extended essay biology plants

IB Biology EE examples

Filter exemplars, how do different concentrations of punica granatum extracts: peel, flower and leaves (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 mg/ml) affect the rate of reaction of α-amylase and compare with metformin (anti-diabetic drug) as measured by a spectrophotometer at 587nm, to what extent do extracts of allium sativum (garlic) and zingiber officinale (ginger) reduce antimicrobial activity and how effective it is compared to antibiotics, want to get full marks for your ee allow us to review it for you 🎯, to what extent does performing the dance styles, cha cha, viennese waltz, and modern contemporary affect human fitness levels as measured by oxygen consumption (vo2) and maximum heart rate (bpm), how effective is the cone repair technique when treating ebstein’s anomaly in comparison to other treatments, how does juice from garlic allium sativum cloves prepared in different ways (fresh raw, crushed one day prior, cooked, kept in oil, fermented in brine and fermented (black garlic)) affect the growth of a non-pathogenic strain of escherichia coli, fast track your coursework with mark schemes moderated by ib examiners. upgrade now 🚀, to what extent does the presence of acetaminophen (tylenol), polymixin b (polysporin), and diphenhydramine hydrochloride (benadryl) in the growth medium of cotoneaster acutifolius affect the average change in leaf length over a period of 15 days in five different concentrations, to what extent do different concentrations of magnesium nitrate (10, 20, 30, 40, 50 mm) affect the concentration of chlorophyll a and b in ocimum basilicum at 645 nm and 662 nm wavelength using spectrophotometer, what is the effect of salinity stress (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 mm nacl) measured through microscopic (stomatal aperture) and morphological (leaf area, leaf dry mass, and root length) characteristics on pre-treated radish (raphanus sativus) seeds with magnetopriming (48 hours), how is the number of errors made by participants when attempting to distinguish between the temperature of two different water baths influenced by the hours slept within a 24-hour period, to what extent do different species of chili pepper consumption biologically affect the rate of lipid digestion in terms of ph change within 30 minutes, to what extent do phytochemicals such as resveratrol, glyceollin and epigallocatechin-3-gallate (egcg) possess comparable antibacterial effects against staphylococcus aureus bacteria to a non-prescription otitis externa (oe) treatments such as ciprofloxacin using bacillus subtilis as a prokaryotic model organism, to what extent is blood pressure related to the development of alzheimer’s disease in people in age above 50, to what extent do bioinformatic tools such as cb dock 2 and chimera help in the analysis of phytochemicals (calotropone, quercetin, thymoquinone) compared to allopathic drugs (gemcitabine, olaparib, fluorouracil) against target receptors of pancreatic cancer (human glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase 1 (got1), threonine-protein kinase bub1, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma), to what extent does inhaling e-cigarettes affect the lungs’ vital capacity of high school students in jakarta, estudio sobre el efecto de la crema dental utilizada para el cepillado de los dientes como inhibidor en la actividad enzimática de la alfa amilasa salival, how can the frameshift mutation caused by a deletion that affects the human body's melanocortin receptor gene (mcr) and leptin receptor gene (lepr) induce monogenetic obesity, to what extent does high intensity interval training (hiit) effect the maximum oxygen uptake (vo2max) in sedentary populations, investigating the effects of oil spillages on plants, to what extent does varying the duration (0 mins, 5 mins, 10 mins, 15 mins, 20 mins, 25 mins) at which a 25% solution consisting of ethanol-dissolved ayurvedic spices (curcumin and black cumin) is maintained at 60°c affect the antimicrobial activity of these spices against a k12 strain of escherichia coli, what effect do differing concentrations of the growth hormone gibberellic acid, have on the growth and mortality rates of pulses, common beans (phaseolus vulgaris l.) and common peas (pisum sativum l. (partim)), how do different concentrations of two cytokinin hormones: kinetin (0.5, 1 and 1.5 mg/l) and 6-benzylaminopurine (1.5, 2 and 2.5 mg / l) affect the growth of lactuca sativa, measured by height, number of leaves and dry mass, separately and combined over 5 weeks, to what extent is frequent consumption of ultra processed food related to prevalence of overweight and obesity among high school and college students, in poland and in thailand, how does the pollution of oestrogens into freshwater systems affect the biological processes of fathead minnows, to what extent does the abundance of hormosira banksii influence biodiversity at different positions on the intertidal rocky shore, how does the duration of exposure time to ultraviolet light affect the growth of saccharomyces cerevisiae, to what extent do various concentrations of piper betle extract (1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%) affect the enzymatic activity of the digestive enzyme amylase, protease and lipase on their substrates (starch, casein and milk) in the the process of digestion and the estimation of vitamin c concentration in piper betle, ¿cómo los cambios en la luminosidad con niveles de 0, 2 500 y 5 000 lux, en focos de 25 y 50 watts respectivamente, afectan a la fijación de dióxido de carbono (co2) en la sansevieria trifasciata zeylanica biología nm, knowing that fingerprints are always different, but the core is identical, to what extent is it possible to see other similarities between the minutiae of close family members, to what extent does irrigation with carbonated water affect the ferric ion (fe3+) nutrient content of brassica oleracea ‘black tuscany’ microgreens, ¿cómo se estudia el angioedema hereditario, su diagnóstico, tratamiento, síntomas y etiología en humanos, to what extent does the efficiency of lactase enzyme found in different types and brands of dietary supplements (vitaplus innolact lactase dietary supplement film-coated tablet, millandjoy lactase enzyme chewable tablets, lactase comfort drops, dr. chen soft capsule, sanct bernhard lactase enzyme capsule) differ if the prescribed dosage used, measured as the amount of glucose produced after being treated with different supplements in a given time period (30sec, 60sec, 90sec, 120sec, 150sec), how do different concentrations of salicylic acid (1mm and 1m) affect growth of radishes (raphanus sativus), under drought, osmotic and cold stress, as well as normal conditions, the impact of ph on chlorella vulgaris, the effect of sucrose concentration on the percentage change in carbon dioxide during ethanol(yeast fermentation), to what extent does animal rennetassist lactic acid bacteria in the fermentation of milk during the production of cheese curds, what is the effect of seawater mixture (0%, 5%, 10%) on the germination of black chickpeas (cicer arietinum), green gram (vigna radiata) and fenugreek (trigonella foenum-graecum) for 5 days and their subsequent growth when watered using tap water for 10 days where growth was measured by plant height (±0.05 cm) and dry mass (±0.001 g), the digestion rate of oatmeal after different pre-soaking treatments and its correlation to glycemic index, how do different nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium (npk) ratios (1:1:1, 2:1:1, 2:2:1 and water) in aqueous fertilisers affect growth (as measured through a mitotic index) of the onion (allium cepa), over a 5- week period, in a hydroponics set up, to what extent does varying concentrations of the hormone progesterone promote the short term growth of egeria densa.

Biology Extended Essay Topics and RQs for IBDP

Table of contents

• Writing Metier

It’s time for our exploration of Biology extended essay topics, a resource designed to spark your curiosity and guide your research interests in the vast and vibrant field of biology. 

Whether you’re fascinated by the intricate workings of ecosystems or intrigued by the complexities of cellular processes, this article offers a diverse range of topics collected by expert academic writers to suit your interests. 

NB! If you need assistance with your Biology assignments, you can use our biology essay writing service , which will surely assist you. Now, let’s get back to the main question of the article – BIO EE topic ideas.

Bio EE topic categories

List of biology extended essay topic categories I’ll cover in this article.

• Impact of Urban Development on Local Ecosystems – Investigating the effects of urban expansion on biodiversity in a specific area.
• Marine Biology and Ocean Acidification – Studying the impact of changing pH levels on marine life.
• Invasive Species and Their Impact on Biodiversity – Analyzing how a particular invasive species has affected native wildlife.
• Conservation Efforts for Endangered Species – Evaluating the effectiveness of current conservation strategies for a specific endangered species.
• Climate Change and Its Effects on Ecosystems – Researching how a particular ecosystem has been impacted by climate change.
• Nutrition and Diet’s Impact on Human Health – Exploring the effects of a specific diet on human health.
• Exercise Physiology – Investigating how different types of exercise affect a particular aspect of human health.
• Neurobiology of Sleep – Studying the effects of sleep patterns on cognitive functions.
• Genetic Factors in Diseases – Exploring the role of genetics in the susceptibility to a specific disease.
• Impact of Environmental Factors on Allergies – Analyzing how environmental changes have influenced the prevalence of allergies.
• Gene Expression in Cancer Cells – Investigating how gene expression differs in cancerous versus normal cells.
• Protein Synthesis and Its Regulation – Studying the regulation of protein synthesis in a specific organism or cell type.
• Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine – Exploring the potential of stem cells in treating a specific condition.
• Viral Replication and Host Interaction – Examining how a particular virus replicates and interacts with its host.
• DNA Repair Mechanisms – Investigating the efficacy of different DNA repair mechanisms under various conditions.
• Photosynthesis Variations Among Plant Species – Comparing photosynthetic efficiency in different plant species.
• Impact of Climate Change on Plant Growth – Studying how changing climates affect the growth of a specific plant species.
• Medicinal Properties of Plants – Investigating the medicinal properties of a specific plant.
• Plant Defense Mechanisms Against Pathogens – Exploring how a particular plant species defends itself against pathogens.
• Genetic Modification and Crop Improvement – Analyzing the impacts of genetic modification on a specific crop’s traits.
• Social Behavior in Insects – Studying the social structures and behaviors of a specific insect species.
• Bird Migration Patterns – Investigating the factors influencing migration patterns of a specific bird species.
• Physiological Adaptations in Marine Mammals – Exploring adaptations that enable marine mammals to survive in their environments.
• Impact of Environmental Stressors on Animal Behavior – Analyzing how specific stressors affect the behavior of a particular animal species.
• Endocrine Regulation in Animals – Studying how the endocrine system regulates processes in a specific animal.
• Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria – Investigating the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in a specific bacterial strain.
• Use of Microorganisms in Bioremediation – Exploring the use of microorganisms in cleaning up environmental pollutants.
• Genetic Engineering and Its Applications – Analyzing the applications and implications of genetic engineering in a specific field.
• Role of Microbiome in Human Health – Studying how the human microbiome influences health and disease.
• Yeast Fermentation and Its Industrial Applications – Investigating the fermentation process in yeast and its uses in industry.
• Evolutionary Adaptations to Environmental Changes – Exploring how a particular species has adapted to environmental changes over time.
• Genetic Diversity and Population Health – Studying the impact of genetic diversity on the health of a specific population.
• Molecular Basis of Inheritance – Investigating the molecular mechanisms of inheritance in a specific organism.
• Speciation and Genetic Drift – Analyzing the role of genetic drift in the speciation process.
• Human Evolutionary Biology – Studying aspects of human evolution, such as the development of specific traits.

