electoral politics class 9 assignment

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NCERT Solutions Class 9 Civics Social Science Chapter 3: Electoral Politics

NCERT Solutions Class 9 Civics Social Science Chapter 3 Electoral Politics – This article includes free NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Civics Social Science Chapter 3: Electoral Politics to help students of Class 9 learn the solutions and ace their exams.

It has been developed by the subject matter experts at GFG, according to the  latest CBSE Syllabus 2023-24 , and guidelines to help the students of Class 9 create a solid conceptual base for Civics Social Science Chapter 3: Electoral Politics.

The solutions to all the exercises in Class 9 Civics Social Science Chapter 3 Electoral Politics of your NCERT Textbook have been collectively covered in NCERT Solutions Class 9 Social Science.

NCERT Solutions Class 9 Civics Social Science Chapter 3

NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Civics Chapter 3 – Electoral Politics

Exercises page no. 52, 1. which of the following statements about the reasons for conducting elections are false.

• Elections enable people to judge the performance of the government.
• People select the representative of their choice in an election.
• Elections enable people to evaluate the performance of the judiciary.
• People can indicate which policies they prefer.

c. Elections enable people to evaluate the performance of the judiciary.

2. Which of these is not a good reason to say that Indian elections are democratic?

• India has the largest number of voters in the world.
• India’s Election Commission is very powerful.
• In India, everyone above the age of 18 has a right to vote.
• In India, the losing parties accept the electoral verdict.

a) India has the largest number of voters in the world.

3. Match the following:

4. list all the different election-related activities mentioned in the chapter and arrange them in a time sequence, beginning with the first activity and ending with the last. some of these activities are given below:.

releasing election manifestos counting of votes making of voters’ list election campaign declaration of election results casting of votes ordering of re-poll announcing election schedule filing nomination

Making of Voters’ List Announcing Election Schedule Releasing Election Manifesto Election Campaign Filing Nomination Casting of Votes Ordering of Re-poll Counting of Votes Declaration of Election Results

5. Surekha is an officer-in-charge of ensuring free and fair elections in an assembly constituency in a state. Describe what she should focus on for each of the following stages of election:

• Election campaign
• Polling day
• Counting day

Check law and order Keep a check on muscle and money power Keep a check on the expenditure limit of a candidate To ensure no promotion on the grounds of religion, caste or sex Election Campaign Polling Day Check the voters’ list Check on voters’ id Prevent booth capturing Ensure free and fair elections Counting Day Keep a fair counting practice Prevent the rigging of votes

6. The table below gives the proportion of different communities among the candidates who won elections to the US Congress. Compare these to the proportion of these communities in the population of the US. Based on this, would you suggest a system of reservations in the US Congress? If yes, why and for which communities? If no, why not?

Yes, the system of reservation should be present in the US Congress for Hispanics and Blacks. Their representation in the US Congress is comparatively lower than Whites, who are the majority in the US.

7. Can we draw the following conclusions from the information given in this chapter? Give two facts to support your position for each of these.

• Election Commission of India does not have enough powers to conduct free and fair elections in the country.
• There is a high level of popular participation in the elections in our country.
• It is very easy for the party in power to win an election.
• Many reforms are needed to make our elections completely free and fair.

Election Commission released the code of conduct for elections and has the power to punish whoever violates them. During elections, the election in-charge works under the Election Commission of India and not the government. No. The given conclusion for the Election Commission cannot be drawn because: Yes, the given conclusion can be drawn because: Voter-turnout has soared in the past few years There has been an increase in people’s participation in election-related activities No, it is not the right conclusion because: The ruling party in one election loses the power in the next Despite a lot of expenditure in the election campaign, candidates lose Yes, the conclusion is fair because: Reforms will make it easier for small parties to face no major challenge in fighting an election To stop candidates’ facing criminal charges from running an election

8. Chinappa was convicted of torturing his wife for dowry. Satbir was held guilty of practising untouchability. The court did not allow either of them to contest elections. Does this decision go against the principles of democratic elections?

The ruling to prevent both Chinappa and Satbir from running in elections due to their criminal actions is completely just. As per election regulations, individuals with criminal records are barred from participating in elections. Therefore, the decision is fair and in accordance with the rules.

9. Here are some reports of electoral malpractices from different parts of the world. Is there anything that these countries can learn from India to improve their elections? What would you suggest in each case?

• During an election in Nigeria, the officer in charge of counting votes deliberately increased the votes of one candidate and declared him elected. The court later found out that more than five lakh votes cast for one candidate were counted in favour of another.
• Just before elections in Fiji, a pamphlet was distributed warning voters that a vote for former Prime Minister, Mahendra Chaudhry will lead to bloodshed. This was a threat to voters of Indian origin.
• In the US, each state has its own method of voting, its own procedure of counting and its own authority for conducting elections. Authorities in the state of Florida took many controversial decisions that favoured Mr. Bush in the presidential elections in 2000. But no one could change those decisions.

On the vote-counting day, the representatives of each party that has contested in the election should be present. Nigeria should follow this rule of the election that is practised in India. In Fiji, the election commission should set up an enquiry-committee, and the party or the candidate who was involved in this negative propaganda should be debarred from the election. The US should have one Election Commission, who can make rules for states for the election.

10. Here are some reports of malpractices in Indian elections. Identify what the problem in each case is. What should be done to correct the situation?

• Following the announcement of elections, the minister promised to provide financial aid to reopen the closed sugar mill.
• Opposition parties alleged that their statements and campaign was not given due attention in Doordarshan and All India Radio.
• An inquiry by the Election Commission showed that electoral rolls of a state contain name of 20 lakh fake voters.
• The hoodlums of a political party were moving with guns, physically preventing supporters of other political parties to meet the voters and attacking meetings of other parties.

As per the code of conduct that a candidate has to obey during the election, they should not announce any promises. Hence, in this case, the Election Commission should take this up with the minister. Election Commission should ensure free and fair representation to all parties in the government-owned media. Election Commission should announce re-elections, as the presence of fake votes shows the vote-rigging. Election Commission should ban the party, as the use of muscle power and money power is totally illegal.

11. Ramesh was not in class when this chapter was being taught. He came the next day and repeated what he had heard from his father. Can you tell Ramesh what is wrong with these statements?

• Women always vote the way men tell them to. So what is the point of giving them the right to vote?
• Party politics creates tension in society. Elections should be decided by consensus not by competition.
• Only graduates should be allowed to stand as candidates for elections.

In elections, the secret-ballot system allows individuals to vote for the party of their choice, including women. This means women can freely make their decisions and cast their votes according to their preferences. Competition plays a vital role in every profession, as it encourages individuals to strive for improvement. In elections, competition motivates candidates to work hard for the betterment of society. Therefore, it is something that should be promoted. While educational qualifications are important, they are not the sole indicator of a candidate’s understanding of societal needs. Hence, it is reasonable for someone without a college degree to run for an election if they believe they can effectively address the concerns of the people.

Constitutional Design – Summary

Chapter 3 of the NCERT Social Science Civics textbook, titled “Democratic Politics-I,” provides an overview of the electoral process in India. It emphasizes the significance of elections in a country and the democratic principles underlying them. The chapter explores how various political parties participate in general elections in India and the responsibilities they must fulfill. Through this chapter, Class 9 students will gain insight into the intricacies of Indian elections, providing them with a realistic understanding of the electoral process.

Topics covered in this chapter include:

1. Why Elections?

• Assembly Election in Haryana
• Why do we need elections?
• What makes an election democratic?
• Is it good to have political competition?

2. What is Our System of Elections?

• Electoral constituencies
• Reserved Constituencies
• Voters’ list
• Nomination of candidates
• Election Campaign
• Polling and counting of votes

3. What Makes Elections In India Democratic?

• Independent Election Commission
• Popular participation
• Acceptance of election outcome
• Challenges to free and fair elections

FAQs on NCERT Solutions Class 9 Civics Social Science Chapter 3: Electoral Politics

Write the key benefits of ncert solutions for class 9 political science chapter 3..

The NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Political Science Chapter 3 are designed to make complex concepts easier to grasp, aiding in better understanding. Detailed and simplified notes provided in the solutions stimulate interest in learning among students. These solutions ensure a comprehensive understanding of the concepts covered in the chapter. Additionally, they assist students in retaining information and recalling concepts more efficiently.

What is electoral politics class 9?

Electoral politics class 9 summary  describes the features of a free and fair election . In a free and fair election, everyone should have the right to vote, and every vote should be equal. There should be at least two parties to choose from. Elections must take place frequently within a few years.

How are NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Political Science Chapter 3 helpful for Class 9 students?

NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Political Science Chapter 3 serve as valuable resources for students to clarify their doubts and enhance their exam preparation. By practicing with these solutions, students can improve their understanding of the subject matter, which benefits them not only in CBSE exams but also in various competitive examinations.

What do you mean by electoral constitution Class 9?

India is divided into different areas for the purpose of elections. These areas are called electoral constituencies. The voters who live in an area elect one representative. For Lok Sabha elections, India is divided into 543 constituencies.

How to score high marks using NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Political Science Chapter 3 in CBSE exams?

Consistent utilization of NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Political Science is recommended for students to gain comprehensive understanding of all the concepts outlined in Chapter 3 of the syllabus. Our team at GeeksforGeeks ensures the accuracy of these solutions, enabling students to excel in CBSE exams by regularly practicing with them.

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NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Civics Chapter 3 – Electoral Politics

NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Civics Chapter 3 – Electoral Politics (Social Science), contains solutions to various questions in Exercise for Chapter 3.  At the end of the Solutions, all the keywords which are important to understand Electoral Politics Class 9 Civics, have been explained in a simple and easy to understand manner.  NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science  help to check the concept you have learnt from detailed classroom sessions and application of your knowledge.

Download NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Civics Chapter 3 – Electoral Politics

NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Civics Chapter 3 – Electoral Politics – NCERT Exercises

Question 1:

Which of the following statements about the reasons for conducting elections are false?

a) Elections enable people to judge the performance of the government. b) People select the representative of their choice in an election. c) Elections enable people to evaluate the performance of the judiciary. d) People can indicate which policies they prefer.

Option (c) i.e. Elections enable people to evaluate the performance of the judiciary is a false statement as it has no connection with the judiciary at all. Rest of the statements are true.

Question 2:

Which of these is not a good reason to say that Indian elections are democratic?

a) India has the largest number of voters in the world. b) India’s Election Commission is very powerful. c) In India, everyone above the age of 18 has a right to vote. d) In India, the losing parties accept the electoral verdict.

