its consumers into the iPhone while locking its competitors out of the market,” said Deputy Attorney General Lisa Monaco. Stalling the advancement of the very market it revolutionized, she said, it has “smothered an entire industry.”

Apple called the lawsuit “wrong on the facts and the law” and said it “will vigorously defend against it.”

The suit takes aim at how Apple allegedly molds its technology and business relationships to “extract more money from consumers, developers, content creators, artists, publishers, small businesses, and merchants, among others.”

Reddit mascot Snoo rings the New York Stock Exchange opening bell, prior to the company's IPO, Thursday, March. 21, 2024. (AP Photo/Yuki Iwamura)

That includes diminishing the functionality of non-Apple smartwatches, limiting access to contactless payment for third-party digital wallets and refusing to allow its iMessage app to exchange encrypted messaging with competing platforms.

It specifically seeks to stop Apple from undermining technologies that compete with its own apps -- in areas including streaming, messaging and digital payments -- and prevent it from continuing to craft contracts with developers, accessory makers and consumers that let it “obtain, maintain, extend or entrench a monopoly.”

The lawsuit — filed with 16 state attorneys general — is just the latest example of aggressive antitrust enforcement by an administration that has also taken on Google, Amazon and other tech giants with the stated aim of making the digital universe more fair, innovative and competitive.

“The Department of Justice has an enduring legacy taking on the biggest and toughest monopolies in history,” said Assistant Attorney General Jonathan Kanter, head of the antitrust division, at a press conference announcing the lawsuit. “Today we stand here once again to promote competition and innovation for next generation of technology.”

Antitrust researcher Dina Srinavasan, a Yale University fellow, compared the lawsuit’s significance to the government’s action against Microsoft a quarter century ago — picking a “tremendous fight” with what has been the world’s most prosperous company.

“It’s a really big deal to go up and punch someone who is acting like a bully and pretending not to be a bully,” she said.

President Joe Biden has called for the Justice Department and the Federal Trade Commission to vigorously enforce antitrust statutes . While its stepped-up policing of corporate mergers and questionable business practices has met resistance from some business leaders — accusing the Democratic administration of overreach — it’s been lauded by others as long overdue.

The case seeks to pierce the digital fortress that Apple Inc., based in Cupertino, California, has assiduously built around the iPhone and other popular products such as the iPad, Mac and Apple Watch to create what is often referred to as a “walled garden” so its hardware and software can seamlessly offer user-friendly harmony.

The strategy has helped Apple attain an annual revenue of nearly $400 billion and, until recently, a market value of more than $3 trillion . But Apple’s shares have fallen by 7% this year even as most of the stock market has climbed to new highs, resulting in long-time rival Microsoft seizing the mantle as the world’s most valuable company.

Apple said the lawsuit, if successful, would “hinder our ability to create the kind of technology people expect from Apple — where hardware, software, and services intersect” and would “set a dangerous precedent, empowering government to take a heavy hand in designing people’s technology.”

“At Apple, we innovate every day to make technology people love — designing products that work seamlessly together, protect people’s privacy and security, and create a magical experience for our users,” the company said in a statement. “This lawsuit threatens who we are and the principles that set Apple products apart in fiercely competitive markets.

FILE - iPhone 15 Pro phones are shown during an announcement of new products on the Apple campus in Cupertino, Calif., Sept. 12, 2023. The Justice Department announced a sweeping antitrust lawsuit Thursday, March 24, 2024 against Apple, accusing the tech giant of having an illegal monopoly over smartphones in the U.S. (AP Photo/Jeff Chiu, File)

iPhone 15 Pro phones are shown during an announcement of new products on the Apple campus in Cupertino, Calif., Sept. 12, 2023. (AP Photo/Jeff Chiu, File)

Apple has defended the walled garden as an indispensable feature prized by consumers who want the best protection available for their personal information. It has described the barrier as a way for the iPhone to distinguish itself from devices running on Google’s Android software, which isn’t as restrictive and is licensed to a wide range of manufacturers.

“Apple claims to be a champion of protecting user data, but its app store fee structure and partnership with Google search erode privacy,” Consumer Reports senior researcher Sumit Sharma said in a statement.

The lawsuit complains that Apple charges as much as $1,599 for an iPhone and that the high margins it earns on each is more than double what others in the industry get. And when users run an internet search, Google gives Apple a “significant cut” of the advertising revenue those searches generate.