Every category and its subcategories provide a comprehensive overview, from the microscopic wonders of microbiology to the grand scale of evolutionary biology. 

With the help of our IB writers team, I have managed to collect all these ideas for you, so I hope you will be enjoying this. I aim to inspire your investigative spirit and help you select a topic that  satisfies the IB criteria  and aligns with your passion for biology. 

IB Bio extended essay topics

So, let’s begin with a list of IB Biology EE topics list.

Ecology and Environmental Science

I’m stoked to talk about Ecology and Environmental Science . It’s all about how living things interact with each other and their surroundings. Think of it like a complex dance of life, where every move affects the whole scene. 

From the hustle and bustle of city ecosystems to the quiet, yet dynamic, world of marine biology, we’ll explore how these interactions shape our planet. We’ll also explore the hot topics of invasive species and their impacts, the heroic efforts in conservation, and the big elephant in the room – climate change. 

So, let’s get ready to explore the intricate tapestry of life that makes our world fascinating!

Impact of Urban Development on Local Ecosystems

• Research Question: How does the presence of urban green spaces affect bird species diversity in [City Name]?
• Research Question: What impact do urban heat islands have on the behavior and distribution of [Specific Animal Species] in [City Name]?

Marine Biology and Ocean Acidification

• Research Question: How does ocean acidification affect coral bleaching events in the [Specific Coral Reef Location]?
• Research Question: What is the impact of increasing ocean acidification on the shell growth and survival of [Specific Shellfish Species]?

Invasive Species and Their Impact on Biodiversity

• Research Question: What has been the impact of the invasive Zebra Mussel on native species in the Great Lakes?
• Research Question: How do invasive plant species [Specify Species] affect the growth and survival of native plants in [Specific Region]?

Conservation Efforts for Endangered Species

• Research Question: How effective have conservation strategies been in increasing the population of the Giant Panda in China?
• Research Question: What are the impacts of anti-poaching measures on the survival of Rhinoceros populations in Africa?

Climate Change and Its Effects on Ecosystems

• Research Question: How is the melting of Arctic sea ice affecting the habitat and migration patterns of polar bears?
• Research Question: What are the effects of rising global temperatures on plant and animal life in the Alpine ecosystems?

Transitioning from the external world of Ecology and Environmental Science, we now turn to the internal intricacies of Human Physiology and Health. 

This shift brings us from exploring external ecosystems to understanding our body’s inner workings, a world where lifestyle choices meet biological responses.

Human Physiology and Health

Let’s chat about Human Physiology and Health, the amazing science of how our bodies work and how we keep them ticking. We’re diving headfirst into the world of nutrition and diet – what you eat isn’t just about taste, it’s about your health too! 

Then, we’ll check out how exercise, that thing we all know we should do more of, affects our bodies in awesome ways. Ever wondered about the science of sleep and how it messes with your brain when you don’t catch enough Z’s? We’ll cover that, along with the mysteries of genetics in diseases, and how our environment plays a sneaky role in triggering allergies. 

It’s going to be an eye-opening ride through the wonders of our bodies!

Nutrition and Diet’s Impact on Human Health

• Research Question: How does adherence to the Mediterranean diet affect cardiovascular health indicators in adults?
• Research Question: What is the impact of a long-term vegan diet on nutrient absorption and health in teenagers?

Exercise Physiology

• Research Question: How does HIIT affect cardiovascular fitness in young adults?
• Research Question: What are the effects of regular yoga practice on stress and anxiety levels in college students?

Neurobiology of Sleep

• Research Question: How does sleep deprivation impact cognitive performance and memory in high school students?
• Research Question: What is the relationship between sleep patterns and academic performance in IB students?

Genetic Factors in Diseases

• Research Question: How do specific genetic factors contribute to the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease?
• Research Question: What is the contribution of genetics to the onset of Type 2 Diabetes in populations with high prevalence rates?

Impact of Environmental Factors on Allergies

• Research Question: What is the correlation between air pollution levels and the prevalence of respiratory allergies in urban children?
• Research Question: How has climate change influenced the prevalence and severity of allergic diseases in [Specific Region]?

Moving from Human Physiology and Health, we zoom into the realm of Cellular and Molecular Biology. 

Here, we swap the broader human health perspective for a closer look at life’s building blocks, delving into the microscopic universe that operates within every living being.

Cellular and Molecular Biology

Ready to geek out on Cellular and Molecular Biology? This is where we get down to the nitty-gritty of life – the cells and molecules that make up every living thing. 

We’re talking about the big bad world of cancer cells and what makes them tick, the fascinating process of how our cells make proteins, and the cutting-edge stuff like stem cell research and how viruses play a game of cat and mouse with our bodies. 

Meanwhile, make sure also to check our article with biology research paper topics for all students.

Plus, we’ll unravel the mysteries of how our cells fix their own DNA. It’s like being a detective, but for biology. Trust me, it’s cooler than it sounds!

Gene Expression in Cancer Cells

• Research Question: How does gene expression in breast cancer cells differ from that in normal breast tissue?
• Research Question: What role do specific oncogenes play in the development of colorectal cancer?

Protein Synthesis and Its Regulation

• Research Question: How is protein synthesis regulated in response to physical exercise in human muscle cells?
• Research Question: How do bacterial cells regulate protein synthesis under environmental stress conditions?

Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine

• Research Question: What is the potential of stem cell therapy in the treatment of Parkinson’s Disease?
• Research Question: How can stem cells be used to repair damaged heart tissue?

Viral Replication and Host Interaction

• Research Question: How does HIV replicate within human cells, and what is its impact on the immune system?
• Research Question: How does the Influenza virus adapt to host immune responses over time?

DNA Repair Mechanisms

• Research Question: How do DNA repair mechanisms change as human cells age?
• Research Question: How effective are DNA repair mechanisms in skin cells exposed to different levels of UV radiation?

After diving into the microcosm of cells and molecules, we transition to Plant Biology. 

This shift steers us from the foundations of life at the cellular level to the diverse world of plants, exploring how these organisms harness and embody basic biological principles.

Plant Biology

Let’s dive into the world of Plant Biology! Plants are not just pretty to look at; they’re the backbone of all life on Earth. 

We’ll be talking about how they turn sunlight into food – a process that’s as important as it is fascinating. Ever wonder how plants are coping with our changing climate or what superpowers medicinal plants have? We’ve got that covered. 

We’ll also explore the secret life of plants, how they defend themselves against enemies, and the science behind making them stronger and better through genetic modification. 

It’s time to get our hands dirty and uncover the secrets of the plant world!

Photosynthesis Variations Among Plant Species

• Research Question: How does photosynthetic efficiency compare between C3 and C4 plants under varying light conditions?
• Research Question: What is the effect of varying light intensities on the rate of photosynthesis in [Specific Aquatic Plant Species]?

Impact of Climate Change on Plant Growth

• Research Question: How are Arctic tundra plants adapting their growth patterns in response to global warming?
• Research Question: What is the impact of elevated atmospheric CO2 levels on the growth of [Specific Plant Species]?

Medicinal Properties of Plants

• Research Question: What are the anti-inflammatory properties of [Specific Medicinal Plant] and how can they be harnessed?
• Research Question: What is the antioxidant capacity of different herbal teas, and how does it affect human health?

Plant Defense Mechanisms Against Pathogens

• Research Question: How do [Specific Plant Species] defend themselves against fungal infections?
• Research Question: What role do secondary metabolites play in the defense mechanisms of [Specific Plant Species] against herbivores?

Genetic Modification and Crop Improvement

• Research Question: How effective are genetically modified crops in resisting drought conditions compared to traditional varieties?
• Research Question: What is the impact of genetic modification on the nutrient content of [Specific Crop]?

From the stationary life of plants, we now step into the dynamic world of Animal Behavior and Physiology. This change of scene introduces us to the complex behaviors and physiological adaptations of animals, offering a contrasting perspective to plant biology.

Animal Behavior and Physiology

Let’s jump into the wild and wonderful world of Animal Behavior and Physiology. This is where we get to spy on the animal kingdom and learn about their secret lives. 

From the social gossip of insects to the globe-trotting adventures of migratory birds, animals have some amazing stories to tell. 

We’ll also look at how marine animals have adapted to their deep and mysterious homes, how animals respond when their environment goes bonkers, and the hormonal soap operas that dictate their lives. 

It’s like being a fly on the wall in the most interesting nature documentary ever!

Social Behavior in Insects

• Research Question: How does the social structure of honeybee colonies affect their survival and productivity?
• Research Question: What are the primary communication mechanisms used in ant colonies, and how do they impact colony efficiency?

Bird Migration Patterns

• Research Question: How has climate change affected the migration routes of [Specific Bird Species]?
• Research Question: How do magnetic fields influence the migration patterns of [Specific Bird Species]?

Physiological Adaptations in Marine Mammals

• Research Question: What physiological adaptations allow sperm whales to dive to extreme depths?
• Research Question: How do polar bears regulate their body temperature in the Arctic environment?

Impact of Environmental Stressors on Animal Behavior

• Research Question: How does underwater noise pollution affect the behavior and communication of dolphins?
• Research Question: What are the effects of urban light pollution on the nocturnal activities of [Specific Nocturnal Animal Species]?

