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Crop Protection

Introduction to crop protection.

To achieve the simplest and therefore the maximum yield from his farm, a farmer has got to minimize his crop loss and it demands proper and sustainable agricultural practices. By employing the proper agricultural practices he can aim to enhance the yield of the crops. For improving the yield, a farmer must improve the variability of crops, its production management, and its protection management.

What is Crop Protection?

Crop protection is the general method or the practice of protecting crop yields from different agents including pests, weeds, plant diseases, and other organisms that cause damage to agricultural crops.

Along with the crops, agricultural fields would have weeds, small animals like rats, mites, insects, pests, disease-causing pathogens and regularly raided by birds. these factors are mainly liable for the loss or damage to the crops. Thus to yield high crop production, farmers got to protect the crop from these pests. Hence, crop protection management is vital before, during, and after cultivation. 

What are the Methods of Crop Protection

There are many crop protection tools and practices, which farmers can implement to extend the success of their crops.

Weed Management

Weeds are unwanted plants growing alongside the crops. These undesirable plants steal the nutrients, sunlight, water, and other resources from the crops and affect their growth, which ends up within the undernourished crops and reduces the yields. Farmers remove these weeds by a process called weeding with the aim of safeguarding the crops. Weeding is the process of controlling the expansion of weeds. There are various methods of weeding:

Spraying weedicides on the weeds

Manually plucking the weeds by hands

Removing weeds by trowel and harrow

Plowing the sector to get rid of the weeds even before sowing the seeds

Few samples of weeds are Amaranthus, Cyprinus rotundas, Bermuda grass, etc.

Apart from Weeding, Herbicides – a chemical substance also play a crucial role in controlling the expansion of the weeds and also help in preventing erosion and water loss.

Pests and Insects Management

Both insects and pests are the main explanation for crop damage and yield loss. they might ruin the entire crop and eat up the massive portion of grains. In fact, they will reduce crop output by 30-50(%) per annum if left unchecked. The simplest ways to guard crop damage are by incorporating integrated pest and bug management. Spraying insecticides, pesticides help to attenuate crop damage by controlling the insects and other pests.

Plant Disease Management

Pathogenic diseases are another sort of crop-damaging factor. Microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, and viruses affect different parts of the crop through various means. Crops might be shielded from these diseases by using pesticides and biocontrol agents. These are crop protection management, which should be followed before and through cultivation.

Crop Protection After the Cultivation

Once the crop has reached maturity, it now must be harvested. Harvesting can be defined as the cutting and gathering of the mature crop. The term harvesting also generally includes the immediate post-harvest practices like threshing and winnowing. allow us to check out both these processes

Threshing: the method of separating the grains from their chaffs or pods is threshing

Winnowing: After threshing, we must separate the grains from the chaffs. Winnowing is the process of separating the grains.

There are various factors to think about before the harvesting of crops. The crops need close examination to make sure that harvesting isn't premature. This results in the shedding of seeds and loss of crops. If the crops are over-ripened, they'll lose their value within the market or may even be non-consumable.

Harvesting in India is usually done manually. Sickles may be a tool that wants to cut the crop. This method may be laborious and time-consuming and only suitable for small-sized farms. On larger farms, a harvester is employed which mixes harvesting with threshing and winnowing.

A safe place should be chosen to store the cultivated grains to avoid product loss. Chances of grain loss are much higher during this point than before cultivation. Therefore, the methods of protection got to be better. Common pests and rodents and a few environmental conditions like humidity and temperature are the responsible factors for the loss. Certain precautions help us to stop this loss. Before storing the grains, it should be cleaned and dried completely in sunlight because it helps in protecting the crops from fungal growth, which is caused by the presence of moisture. Pests could even be killed by a method called fumigation.

As per modern agricultural technologies, there are various tools for managing weeds, insects, and diseases. The tools include the applications of pesticides, profile, nutrient management, etc.

Why do we Need Crop Protection?

Globally, on average, per annum, farmers lose 20 to 30 (%) of their cultivated crops thanks to pests and other diseases. so as to scale back these losses, crop protection is far more required. There are differing types of Crop Protection products available within the market and are eco-friendly or environment-friendly products that help in preserving the environment and also protect the crops. These products include – Fungicides, Herbicides, Insecticides, and Seed care.