Among the above statements option (a) i.e. India has the largest number of voters in the world is not an effective or good reason to say that Indian elections are democratic.

Question 3:

Match the following:

Question 4:

List all the different election related activities mentioned in the chapter and arrange them in a time sequence, beginning with the first activity and ending with the last. Some of these activities are given below: releasing election manifestos; counting of votes; making of voters’ list; election campaign; declaration of election results; casting of votes; ordering of re-poll; announcing election schedule; filing nomination.

The different election related activities are arranged according to their occurring time below:

Making of Voters’ List

Announcing Election Schedule

Releasing Election Manifesto

Election Campaign

Filing Nomination

Casting of Votes

Ordering of Re-poll

Counting of Votes

Declaration of Election Results.

Question 5:

Surekha is an officer in-charge of ensuring free and fair elections in an assembly constituency in a state. Describe what should she focus on for each of the following stages of election:

a) Election campaign b) Polling day c) Counting day

a) During the process of election campaign, Surekha will have to mainly focus on implementing the model of code of conduct and that there are no malpractices like threatening or usage of government resources and huge sums of money for campaigning purposes.

b) On this day Surekha has to take care that rigging is not practiced and that polling booths are safe for voters, and there are no illegal activities like stuffing booths with wrong votes, etc. She will also have to ensure that every voter has an identity proof and is eligible and registered to carry out voting.

c) On this day she has to ensure that there is utmost security provided to the counting areas so as to prevent the parties from any misconducts.

Question 6:

The table below gives the proportion of different communities among the candidates who won elections to the US Congress. Compare these to the proportion of these communities in the population of the US. Based on this, would you suggest a system of reservations in the US Congress? If yes, why and for which communities? If no, why not?

From the table above it is clearly identified that some communities have more proportion of seats than others and so in order to maintain a system of free and fair elections the other two communities i.e. Blacks and Hispanics in the above case should be given reservations as they do not occupy seats proportional to their population. However whites on the other hand occupy more seats than they should on the basis of their population. Also, in a democracy it is important that every section of the society has equal presentation to avoid any form of discrimination.

Question 7:

Can we draw the following conclusions from the information given in this chapter? Give two facts to support your position for each of these.

a) Election Commission of India does not have enough powers to conduct free and fair elections in the country. b) There is a high level of popular participation in the elections in our country. c) It is very easy for the party in power to win an election. d) Many reforms are needed to make our elections completely free and fair.

a) No. Election Commission of India is one of the most powerful bodies and it has powers to conduct free and fair elections. It is an independent body and is responsible for implementing the code of conduct and punish the offenders if it is not followed. The government officers on election duty are bound to comply to the orders of the Election Commission and the EC can order for re-election if they feel the process of election was not free and fair.

b) Yes, we can say that as over the years the number of people participating in the election process has been increasing. Also, the voter’s turnout has increased showing a high level of popular participation in the elections in our country.

c) Though it has been found that the party in power has an unsaid advantage, it is also true that it is not very easy for them to win the elections as it has been seen that often the party in power losses elections as there is a huge political competition. Also, the power lies in the hands of the people so they can over turn any government if they feel that they are not working the way they should.

d) It is true that a number of reforms are required to make the elections completely free and fair as even in the presence of current provisions, often certain corrupt activities takes place. We have to ensure the backgrounds of every participating candidate and make provisions for the less equipped or smaller parties to keep the process fair for all.

Question 8:

Chinappa was convicted for torturing his wife for dowry. Satbir was held guilty of practicing untouchability. The court did not allow either of them to contest elections. Does this decision go against the principles of democratic elections?

Answer 8: No.Either of the two cases mentioned above do not go against the principles of democratic elections as in a democratic election, it is important to not let candidates with criminal backgrounds participate in order to ensure that our country gets ruled by a fair, just and morally correct government and not by any criminal.

Question 9:

Here are some reports of electoral malpractices from different parts of the world. Is there anything that these countries can learn from India to improve their elections? What would you suggest in each case?

a) During an election in Nigeria, the officer in charge of counting votes deliberately increased the votes of one candidate and declared him elected. The court later found out that more than five lakh votes cast for one candidate were counted in favour of another.

b) Just before elections in Fiji, a pamphlet was distributed warning voters that a vote for former Prime Minister, Mahendra Chaudhry will lead to bloodshed. This was a threat to voters of Indian origin.

c) In the US, each state has its own method of voting, its own procedure of counting and its own authority for conducting elections. Authorities in the state of Florida took many controversial decisions that favoured Mr. Bush in the presidential elections in 2000. But no one could change those decisions.

a) Rigging is a common practice in democracy where parties try to manipulate the vote counts and so just like India there should be strict security by the Election Commissioner and he should take necessary steps to avoid the mishap and if any malpractice is found, he should punish the offenders.

b) This is not just a case of threat to the voters but also sheer discrimination for the voters of Indian origin. So a law should be passed to stop this discrimination and also the person involved in the malpractice should be caught and punished and should be debarred from participating in the election process.

c) Unity should be maintained and one Election Commissioner should be appointed for the particular task to get clarity. Also strict actions should be taken by the judiciary against this sort of malpractice.

Question 10:

Here are some reports of malpractices in Indian elections. Identify what the problem in each case is. What should be done to correct the situation?

a) Following the announcement of elections, the minister promised to provide financial aid to reopen the closed sugar mill. b) Opposition parties alleged that their statements and campaign was not given due attention in Doordarshan and All India Radio. c) An inquiry by the Election Commission showed that electoral rolls of a state contain the names of 20 lakh fake voters. d) The hoodlums of a political party were moving with guns, physically preventing supporters of other political parties to meet the voters and attacking meetings of other parties.

a) The political party should be ordered to take back the announcement as it is not permissible to declare any project after the announcements of elections. Also strict penalty and necessary actions should be taken against the party.

b) The matter should be taken into consideration and assistance should be provided as every party has right to campaign and get equal attention as compared to other parties. And a re-telecast of the campaign advertisement should be ordered.

c) The Election Commission should declare re-elections and ensure that this time, it is conducted in a better manner.

d) The particular political party should be disqualified from participating in the election process.

Question 11:

Ramesh was not in class when this chapter was being taught. He came the next day and repeated what he had heard from his father. Can you tell Ramesh what is wrong with these statements?

a) Women always vote the way men tell them to. So what is the point of giving them the right to vote?

b) Party politics creates tension in society. Elections should be decided by consensus not by competition.

c) Only graduates should be allowed to stand as candidates for elections.

a) Our constitution grants equal rights to both men and women to cast their vote. Women are independent beings and mature enough to take their own decisions. They don’t need advice or assistance for such trivial issues so they should be given the right to vote like men.

b) Party politics and competition are important for any democratic elections as they provide the voters with a real choice.

c) Being graduate and being mature enough to understand the problem of the people of the country are two different things and hence it should not be put as a criteria, taking away the right of the person to stand as a candidate for elections.

Topics Covered in Chapter 3 Electoral Politics Class 9 Civics (Social Science)

1. Why Elections?

1.1 Assembly Election in Haryana 1.2 Why do we need elections? 1.3 What makes an election democratic? 1.4 Is it good to have political competition?

2. What is Our System of Elections?

2.1 Electoral constituencies 2.2 Reserved Constituencies 2.3 Voters’ list 2.4 Nomination of candidates 2.5 Election Campaign 2.6 Polling and counting of votes

3. What Makes Elections In India Democratic?

3.1 Independent Election Commission 3.2 Popular participation 3.3 Acceptance of election outcome 3.4 Challenges to free and fair elections

Important Terms Relevant for NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Civics Chapter 3 – Electoral Politics

Constituency: The term constituency refers to an assembly of voters in an identified area who elect a representative to a legislative body.

Incumbent: It refers to the choice for the people voting, rendering between members of current party and power and that of opposition party.

Turnout: It refers to the total number or percentage of voters who actually voted and were eligible to do so.

Election Campaign: When different parties before elections makes appeal to people using different ways to get elected and become the ruling party then it can be termed as election campaign.

Nomination: The act of choosing one-person party or leader over the another for a particular purpose can be termed as nomination.

NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Civics

• Chapter 1 – What is Democracy? Why Democracy?
• Chapter 2 – Constitutional Design
• Chapter 3 – Electoral Politics
• Chapter 4 – Working of Institutions
• Chapter 5 – Democratic Rights

NCERT Solutions for Class 9

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NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science Political Science Electoral Politicals Class 9 Social Science book solutions are available in PDF format for free download. These ncert book chapter wise questions and answers are very helpful for CBSE exam. CBSE recommends NCERT books and most of the questions in CBSE exam are asked from NCERT text books. Class 9 Social Science chapter wise NCERT solution for Social Science part 1 part 2 Part 3 and Part 4 for all the chapters can be downloaded from our website and myCBSEguide mobile app for free.

NCERT Solutions for Political Science Electoral Politicals Download as PDF

NCERT Class 9 Social Science Chapter-wise Solutions

• People as Resources
• The Story of Village Palampur
• Poverty as Challenge
• Food Security in India
• India-Size and Location
• Physical Features of India
• Vegetation and Wildlife
• The French Revolution
• Socialism In Europe And The Russian Revolution
• Nazism And The Rise Of Hitler
• Forest Society And Colonialism
• Pastoralists In The Modern World
• Peasants And Farmers
• History And Sport
• Clothing-A Social History

Political Science

• Democracy In The Contemporary World
• What is Democracy?
• Constitutional Design
• Electoral Politics
• Working Of Institutions
• Democratic rights

Question 1 Which of the following statements about the reasons for conducting elections are false?

a. Elections enable people to judge the performance of the government.

b. People select the representative of their choice in an election.

c. Elections enable people to evaluate the performance of the judiciary.

d. People can indicate which policies they prefer.

Answer : (c) Elections enable people to evaluate the performance of the judiciary.

Question 2 Which of these is not a good reason to say that Indian elections are democratic?

a. India has the largest number of voters in the world.

b. India’s Election Commission is very powerful.

c. In India, everyone above the age of 18 has a right to vote.

d. In India, the losing parties accept the electoral verdict.

Answer : (a) India has the largest number of voters in the world.

Question 3 Match the following :

a. It is necessary to keep the voters list up to date because

b. Some constituencies are reserved for SCs and STs so that

c. Everyone has one and only one vote so that

d Party in power is not allowed to use government vehicles because

i there is a fair representation of all sections of our society

ii everyone has equal opportunity to elect their representative

iii all candidates must have a fair chance of competing in elections

iv some people may have moved away from the area where they voted last

Question 4 List all the different election related activities mentioned in the chapter and arrange them in a time sequence, beginning with the first activity and ending with the last. Some of these activities are given below:

releasing election manifestos; counting of votes; making of voters’ list; election campaign; declaration of election results; casting of votes; ordering of re-poll; announcing election schedule; filing nomination.