Endocrine Regulation in Animals

• Research Question: How do hormones regulate the reproductive behaviors in [Specific Bird Species]?
• Research Question: How do stress-induced cortisol levels affect the behavior of [Specific Wild Animal Species] in their natural habitat?

Leaving the observable world of animals, we enter the less visible but equally important sphere of Microbiology and Biotechnology. This transition takes us from larger life forms to the microscopic, where tiny organisms significantly impact our health, environment, and technology.

Microbiology and Biotechnology

Alright, microbe hunters and tech wizards, it’s time to zoom in on Microbiology and Biotechnology. This is the world of the tiny, where bacteria and viruses hang out, and where science meets innovation . 

We’re going to explore the battleground of antibiotic resistance, how we can use tiny organisms to clean up our messes, and the mind-blowing possibilities of genetic engineering. 

Ever thought about how your gut buddies – the microbiome – affect your health? We’ll get into that too, along with the yeast party that’s behind some of your favorite bread and beverages.

Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria

• Research Question: What factors have contributed to the rise of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in hospitals?
• Research Question: What are the primary mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli strains found in [Specific Environment]?

Use of Microorganisms in Bioremediation

• Research Question: How effective are specific bacterial species in the bioremediation of oil spills?
• Research Question: What is the effectiveness of using fungi in the phytoremediation of soils contaminated with heavy metals?

Genetic Engineering and Its Applications

• Research Question: What is the potential of CRISPR-Cas9 technology in preventing genetic diseases?
• Research Question: How has genetic engineering been used to enhance the nutritional quality of [Specific Crop]?

Role of Microbiome in Human Health

• Research Question: What is the relationship between the gut microbiome and obesity in adults?
• Research Question: How does the diversity of the human microbiome affect immune system functioning?

Yeast Fermentation and Its Industrial Applications

• Research Question: How efficient is yeast fermentation in the production of biofuels compared to traditional methods?
• Research Question: How do different yeast strains affect the flavor profiles in beer brewing?

Finally, we shift from the practical applications in Microbiology and Biotechnology to the historical narrative of Evolution and Genetics. This move links present-day biological understanding to the historical journey of life, unraveling how genetic heritage and evolutionary processes shape all living things.

Evolution and Genetics

Ready to unravel the tales of Evolution and Genetics? This is where we figure out how life on Earth got to be as diverse and fantastic as it is. We’ll be exploring the incredible adaptations organisms have made to survive and thrive, how genetic diversity is crucial for the health of species, and the molecular secrets behind inheritance. 

Ever pondered how new species come into being or what genetics reveal about our own ancient history ? Well, you’re in for a treat. We’re about to walk through time and genes to discover the roots and branches of the tree of life. Buckle up!

Evolutionary Adaptations to Environmental Changes

• Research Question: What evolutionary adaptations have enabled cacti to thrive in harsh desert environments?
• Research Question: How have Galápagos finches undergone adaptive radiation in response to their environment?

Genetic Diversity and Population Health

• Research Question: How does genetic diversity affect the health and survival of animal populations on isolated islands?
• Research Question: How can conservation genetics be used to enhance the survival prospects of [Specific Endangered Species]?

Molecular Basis of Inheritance

• Research Question: What is the molecular basis of inheritance for Sickle Cell Anemia?
• Research Question: How can mitochondrial DNA be used to trace maternal lineage in human populations?

Speciation and Genetic Drift

• Research Question: What role has genetic drift played in the speciation of cichlids in Lake Victoria?
• Research Question: How does genetic drift affect the genetic diversity of small, isolated animal populations?

Human Evolutionary Biology

• Research Question: What evolutionary factors contributed to the development of bipedalism in early humans?
• Research Question: What are the key genetic adaptations that enable humans to live at high altitudes?

These topics and questions aim to inspire in-depth exploration and research, allowing students to delve into various aspects of biology, from molecular to ecosystem levels. 

Use them as an inspiration for your future Ib extended essay.

Select your topic wisely!

The world of biology is rich with diverse topics suitable for an Extended Essay. From the tiny intricacies of cellular biology to the broad complexities of environmental science, each area offers a unique perspective and a chance for in-depth exploration . 

The key to a successful essay is choosing a topic that not only interests you but also challenges your analytical and research skills.

Need Extra Support?

If you’re seeking guidance with your topic selection, or if you need assistance in writing or editing your Biology Extended Essay , our team at Writing Metier is here to help. 

Our experienced IB writers are equipped to provide the support you need to refine your ideas and enhance your writing. Contact us for personalized assistance, or simply fill out our online order form with details of your IB EE and ensure your essay is a reflection of your best efforts.

Free topic suggestions

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Vasyl Kafidoff is a co-founder and CEO at WritingMetier. He is interested in education and how modern technology makes it more accessible. He wants to bring awareness about new learning possibilities as an educational specialist. When Vasy is not working, he’s found behind a drum kit.

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Extended Essay: Sciences: Biology

• Step 1 - Choosing a Subject
• Step 2 - Choosing a Topic
• Step 3 - Draft a Research Question
• Step 4 - Finding Sources
• Step 5 - Evaluating Information
• Step 6 - Bibliography & Citation
• Step 7 - Organizing Information
• The Arts: Visual Arts
• Individuals & Societies: Business Management
• Individuals & Societies: History
• Individuals & Societies: Psychology
• Language Acquisition
• Language and Literature
• Sciences: Biology
• Sciences: Sports, Exercise, and Health Sciences
• Interdisciplinary Papers: World Studies
• Assessment Criteria
• Research Questions
• Investigation

Extended Essay in Biology

Extended Essays in Biology

Choosing a topic

Choosing a Topic

Biology is the science that deals with living organisms and life processes. A biology EE should incorporate biological theory and emphasize why it is relevant today.

The topic must relates specifically to biology. Many topics can be approached from different viewpoints, but for an EE in biology the treatment of the topic must be clearly biological. For example, an EE in an interdisciplinary area such as biochemistry will, if registered under the subject of biology, be judged solely on its biological content.

Disease, for example, could be considered through many different lenses. A biology paper about diseases would focus on their impact on particular organisms or life processes, and not on medical treatment, or the economic effects of the disease on society.

Approaches to research

Primary Research

Essays in biology may be based on data collected by the student through:

Essays that involve lab work, or fieldwork, should include a clear and concise description of the experimental procedure. Students taking an experimental approach must also consult secondary sources.

Secondary Research

Students can base their essays on data or information obtained from literature (secondary studies). However, in this case they should use the data in an original way. Essays that simply restate facts or data taken directly from the sources are of little value.

Biology Sources

Even students doing primary research will still need to reference secondary sources. And students relying entirely on secondary sources will need to find sources not only of written information but also experimental data which they can analyze.

Writing the Essay

An essay in the sciences requires is more than just generating and presenting data. Analysis of the data is also essential. The main body of the essay should consist of an argument or evaluation based on the data or information presented . You can gather your own data through a variety of methods, or rely on secondary data. You should use graphs, tables, or diagrams to point out the significance of your findings.

You should ensure that the main body of the essay is well structured and has an obvious logical progression. You can use numbered and headed paragraphs to impose a clear structure. Your evaluation should show that you understand the the data they have collected and its significance to the world.

In your analysis, you should also describe and explain the limitations imposed on the research by factors such as

• the suitability and reliability of the sources accessed
• accuracy and precision of measuring equipment
• sample size
• validity and reliability of statistics

Students  should also consider biological limitations such as:

• those arising from the problem of repeatability and control when using living material
• the difficulties of generalizing from research based on a single type of organism or environment.

Exceptions for Safety and Academic Honesty

Safety and Ethics in Choosing a Topic

In all cases where human subjects are used as the basis for an investigation, clear evidence of informed consent must be provided in accordance with the IB guidelines.

Some topics may be inadmissible because their means of investigation are unethical. For example, investigations that:

• are based on experiments likely to inflict pain on, or cause stress to, living organisms
• are likely to have a harmful effect on health, eg culturing micro-organisms at or near body temperature (37°C)
• involve access to, or publication of, confidential medical information.

Some topics may be unsuitable because of safety issues. Adequate safety apparatus and qualified supervision is required for experiments involving dangerous substances such as:

• toxic or dangerous chemicals
• carcinogenic substances
• radioactive materials.

Other topics may be unsuitable because the outcome is already well known and documented in standard textbooks.

Assessed Student Work

• The Antimicrobial Effects of Metals Copper, Barium and Silver on the Growth of Bacteria
• Effects of different calcium salts in growth solutions on the growth of the stems of basil (Ocimum basilicum) plants grown hydroponically
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What I learned from messing up my biology extended essay

Each year we invite IB alumni to share their experiences, interests and advice with our global community in the  graduate voices  series. We welcome Diploma Programme (DP) graduate Lim Hui Yuan to share some tips and advice to DP students completing their extended essays after completing her DP education at Hwa Chong International School .

By Lim Hui Yuan

I’m sure all the current and past IB students know the hardship of completing an Extended Essay (EE). And for those who are not familiar with EE, it is actually “ an independent, self-directed piece of research ”, which culminates into a 4,000-word paper.

To many (including me), EE was a real boot camp training because of the effort and tenacity it requires one to possess. Well, it was quite daunting a time for me, BUT—I have to admit that I learned a lot from messing up my project. Looking back, the nine months I spent on my EE was indeed an endurance experience.

Here are my takeaways from almost failing my Biology EE. Some of them might be relevant to other EE subjects, but they mainly revolve around the challenges I personally faced.

Knowing what you’re interested in isn’t always that easy

They always say, “follow your heart”

“Pick a project topic that you are interested in.”

Sometimes, we might not even know what our heart wants and where our interests actually lie. We students face a dilemma when choosing an EE subject or topic in the same way we are confused when standing at the junction of deciding which university path to choose.

There is a plethora of topics that we could work on, but not all of them could keep us motivated for more than half a year. I chose, “The Efficacy of Natural Plant Extracts and Commercial Disinfectants in Reducing Bacterial Growth.”