The company’s app store also charges developers up to 30 percent of the app’s price for consumers.

Critics of Apple’s alleged anticompetitive practices have long complained that its claim to prioritize user privacy is hypocritical when profits are at stake. While its iMessage services is sheathed from prying eyes by end-to-end encryption, that protection evaporates the moment someone texts a non-Apple device.

But Will Strafach, a mobile security expert, said that while he believes Apple needs reigning in, he’s concerned that the Justice Department’s focus on messaging may be misplaced and could weaken security and privacy.

“I am quite glad that access to SMS messages is restricted,” said Strafach, creator of the Guardian Firewall app.

He notes that a number of apps, ostensibly for weather and news, on iPhones have secretly and persistently sent users’ GPS data to third parties. Strafach said he is concerned weakened Apple security “could open the door to stalkerware/spouseware, which is already more difficult to install on Apple devices compared to Android.”

However, prominent critic Cory Doctorow has complained that while Apple has blocked entities like Facebook from spying on its users it runs its “own surveillance advertising empire” that gathers the same kinds of personal data but for its own use.

“Apple has a history of clandestine deals with surveillance giants like Google, and (CEO) Tim Cook gave Uber a slap on the wrist instead of an app store ban when (the ride-sharing company) built a backdoor to spy on iPhone users who had already deleted Uber’s app,” noted Sean O’Brien, founder of Yale’s Privacy Lab.

Fears about an antitrust crackdown on Apple’s business model haven’t just contributed to the drop in the company’s stock price, there also is concern it lags behind Microsoft and Google in the push to develop products powered by artificial intelligence technology.

Antitrust regulators made it clear in their complaint that they see Apple’s walled garden mostly as a weapon to ward off competition, creating market conditions that enable it to charge higher prices that have propelled its lofty profit margins while stifling innovation.

“Consumers should not have to pay higher prices because companies break the law,,” said Attorney General Merrick Garland. Left unchallenged, Apple would “only continue to strengthen its smartphone monopoly,” he added.

William Kovacic, a former chairman of the Federal Trade Commission who teaches at George Washington University, said he expects the core of Apple’s defense to be that it is not at all a monopoly in the smartphone market. Justice Department lawyers have built a “high-quality” argument of harm in the 88-page indictment with “impressive excerpts from the firm’s own documents,” he said.

But don’t expect a verdict until 2026 — which means the case could easily drag on with appeals.

The case escalates the Biden administration’s antitrust siege, which has already triggered lawsuits against Google and Amazon accusing them in engaging in illegal tactics to thwart competition, as well as unsuccessful attempts to block new acquisitions by Microsoft and Meta Platforms.

In addition the FTC sued Facebook in 2020 over its acquisitions of Instagram and WhatsApp.

Kovacic predicts antitrust action by the FTC or Justice Department against Microsoft over its relationship with OpenAI is “coming up around the corner,” and “the two agencies are fighting over who will handle that better.”

“They foreshadowed this would be their agenda and they’re filling out the agenda the way they said,” he added. “These are all high-stakes matters, and you can expect an intense and aggressive defense.”

Apple’s business interests are also entangled in the Justice Department’s case against Google, which went to trial last fall and is headed toward final arguments scheduled to begin May 1 in Washington, D.C. In that case, regulators are alleging Google has stymied competition by paying for the rights for its already dominant online search engine to be the automatic place to handle queries on the iPhone and a variety of web browsers in an arrangement that generates an estimated $15 billion to $20 billion annually.

With the Justice Department mounting a direct attack across its business, Apple stands to lose even more.

Liedtke reported from San Francisco.

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Attorney General Merrick B. Garland Delivers Remarks on Lawsuit Against Apple for Monopolizing Smartphone Markets

Washington , DC United States

Remarks as Delivered

Good morning. Earlier today, the Department of Justice, joined by 15 states and the District of Columbia sue Apple in the U.S. District Count for the District of New Jersey for violating Section 2 of the Sherman Antitrust Act.

Over the last two decades, Apple has become one of the most valuable public companies in the world. Today, its net income exceeds the individual Gross Domestic Product of more than 100 countries. That is in large part due to the success of the iPhone, Apple’s signature smartphone product.