Making of voters’ list → Announcing election schedule → Releasing election manifesto → Election campaign → Filing nomination → Casting of votes → Ordering of re-poll → Counting of votes → Declaration of election results.

Question 5 Surekha is an officer in-charge of ensuring free and fair elections in an assembly constituency in a state. Describe what should she focus on for each of the following stages of election:

a. Election campaign

Answer (a) She will have to focus on various duties such as ensure that candidates cannot bribe or threaten voters,expenditure limit is not crossed by a candidate, candidates not appeal to vote in the name of religion or caste, they not use worship place for campaign or use any government resources.

b. Polling day

Answer (b)Shewill have tocrosscheck the voters’ list and check ID proof of the voters, booth capturing not tak place. Ensure that Free and fair election should be conducted

c. Counting day

Answer (c) She have to look on counting is carried out, represntatives of all parties present at counting area in order to avoid malpractices,

Question 6 The table below gives the proportion of different communities among the candidates who won elections to the US Congress. Compare these to the proportion of these communities in the population of the US.

Based on this, would you suggest a system of reservations in the US Congress? If yes, why and for which communities? If no, why not?

Answer : Blacks and Hispanics should be given reservation in the US Congress as per their percentage in the US population.

7 Can we draw the following conclusions from the information given in this chapter? Give two facts to support your position for each of these.

a. Election Commission of India does not have enough powers to conduct free and fair elections in the country.

Answer : (a) The Election Commission of India is powerful enough to conduct free and fair elections:→It implements the code of conduct and punishes any candidate or party that violates it. → In Elections, Government officials work under the EC and not the government.

b. There is a high level of popular participation in the elections in our country.

Answer :(b) There is a high level of popular participation in the elections: →Voter turnout has increased over the past years. →Election-related activities in the last few years have seen a larger participation by the people.

c. It is very easy for the party in power to win an election.

(c) It is not very easy for the party in power to win an election: →The ruling parties routinely lose elections. →Candidates who are known to spend a lot of money often lose elections.

d Many reforms are needed to make our elections completely free and fair.

Answer : (d) Certain Reforms are necessary to make our elections completely freeand fair: → To ensure that indepents and small parties not suffer in elections. → To ensure candidates with criminal records not participate.

Question 8: Chinappa was convicted for torturing his wife for dowry. Satbir was held guilty of practicing untouchability. The court did not allow either of them to contest elections. Does this decision go against the principles of democratic elections?

Answer : This decision does not go against the principles of democratic elections. Any person who is convicted for a crime has not right to remain a part of the society and hence has no right to contest the election.

Question 9 Here are some reports of electoral malpractices from different parts of the world. Is there anything that these countries can learn from India to improve their elections? What would you suggest in each case?

a. During an election in Nigeria, the officer in charge of counting votes deliberately increased the votes of one candidate and declared him elected. The court later found out that more than five lakh

votes cast for one candidate were counted in favour of another.

Answer : (a) In this case, representatives of each candidate should be present to make sure that the votes are counted in a fair way.

b. Just before elections in Fiji, a pamphlet was distributed warning voters that a vote for former Prime Minister, Mahendra Chaudhry will lead to bloodshed. This was a threat to voters of Indian origin.

Answer : (b) The election commission should set up an enquiry into the case and debar the candidate or party involved in distributing such pamphlets.

c In the US, each state has its own method of voting, its own procedure of counting and its own authority for conducting elections. Authorities in the state of Florida took many controversial decisions that favoured Mr. Bush in the presidential elections in 2000. But no one could change those decisions.

Answer : (c) There should be a single election commission which should be free from political influence and should be responsible for conducting elections throughout the country.

Question 10 Here are some reports of malpractices in Indian elections. Identify what the problem in each case is. What should be done to correct the situation?

a. Following the announcement of elections, the minister promised to provide financial aid to reopen the closed sugar mill.

a).After announcement of election, it is not legal to announce policy decisions according toCode of Conduct. The minister should be immediately taken to task by the Election Commission.

b. Opposition parties alleged that their statements and campaign was not given due attention in Doordarshan and All India Radio.

b). The election commission must enusre that all politcal party are given equal oppurtunity to appear onDoordarshan and All India Radio. EC take action against misuse of this media.

c. An inquiry by the Election Commission showed that electoral rolls of a state contain name of 20 lakh fake voters.

c).The presence of the fake voters means that the elections were rigged by the authorities who prepared the electoral rolls. The election commission should supervise preparation of fresh electoral rolls.

d The hoodlums of a political party were moving with guns, physically preventing supporters of other political parties to meet the voters and attacking meetings of other parties.

Answer: (d) By using hoodlums, the political party is terrorising its rivals. The election commission should order the arrest of the hoodlums and bar the party from the elections.

Question 11 Ramesh was not in class when this chapter was being taught. He came the next day and repeated what he had heard from his father. Can you tell Ramesh what is wrong with these statements?

a. Women always vote the way men tell them to. So what is the point of giving them the right to vote?

Answer : (a)The statement is wrong because the policy of secret ballot ensures that an individual can vote for whoever he/she wants. Women are fully capable of taking decisions on their own and selecting the candidate they like.

b. Party politics creates tension in society. Elections should be decided by consensus not by competition.

Answer : (b)Competition works as both deterrent and motivator for the political candidates. A fear of losing the election and a motivation for winning the elections works in favour of people.

c. Only graduates should be allowed to stand as candidates for elections.

Answer :(c)Educational qualification is not required to understand the people’s needs, and to represent their interests. Therefore, it is not necessary for politicians to be graduates.

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Electoral Politics Class 9th Social Science

We are providing you with the short and detailed summary of Electoral Politics Class 9th Social Science along with the NCERT Solutions Electoral Politics Class 9th Social Science to help the students to clear their concepts before the examination. Students would be able to know the gist of the chapter. We have highlighted the importance of elections, the need for elections, and how to make elections democratic. We have also focussed on the role of the Election Commission. 

Electoral Politics Class 9th Social Science: Elections 

It is a mechanism or method by which people of a country have the power to choose their representatives at regular intervals. If people are not satisfied with the governing or working of the government, they have the right to change it. 

Procedure of Elections

The election procedure can be understood by the real example of the Haryana Assembly elections. It will show how candidates standing in elections become representatives and how power can be removed from their hands.

Assembly Election in Haryana

By the formation of the new party lok dal, Haryana had been ruled by Congress, and at that time, Chaudhary Devi Lal was on the opposite side and led a movement called Nyaya Yudh and formed a party called Lok Dal.

Election Campaign of Devi Lai In the 1987 Assembly election, Devi Lai promised voters that if his party won, he would give loans to farmers and small businessmen.

Voters favored Lok Dal As people were unhappy with the existing government, they were attracted by Devi Lai’s promise. They voted in favor of Lok Dal, and its partners won 76 out of 90 seats.

Results Announced Lok Dal won 60 seats that’s why it had a clear majority in the – Assembly. As the election result was announced, the existing Chief Minister of Congress resigned.

Devi Lai became Chief Minister and the newly elected Members of Legislative Assembly (MLAs) of Lok Dal chose Devi Lai as their leader. The Governor invited Devi Lal to be the new Chief Minister. After three days after the election result, he took the oath. Then his government issued a government order to give loans to small farmers, agricultural laborers, and small businessmen.

Need for Elections

Elections are needed to elect representatives, and democracy would not hold its importance without regular elections. In the absence of elections, all the people have to sit and take all the decisions together, which is not possible in the case of large and diverse nations.

• The elections are needed for any representative democracy because
• We need to assess people based on education, knowledge, or experience.
• They need to analyze the people whether they like them or not.
• They ensure that representatives rule as per the wishes; if they do not, they will be thrown out of the government.

In an election, the voters make many choices like

• They can choose who will make laws for them.
• They can choose who will form the government and take major decisions.
• They can choose the party whose policies will guide the government and lawmaking.

What Makes An Election Democratic?

Elections are held in all the democratic nations as well as in non-democratic in many different ways. But we have the minimum conditions which make an election democratic

• Everyone should have the right to choose a representative. It means everyone has one vote, and every vote has equal value.
• Political parties and candidates should be free to contest elections and offer some real choices to the voters.
• The choices should be offered at regular intervals. For that, elections must be held regularly after a certain period.
• The candidates preferred by the people only should get elected.
• Elections are conducted in a free and fair manner where people choose those representatives whom they wish.

Political Competition

Without competition, elections would not hold any meaning and become meaningless. Different parties participate in the elections to gain the people’s confidence and, ultimately, the vote of voters. 

This electoral competition has many demerits like

• It creates groups and party politics everywhere.
• Parties often use dirty tricks to win.
• Pressure to win does not allow them to execute long-term policies.
• Slowly,  competition leads to unhealthy and that is why they do not want to enter and participate in political competition.

The electoral competition also has some merits like

Regular elections give incentives to the parties and their leaders; if they cannot satisfy the voters with their manifesto, they will not be able to win again.

• Regular electoral competition provides incentives to political parties and leaders. If they can satisfy the voters with their work, they will be able to win again.
• If a political party is motivated only by the desire to be in power, even then, it will be forced to serve the people.
• It reveals the real motive of political parties.
• It gives choices to voters to choose among the best.

 Electoral Politics Class 9th: System Of Elections In India

In India, Lok Sabha and Vidhan Sabha elections are held at regular intervals i.e. every five years. After 5yrs,  the term comes to an end.  Elections are held regularly on the same day or within a few days. This is said to be a General election. Sometimes an election is held only for one constituency to fill the vacancy caused by the death or resignation of a member. This is said to be a by-election .

Electoral Constituencies

• India is based on a system where the country is divided into constituencies called electoral constituencies for elections. Every voter who lives in an area elects their representative. every vote has one equal value.
• For the Lok Sabha election, India is divided into 543 constituencies. The representative elected from each constituency is called a Member of Parliament or an MP. 
• Each state is divided into a specific number of assembly constituencies for the Vidhan Sabha election. The elected representative of the eaph assembly constituency is called the Member of Legislative Assembly or an MLA.

Reserved Constituencies

The constitution makers were worried about the weaker sections that might be that could not stand a good chance in the Lok Sabha and the state legislative assemblies. 