I like to think of it like becoming a gardener. Your project starts off small, you have to nurture it, and once the research topic is settled, it just keeps growing. In the end, you’ll have an EE that has grown from just a tiny seed into a big plant you are really proud of.

Nevertheless, I came to realise that no matter what topic you choose, as long as you pour your heart into it, you will not regret the outcome.

Asking yourself, “ why do I want to do this project?” helps to keep you on the right track (even if the answer was “to get a good grade”).

Failing is more common than succeeding

After diving into my biology EE, I realised how easy it was to carry out experiments in class compared to conducting your research project. There’s no lab manual you can simply refer to. Instead, you have to create your own recipe , adapting from previous work. And since it’s your own custom-made experiment, you can never predict how the results will turn out.

As much as you try to fix the controlled variables, it seems like you can’t control the outcome of the study.

In my case, I expected some of the plant extracts to show antibacterial properties. However, I underestimated how mischievous the bacteria can be, contaminating all my plant samples.

I took the success of the experiment for granted.

This bump went on for over five months. At one point, I was so traumatised by the lack of progress that I couldn’t bring myself into the lab. Frustrated and drained, I was on the verge of giving up.

Here’s when you should take a breather to flush away the negative emotions and reset everything—including your impression of the project itself.

Learn to move on

Just as the wise Ryan Higa mentioned, “ here’s a bridge; now, get over it ”.

Whatever will happen has happened and all you can do is to move on.

After getting yourself ready for a fresh start, you should turn on troubleshoot mode and make amendments to your procedures. Try to pinpoint the problem and then search for plausible solutions to tackle it. The trial and error method is the only way!

Imagine beginning to piece a puzzle together; you usually know what the big picture looks like first before connecting the parts. The same applies to your EE. Plan ahead.

Set mini-deadlines as you draft your action plan. The timeline is essential so that you don’t feel too overwhelmed by a load of work (especially when you have a month left to write your EE after getting your results, which was exactly my case).

Be careful not to be too optimistic with the progress of your experiments. I expected and planned that mine would take at most two months to finish, but I completely neglected some time factors such as time needed for the bacteria to incubate, to make the agar plates, the opening hours of the lab (which leaves me only a few hours after school), and of course , failures.

You may have a supervisor to nag you about your EE progress. However, once you’re out of high school, nobody will be there to alarm you and snoozing off will cost you more than just your grades.

You’re not alone on this

If it weren’t for my EE supervisor and friends, I would’ve given up.

My EE supervisor kept encouraging me and taught me how to endure an initial lack of results, and I’ve learned since then that this is actually a norm of scientific research . One of my best friends, who was also doing a biology EE, took his time to teach me how to write a biology EE amidst his busy schedule (you know who you are, thank you!).

Remember to discuss your difficulties to your advisor or friends; they’ll be your pillar of support.

EE is not only here to prepare you for undergraduate research, but also provide a resilient attitude for life, in general.

Honestly, I’m quite grateful that I faced so many problems during the process. It feels like playing a game with many obstacles and overcoming each hurdle leads you to a higher-level ranking. I am, by no means, a “Legend”, but I’ve certainly passed the “Rookie” level.

P.S. Remember to pat yourself on the back after completing your EE. After all, you’ve shed blood, sweat and tears into raising your seedling into a plant.

Lim Hui Yuan is a graduate of Hwa Chong International School , Singapore. She is currently pursuing her degree in science, specifically a major in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, at the University of Hong Kong. She likes to experiment with new things and loves dancing and cooking. Also, you can find her binge-watching dramas most of the time.

To hear more from Diploma Programme (DP) graduates check out these  IB programme stories. If you are an IB grad and want to share your story, write to us at [email protected].  We appreciate your support in sharing IB stories and invite you to connect with us on LinkedIn , Twitter and now Instagram !

If you enjoyed this story, consider reading more below:

#alumnistory , Graduate Voices , Top stories

About the IB

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Sat / act prep online guides and tips, the complete ib extended essay guide: examples, topics, and ideas.

International Baccalaureate (IB)

IB students around the globe fear writing the Extended Essay, but it doesn't have to be a source of stress! In this article, I'll get you excited about writing your Extended Essay and provide you with the resources you need to get an A on it.

If you're reading this article, I'm going to assume you're an IB student getting ready to write your Extended Essay. If you're looking at this as a potential future IB student, I recommend reading our introductory IB articles first, including our guide to what the IB program is and our full coverage of the IB curriculum .

IB Extended Essay: Why Should You Trust My Advice?

I myself am a recipient of an IB Diploma, and I happened to receive an A on my IB Extended Essay. Don't believe me? The proof is in the IBO pudding:

If you're confused by what this report means, EE is short for Extended Essay , and English A1 is the subject that my Extended Essay topic coordinated with. In layman's terms, my IB Diploma was graded in May 2010, I wrote my Extended Essay in the English A1 category, and I received an A grade on it.

What Is the Extended Essay in the IB Diploma Programme?

The IB Extended Essay, or EE , is a mini-thesis you write under the supervision of an IB advisor (an IB teacher at your school), which counts toward your IB Diploma (learn more about the major IB Diploma requirements in our guide) . I will explain exactly how the EE affects your Diploma later in this article.

For the Extended Essay, you will choose a research question as a topic, conduct the research independently, then write an essay on your findings . The essay itself is a long one—although there's a cap of 4,000 words, most successful essays get very close to this limit.

Keep in mind that the IB requires this essay to be a "formal piece of academic writing," meaning you'll have to do outside research and cite additional sources.

The IB Extended Essay must include the following:

• A title page
• Contents page
• Introduction
• Body of the essay
• References and bibliography

Additionally, your research topic must fall into one of the six approved DP categories , or IB subject groups, which are as follows:

• Group 1: Studies in Language and Literature
• Group 2: Language Acquisition
• Group 3: Individuals and Societies
• Group 4: Sciences
• Group 5: Mathematics
• Group 6: The Arts

Once you figure out your category and have identified a potential research topic, it's time to pick your advisor, who is normally an IB teacher at your school (though you can also find one online ). This person will help direct your research, and they'll conduct the reflection sessions you'll have to do as part of your Extended Essay.

As of 2018, the IB requires a "reflection process" as part of your EE supervision process. To fulfill this requirement, you have to meet at least three times with your supervisor in what the IB calls "reflection sessions." These meetings are not only mandatory but are also part of the formal assessment of the EE and your research methods.

According to the IB, the purpose of these meetings is to "provide an opportunity for students to reflect on their engagement with the research process." Basically, these meetings give your supervisor the opportunity to offer feedback, push you to think differently, and encourage you to evaluate your research process.

The final reflection session is called the viva voce, and it's a short 10- to 15-minute interview between you and your advisor. This happens at the very end of the EE process, and it's designed to help your advisor write their report, which factors into your EE grade.

Here are the topics covered in your viva voce :

• A check on plagiarism and malpractice
• Your reflection on your project's successes and difficulties
• Your reflection on what you've learned during the EE process

Your completed Extended Essay, along with your supervisor's report, will then be sent to the IB to be graded. We'll cover the assessment criteria in just a moment.

We'll help you learn how to have those "lightbulb" moments...even on test day!  

What Should You Write About in Your IB Extended Essay?

You can technically write about anything, so long as it falls within one of the approved categories listed above.

It's best to choose a topic that matches one of the IB courses , (such as Theatre, Film, Spanish, French, Math, Biology, etc.), which shouldn't be difficult because there are so many class subjects.

Here is a range of sample topics with the attached extended essay:

• Biology: The Effect of Age and Gender on the Photoreceptor Cells in the Human Retina
• Chemistry: How Does Reflux Time Affect the Yield and Purity of Ethyl Aminobenzoate (Benzocaine), and How Effective is Recrystallisation as a Purification Technique for This Compound?
• English: An Exploration of Jane Austen's Use of the Outdoors in Emma
• Geography: The Effect of Location on the Educational Attainment of Indigenous Secondary Students in Queensland, Australia
• Math: Alhazen's Billiard Problem
• Visual Arts: Can Luc Tuymans Be Classified as a Political Painter?

You can see from how varied the topics are that you have a lot of freedom when it comes to picking a topic . So how do you pick when the options are limitless?

How to Write a Stellar IB Extended Essay: 6 Essential Tips

Below are six key tips to keep in mind as you work on your Extended Essay for the IB DP. Follow these and you're sure to get an A!

#1: Write About Something You Enjoy

You can't expect to write a compelling essay if you're not a fan of the topic on which you're writing. For example, I just love British theatre and ended up writing my Extended Essay on a revolution in post-WWII British theatre. (Yes, I'm definitely a #TheatreNerd.)

I really encourage anyone who pursues an IB Diploma to take the Extended Essay seriously. I was fortunate enough to receive a full-tuition merit scholarship to USC's School of Dramatic Arts program. In my interview for the scholarship, I spoke passionately about my Extended Essay; thus, I genuinely think my Extended Essay helped me get my scholarship.

But how do you find a topic you're passionate about? Start by thinking about which classes you enjoy the most and why . Do you like math classes because you like to solve problems? Or do you enjoy English because you like to analyze literary texts?

Keep in mind that there's no right or wrong answer when it comes to choosing your Extended Essay topic. You're not more likely to get high marks because you're writing about science, just like you're not doomed to failure because you've chosen to tackle the social sciences. The quality of what you produce—not the field you choose to research within—will determine your grade.

Once you've figured out your category, you should brainstorm more specific topics by putting pen to paper . What was your favorite chapter you learned in that class? Was it astrophysics or mechanics? What did you like about that specific chapter? Is there something you want to learn more about? I recommend spending a few hours on this type of brainstorming.

One last note: if you're truly stumped on what to research, pick a topic that will help you in your future major or career . That way you can use your Extended Essay as a talking point in your college essays (and it will prepare you for your studies to come too!).

#2: Select a Topic That Is Neither Too Broad nor Too Narrow

There's a fine line between broad and narrow. You need to write about something specific, but not so specific that you can't write 4,000 words on it.