For over a decade, iPhone sales have made up a majority of Apple's annual revenue. Today, Apple's share of the U.S. performance smartphone market exceeds 70%, and its share of the entire U.S. smartphone market exceeds 65%. Apple charges as much as nearly $1,600 for an iPhone.

But as our complaint alleges, Apple has maintained monopoly power in the smartphone market not simply by staying ahead of the competition on the merits, but by violating federal antitrust law.

Consumers should not have to pay higher prices because companies break the law.

We allege that Apple has employed a strategy that relies on exclusionary, anticompetitive conduct that hurts both consumers and developers.

For consumers, that has meant fewer choices; higher prices and fees; lower quality smartphones, apps, and accessories; and less innovation from Apple and its competitors.

For developers, that has meant being forced to play by rules that insulate Apple from competition.

And as outlined in our complaint, we allege that Apple has consolidated its monopoly power not by making its own products better — but by making other products worse.

Apple carries out its exclusionary, anticompetitive conduct in two principal ways:

First, Apple imposes contractual restrictions and fees that limit the features and functionality that developers can offer iPhone users.

Second, Apple selectively restricts access to the points of connection between third-party apps and the iPhone’s operating system, degrading the functionality of non-Apple apps and accessories.

As a result, for most of the past 15 years, Apple has collected a tax in the form of a 30% commission on the price of any app downloaded from the App Store as well as on in-app purchases. Apple is able to command these fees from companies of all sizes.

Apple has also suppressed the emergence of programs like cloud streaming apps — including gaming apps — as well as super apps that could reduce user dependence on Apple's own operating system and expensive hardware.

And, as any iPhone user who has ever seen a green text message, or received a tiny, grainy video can attest — Apple's anticompetitive conduct also includes making it more difficult for iPhone users to message with users of non-Apple products.

It does this by diminishing the functionality of its own messaging app and by diminishing the functionality of third-party messaging apps.

By doing so, Apple knowingly and deliberately degrades quality, privacy, and security for its users.

For example, if an iPhone user messages a non-iPhone user in Apple Messages, the text appears not only as a green bubble, but incorporates limited functionality:

The conversation is not encrypted;
Videos are pixelated and grainy; and
Users cannot edit messages or see typing indicators.

As a result, iPhone users perceive rival smartphones as being lower quality because the experience of messaging friends and family who do not own iPhones is worse — even though Apple is the one responsible for breaking cross-platform messaging.

And it does so intentionally.

For example, in 2013, a senior executive at Apple explained that supporting cross-platform messaging in Apple Messages, “would simply serve to remove [an] obstacle to iPhone families giving their kids Android phones.”

In 2022, Apple’s CEO was asked whether Apple would fix iPhone-to-Android messaging. The questioner added: “not to make it personal but I can’t send my mom certain videos.”

Apple's CEO responded, “Buy your mom an iPhone.”

In addition to selectively controlling app distribution and creation, we allege that Apple is violating the law by conditionally restricting developers’ access to the interface needed to make an app functional on the Apple operating system.

For a product like a smartwatch or a digital wallet to be useful to an iPhone user, it must be able to communicate with the iPhone’s operating system. But Apple creates barriers that make it extremely difficult and expensive for both users and developers to venture outside the Apple ecosystem.

When it comes to smartwatches, Apple not only drives users to purchase an Apple Watch — which is only compatible with an iPhone — it also uses its technical and contractual controls to make it harder for someone with an iPhone to use a non-Apple smartwatch.

And when it comes to digital wallets, Apple’s exclusionary conduct goes a step further. Digital wallets allow users to store and use passes and credentials in a single app — including credit cards, personal identification, movie tickets, and car keys. Apple Wallet is Apple’s proprietary digital wallet on the iPhone.

Apple actively encourages banks, merchants, and other parties to participate in Apple Wallet. But it simultaneously exerts its monopoly power to block these same partners from developing alternative payment products and services for iPhone users.

For example, Apple has blocked third-party developers from creating competing digital wallets on the iPhone that use what is known as tap-to-pay functionality. That is the function that makes a digital wallet — well, a wallet.

Instead, Apple forces those who want to use the wallet function to share personal information with Apple — even if they would prefer to share that information solely with their bank, medical provider, or other trusted third party.