If that happens, our Parliament and Assemblies would be deprived of the voice of a significant section of our population. That would make our democracy less representative and less democratic.

Reservation for SC and ST

The Makers of the constitution also thought for the weaker sections and reserved constituencies who belonged to Scheduled Castes(SC), and Scheduled Tribes (ST).

Reservation in Lok Sabha/ District/Local Level

A few seats in Lok Sabha are reserved for Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs). This number is in proportion to their share in the total population.

In the year 2012, 84 seats were reserved for the Scheduled Castes and 47 for the Scheduled Tribes (in Lok Sabha).

However, the proportion of seats reserved varies from state to state. Similarly, one-third of the seats are reserved in rural and urban local bodies for women candidates.

Voters List

As soon as the constituencies are decided, the list of eligible voters is prepared much before the election and given to everyone. This list is officially called the electoral roll or voter’s list. The right to vote falls under the Universal Adult Franchise which states that all citizens aged 18 years or above can vote in an election irrespective of caste, creed, sex, religion etc.

Maintaining of Voters’ list

Maintaining a voter’s list is the responsibility of the government to get the eligible names of the voters. As soon as the new persons attain the voting age the list is made and their names are added to it, names of dead persons, or who have moved out or already dead are removed from the list.

Election Photo Identity Card (EPIC)

The voters are required to carry this card when they go to vote so that it is ensured that no one can vote in place of anyone. The card has not been compulsory and eligible persons can show other proofs also like driving license, ration card or aadhar card.

Nomination Of Candidates

The system of our country provides almost no restrictions on anyone to contest the election. This only makes any election a democratic election.

Anyone who can be a voter can also become a candidate in elections. The only difference between being a voter is that the minimum age is 18 years, while to be a candidate in the election the minimum age is 25 years. There are also some other restrictions on criminals but these apply in very extreme cases.

Political parties nominate their candidates who get the party support and symbol. Party’s nomination is often called a Party Ticket. The candidate has to fill out a nomination form and give some money as a security deposit.

Moreover, every candidate has to make a legal declaration giving full details of

• Educational qualifications of the candidate
• Details of the assets and liabilities of the candidate and his/her family; and
• Severe criminal cases pending against the candidate.

The information provided has to be made public to provide an opportunity to the voters to make their decision based on the information provided by the candidates.

Educational Qualifications for Candidates

There is no educational qualification for candidates for being an MP or an MLA. However, the relevant qualification for candidates is the ability to understand people’s concerns, and problems and to represent people’s interests.

• Election Campaign

Campaign means promoting the policies and alluring offers and promises the candidates to make to the voters to fulfill if they win. This way, the voters decide whom they should choose.

It takes two weeks before the announcement of the final list. During this period, candidates can contact their political leaders, can hold meetings, and mobilize their supporters. They also prepare manifestos and focus attention on some big issues to attract the people to gain votes.

Slogans Given by Different Political Parties

Some of the successful slogans given by different political parties in various elections are given below

• The Congress party led by Indira Gandhi gave the slogan of ‘Garibi Hatao’ (Remove poverty) in the Lok Sabha elections of 1971. The party promised to reorient all government policies to remove poverty from the country.
• ‘Save Democracy’ was the slogan given by Janata Party in the next Lok Sabha election held in 1977. His party promised to undo the excesses committed during the Emergency and restore civil liberties.
• The Left Front used the slogan of ‘Land to the Teller’ in the West Bengal Assembly elections held in 1977.
• ‘Protect the Self-Respect of the Telugus’ was the slogan used by N.T. Rama Rao, the leader of the Telugu Desam Party in Andhra Pradesh Assembly elections in 1983.

Code of Conduct and Laws

To regulate the election campaign, there are some election laws. According to these laws, no party or candidate can

• bribe or threaten voters,
• appeal to them in the name of caste or religion,
• use government resources for election campaigns and
• spend more than Rs. 25 lakh in a constituency for a Lok Sabha election or Rs. 10 lakh in a constituency in an Assembly Election.

According to this, no party or candidate can

• use any place of worship for election propaganda
• use government vehicles, aircraft and officials for elections
• Once elections are announced, ministers shall not lay foundation stones of any project, take any big policy decision, or promise to provide public facilities.

When the polling day arrives, every person whose name is on the voter’s list can go to a nearby polling booth and cast his/her vote. Once the voter enters, the election officer, after identifying him/her, puts a mark on the voter’s finger and allows him/her to cast his/her vote.

  A ballot paper is a sheet of paper on which the names of the contesting candidates along with party name and symbols are listed. 

Now Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) are used to record votes. The machine shows the names of the candidates and the party symbols. The voter has to press the button against the name of the candidate, he/she wants to cast his/her vote.

• Counting of Votes

 After the polling day, EVMs are sealed and taken to a secure place and on an affixed date , all the EVMs are opened and counting votes begins. The candidate who secures the highest number of votes from a constituency is declared elected. Within a few hours of counting, all the results are declared, and who will form the next government becomes clear. This event is reported by television channels, radio and newspapers.

What Makes Elections In India Democracy?

Many factors ensure that elections held in India are democratic. An independent body ‘Election Commission’ responsible to conduct elections is formulated in the Constitution of India.

Independent Election Commission 

In India, elections are conducted by an independent body i.e. EC. The Chief Election Commission (CEC) is appointed by the President of India. 

Powers of Election Commission Potters enjoyed by dying Election Commission ate.

• It makes decisions on every aspect of conduct and control of elections, from the announcement of elections to the declaration of results.
• It implements the code of conduct and punishes any candidate or party that violates it.
• During the election period, the Election Commission can order the government to follow some guidelines to prevent using and misusing governmental power.
• When on election duty, government officers work under the control of the Election Commission and not the government.
• When election officials believe polling is unfair in some booths or even an entire constituency, they order a repoll.

Popular Participation

The participation and enthusiasm of people in an election is another criterion to check the quality of elections.

If the election process is not free or fair, people will not continue to participate in the exercise. People’s participation in elections is usually measured by voter turnout figures. Turnout indicates the percent of eligible voters who actually cast their vote. In India, there is a greater voter turnout of poor illiterate people compared to western democracies.

Acceptance of Election Outcome

The outcome of elections-the final test of the free and fairness of it. If elections are not free or fair, the outcome always favours the powerful. In such a situation, the ruling parties do not lose elections. Usually, the losing party does not accept the outcome of a rigged election.

The outcome of India’s election speaks for itself

• The ruling parties routinely lose elections in India at the national and state levels.
• In the US, an incumbent or sitting elected representative rarely loses an election. But in India, about half of the sitting MPs or MLAs lose elections.
• Candidates who are known to have spent a lot of money on buying votes and those with Known criminal connections often lose elections.
• Except for some disputed elections, the defeated party usually accepts the electoral outcomes as ‘people’s verdict’.

Challenges to Free and Fair Elections

The challenges to free and fair elections are listed as follows

• Candidates and parties with a lot of money may not be sure of their victory, but they enjoy an unfair advantage over smaller parties and independents.
• Some candidates with criminal records are able to secure party tickets from major parties due to their political connections.
• Some families tend to dominate political parties; a tendency for the dynastic rule is very common.
• Elections offer only little choice to ordinary citizens. All the major parties are quite similar to each other both in policies and practice.
• Smaller parties and independent candidates suffer a huge disadvantage compared to bigger parties regarding money, power and organizational support.

NCERT Solutions Electoral Politics Class 9th Social Science

• Which of the following statements about the reasons for conducting elections are false?
• Elections enable people to judge the performance of the government.
• People select the representative of their choice in an election.
• Elections enable people to evaluate the performance of the judiciary.
• People can indicate which policies they prefer.

2 Which of these is not a good reason to say that Indian elections are democratic?

• India has the largest number of voters in the world.
• India’s Election Commission is very powerful.
• In India, everyone above the age of 18 has a right to vote.
• In India, the losing parties accept the electoral verdict.
• Match the following :
• List all the different election related activities mentioned in the chapter and arrange them in a time sequence, beginning with the first activity and ending with the last. Some of these activities are given below: releasing election manifestos; counting of votes; making of voters’ list; election campaign; declaration of election results; casting of votes; ordering of re-poll; announcing election schedule; filing nomination.
• Making of Voters’ List
• Announcing Election Schedule
• Releasing Election Manifesto
• Filing Nomination
• Casting of Votes
• Ordering of Repoll
• Declaration of Election Results.
• Surekha is an officer in-charge of ensuring free and fair elections in an assembly constituency in a state. Describe what should she focus on for each of the following stages of election:
• Election campaign
• Polling day
• Counting day

She needs to maintain law & order and make sure one cannot appeal based on money & religion. 

• Polling Day

She needs to ensure free and fair elections besides checking voters’ lists & ID.

Keep an eye on the counting process and make sure counting is fair.

• The table below gives the proportion of different communities among the candidates who won elections to the US Congress. Compare these to the proportion of these communities in the population of the US. Based on this, would you suggest a system of reservations in the US Congress? If yes, why and for which communities? If no, why not?

Yes, to Hispanics and Blacks because their representation in the US Congress is lower when compared to whites.

• Can we draw the following conclusions from the information given in this chapter? Give two facts to support your position for each of these.
• The Election Commission of India does not have enough powers to conduct free and fair elections in the country.
• There is a high level of popular participation in the elections in our country.
• It is very easy for the party in power to win an election.
• Many reforms are needed to make our elections completely free and fair.
• No. It is because:

 The election commission can release the code of conduct and can also punish the violators.

At the time of elections, the respective authority works under the election commission and not the government.

Yes. The percentage of voters turnout has increase

An increase in people’s participation in election-related activities has also been observed.

 Ruling party has lost elections several times.

 Despite huge expenditures and campaigns, the ruling party has lost elections in the past.

Speedy trials in the court must be done for the contestant with criminal allegations. So that actual criminals should be debarred and honest candidates get a fair chance. Steps must be taken so that small parties or individuals get a fair chance while contesting for elections.

• Chinappa was convicted for torturing his wife for dowry. Satbir was held guilty of practicing untouchability. The court did not allow either of them to contest elections. Does this decision go against the principles of democratic elections?

No, because they have been proved guilty in the court. 

9 Here are some reports of electoral malpractices from different parts of the world. Is there anything that these countries can learn from India to improve their elections? What would you suggest in each case?