You can't write about WWII because that would be a book's worth of material. You also don't want to write about what type of soup prisoners of war received behind enemy lines, because you probably won’t be able to come up with 4,000 words of material about it. However, you could possibly write about how the conditions in German POW camps—and the rations provided—were directly affected by the Nazis' successes and failures on the front, including the use of captured factories and prison labor in Eastern Europe to increase production. WWII military history might be a little overdone, but you get my point.

If you're really stuck trying to pinpoint a not-too-broad-or-too-narrow topic, I suggest trying to brainstorm a topic that uses a comparison. Once you begin looking through the list of sample essays below, you'll notice that many use comparisons to formulate their main arguments.

I also used a comparison in my EE, contrasting Harold Pinter's Party Time with John Osborne's Look Back in Anger in order to show a transition in British theatre. Topics with comparisons of two to three plays, books, and so on tend to be the sweet spot. You can analyze each item and then compare them with one another after doing some in-depth analysis of each individually. The ways these items compare and contrast will end up forming the thesis of your essay!

When choosing a comparative topic, the key is that the comparison should be significant. I compared two plays to illustrate the transition in British theatre, but you could compare the ways different regional dialects affect people's job prospects or how different temperatures may or may not affect the mating patterns of lightning bugs. The point here is that comparisons not only help you limit your topic, but they also help you build your argument.

Comparisons are not the only way to get a grade-A EE, though. If after brainstorming, you pick a non-comparison-based topic and are still unsure whether your topic is too broad or narrow, spend about 30 minutes doing some basic research and see how much material is out there.

If there are more than 1,000 books, articles, or documentaries out there on that exact topic, it may be too broad. But if there are only two books that have any connection to your topic, it may be too narrow. If you're still unsure, ask your advisor—it's what they're there for! Speaking of advisors...

Don't get stuck with a narrow topic!

#3: Choose an Advisor Who Is Familiar With Your Topic

If you're not certain of who you would like to be your advisor, create a list of your top three choices. Next, write down the pros and cons of each possibility (I know this sounds tedious, but it really helps!).

For example, Mr. Green is my favorite teacher and we get along really well, but he teaches English. For my EE, I want to conduct an experiment that compares the efficiency of American electric cars with foreign electric cars.

I had Ms. White a year ago. She teaches physics and enjoyed having me in her class. Unlike Mr. Green, Ms. White could help me design my experiment.

Based on my topic and what I need from my advisor, Ms. White would be a better fit for me than would Mr. Green (even though I like him a lot).

The moral of my story is this: do not just ask your favorite teacher to be your advisor . They might be a hindrance to you if they teach another subject. For example, I would not recommend asking your biology teacher to guide you in writing an English literature-based EE.

There can, of course, be exceptions to this rule. If you have a teacher who's passionate and knowledgeable about your topic (as my English teacher was about my theatre topic), you could ask that instructor. Consider all your options before you do this. There was no theatre teacher at my high school, so I couldn't find a theatre-specific advisor, but I chose the next best thing.

Before you approach a teacher to serve as your advisor, check with your high school to see what requirements they have for this process. Some IB high schools require your IB Extended Essay advisor to sign an Agreement Form , for instance.

Make sure that you ask your IB coordinator whether there is any required paperwork to fill out. If your school needs a specific form signed, bring it with you when you ask your teacher to be your EE advisor.

#4: Pick an Advisor Who Will Push You to Be Your Best

Some teachers might just take on students because they have to and aren't very passionate about reading drafts, only giving you minimal feedback. Choose a teacher who will take the time to read several drafts of your essay and give you extensive notes. I would not have gotten my A without being pushed to make my Extended Essay draft better.

Ask a teacher that you have experience with through class or an extracurricular activity. Do not ask a teacher that you have absolutely no connection to. If a teacher already knows you, that means they already know your strengths and weaknesses, so they know what to look for, where you need to improve, and how to encourage your best work.

Also, don't forget that your supervisor's assessment is part of your overall EE score . If you're meeting with someone who pushes you to do better—and you actually take their advice—they'll have more impressive things to say about you than a supervisor who doesn't know you well and isn't heavily involved in your research process.

Be aware that the IB only allows advisors to make suggestions and give constructive criticism. Your teacher cannot actually help you write your EE. The IB recommends that the supervisor spends approximately two to three hours in total with the candidate discussing the EE.

#5: Make Sure Your Essay Has a Clear Structure and Flow

The IB likes structure. Your EE needs a clear introduction (which should be one to two double-spaced pages), research question/focus (i.e., what you're investigating), a body, and a conclusion (about one double-spaced page). An essay with unclear organization will be graded poorly.

The body of your EE should make up the bulk of the essay. It should be about eight to 18 pages long (again, depending on your topic). Your body can be split into multiple parts. For example, if you were doing a comparison, you might have one third of your body as Novel A Analysis, another third as Novel B Analysis, and the final third as your comparison of Novels A and B.

If you're conducting an experiment or analyzing data, such as in this EE , your EE body should have a clear structure that aligns with the scientific method ; you should state the research question, discuss your method, present the data, analyze the data, explain any uncertainties, and draw a conclusion and/or evaluate the success of the experiment.

#6: Start Writing Sooner Rather Than Later!

You will not be able to crank out a 4,000-word essay in just a week and get an A on it. You'll be reading many, many articles (and, depending on your topic, possibly books and plays as well!). As such, it's imperative that you start your research as soon as possible.

Each school has a slightly different deadline for the Extended Essay. Some schools want them as soon as November of your senior year; others will take them as late as February. Your school will tell you what your deadline is. If they haven't mentioned it by February of your junior year, ask your IB coordinator about it.

Some high schools will provide you with a timeline of when you need to come up with a topic, when you need to meet with your advisor, and when certain drafts are due. Not all schools do this. Ask your IB coordinator if you are unsure whether you are on a specific timeline.

Below is my recommended EE timeline. While it's earlier than most schools, it'll save you a ton of heartache (trust me, I remember how hard this process was!):

• January/February of Junior Year: Come up with your final research topic (or at least your top three options).
• February of Junior Year: Approach a teacher about being your EE advisor. If they decline, keep asking others until you find one. See my notes above on how to pick an EE advisor.
• April/May of Junior Year: Submit an outline of your EE and a bibliography of potential research sources (I recommend at least seven to 10) to your EE advisor. Meet with your EE advisor to discuss your outline.
• Summer Between Junior and Senior Year: Complete your first full draft over the summer between your junior and senior year. I know, I know—no one wants to work during the summer, but trust me—this will save you so much stress come fall when you are busy with college applications and other internal assessments for your IB classes. You will want to have this first full draft done because you will want to complete a couple of draft cycles as you likely won't be able to get everything you want to say into 4,000 articulate words on the first attempt. Try to get this first draft into the best possible shape so you don't have to work on too many revisions during the school year on top of your homework, college applications, and extracurriculars.
• August/September of Senior Year: Turn in your first draft of your EE to your advisor and receive feedback. Work on incorporating their feedback into your essay. If they have a lot of suggestions for improvement, ask if they will read one more draft before the final draft.
• September/October of Senior Year: Submit the second draft of your EE to your advisor (if necessary) and look at their feedback. Work on creating the best possible final draft.
• November-February of Senior Year: Schedule your viva voce. Submit two copies of your final draft to your school to be sent off to the IB. You likely will not get your grade until after you graduate.

Remember that in the middle of these milestones, you'll need to schedule two other reflection sessions with your advisor . (Your teachers will actually take notes on these sessions on a form like this one , which then gets submitted to the IB.)

I recommend doing them when you get feedback on your drafts, but these meetings will ultimately be up to your supervisor. Just don't forget to do them!

The early bird DOES get the worm!

How Is the IB Extended Essay Graded?

Extended Essays are graded by examiners appointed by the IB on a scale of 0 to 34 . You'll be graded on five criteria, each with its own set of points. You can learn more about how EE scoring works by reading the IB guide to extended essays .

• Criterion A: Focus and Method (6 points maximum)
• Criterion B: Knowledge and Understanding (6 points maximum)
• Criterion C: Critical Thinking (12 points maximum)
• Criterion D: Presentation (4 points maximum)
• Criterion E: Engagement (6 points maximum)

How well you do on each of these criteria will determine the final letter grade you get for your EE. You must earn at least a D to be eligible to receive your IB Diploma.

Although each criterion has a point value, the IB explicitly states that graders are not converting point totals into grades; instead, they're using qualitative grade descriptors to determine the final grade of your Extended Essay . Grade descriptors are on pages 102-103 of this document .

Here's a rough estimate of how these different point values translate to letter grades based on previous scoring methods for the EE. This is just an estimate —you should read and understand the grade descriptors so you know exactly what the scorers are looking for.

Here is the breakdown of EE scores (from the May 2021 bulletin):

How Does the Extended Essay Grade Affect Your IB Diploma?

The Extended Essay grade is combined with your TOK (Theory of Knowledge) grade to determine how many points you get toward your IB Diploma.

To learn about Theory of Knowledge or how many points you need to receive an IB Diploma, read our complete guide to the IB program and our guide to the IB Diploma requirements .

This diagram shows how the two scores are combined to determine how many points you receive for your IB diploma (3 being the most, 0 being the least). In order to get your IB Diploma, you have to earn 24 points across both categories (the TOK and EE). The highest score anyone can earn is 45 points.

Let's say you get an A on your EE and a B on TOK. You will get 3 points toward your Diploma. As of 2014, a student who scores an E on either the extended essay or TOK essay will not be eligible to receive an IB Diploma .

Prior to the class of 2010, a Diploma candidate could receive a failing grade in either the Extended Essay or Theory of Knowledge and still be awarded a Diploma, but this is no longer true.

Figuring out how you're assessed can be a little tricky. Luckily, the IB breaks everything down here in this document . (The assessment information begins on page 219.)

40+ Sample Extended Essays for the IB Diploma Programme

In case you want a little more guidance on how to get an A on your EE, here are over 40 excellent (grade A) sample extended essays for your reading pleasure. Essays are grouped by IB subject.