When an iPhone user puts a credit or debit card into Apple Wallet, Apple inserts itself in a process that could otherwise occur directly between the user and card issuer. This introduces an additional potential point of failure for the privacy and security of Apple users.

And that is just one way in which Apple is willing to make the iPhone less secure and less private in order to maintain its monopoly power.

The Supreme Court defines monopoly power as “the power to control prices or exclude competition.”

As set out in our complaint, Apple has that power in the smartphone market.

Now, having monopoly power does not itself violate the antitrust laws.

But it does when a firm acquires or maintains monopoly power — not because it has a superior product or superior business acumen — but by engaging in exclusionary conduct.

As set out in our complaint, Apple has maintained its power not because of its superiority, but because of its unlawful exclusionary behavior.

Monopolies like Apple's threaten the free and fair markets upon which our economy is based. They stifle innovation; they hurt producers and workers; and they increase costs for consumers.

If left unchallenged, Apple will only continue to strengthen its smartphone monopoly.

But there’s a law for that.

The Justice Department will vigorously enforce antitrust law.

Enforcing the law protects consumers from higher prices and fewer choices.

That is the Justice Department’s legal obligation. That is what the American people expect. That is what they deserve.

I am grateful to the attorneys and staff of the Department’s Antitrust Division for their tireless work on this case on behalf of the American people. I will now turn the podium over to the Deputy Attorney General.

Department of Justice, environmental groups sue Campbell Soup, alleging it's been polluting Lake Erie

By Cara Tabachnick

Edited By Elias Lopez

Updated on: March 22, 2024 / 3:17 AM EDT / CBS News

The U.S. Department of Justice and environmental groups filed two lawsuits against Campbell accusing the soup giant of polluting Lake Erie.

Both lawsuits were filed in the U.S. District Court in the Northern District of Ohio hours apart alleging similar complaints that Campbell's manufacturing plant in Napoleon, Ohio, has allowed wastewater and pollutants to flow unchecked into the Maumee River, which flows into Lake Erie, for years. The two suits are expected to be consolidated into a single case.

"The toxic algae in Lake Erie is hardly the kind of soup that Ohioans want from a company like Campbell," John Rumpler, the Clean Water Program Director for Environment Ohio, one of the advocacy groups involved in the lawsuit, said in a statement .

The facility generates millions of gallons of wastewater from its canning operations, which includes heat process washing, blending and filling cans and other containers to produce fruit and vegetable juices, sauces and soups. Bacteria, E. coli and phosphorus were among some of the pollutants found in the waters, the lawsuits allege.

In a statement to CBS News, Campbell Soup said it had "taken a number of steps to improve our existing wastewater management operations and will continue to take immediate action to address this issue."

"We have capital investments planned to resolve this issue permanently," the company added. "We will continue to work with regulators and other stakeholders to improve our operations and comply with all environmental regulations."

The government's lawsuit, brought on behalf of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, called for "injunctive relief and civil penalties" for violations of the Clean Water Act. Last May the Supreme Court narrowed the scope of the act and curbed the authority of the EPA to regulate wetlands.

Court documents allege the manufacturing plant had allowed wastewater and pollutants to flow into Maumee River for years, "where they impact the plants and wildlife that depend on those waters, diminish the downstream water quality of Lake Erie, and potentially threaten human health."

Bacteria found in the water can cause respiratory illness, urinary tract infections and other illnesses. The wastewater also adds to dangerous algal blooms on the edges of Lake Erie, court documents claim.

In their lawsuit, Environment America and Lake Erie Waterkeeper claimed the company dumps 5 million gallons of wastewater each day into the river. Environmental advocacy organizations said they notified the soup giant last July with a notice that they intended to sue .

"Western Lake Erie is plagued annually by toxic algal blooms, and pollution flowing into the lake from the Maumee River is a primary culprit," said Sandy Bihn, who has served as the Lake Erie Waterkeeper since 2004, in a statement. "Campbell Soup's persistent violations of its legally mandated limits on discharges of phosphorous and other organic pollutants are only making the problem worse."

Environment
Drinking Water

Cara Tabachnick is a news editor and journalist at CBSNews.com. Cara began her career on the crime beat at Newsday. She has written for Marie Claire, The Washington Post and The Wall Street Journal. She reports on justice and human rights issues. Contact her at [email protected]

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