• During an election in Nigeria, the officer in charge of counting votes deliberately increased the votes of one candidate and declared him elected. The court later found out that more than five lakh votes cast for one candidate were counted in favour of another.
• Just before elections in Fiji, a pamphlet was distributed warning voters that a vote for former Prime Minister, Mahendra Chaudhry will lead to bloodshed. This was a threat to voters of Indian origin.
• In the US, each state has its own method of voting, its own procedure of counting and its own authority for conducting elections. Authorities in the state of Florida took many controversial decisions that favoured Mr. Bush in the presidential elections in 2000. But no one could change those decisions.
• The agents from each political party that has contested in the election should be present while counting as done in India. 
• Candidates or the political party should be identified through enquiry by election commission and should be debarred from participating in elections. 
• Like India, the US too can have one election commission who can make rules and take care of the complete process.
• Here are some reports of malpractices in Indian elections. Identify what the problem in each case is. What should be done to correct the situation?
• Following the announcement of elections, the minister promised to provide financial aid to reopen the closed sugar mill.
• Opposition parties alleged that their statements and campaign was not given due attention in Doordarshan and All India Radio.
• An inquiry by the Election Commission showed that electoral rolls of a state contain the names of 20 lakh fake voters.
• The hoodlums of a political party were moving with guns, physically preventing supporters of other political parties from meeting the voters and attacking meetings of other parties.
• The announcement just after the election brokes code of conduct and the election commission should take necessary action.
• The election commission must ensure free and fair coverage to all the political parties in the media run by the government.
• Re-election must be announced as the report shows vote-rigging.
• It is illegal to use muscle power and money. So the political party must be banned. 
• Ramesh was not in class when this chapter was being taught. He came the next day and repeated what he had heard from his father. Can you tell Ramesh what is wrong with these statements?
• Women always vote the way men tell them to. So what is the point of giving them the right to vote?
• Party politics creates tension in society. Elections should be decided by consensus not by competition.
• Only graduates should be allowed to stand as candidates for elections.
• Women are mature enough to make decisions independently, and the secret ballot system in elections ensures they can cast their votes freely.
• Competition is extremely important as it motivates a person to do better work than others so it must be encouraged.
• Being a graduate and understanding the problems in our society are not interrelated. Hence, it would be unfair if someone is not permitted to run for an election based on education qualification

We have provided you with short and detailed notes on Electoral Politics Class 9th Social Science and the Ncert Solutions For Class 9th Electoral Politics to help the students boost their concepts and get the gist of the lesson. Students can also be able to solve the back exercises and get an idea of how to write answers.

Hi, I am Kavisha Bagga, a teacher by profession and a part-time blogger. I love sharing knowledge, which is why I have started this blog.

• CBSE Notes For Class 9
• Class 9 Social Science Notes
• Class 9 Political Science Notes
• Chapter 3 Electoral Politics

CBSE Notes Class 9 Political Science Chapter 3 - Electoral Politics

In Chapter 3 of Class 9 Civics, you will be learning how the representatives are elected. The chapter begins with a description of why elections are necessary and useful in a democracy. Then it further explains how electoral competition among parties serves the people. The basic idea that this chapter tries to convey is to distinguish democratic elections from non-democratic elections. So, go through CBSE Notes Class 9 Political Science Chapter 3 on Electoral Politics and get a deep understanding of this chapter.

After going through these CBSE notes, you will get to know the points that make an election democratic. These CBSE Class 9 Social Science Notes will help you in revision as well.

• Chapter 1 What Is Democracy? Why Democracy?
• Chapter 2 Constitutional Design
• Chapter 4 Working Of Institutions
• Chapter 5 Democratic Rights

CBSE Notes Class 9 Political Science Chapter 3 – Electoral Politics

Why do we need elections.

Elections take place regularly in any democracy. There are more than 100 countries in the world in which elections take place to choose people’s representatives. The mechanism by which people can choose their representatives at regular intervals and change them is called an election .

In an election, the voters make many choices:

• They can choose who will make laws for them.
• They can choose who will form the government and take major decisions.
• They can choose the party whose policies will guide the government and law-making.

What Makes an Election Democratic?

The minimum conditions of a democratic election include the following points.

• Everyone should be able to choose their own representative.
• Parties and candidates should be free to contest elections and should offer some real choice to the voters.
• Elections must be held regularly after every few years.
• The candidate preferred by the people should get elected.
• Elections should be conducted in a free and fair manner where people can choose as they really wish.

Is It Good to Have Political Competition?

Elections are all about political competition. This competition takes various forms. At the constituency level, it takes the form of competition among several candidates. Here are a few reasons that support political competition as being good for people.

• Regular electoral competition provides incentives to political parties and leaders.
• Political parties know that if they raise issues that people want to be raised, their popularity and chances of victory will increase in the next elections. On the contrary, if they fail to satisfy the voters with their work, they will not be able to win again.
• If a political party is motivated only by the desire to be in power, despite that, it will be forced to serve the people.

What Is Our System of Election?

Elections are held in India in Lok Sabha and Vidhan Sabha (Assembly) regularly after every five years. After five years, the term of all the elected representatives comes to an end.

Elections held in all constituencies at the same time, either on the same day or within a few days, are called General Elections . Sometimes elections are held only for one constituency to fill the vacancy caused by the death or resignation of a member. This is called a By-Election.

Electoral Constituency

India is divided into different areas for the purpose of elections. These areas are called electoral constituencies . The voters living in an area elect one representative.

• For the Lok Sabha elections, India is divided into 543 constituencies. The representative elected from each constituency is called a Member of Parliament or an MP.
• Each state is divided into a specific number of Assembly constituencies. In this case, the elected representative is called the Member of the Legislative Assembly or an MLA . Each Parliamentary constituency has within it several assembly constituencies.

The same principle applies to Panchayat and Municipal elections. Each village or town is divided into several ‘ wards ’ that are like constituencies. Each ward elects one member of the village or the urban local body. Sometimes these constituencies are counted as ‘ seats ’, for each constituency represents one seat in the assembly.

Reserved Constituencies

Some constituencies are reserved for people who belong to the Scheduled Castes [SC] and Scheduled Tribes [ST]. In the Lok Sabha, 84 seats are reserved for the SC and 47 for the ST.

• In SC reserved constituency , only someone who belongs to the Scheduled Caste can stand for election.
• Only those belonging to the Scheduled Tribes can contest an election from a constituency reserved for ST.

In many states, seats in rural (panchayat) and urban (municipalities and corporations) local bodies are now reserved for Other Backward Classes (OBC) and women candidates as well.

Voters’ List

In a democratic election, the list of those who are eligible to vote is prepared much before the election and given to everyone, which is officially called the Electoral Roll and is commonly known as the Voters’ List . It is the responsibility of the government to get the names of all the eligible voters put on the voters’ list.

The voters are required to carry Election Photo Identity Card [EPIC] when they go out to vote so that no one can vote for someone else. But the card is not yet compulsory for voting as voters can show many other proofs of identity, like the ration card or the driving licence.

Nomination of Candidates

Anyone who can be a voter can also become a candidate in elections. The candidate should be a minimum of 25 years of age. Every person who wishes to contest an election has to fill out a ‘nomination form’ and give some money as a ‘security deposit’. The candidate has to make a legal declaration, giving full details of:

• Serious criminal cases pending against the candidate,
• Details of the assets and liabilities of the candidate and his or her family, and
• Educational qualifications of the candidate.

This information is made available to the public so that voters can make their decision on the basis of the information provided by the candidates.

Election Campaign

The election campaigns are conducted to have a free and open discussion about who is a better Representative and, in turn, which party will make a better government. In India, Election Campaigns take place for a two-week period between the announcement of the final list of candidates and the date of polling. During this period, the candidates contact their voters, political leaders address election meetings and political parties mobilise their supporters.

Some of the successful slogans given by different political parties in various elections:

• Save Democracy
• Land to the Tiller
• Protect the Self-Respect of the Telugus

According to India’s Election Law, no party or candidate can:

• Bribe or threaten voters.
• Appeal to them in the name of caste or religion.
• Use government resources for election campaigns.
• Spend more than 25 lahks in a constituency for a Lok Sabha election or more than 10 lahks in a constituency in an Assembly election.

If any political party does so, their election can be rejected by the court. In addition to the laws, all the political parties in our country have agreed to a Model Code of Conduct for election campaigns. According to this, no party or candidate can:

• Use any place of worship for election propaganda.
• Use government vehicles, aircraft and officials for election.
• Once elections are announced, ministers shall not lay the foundation stones for any projects, take any big policy decisions or make any promises of providing public facilities.

Polling and Counting of Votes

The day when the voters cast or ‘poll’ their vote is called election day . The voting is done in the following manner.

• Every person whose name is on the voters’ list can go to a nearby polling booth.
• Once the voter goes inside the booth, the election officials identify her, put a mark on her finger and allow her to cast her vote.
• An agent of each candidate is allowed to sit inside the polling booth and ensure that the voting takes place in a fair way.

A ballot paper is a sheet of paper on which the names of the contesting candidates, along with party names and symbols, are listed. The ballot paper was used earlier. Nowadays, electronic voting machines (EVM) are used to record votes.

• The machine shows the names of the candidates and the party symbols.
• The voter has to just press the button against the name of the candidate she wants to give her vote to.
• Once the polling is over, all the EVMs are sealed and taken to a secure place.
• A few days later, all the EVMs are opened, and the votes secured by each candidate are counted.
• The candidate who secures the highest number of votes from a constituency is declared elected.

What Makes Election in India Democratic?

1) independent election commission.

In India, elections are conducted by the Election Commission (EC). The Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) is appointed by the President of India. Election Commission is independent and has a wide range of powers which are:

• EC takes decisions on every aspect of conduct and control of elections, from the announcement of elections to the declaration of results.
• It implements the Code of Conduct and punishes any candidate or party that violates it.
• During the election period, the EC can order the government to follow some guidelines, to prevent the use and misuse of governmental power to enhance its chances of winning elections or to transfer some government officials.
• When on election duty, government officers work under the control of the EC and not the government.

2) Popular Participation

The quality of the election process can also be checked by seeing the participation of people. People’s participation in the election is measured by voter turnout figures . Turnout indicates the per cent of eligible voters who actually cast their vote.

• In India, the poor, illiterate and underprivileged people vote in larger proportion as compared to the rich and privileged sections.
• Common people in India feel that through elections, they can bring pressure on political parties to adopt policies and programmes favourable to them.
• The interest of voters in election-related activities has been increasing over the years.

3) Acceptance of Election Outcome

One final test of the freedom and fairness of the election is the outcome of the election.