• Business Management 1
• Chemistry 1
• Chemistry 2
• Chemistry 3
• Chemistry 4
• Chemistry 5
• Chemistry 6
• Chemistry 7
• Computer Science 1
• Economics 1
• Design Technology 1
• Design Technology 2
• Environmental Systems and Societies 1
• Geography 1
• Geography 2
• Geography 3
• Geography 4
• Geography 5
• Geography 6
• Literature and Performance 1
• Mathematics 1
• Mathematics 2
• Mathematics 3
• Mathematics 4
• Mathematics 5
• Philosophy 1
• Philosophy 2
• Philosophy 3
• Philosophy 4
• Philosophy 5
• Psychology 1
• Psychology 2
• Psychology 3
• Psychology 4
• Psychology 5
• Social and Cultural Anthropology 1
• Social and Cultural Anthropology 2
• Social and Cultural Anthropology 3
• Sports, Exercise and Health Science 1
• Sports, Exercise and Health Science 2
• Visual Arts 1
• Visual Arts 2
• Visual Arts 3
• Visual Arts 4
• Visual Arts 5
• World Religion 1
• World Religion 2
• World Religion 3

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​Researching and writing an IB Extended Essay in Biology

Mr James Fraser, Head of Science at  Scarborough College , shares some of the Extended Essay topics that he's had the pleasure of supervising.

The Extended Essay is a compulsory component of the IB Diploma. Students are tasked with writing four thousand words on a topic of their choice relating to one of the subjects they are studying for their Diploma. Every student is allocated a supervisor who will guide them through the process. It is not an exaggeration when I say that supervising students completing their Extended Essay in my subject has been the most rewarding part of my teaching role at the College.

I have had the privilege of supervising more than thirty students since the IB was introduced at the College more than ten years ago. When I cast my mind back, some topics and essays immediately spring to mind. For instance, the research undertaken by a student to investigate the response made by the tiny C. elegans worm to being tapped on the head. After we had acquired the worms from the University of Chicago, the student designed an ingenious device to tap the head of the worms using her own eyelash. I am sure the experience of conducting research for her Extended Essay in the College laboratory was an instrumental reason for her choosing to read for an immunology degree at the University of Glasgow before doing a PhD at Melbourne University.

More recently, a student now studying medicine at university, designed an investigation to genetically modify bacteria cultured in the lab with a gene originally obtained from jellyfish. The gene taken up by the transgenic bacteria caused them to fluoresce when exposed to ultraviolet light. The gene was prepared in a number of different ways to see if this had an effect on its uptake by the bacteria.

Our current Upper Sixth students have recently submitted their Extended Essays. A variety of topics were chosen for investigation by biologists this time around including the effect of hair washing on the strength of hair and the frequency of visits to a bird feeder by House sparrows during the day.

Another essay written by Ksenia Ivanova focussed on the potential for the effect of an antibiotic to be enhanced when used in conjunction with a variety of different plant extracts. I asked Ksenia what advice she would give a student choosing a topic for their essay. She replied that 'Whichever topic you decide to explore, the key is to choose something that you really like and care about, so that your work would never be boring.'

The essays themselves are awarded a grade from A to E. Together with the grade for the Theory of Knowledge course, upto three additional IB Diploma points can be included in their overall IB Diploma score. However, the emphasis throughout the process is not solely on the outcome. Many former students have been in touch over the years to tell me how much their Extended Essay experience helped them when completing assignments and dissertations at university. They always comment on the head start they had over their peers who had studied for ‘A’ Levels who had no experience of academic writing at school.

Returning to my current students, they have discovered that the frequency of hair washing does NOT have an effect on its strength, House sparrows visit garden feeders more in the morning and early evening than at other times of day, and are much more likely to be male than female, and the growth of bacteria was inhibited more when an antibiotic was used together with either clove oil or clary sage extracts than when it was used on its own.

Extended Essay Writers

Biology EE Topics | 40 Ideas

Luke MacQuoid

There are many potential topics for a biology Extended Essay (EE) in the International Baccalaureate (IB) program.

Topic Ideas

Some possibilities include the following:

• The effects of pollution on a particular species or ecosystem.
• The genetic basis of a specific disease or trait.
• The comparative physiology of a specific mammal and bird.
• The effects of climate change on a particular species or ecosystem.
• The impact of human activity on the evolution of a species.
• The physiology of a specific plant species.
• The efficacy of a specific medicinal plant.
• The comparison of the anatomy and physiology of a specific animal species in captivity and in the wild.
• The impact of a specific invasive species on an ecosystem.
• The effect of different fertilizers on the growth and development of a specific plant species.
• The study of the symbiotic relationship between specific species.
• The effect of different light conditions on the growth and development of a specific plant species.
• The impact of different temperature conditions on the physiology of a specific microorganism.
• The study of the genetic diversity within a specific species.
• The study of the effects of different pH levels on the growth and development of a specific plant species.
• The impact of human activity on the population dynamics of a specific species.
• The study of the effects of different soil types on the growth and development of a specific plant species.
• The study of the impacts of different pesticides on the physiology of a specific species.
• The study of the effects of different water conditions on the growth and development of a specific plant species.
• The study of the impact of ocean acidification on the physiology of a specific marine species.
• Studying the Effects of Acid Rain on Local Flora.
• The Role of Gut Microbiota in Obesity.
• Influence of Insecticides on Honey Bee Population Decline.
• The Effects of Microplastics on Aquatic Food Chains.
• The Role of Genetics in Determining Human Lifespan.
• Influence of Habitat Loss on the Genetic Diversity of a Specific Species.
• The Effects of Light Pollution on Nocturnal Animals.
• A Comparative Study of Photosynthesis Rates in Different Plant Species.
• The Impact of Noise Pollution on Avian Communication.
• Analysis of Biological Controls for Invasive Species.
• The Effects of Diet on the Gut Microbiota.
• Understanding the Effect of Climate Change on Disease Vectors.
• Exploring the Role of Genetics in Athletic Performance.
• Effects of Pharmaceuticals on Aquatic Ecosystems.
• The Impact of Urbanization on Local Bird Species.
• Understanding the Relationship Between Sleep and Immune Function.
• Studying the Effects of Air Pollution on Lichen Species.
• The Role of Epigenetics in Aging.
• The Effect of Vegan and Vegetarian Diets on the Human Body.
• Investigating the Biological Mechanisms of Meditation and Mindfulness.

It’s important to note that these are just examples of topics for your IB EE in Biology . You should choose a topic that interests you and that you can find enough information on.

Need help with your Biology extended essay?

From research and analysis to structuring and editing, our skilled mentors will be by your side, helping you craft an exceptional extended essay that not only meets the stringent IB criteria but also reflects your passion for Biology studies.

Additionally, it’s essential to consult with your supervisor to make sure the topic meets the requirements of the Extended Essay and that you have access to the necessary resources to complete the research.

Students can use these themes in their essays by researching and analyzing the specific topic, providing evidence and examples to support their claims, and discussing the implications and potential solutions to the issue at hand.

For example, in an essay on the effects of pollution on a particular species or ecosystem, a student could research the specific pollutants that are affecting the species or ecosystem, analyze the effects those pollutants are having, and discuss potential solutions to mitigate the pollution and its effects.

These are experiments students can use for Biology EE topics:

• Looking at how pollution impacts a certain type of animal or plant: This would involve checking out pollution levels in a specific place, then watching to see how it affects your chosen species.
• Understanding how certain genes affect a disease or characteristic: This would mean doing genetic tests to identify the genes involved, and potentially using genetic engineering techniques to change those genes and see what happens.
• Comparing how a mammal and a bird work: You’d do experiments to see how your chosen mammal and bird are similar or different. You could look at things like brain structure, behaviour, and thinking abilities.
• Exploring how climate change impacts a certain animal, plant, or ecosystem: This could involve experiments to see how changes in temperature, rain patterns, or CO2 levels affect your chosen species or ecosystem.
• Studying how people’s actions affect how a species evolves: This might mean looking at how things like habitat destruction, hunting, or pollution impact a species’ genetic diversity and population.
• Looking at how a certain plant works: You’d do experiments to see how the plant responds to things like light, temperature, or water.
• Studying how well a medicinal plant works: You’d do experiments to see how good the plant is at killing or slowing the growth of microbes, or reducing pain or inflammation.
• Comparing a certain animal in captivity and in the wild: You’d look at how being in captivity affects the animal’s body and how it works, and how it behaves.
• Seeing how an invasive species affects an ecosystem: You’d study how your chosen invasive species impacts the growth, reproduction, and health of native species.
• Studying how different fertilizers affect a plant: This could involve testing different types of fertilizers to see how they affect the plant’s growth rate, leaf size, and health.
• Looking at how certain species interact: You’d do experiments to understand the relationship between the species. This could involve seeing what happens when you remove one species, or how different environments affect the relationship.
• Studying how light affects a plant: This might mean doing experiments to see how different light conditions affect the plant’s growth, leaf size, and health.
• Looking at how temperature affects a microorganism: You’d do experiments to see how different temperatures impact the microorganism’s growth rate, metabolism, and health.
• Studying genetic diversity in a species: This could involve using genetic markers to identify genetic variations in the species, and then seeing how these variations affect the organism.
• Looking at how pH levels affect a plant: You’d do experiments to see how different pH levels impact the plant’s growth, leaf size, and health.
• Studying how people’s actions affect a species’ population: This might mean looking at how things like habitat destruction, hunting, or pollution impact the species’ population size, growth rate, and health.
• Looking at how soil types affect a plant: This could involve doing experiments to see how different types of soil affect the plant’s growth, leaf size, and health.
• Studying how pesticides affect a species: This might mean doing experiments to see how different pesticides impact the species’ growth, reproduction, and health.
• Looking at how water conditions affect a plant: You’d do experiments to see how different water conditions (like availability, salt levels, or temperature) affect the plant’s growth, leaf size, and health.
• Studying how ocean acidification affects a marine species: This could involve doing experiments to see how increasing acidity levels impact the species’ growth, reproduction, and health.