Crop Protection Products

The following are the different types of crop protection products used by farmers to safeguard their crop yield:

Fungicides are pesticides used to kill fungi. They are chemical agents that are toxic in nature that are used to kill fungi and its spores in order to prevent and inhibit its growth as they severely affect crop health. But fungicides do not protect the crop against bacteria, viruses and nematodes. 

Herbicides are pesticides that kill unwanted vegetation and prevent the undesired plant species growth. They are a chemical agent used to manipulate or inhibit the growth of nuisance plants like grass and weeds. These herbicides are crop protection chemicals because they kill weeds that fight the crops for the same nutrients in the soil required for a good yield. Herbicides are also called weed killers. 

Insecticides are pesticides used to kill insects that affect crop growth. They are chemical agents that are toxic in nature and are formulated with the sole purpose of repelling, harming, or killing one or more species of insects. 

Nematicides are chemically synthesized substances used to adversely affect or kill nematodes. Nematodes are worm-like invertebrates that are parasitic in nature. They attack the roots of the plant in the soil and spoil the crop. This makes the crop more susceptible to bacterial and fungal damage as well.

Students can learn about the industrial use of more such chemical agents from other topics as well on Vedantu. Study material about real-life applications of all sciences is available for free download on the Vedantu website and app.

Effect of Climate Change on Crops

We may not feel it but just like how we can see climate change affect almost every aspect of human lives, one can observe that it affects crop protection as well.

Climate change affects the ecosystem of weeds, pests, and pathogenic diseases. The rising levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide on earth lead to an alarming elevation of global temperatures, which believe it or not, affects the soil ecology as well. These changing circumstances need to be under scrutiny from an agricultural perspective by researchers and professionals.

Effects on broad patterns of the insect community and rates of herbivory due to global warming need to be studied. This will determine the use of pesticides in an effective manner that prevents the pest species from becoming resistant. One of the ways would be to employ techniques that prevent the killing of natural enemies of these pests which can keep the pest away from the crop due to natural competition.

FAQs on Crop Protection

1. What are crops?

Crops are plant products that are grown on an outsized scale to satisfy the nutritional level of the growing population. There are three different types of crops that are mainly classified to support their cultivating seasons.

Kharif Crops – These crops are grown during the season, especially during the month of June to October. Paddy, Maize, Sugar cane are a couple of samples of Kharif crops.

Rabi Crops – These crops are grown during the winter season, especially during the month of November and December. Barley and wheat are a couple of samples of Rabi crops.

Zaid Crops – These crops are grown during the summer season. Cucumber, watermelon are a couple of samples of Zaid crops.

2. Why do we need crop protection?

Globally, on average, per annum, farmers lose 20 to 30 (%) of their cultivated crops thanks to pests and other diseases. So as to scale back these losses, crop protection is far more required. There are differing types of Crop Protection products available within the market and are eco-friendly or environment-friendly products that help in preserving the environment and also protect the crops. These products include – Fungicides, Herbicides, Insecticides, and Seed care.

3. Is crop protection as important as crop production?

Crop protection is equally important as crop production as there is no point if the produced crop is left unchecked and the crop yield is reduced to half in the worst scenarios. 

This situation is a real concern as it poses a threat to food security. If the yield drops drastically due to a lack of crop protection, it could lead to a raw food crisis in a country. The government may not be able to supply raw foods like vegetables, grains to its population on short notice when there is a food shortage observed post-harvest. 

Crop protection also helps in maintaining crop quality as it protects against health hazards posed by plant diseases, pests, and insects. 

4. What is crop failure?

Crop failure can simply mean a situation where there has been a drastic loss in crop yield. Crop failure is defined as a dismal situation arising due to crops/cropland being destroyed, killed or damaged by multiple factors like dry farming, low rainfall, lack of proper irrigation, plant disease, pests and so on resulting in a drastically dropped crop yield compared to the expected abundance of regular scenarios.  

5. What are the different stages where crop loss can occur?

The following are the different stages of crop development and corresponding issues that lead to crop loss:

Sowing: Early stage of crop development where climate and weather uncertainties play a major role. A solution could be that farmers switch to crop seeds that are more suitable to the changing environment. They can sow hybrid seeds with an early vigor and high yield. 

Pre-Harvest: Crops battle thousand of types of insect species and nematodes, every year. Crop growth is also threatened by different types of diseases caused by fungi, viruses, and bacteria. A solution to combat these challenges could be the use of chemical and biological crop protection tools and products.