• The ruling parties routinely lose elections in India both at the national and state level.
• In the US, an incumbent or ‘sitting’ elected representative rarely loses an election. In India, about half of the sitting MPs or MLAs lose elections.
• Candidates who are known to have spent a lot of money on ‘buying votes’ and those with known criminal connections often lose elections.
• Barring very few disputed elections, the electoral outcomes are usually accepted as ‘people’s verdicts’ by the defeated party.

Challenges to Free and Fair Elections

Elections in India are essentially free and fair. Sometimes this may not be true for every constituency. There are many limitations and challenges to Indian elections. These include:

• Candidates and parties with a lot of money enjoy a big and unfair advantage over smaller parties.
• Candidates with criminal connections have been able to push others out of the electoral race and to secure a ‘ticket’ from major parties.
• Tickets are distributed to relatives from their families.
• Elections offer little choice to ordinary citizens as major parties are quite similar to each other, both in policies and practice.
• Smaller parties and independent candidates suffer a huge disadvantage compared to bigger parties.

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Frequently Asked Questions on CBSE Class 9 Political Science Notes Chapter 3 Electoral Politics

What is an electoral system.

An electoral system or voting system is a set of rules that determine how elections and referendums are conducted and how their results are determined.

What are the functions of a legislature?

The most important function of the legislature is law-making. The state legislature has the power to make laws on all items on which Parliament cannot legislate.

What are reserved constituencies?

Reserved constituencies are constituencies in which seats are reserved for Scheduled Castes and Tribes based on the size of their population.

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Electoral Politics: Chapter Notes Class 9 Politics CBSE

• Post last modified: 22 February 2022
• Post category: Class 9 SST Notes

Electoral Politics Class 9 Chapter Notes: The chapter discusses the various components of the electoral process, the role and powers of election commission, the merits and demerits of electoral politics etc. The notes are written under different headings to help students understand the chapter in a proper sequence.

Need for Elections in a Democracy  

The question arises as why we need elections. The chapter starts with an example of electoral process on an Assembly Election in Haryana. We would also know as how elections are necessary despite some demerits of democratic elections.

Assembly Election in Haryana  

• Haryana had been ruled by a Congress-led government since 1982. 
• Chaudhary Devi Lal, the then opposition leader, led the Nyaya Yudh, or Struggle for Justice, movement and formed the Lok Dal political party. 
• After winning 76 seats under Devi Lal’s leadership, the Lok Dal and its allied parties formed a government. 
• Following his election as CM, Devi Lal kept his promise to waive the loans of farmers, businesspersons and agricultural labourers. 
• In the 1991 state assembly elections, Congress reclaimed power from the Lok Dal. 

Why do we need elections?  

The process by which people choose their representatives at regular intervals is known as Election. Therefore, elections are considered essential in our times for any representative democracy.

• People have a say in who makes rules for them. they do so by changing government through their votes during elections. 
• People can choose or change their representatives at regular intervals 
• People have the power to select who forms the government and who makes big decisions 
• People can select the political party whose policies will direct the government and legislative process  

What makes an election democratic? 

Elections are democratic under the following conditions: .

• Everyone has one vote, which has equal value. 
• Parties and candidates are free to contest elections, which give voters options. 
• Elections are conducted every few years, at regular intervals. 
• The people’s preferred candidate is elected. 
• Elections are held in a free and fair way, with people able to vote as they truly desire. 

Electoral competition 

Elections are all about the political competition..

• Political or electoral competition is at the core of elections and is the most obvious form of rivalry between political parties. 
• At the constituency level, political competition can take place between multiple candidates. (A constituency is a geographical area where voters elect one representative to a legislative body.) 
• If there is no competition, elections will become pointless.

Demerits of electoral competition 

Political competition may have the following disadvantages: 

• It creates a sense of disunity and party politics. 
• Parties try to bring their opponent down by all means, including making untrue allegations. 
• Long-term policies cannot be devised. 
• It can create a feeling of ‘factionalism’. 
• Some decent people who want to do public work may opt out of electoral politics because they do not want to engage in unhealthy competition. 

Merits of electoral competition 

Electoral competitions should be allowed because of the following reasons:

• Despite awareness of the problems of electoral rivalry, the framers of the Constitution preferred free elections as the means for choosing our future leaders. 
• Even though political leaders’ desire for position and power fuels political rivalry, they need people’s support to gain and maintain power. 
• This would be unlikely unless they serve the people. 
• As a result, if they want to remain in power for a longer period of time, they would have to work harder for the people. 
• Thus, political rivalry is said to be advantageous in the long run. 
• Regular electoral competition can provide political parties and leaders with the motivation to represent the public in a better manner. 
• Political parties recognise that addressing issues that voters care about boosts their support and chances of winning the next election. 
• On the contrary, if their work is unpopular with the public, they will be unable to win again and will be replaced by their opposing party. 

System of Elections  

We should know the different steps and processes involved in elections in India. The system holding elections is explained here.

Lok Sabha and Vidhan Sabha elections 

• Elections to the Lok Sabha and Vidhan Sabha (assemblies) are held every five years in India. 
• The term of all elected officials expires after five years, and the Lok Sabha or Vidhan Sabha stand ‘dissolved’. 

Types of Elections

General Elections: Elections are held simultaneously in all constituencies, either on the same day or within a few days. This is known as a general election. 

Mid-Term Elections: Sometimes, the Lok Sabha and the Vidhan Sabha are dissolved and an election is held before the expiry of their full term of five years. Such an election is called a mid-term election

By-elections: Elections are sometimes held for only one constituency to fill a vacancy created by the death or resignation of a member. This is known as a by-election.  

Electoral Constituencies  

• India follows an area-based system of representation in which the country is divided into constituencies for the purpose of elections. 
• A constituency is a geographic region that has one representative elected by voters registered in that region. 
• For Lok Sabha elections, the country is divided into 543 constituencies. 
• The representative elected from each constituency is called a Member of Parliament, or an MP. 
• Each state is also divided into a certain number of assembly constituencies and its elected representatives are called Members of Legislative Assembly or an MLAs. 

Reserved constituencies   

• People from scheduled castes (SC) and scheduled tribes (ST) and other backward classes (OBC) have reserved constituencies. 
• Only someone who belongs to the above categories can stand for elections in these areas. 
• Currently, 84 seats in the Lok Sabha are reserved for scheduled castes and 47 seats for scheduled tribes. 

Voters’ list  

• Once the constituencies are decided, the next step is to decide who can and who cannot vote. 
• The official document that includes the names and information of eligible voters is called the electoral roll, or more commonly, the voters’ list. 
• All the citizens of age 18 years and above can vote in a election. Every citizen has the right to vote, regardless of his or her caste, religion or gender.
• Some criminals and persons with unsound mind can be denied the right to vote, but only in rare situations.
• The Indian Government has introduced the Election Photo Identity Card [EPIC] System. Every eligible voter on the list is issued a Photo Identity Card. Carrying this EPIC is not mandatory. Instead, voters can provide proof of identity like ration card or driving licence to exercise their right to vote.

Nomination of candidates  

• Whoever wants to contest an election must fill out a ‘nomination form’ and pay a ‘security deposit’. 
• Serious criminal cases pending against the candidate.
• Details of the assets and liabilities of the candidate and his or her family.
• Educational qualifications of the candidate.
• The returning officers are in charge of filing nomination papers. 
• Scrutiny of nomination papers: Scrutiny is performed to determine whether the information provided in the nomination papers is accurate. 
• Withdrawal of nominations: After the scrutiny, the candidates are granted a period to withdraw their nominations. 

Election campaign  

• Election campaigning is the process through which a candidate attempts to convince people to vote for him rather than other candidates. 
• Rallies, conventions, processions, door-to-door visits are different campaigning methods. 
• Threaten or bribe voters 
• Make a religious or caste appeal to them 
• Use government resources for election campaign 
• Spend more than 25 lakhs in a constituency in a Lok Sabha election, and more than 10 lakhs in an assembly election 
• For election campaigns, all Indian political parties have agreed to a model Code of Conduct. 
• Candidates cannot use a place of worship or government vehicles for election propaganda as per this code
• The Congress party led by Indian Gandhi gave the slogan of Garibi Hatao (Remove poverty) in the Sabha elections of 1971.
• Save Democracy was the slogan given by Janata Party under the leadership of Jayaprakash Narayan, in the Lok Sabha election held in 1977.
• The Left Front used the slogan of Land to the Tiller in the West Bangal Assembly elections held in 1977.
• ‘Protect the Self-Respect of Telugus’ given by Desam Party in Andhra Pradesh Assembly elections in 1983.
• Use any place of worship for election propaganda.
• Use government vehicles, air crafts and officials for elections.
• Once elections are announced, Ministers shall not lay foundation stones of any projects, take any big policy decisions or make any promises of providing public facilities.

Polling and counting of votes 

• Presiding officers and polling officers oversee the polling process. 
• Candidates use electronic voting machines (EVMs) to cast their votes. 
• Counting is performed on a set date and time. 
• The candidate who receives the most votes in a constituency is declared seated. 

Election Commission of India  

Political parties and candidates adopt unfair practices and dirty tricks to win their seats. Election Commission is the authority to regulate elections to conduct them in a free and fair atmosphere.

Unfair practices in elections to get votes

• The inclusion of false names in voters’ list 
• The exclusion of genuine names in voters’ list 
• The misuse of government facilities for election campaigns 
• The misuse of funds during election campaigns 
• Voter intimidation 
• Election rigging 

Independent Election Commission 

India has a democratic election system. The election system in India is controlled and governed by an independent and very powerful body called the Election Commission (EC).

• The Election Commission of India (EC) is in charge of elections in India. 
• The President of India appoints the Chief Election Commissioner (CEC). 
• The Election Commission is self-governing and has a wide range of powers. 
• The Election Commission is a strong and independent body. 
• All aspects of elections are decided independently by the Election Commission. 
• The Election Commission has the authority to enforce the code of conduct and penalise any party that violates it. 
• Officials from government bodies who are on election duty work under its supervision. 
• The Election Commission has the authority to order the government to obey certain rules to prevent the government from abusing its powers during elections. 

What makes the electoral system in India democratic and the challenges it faces? 

Popular participation makes the electoral system in india democratic .

• People’s enthusiasm and active participation do a good job of maintaining the quality of the electoral process in India. 
• It helps in ensuring that elections in India are conducted by an independent, strong and neutral body. 
• In India, voter turnout figures have gone up, which is proof of active political participation by the people. 
• In India, the poor, illiterate and underprivileged people vote in larger proportion as compared to the rich and privileged sections.
• The general public’s participation in India’s political activities is so high that one out of every seven voters belongs to a political party. 
• Except for a few debated elections, the electoral outcomes are usually accepted as ‘people’s verdict’ by the defeated party. 