Additionally, in an essay on the comparative psychiatry of a specific mammal and bird, a student could research and compare the brain structures, behaviors, and cognitive abilities of the two species and discuss any similarities and differences found.

A student can ask for help from a writing service if they need assistance with their essay. This can bring several benefits to the student, such as:

• Professional guidance . Writing services often have experienced writers and editors who can provide guidance on the essay topic and structure, as well as help with research and editing.
• Improved quality . A writing service can help improve the overall quality of the essay, including grammar, punctuation, and formatting.
• Better grades . With the help of a writing service, a student’s essay is likely to be of higher quality, which can lead to better grades.
• Time-saving . A writing service can help save time as the student can focus on other responsibilities while the writing service works on the essay.
• Customization . Writing services can also provide a customized service that can be tailored to the student’s specific needs and requirements.
• Originality . Professional writers will provide original work that is free from plagiarism, which is important in academic writing.

It is important to note, however, that a student should always ensure that the writing service they use is reputable and that they review and understand the work they receive before submitting it as their own.

Luke MacQuoid has extensive experience teaching English as a foreign language in Japan, having worked with students of all ages for over 12 years. Currently, he is teaching at the tertiary level. Luke holds a BA from the University of Sussex and an MA in TESOL from Lancaster University, both located in England. As well to his work as an IB Examiner and Master Tutor, Luke also enjoys sharing his experiences and insights with others through writing articles for various websites, including extendedessaywriters.com blog

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Guiding student ideas towards biological extended essays

Sunday 17 January 2016

I recently had a student approach me to see if she could do an EE on, "The effect of food that you eat on your mood" . I think it was inspired by a film called, "Super size me". She was interested in doing a questionaire of how satisfied / how healthy people felt after eating fast food outside school and after a lunch in the school canteen. It's an interesting idea, but a bit more psychology than biology. It would be impossible to control all the variables to make a meaningful biological experiment and questionaires frankly scare me to death in an extended essay. Apart from the obvious benefits of getting out of school for an hour with your friends we couldn't think of a biological mechanism which would explain why a burger and fries should make you happier than school canteen food.

I guess that a neuroscientist might be able to use fMRI scans to map the brain activity while eating each type of food under strictly controlled conditions or they might measure dopamine levels instead. Sadly we don't have these facilities in my school yet. For me, to tell the difference between biology and psychology I would ask, "Is there a biological mechanism, based on physiology which underpins the hypothesis?" If the answer is yes then it's more biology than psychology.

Whether it's biology or physchology doesn't matter so much in an extended essay as the need for the student to have a testable hypothesis and an argument which can be developed following the collection of data from a well controlled biology experiment.

Whether it's biology or physchology doesn't matter so much in an extended essay as the need for the student to have a testable hypothesis and an argument which can be developed following the collection of data from a well controlled biology experiment. This is usually my line of argument when students ask about the suitability of a topic for an EE in biology. In the case above I asked, "what is it about eating just McDo which is going to make you feel bad (or good?)" and "can you think of a way to test that idea which will give you enough reliable data to draw a conclusion?". We narrowed the topic down together.

In the end the student seemed happy to explore the types of fats in the food we eat and their digestion by emulsification using bile and their breakdown by lipase enzymes . I hope in our next meeting she will still be keen on the topic and we can discuss potential research questions and how we might find answers about them using an experiment for which we have plenty of the right equipment.

Gr. 11-12 Extended Essay

• Reflections
• Choose a Subject
• Choose a Topic
• Draft a Research Question
• Develop Your Search Strategy

Biology EE Overview

Acceptable source types for biology ees, recommended databases, website sources, ee examples.

• Computer Science
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• World Studies
• Introduction
• Academic Integrity
• Common Questions
• For Supervisors
• Biology EE Workflow and Expectations

Subject Options

a. Experiment-based essay: The focus with experiment-based essays is the primary data produced as a result of the experiment(s) conducted by students. Secondary sources in the form of scientific publications should be used to support a line of argument or indicate where the student has adapted their approach so as to produce different results. A consideration of the quality of the secondary source should also be offered to identify limitations or weaknesses in approach, method and so forth. Note: there are restrictions placed on the use of animals and humans when it comes to experiment-based essays. Check the IB Policy ‘Guidelines for the use of animals in IB World Schools’.

b. Non-experiment-based essay: Non-experiment-based (literature) essays should effectively question the reliability of the secondary source material used, and offer some insight into the strengths and limitations of the methodological approaches taken by the secondary sources.

Source Options

Source: Lekanides, K. (2016).  Extended Essay Course Companion.  Oxford University Press.

Biology EE Examples

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Biology EE focused on plants

By Nishy.LS July 30, 2013 in Extended Essay

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Hi =) I'm about to start on my biology EE and I've been researching a suitable question/topic to do it on. My supervisor has suggested I do it based on plants, and I'm following it seeing a safer path. What I have come up with is something like "The effect of common fertilizer vs organic fertilizer" or "The effect of leaf vs root application of water". Can anyone tell me if it sounds too common or if it is better to change it slightly?

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Share on other sites, leehyuntiger.

Hi I did my EE in biology on effect of organic fertilizern on plants and it turned out to be an A grade. So, I hope my advice will help you.

You are on the right track so far but your topics are too superficial at the moment, in other words, your topics are too vague. Your topic should convey 'what your EE is about" in '~detail~', to be more specific you need to indicate what kind of commecial fertilizer you will use, and similarly you should mention what type of organic fertilizer will be used. Also, your EE topic should be in a correct format in order to earn 2/2 marks. A good topic must include both dependent and independent variables in it. Your topic, however, only includes independent variable which is "effect of commercial fertilizer and effect of organic fertilizer". Here, you need to add a dependent variable (dependent variable is a variable that is dependent on independent variable or is effected by your independent variable) in your topic. So, you will have to consider about what will be effected by your independent variable (different types of fertilizer). I would suggest "growth of plants" as your dependent variable, again, you should make it more specific by mentioning what type of plant will specifically be used. For example: growth of 'clovers'. By now you should get a general idea of what dependent and independent variables are. You should now combine your independent variable and dependent variable to create your topic. Let's say your independetant variable is "types of fertilizer applied to plants" and your dependent variable is "growth of plants (clovers)" --> here you probably should explore/mention how you will measure growth of plants, for example: you can measure changes in mass. My example of your topic is "To investigate the effect of different types fertilizers on growth rate of (plant specie name) measured by changes in mass". *Only use this example to get an idea, DO NOT USE IT AS YOUR TOPIC because you will only do well and will be passionate with it if you have a topic that interested/ interests/ will interest you. Therefore, you should find and create a topic that is interesting to you!

If you have more questions or need help, you can add me on facebook at https://www.facebook.com/#!/el.lee.71 because I hardly visit this web-site. I hope my advice was helpful and wish you a best luck with your EE!

• 7 years later...

On 7/31/2013 at 1:39 PM, LeehyunTiger said: Hi 😃 I'm about to start on my biology EE and I've been researching a suitable question/topic to do it on. My supervisor has suggested I do it based on plants, and I'm following it seeing a safer path. What I have come up with is something like "The effect of common fertilizer vs organic fertilizer" or "The effect of leaf vs root application of water". Can anyone tell me if it sounds too common or if it is better to change it slightly? Hi I did my EE in biology on effect of organic fertilizern on plants and it turned out to be an A grade. So, I hope my advice will help you. You are on the right track so far but your topics are too superficial at the moment, in other words, your topics are too vague. Your topic should convey 'what your EE is about" in '~detail~', to be more specific you need to indicate what kind of commecial fertilizer you will use, and similarly you should mention what type of organic fertilizer will be used. Also, your EE topic should be in a correct format in order to earn 2/2 marks. A good topic must include both dependent and independent variables in it. Your topic, however, only includes independent variable which is "effect of commercial fertilizer and effect of organic fertilizer". Here, you need to add a dependent variable (dependent variable is a variable that is dependent on independent variable or is effected by your independent variable) in your topic. So, you will have to consider about what will be effected by your independent variable (different types of fertilizer). I would suggest "growth of plants" as your dependent variable, again, you should make it more specific by mentioning what type of plant will specifically be used. For example: growth of 'clovers'. By now you should get a general idea of what dependent and independent variables are. You should now combine your independent variable and dependent variable to create your topic. Let's say your independetant variable is "types of fertilizer applied to plants" and your dependent variable is "growth of plants (clovers)" --> here you probably should explore/mention how you will measure growth of plants, for example: you can measure changes in mass. My example of your topic is "To investigate the effect of different types fertilizers on growth rate of (plant specie name) measured by changes in mass". *Only use this example to get an idea, DO NOT USE IT AS YOUR TOPIC because you will only do well and will be passionate with it if you have a topic that interested/ interests/ will interest you. Therefore, you should find and create a topic that is interesting to you! If you have more questions or need help, you can add me on facebook at https://www.facebook.com/#!/el.lee.71 because I hardly visit this web-site. I hope my advice was helpful and wish you a best luck with your EE!

Hi, I was also planning to do a biology EE concerning fertilisers and plant growth, but I am still a bit lost about this topic, could I possibly gets some guidelines(?) that you followed??

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World Studies Extended Essay

World studies was first proposed by the United World College of Mahindra in 2001 and was eventually set up as an extended essay pilot option in 2005. The development of the world studies extended essay pilot has been underpinned by extensive academic research and development. IB staff have worked closely with both teachers in the pilot schools and Harvard Graduate School of Education, Project Zero Interdisciplinary Studies Project, to develop this exciting extended essay option.

A world studies extended essay must focus on a topic of global significance. This encourages the student to reflect on the world today in relation to issues such as the global food crisis, climate change, terrorism, energy security, migration, global health, technology and cultural exchange.

The student should then explore how their chosen issue may be illustrated in a local context or contexts using specific examples of a small scale, local phenomenon; in this way the student is linking the local to the global.