Acceptance of Election Outcome:

One final test of the free and fairness of the election is the outcome of the election.

• The ruling parties routinely lose elections in India both at the national and state level.
• In the US, an incumbent or ‘sitting’ elected representative rarely loses an election. In India, about half of the sitting MPs or MLAs lose elections.
• Candidates who are known to have spent a lot of money on ‘buying votes’ and those with known criminal connections often lose elections.
• Barring very few disputed elections, the electoral outcomes are usually accepted as ‘people’s verdict’ by the defeated party

Challenges faced by Indian elections 

There are many constraints and obstacles in Indian elections. 

• In comparison to larger parties, smaller parties and independent candidates face significant disadvantages. 
• Candidates and parties with money and influence have an unfair edge over smaller parties and independent candidates. 
• Candidates with criminal ties have been able to force others out of the race and win a ‘ticket’ from major political parties. 
• Party tickets are sometimes given to family members of these candidates. 
• Ordinary people do not have real choice because major parties are almost similar in their policies and practices. 

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Electoral Politics (Simple & Easy Notes) for Class 9th

Introduction:, 1. why elections:, 2. what makes an election democratic, 3. is it good to have political competition, electoral constituencies:, reserved constituencies:, 1. voters’ list:, 2. nomination of candidate:, code of conduct:, 4. polling and counting of votes:, powers of the election commission of india:, 2. popular participation:, 3. acceptance of election outcome:, 7. challenges to free and fair elections:.

In previous chapters, we learnt about the better form of government i.e. democracy and the way leaders designed our constitution on democratic principles. Well, this chapter will help you understand how democratic election process is conducted in India. Also, the provision that makes people represent themselves and educational qualifications for candidates. Moreover, you will know the role of the Election Commission. First, let’s discuss the need and features of democratic elections.

Democratic principle states that people are the real rulers of the country. So, People have the option to govern the country directly without elections. Yet, we need elections. The reason behind it is our large community. Perhaps, direct rule of people is possible in small communities but not in the vast country like India. Therefore, we consider elections essential for representative democracy.

By representative democracy we mean that voters will have the following choices:-

• Voters can choose who will make laws for them.
• They can choose who will form the government and take major decisions .
• They can c hoose the party whose policies will guide the government and law making.

In the modern world, there is a trend of elections. Almost all countries hold elections through different ways. Hence, it is clear that any country holding elections cannot be counted as democratic. So, here our question is, what minimum conditions do we require for democratic elections? These conditions are as follows:-

• One Vote One Value: Everyone should be equally able to choose (Equal choice:- EC).
• Political Competition: Candidates should be free to contest elections and should offer some real choice to the voters (Different Choices:- DC).
• Regular elections: Choices should be offered at regular intervals (Regular choices:- RC)
• Preferred Candidates: The candidate preferred by the people should get elected (People’s Choice:- PC).
• Free and Fair elections: People should have freedom to choose according to their own wishes. It means no use of unfair means. (No cheating in choice:- NCC)
• Political competition is necessary because if there is no competition, elections will become pointless.
• However, we cannot say whether it is good to have political competition or not. This is because it has both Merits and Demerits.
• It creates a sense of disunity and ‘factionalism’.
• Different political parties and leaders often level allegations against one another.
• There is tendency to use dirty tricks to win elections.
• People have the power to make the parties win or lose elections.
• To remain in power and position, political leaders will have to serve the people and satisfy them.
• Although, it has some demerits in the short run but it will have better outcomes in the long run.

4. What Is Our System of Elections?

• Our country India is divided into different areas for the purposes of elections. These areas are called electoral constituencies.
• General Elections: When all the constituencies hold elections at the same time, either on the same day or within a few days. We call it general elections.
• By Elections: When single constituency holds election to fill the vacancy caused by death or resignation of the member.
• Mid term Elections: When the Lok Sabha or State legislative Assembly dissolves before the expiry of its full term, authority announces the mid term elections.
• India follows an area based system of representation.
• Voters living in that area, elects one representative.
• Each constituency is equal to one seat.
• It means some states can have only one constituency whereas other states can have 60 or above constituencies due to large size of state and people living in that state.
• There is provision of reserved seats for unprivileged people from different communities in our constitution.
• It is to help them to get the chance and win elections against others.
• Only those candidates can contest elections in these reserved seats for whom these constituencies are reserved.

5. Election Procedure:

• Voters’ List
• Nomination of Candidates.
• Election Campaigns.
• Polling and counting of votes.
• Official name of list: Electoral Roll.
• Common name: the voters’ list.
• In India, no one should be denied the right to vote without a good reason.
• Also, poor, rich, educated, illiterate, all will have equal value of vote.
• It is the responsibility of Government to add the names of new eligible person and delete the names of dead from the list.
• Election Photo Identity Card: It is compulsory for all the voters to carry EPIC with them on the day of voting.
• Note: Restrictions on criminals are applicable only in very extreme cases.
• Party’s Nomination: Political parties nominate to their candidates who get party symbol and support. Party’s nomination is often called party ‘ticket’ .
• Person has to fill a ‘nomination form’ to contest an election.
• For Lok Sabha elections, it is 25,000 Rs and for State Assembly, it is 10,000 Rs.
• Serious criminal cases pending against the candidate.
• Details of the assets and liabilities of the candidate and his or her family.
• Educational qualification of the candidates.
• Thus, this provides an opportunity to the voters to make their decision on the basis of the information.

3. Election Campaign:

• In between these days, candidates contact their voters.
• Political leaders address elections meetings.
• Political parties mobilize their supporters.
• Television and newspapers are full of election related stories and debates.
• These parties start preparing for elections months before they actually take place.
• Parties try to focus public attention on some big issues in order to the attract the public and get the votes in their support.
• They also use slogans such as ‘Garibi Hatao’ (By Indira Gandhi), ‘Save Democracy’ (by Janata Party), ‘Land to the tiller’ (by Left front), ‘Protect the Self-Respect of the Telugus’ (by N.T. Rama Rao).
• No candidate can bribe or threaten voters.
• Candidates cannot appeal for the vote in the name of caste or religion.
• They cannot use government resources for election campaign.
• They are not allowed to spend more than 25 lakh Rs. in a constituency for a Lok Sabha elections or 10 Lakh Rs. in a constituency in an Assembly elections.
• A set of norms and guidelines to be followed by political parties and contesting candidates during election time.
• Parties or candidates cannot use any place of worship for election propaganda.
• They cannot use government vehicles, air crafts and officials for elections.
• Once elections are announced, ministers shall not lay foundation stone of any projects, take any promises of providing public facilities.
• This is the final stage of an election. On this day, voters ‘poll’ or cast their votes. This day is known as Election Day.
• Every voter go to the polling booth. These booth are situated usually in a local school or a government office.
• Note: Earlier, there was ballot paper system but now people vote through Electronic Voting Machines (E.V.M)
• Within a few hours of counting, the concerned authority declares the result. Thus, this way the new government forms.

6. What makes elections in India Democratic?

• For Example: Inclusion of false names and exclusion of genuine names in the voter’s list.
• Misuse of government facilities and officials by the ruling party.
• Excessive use of money by rich candidates and big parties.
• Intimidation (to frighten and threaten someone) of voters and rigging (fraud) on the polling day.
• However, these above given malpractices are not on such a scale so as to defeat the very purpose of elections. This is due to several reasons. So, Let’s understand how.

1. Independent Election Commission:

• Although, the President of India appoints the Chief Election Commissioner (CEC). But CEC is not answerable to either president or the government after his/her appointment.
• EC takes all the decisions from the announcement of the elections to the declaration of results.
• It implements the code of conduct and punishes any candidate or party that violates it.
• During the election period, EC can order the government to follow some guidelines.
• When on election duty, government officers work under the control of the EC and not the government.
• Election officials can order a re poll if they find elections unfair.

Do you know? Shri Rajiv Kumar (current CEC) is the 25th Chief Election Commissioner of India.

• Note: Turnout figure indicates the percent of eligible voters who actually cast their votes.
• Large proportion of unprivileged social groups: In India, the poor, illiterate and underprivileged people people vote in larger proportion as compared to rich and privileged sections. Whereas, it is not so in USA.
• Elections has importance for the common people: Common people in India attach a lot of importance to elections. They feel that they can bring pressure on political parties to adopt policies and programs favorable to them.
• Increasing interest of the voters: Voters have started taking part in campaign related activities and becoming members of a political parties. It is due to their increasing interest in elections.
• Elections are democratic because it does not favors the powerful instead ruling parties routinely lose elections in India both at national and state level.
• In the US, an incumbent or sitting elected representatives rarely loses and election. In India, about half of the sitting M.P. or M.L.As lose elections.
• Furthermore, candidates who are known to have spent a lot of money on buying votes and those with known criminal connections often lose elections.
• Lastly, Barring very few disputed elections, the defeated party usually accepts the electoral outcomes as ‘People’s Verdict’ .

There are several challenges that still we need to overcome. These are :-

• Money provides unfair advantage to the wealthy candidates.
• Criminals make use of connection to secure a ‘ticket’ from major parties.
• Some families tend to dominate political parties.
• No meaningful choices for citizens as major parties are quite similar to each other both in policies and practice.
• Smaller parties and independent candidates suffer a huge disadvantage.

These challenges are not just confined to our country India. But there are many other countries as well which are facing the same problem in a democratic country like ours. Therefore, citizens, social activists and organizations have been demanding reforms in electoral system.

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Introduction - Concepts - Chapter 3 Class 9 Political Science - Electoral Politics - Political Science

Last updated at April 8, 2024 by Teachoo

Introduction

• In a Democracy, it is neither possible nor necessary for people to govern directly. 
• The most common form of democracy in our times is for the people to govern through their representatives.
• lectoral systems are detailed constitutional arrangements and voting systems that convert the vote into a political decision.
• The first step is for voters to cast the ballots , which may be simple single-choice ballots , but other types, such as multiple-choice or ranked ballots may also be used.

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Electoral Politics – Class 9 – Civics

June 24, 2021 by studymumbai Leave a Comment

“Electoral Politics” – ICSE Class 9 – Civics – Notes, Questions and Answers.

The most common form of democracy in our times is for the people to govern through their representatives. In this chapter we will look at how these representatives are elected.

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Why do we need elections?

Elections take place in a democracy regularly. Suppose if we do not have elections then all the people would have to sit together everyday and take all the decisions. But this kind of rule of the people is not possible in any large community nor is it possible for everyone to have the time and knowledge to take decisions on all matters.

Thus, a mechanism is required by which people can choose their representatives at regular intervals and change them if they wish to do so. This mechanism is called Election.

What makes an election democratic?

All democratic countries hold elections. Some non-democratic countries also hold elections. But such elections cannot really be called democratic elections. Let us see some minimum conditions of a democratic election:

• Everyone should have one vote and every vote should have equal value.
• Parties and candidates should be free to contest elections.
• Elections must be held regularly.
• The candidate preferred by the people should get elected.
• Elections should be conducted in a free and fair manner.

Thus, elections are all about political competition. But, is it good to have political competition?

Clearly, an electoral competition has many demerits (disadvantages).

• It creates a sense of disunity.
• Parties and candidates often use dirty tricks to win elections.
• Good people do not want to join politics as they do not like such unhealthy competition.

Our constitution makers were quite aware of all such problems yet they kept the provision of elections as they knew that our political leaders in order to remain in power and positions would definitely do some kind of welfare of the people. Thus, regular elections make political parties and leaders work for the people.

What is our system of elections?

In India, Lok Sabha and Vidhan Sabha (Assembly) elections are held regularly after every five years.

Elections are held in all constituencies at the same time, either on the same day or within a few days. This is called a general election.

Sometimes election is held only for one constituency to fill the vacancy caused by death or resignation of a member. This is called a by-election.

Here, we will focus on general elections. Let us go through the different stages of general elections.

Electoral Constituencies

The country is divided into different areas for purposes of elections. These areas are called electoral constituencies. The voters who live in an area elect one representative. The makers of our constitution thought of a special system of Reserved Constituencies for the weaker sections.

Voters’ list

In a democratic election, the list of those who are eligible to vote is prepared much before the election and given to everyone. This list is officially called the Electoral Roll and is commonly known as the Voters’List.

Nomination of candidates

Political parties nominate their candidates who get the party symbol and support. Every person who wishes to contest an election has to fill a ‘nomination form’ and give some money as ‘security deposit’.

Election Campaign

The main purpose of election is to give people a chance to choose their representatives. So, they need to know who is a better representative and which party will make a better government. This is what happens during election campaigns.

The candidates contact their voters, political leaders address election meetings and political parties mobilize their supporters.

Polling and counting of votes

The final stage of an election is the day when the voters cast or ‘poll’their vote. That day is usually called the election day. Nowadays Electronic Voting Machines (EVM) are used to record votes.

In a general election, usually the counting of votes in all the constituencies takes place at the same time, on the same day. Within a few hours of counting, all the results are declared and it becomes clear as to who will form the next government.

What Makes Elections In India Democratic?

In our country, elections are conducted by an independent and very powerful Election Commission (EC). The Chief Election Commissioner is appointed by the President of India.

• Election Commission takes decisions on every aspect of conduct and control of elections.
• During the election period the EC can order the government to follow some guidelines.
• When on election duty, the government officers work under the control of the EC and not the government.

Acceptance of election outcome

If elections are not free and fair, the outcome (result) always favours the powerful. In such case the ruling party do not lose elections. But in India, the ruling parties routinely lose elections both at the national and state level.

All this leads to a simple conclusion that elections in India are basically free and fair.

Challenges to free and fair elections

If we ask deeper questions then we will see that there are some challenges (problems) which are faced by our elections. Some of them are:

• Candidates and parties with a lot of money enjoy a big advantage over smaller parties.
• Sometimes candidates with criminal connection get a chance to contest elections.
• Some families tend to dominate political parties.
• Citizens get very little choice.
• Smaller parties and independents suffer a huge disadvantage.

These deeper issues are a matter of concern for those who believe in democracy.

Questions and Answers

1. What is the motive of Reserved Constituencies? (a) Right to Vote (b) Right to Life (c) To ensure proper representation to the weaker sections like SC and ST (d) None of these

2. Elections in India for Parliament and State Legislature are conducted by- (a) Prime Minister (b) Chief Justice of India (c) Election Commission of India (d) None of these

Q2. Explain the following terms in two or three sentences: (a) General Election (b) By-election

Q3. Give any two demerits of Electoral Competition.

Q4. What is the Voters’List?

Q5. More questions and answers:

1. How far is it good to have political competition?

Answer: It is good to have political competition.

• In a democracy political leaders know what is good for the people. It motivates them to serve the people.
• Regular electoral competition provides an initiative to political parties and leaders.
• Leaders realize that if they work for people they would become popular and their chance to win would increase.

2. What are the powers and functions of the Election Commission of India?

Answer: Powers and functions of Election Commission of India:

• To conduct and control the election from the announcement of elections to the declaration of the results.
• It implements code of conduct and punishes the candidate or party that violates it.
• To order the government to follow guidelines.
• To prevent use and misuse of government machinery at the time of election.
• When on election duty, government officers work under the control of the EC and not the government.

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How Nebraska could shake up the presidential map: From the Politics Desk

Welcome to the online version of  From the Politics Desk , an evening newsletter that brings you the NBC News Politics team’s latest reporting and analysis from the campaign trail, the White House and Capitol Hill.

In today’s edition, we report on how a potential rule change around Nebraska's electoral votes could have a major effect on the 2024 presidential race. Plus, chief political analyst Chuck Todd explains why late-breaking voters will decide the election.

Sign up to receive this newsletter in your inbox every weekday here.

How Nebraska could shake up the presidential map

By ben kamisar, bridget bowman and allan smith.

Nebraska is far from anyone’s idea of a battleground state, but a potential rule change there could have major ramifications on the outcome of this year’s presidential election. 

Donald Trump and Nebraska Gov. Jim Pillen have called on the state’s Legislature to change the way Nebraska awards its Electoral College votes. While most states dole out all their Electoral College votes to the statewide winner of the presidential vote, Nebraska and Maine give out one electoral vote to the candidate who wins each congressional district.

Do you have a news tip? Let us know

Despite the sudden rush of pressure from top Republicans, it’s unclear if Nebraska’s nonpartisan, unicameral Legislature would be able to make the change before its session ends in two weeks. One GOP state senator filed a previously introduced bill on the topic as an amendment to legislation further along in the process in the hopes of forcing a faster vote on it. But the measure could still face a possible filibuster.

If the change did occur, though, it would have far greater repercussions than it may initially seem.

Joe Biden won an electoral vote from the Omaha-based 2nd Congressional District in 2020, meaning Trump’s 58% support statewide got him four of the five Nebraska electoral votes. Biden went on to win 306 Electoral College votes in 2020 to Trump’s 232, but the landscape has shifted significantly since then. 

Battleground state polling shows states like Arizona, Georgia, Pennsylvania, Michigan, Nevada and Wisconsin — states Trump lost in 2020 — are well within the presumptive Republican nominee’s reach this fall. 

And if Trump is able to win back the key Sun Belt states he lost in 2020 — Arizona, Georgia and Nevada — then Nebraska’s split electoral vote becomes of paramount importance.

In that scenario and with the current rules in Nebraska, Biden would win the presidency with 270 Electoral College votes to Trump’s 268. But if Nebraska awarded all its votes to the statewide winner, that would leave both candidates with 269 votes, an outcome that would send the presidential election to the House of Representatives. 

Jim Messina, who served as then-President Barack Obama’s 2012 campaign manager, criticized the potential move during an appearance on MSNBC’s “Morning Joe” and said that “changing the rules 200 days before the election is ridiculous.”

“There are real simulation problems when you look at the map, that one electoral vote really matters in the combination of other things. Then you need another state. The easiest pathway to victory has always been the Midwestern three states combined with Nebraska,” Messina added.

Read more →

Why the 2024 election is shaping up for a late break

Analysis by chuck todd.

For the next six months, a week won’t go by without three to five poll releases both nationally and in the battleground states. And yet, as much of a numbers junkie as I am, as much of a data nerd I proclaim to be, I’m going to do my best to take every result with a grain of salt. And if I pay attention to anything in these polls, it will be trends that continue for more than two straight polls.

Here’s why: Ultimately, this election is going to be decided by the “double-haters” — those who are sour on both Biden and Trump — and the unenthusiastic partisans. And if history is any guide — shoot, if all of our own lives are any guide — it’s likely we aren’t going to see any significant movement in the polls until the very last minute.

Why do I believe this? It’s basic human nature. When you don’t like doing something that you have to do, you wait until the last possible minute to do it.

We all remember the long paper from high school or college, when we hated some combination of the assignment or the class or the book we had to read but knew we had to focus on it at some point if we wanted to pass the class. Typically, those papers didn’t get done too far in advance.

Double-haters have plenty of incentive to wait if they truly are undecided. Maybe they want to see how Trump’s trials play out. Maybe they want to see how Biden holds up on the trail. Maybe they are waiting to see whom Trump picks as his running mate.

For the double-haters in this election, there is no compelling reason to make a decision early. And figuring out which way these voters lean will be one of the most difficult polling challenges of 2024, as they sit in pollsters’ undecided column until at least October.

🗞️ Today’s top stories

• 🇺🇦 A new ‘litmus test’? Ukraine aid has not only divided Republicans on Capitol Hill, but also emerged as a divisive issue in GOP primaries and a potential “litmus test” for being aligned with Trump. Read more →
• ⚖️ Judicial review: Some Democratic senators have been careful not to join calls for liberal Justice Sonia Sotomayor to retire, but they are for the first time voicing concerns that a Supreme Court vacancy during a GOP administration could lead to a “full MAGA court.” Read more →
• 🚪Tense meeting: Displeasure with Biden's handling of the Israel-Hamas war was on display at a closed-door White House meeting with six Muslim American leaders. Read more →
• 🚫 Denying Trump's claim: Trump said at a campaign event in Michigan on Tuesday that he had spoken to the family of Ruby Garcia, a 25-year-old woman who was allegedly murdered by an undocumented immigrant. But Garcia's sister said Trump didn't speak with anyone from the family. Read more →
• 🦡 On Wisconsin: Trump also returned to Wisconsin on Tuesday for the first time in nearly two years, falsely claiming that he won the state in 2020. Meanwhile, voters approved two GOP-backed ballot measures changing election administration in the state. Read more →
• 👀 A Washington return? Several candidates running for office this year were involved in the Jan. 6, 2021, riot at the U.S. Capitol or attended Trump’s White House rally that preceded it. Read more →
• 💲 [Insert corporate jargon here]: The New York Times explores Biden’s “alternatively cozy and combative relationship” with corporate leaders. Read more →

That’s all from The Politics Desk for now. If you have feedback — likes or dislikes — email us at [email protected]

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