As the approach is interdisciplinary explaining the topic through the lens of more than one discipline, students should develop a clear rationale for taking an interdisciplinary approach, selecting the IB disciplines through which they plan to explore the topic. The process of researching and writing the world studies extended essay develops international-mindedness and specifically the concept of global consciousness. This concept encompasses three distinct strands:

• global sensitivity - a sensitivity to local phenomena and experiences as expressions of developments on the planet
• global understanding - the capacity to think in flexible and informed ways about issues of global significance
• global self - a developing perception of self as a global actor and member of humanity, capable of making a positive contribution to the world.

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College of Biological Sciences

Plant biology graduate group: "enhancers and mysteries of plant gene expression".

Event Date Fri, Apr 19, 2024 @ 12:10pm - 1:00pm

Dr. Jiming Jiang, Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, presents "Enhancers and mysteries of plant gene expression".

Dr. Jiming Jiang, professor of plant biology, conducts research that aims to understand enhancer-based gene expression regulation in plants. Jiang also uses plant centromeres as a model system to investigate how epigenetic changes are associated with a plant’s ability to grow, develop and survive. Jiang joined Michigan State University in August 2017 and holds joint appointments with the MSU Departments of Plant Biology and Horticulture.

Jiang received his B.S. in agronomy from Zhejiang Agricultural University, Zhejiang Province, China, and his M.S. in genetics from Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu Province, China. He completed his Ph.D. in genetics from Kansas State University, where he also conducted postdoctoral work in plant pathology before continuing his studies at Yale University in their genetics department. Throughout his career, Jiang has served on several editorial and professional boards, including chair of the Potato Genetics and Breeding group for the United States Department of Agriculture.

Jiang has received several honors in recognition of his research, including the H.I. Romnes Faculty Fellowship and Campbell-Bascom Professorship at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, and being named a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Jiang has published extensively throughout his career and is one of the most highly regarded scientists in his field, earning the Thomson Reuters most Highly Cited Research award in 2014.

Host: Alice Pierce ( [email protected] )

Event Category

College of Biological Sciences

Uc davis genome center founding director richard michelmore steps down.

• by Kate Washington
• April 16, 2024

During his 20-year tenure as founding director of the UC Davis Genome Center, Richard Michelmore, a Distinguished Professor in the Departments of Plant Sciences, Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Medical Microbiology and Immunology, recruited more than 20 faculty members, led the center to prominence as a hub of technology-driven biology, and made national headlines by implementing an innovative, community-scale saliva-based COVID test. Quite the legacy for someone who never wanted the job in the first place. 

“ I had no intention of being the Genome Center director,” says Michelmore, who had a major role in the center’s initial planning, which grew out of a call by then-provost Bob Grey for interdisciplinary initiatives in the late 1990s. “I thought we needed to coordinate plant genomics on campus,” says Michelmore, who suggested 17 new full-time faculty appointments in genomics and bioinformatics. “The med school and vet school were talking along similar lines, and it all got wrapped up into the Genome Center initiative.” 

The initiative moved forward from there, including the rapid construction of a brand-new facility that was originally designed as a single-story medical building, but grew to six. The Genome Center opened in 2004 with the mission of enabling high-throughput biology on campus. The center had tried to recruit an outside director. “We actually made one external offer a year for five years. Then Dean Phyllis Wise basically said, ‘Richard, put up or shut up.’ I made one more attempt not to be director, but that failed,” Michelmore says, wryly. “In retrospect, I feel very lucky. It was the best thing that could have happened to me.”

A serendipitous career, from the infancy of molecular science 

Michelmore arrived at UC Davis in 1982 when he was just 26 and fresh from postdoctoral fellowships in India and at Cambridge, where he also earned his undergraduate and doctoral degrees. At the time, there was little molecular biology at Davis, but Michelmore says it was “coming fast” at Cambridge and elsewhere. “ I can remember seeing an X-ray film with a dark smear on it. That was some of the first evidence that Agrobacterium was inserting DNA into a plant chromosome. I remember my [Cambridge] mentor David Ingram saying, ‘If this is correct, it’s revolutionary.’ It’s going to allow engineering of plants.”

Michelmore grew up in an agricultural county in the west of England, and his family’s interests influenced his studies. “My father was a naturalist, so I had an appreciation of natural things,” he says. “While I was at Cambridge, I knew that I didn’t want to be a medic or a vet. So that left plants and agriculture. I like doing things that have a consequence.”

His career at Davis has certainly been consequential, if serendipitous. “I grew up in the philosophy of the late sixties and early seventies, so I didn't plan a career,” he says. After his postdoc in India, “I happened to see a job advertised in California. My idea was that I would get an interview, they would pay for my ticket to come out here, and I would stay and go surfing. No one told me the water’s freezing cold on the northern California coast.”

Davis proved less chilly than the Pacific, even though when Michelmore started he was younger than the average age of the students in his lab. “I had great students, very inquisitive, and I was the same,” he says. “Part of the lab’s mantra that I’ve subsequently tried to imbue the Genome Center with, being a geneticist, is ‘evolve or die.’ You’ve got to do that to stay current in science.” 

Such evolution, for Michelmore, included running the first DNA sequencing machine on campus and setting up a bioinformatics hub for his department—precursors to his later leadership of the Genome Center.

Biological science “at the bleeding edge” 

Michelmore’s vision for the Genome Center, which today employs 225 people and serves more than 700 researchers annually, required hiring top technology-driven biology faculty. Early on, he says, “the search committee sketched out a portfolio of positions that we thought we should fill, and then we thought, ‘Who’s the best in the world and potentially movable?’ And we went out and recruited several of them.”

Investing in equipment was also key. “We like to be at the bleeding edge of technology,” says Michelmore, which has included forging partnerships with startups to get the newest tech. 

“We try to get the faculty on campus to think of the center as an extension of their own lab,” says Michelmore. “We can guarantee that the equipment is the latest, it’s calibrated right, the chemicals are fresh, and the technicians are some of the best in the world. What we tell people is, if you have a good idea, we don’t want you to be technology limited.”

As well as attracting faculty and students, the center’s reputation is valuable for obtaining grant funding, for which one criterion is feasibility. “If faculty can put in their proposal that the data will be generated by the UC Davis Genome Center, the feasibility issue often goes away,” Michelmore says. 

A “leap of faith” during the pandemic

The prestige of the Genome Center grew further during the COVID-19 pandemic. In the spring of 2020 Michelmore realized that PCR machines developed for agricultural biotechnology could be repurposed for high-throughput COVID testing. “I study plant pandemics, so it wasn’t a big transition to human pandemics,” says Michelmore. 

That insight led to more than two million free tests for UC Davis and the surrounding communities through the Healthy Davis Together initiative, and saw the city-campus partnership touted as a national model of an effective response to curbing the spread of the virus. Michelmore’s efforts  were honored with the 2020-21 UC Davis Academic Senate’s Distinguished Scholarly Public Service Award .

UC Davis Provost and Executive Vice Chancellor Mary Croughan, herself an epidemiologist, was seeking ways to safely bring students and employees back to the campus – a goal that would require reliable community-scale testing of asymptomatic individuals.  Ken Burtis , faculty advisor to the Chancellor and Provost, was already encouraging Croughan to consider Michelmore’s proposal to use ag biotech machines through the Genome Center.

“We knew there were logistical challenges in standing up a comprehensive, community-wide testing operation,” Croughan says. “We also knew that if any university could do it, we could. We have some of the world’s most innovative, dedicated, and talented researchers and scientists at UC Davis, as well as outstanding operations teams that could overcome the logistical challenges. Then Vice-Chancellor for Finance, Operation and Administration  Kelly Ratliff and I believed this was our best chance.” 

On a Tuesday evening in early August 2020, Michelmore recalls, “After getting the provost’s go ahead, I walked around the house thinking, ‘What have I gotten myself into?’” he says. “And then on Thursday I got another email saying, ‘we want to test everyone coming onto campus in six weeks’ time.’”

Getting the testing program up and running in that time required the Genome Center team to work 14 or more hours a day, seven days a week, and included plenty of troubleshooting and innovation. Personnel at the center worked “incredibly hard; it was a tremendous team effort,” Michelmore says. One key innovation was the decision to collect saliva samples rather than nasal swabs. “We knew that we weren't going to be able to do what needed to be done if we couldn’t test saliva,” he says. “So that was a leap of faith.”

“Richard’s tenure at the Genome Center not only propelled groundbreaking research but also underscored the profound impact of scientific service on our collective health,” said Mark Winey, dean of the College of Biological Sciences. “He is an exceptional member of the UC Davis community, which is evident to all who benefitted from his innovation and leadership during the COVID pandemic. In short, Richard’s work is a testament to the power of science in transforming lives and shaping a healthier, more resilient future for all.”

While the COVID testing program has wound down, the Genome Center’s labs still have posters and cards of thanks to their hardworking staff hanging on the walls—a testament to Michelmore’s leadership, the interdisciplinary collaborations that characterize genomics at Davis, and the real-world impact of scientific innovation. “One of the great things about Davis is that it has a translational mission,” says Michelmore. “People really care about the data we're generating.”

The future of the Genome Center

The next wave of such data, Michelmore says, will come in the emerging field of spatial genomics. “I see that’s where things are going to go, but I’m not necessarily the right person to lead it,” says Michelmore. “That’s why  Blake Meyers was recruited . He is very much a technology-driven biologist and interested in developing spatial genomics at Davis.” Meyers, who began his tenure as the center’s director on March 1, 2024, holds a faculty position in the Department of Plant Sciences, as well as the Novozymes Chair in Genomics, and previously worked with Michelmore as both a graduate student and postdoc.

Michelmore, who plans to return to doing research and more publishing than he was able to do during his two decades as Genome Center director, says he’s looking forward to working with Meyers again. “It’s going to be fun having him back here,” says Michelmore. “We will share lab space.”

Media Resources

• Kate Washington , Ph.D., is a freelance writer based in Sacramento and the author of  Already Toast: Caregiving and Burnout in America . Her work has appeared in the  New York Times ,  TIME  and  Sunset , among other publications.

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