Post-Harvest: Huge crop losses are reported due to poor processing techniques, storage facilities, logistical management, and transportation to distributors and retailers of harvested yield.

Students can learn about more such real-life challenges to crop practices and other topics taught on Vedantu. Study material is available for free download to students on the Vedantu website and app.

Biology • Class 9

• Biology Article

Crop Protection

To succeed in getting the best and the maximum yield from his farm, a farmer has to minimise his crop loss and it demands proper and sustainable agricultural practices. By employing the right agricultural practices he can aim to improve the yield of the crops. For improving the yield, a farmer needs to improve the variety of crops, its production management, and its protection management.

Here we will be discussing the crop protection management.

What is Crop  Protection?

Crop protection is the general method or the practice of protecting the crop yields from different agents including pests, weeds, plant diseases, and other organisms that cause damage to the agricultural crops.

Apart from crops, agricultural fields would have weeds, small animals like rats, mites, insects, pests, disease-causing pathogens and frequently raided by birds. All these factors are mainly responsible for the loss or damage to the crops. Thus to yield high crop production, farmers need to protect the crop from these pests. Hence crop protection management is important before, during and after the cultivation.

 What are the methods of crop protection

There are many crop protection tools and practices, which farmers can implement to increase the success of their crops.

Crop protection before and during the cultivation

Weed Management 

Weeds are unwanted plants growing along with the crops. These undesirable plants, steal the nutrients, sunlight, water and other resources from the crops and affect their growth, which results in the undernourished of crops and decreases the yields. To safeguard the productivity of crops, farmers remove these weeds by a process called weeding.

Weeding is the process of controlling the growth of weeds. There are various methods of weeding:

• Spraying weedicides on the weeds
• Manually plucking the weeds by hands
• Removing weeds by trowel and harrow
• Ploughing the field to remove the weeds even before sowing the seeds

Few examples of weeds are Amaranthus,  Cyperinus rotundus , Bermuda grass, etc.

Apart from weeding, Herbicides – a chemical substance also play an important role in controlling the growth of the weeds and also help in preventing soil erosion and water loss.

Pests and Insects Management

Both insects and pests are the major cause of crop damage and yield loss. They could ruin the whole crop and eat up the large portion of grains.  In fact, they can reduce crop output by 30-50(%) every year if left unchecked. The best ways to protect crop damage are by incorporating integrated pest and insect management. Spraying insecticides, pesticides help to minimize the crop damage by controlling the insects and other pests.

Plant Disease Management

Pathogenic diseases are another type of crop-damaging factors. Microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, and viruses affect different parts of the crop through various means. Crops could be protected from these diseases by using pesticides and biocontrol agents.

These are crop protection management, which should be followed before and during the cultivation.

Crop protection after the cultivation

Once the crop has reached maturity, it now needs to be harvested. So harvesting is the cutting and gathering of the matured crop. The term harvesting also generally includes the immediate post-harvest practices such as threshing and winnowing. Let us look at both these processes

• Threshing: The process of separating the grains from their chaffs or pods is threshing
• Winnowing: After threshing, we must separate the grains from the chaffs. Winnowing is the process of separating the grains.

There are various factors to consider before the harvesting of crops. The crops need close examination to ensure that harvesting is not premature. This leads to shedding of seeds and loss of crop. If the crops are over-ripened, they may lose their value in the market or may even be unconsumable.

Harvesting in India is generally done manually. Sicles is a tool that is used to cut the crop. This method is a laborious and time-consuming and only suitable for small-sized farms. On larger farms, a harvester is used which combines harvesting with threshing and winnowing.

Cultivated grains must be stored safely to avoid product loss. Chances of grain loss are much higher during this time than before cultivation. Therefore, methods of protection need to be better. Common pests and rodents and some environmental conditions like humidity and temperature are the responsible factors for the loss. Certain precautions help us to prevent this loss. Before storing the grains, it should be cleaned and dried completely in sunlight as it helps in protecting the crops from fungal growth, which is caused by the presence of moisture. Pests could also be killed by a method called fumigation.

According to modern agricultural technologies, there are various tools for managing weeds, insects, and disease. The tools include the applications of pesticides, soil profile , nutrient management etc.

Why do we need Crop Protection?

Globally, on average, every year farmers lose 20 to 30 (%) of their cultivated crops due to pests and other diseases. In order to reduce these losses, crop protection is much more required. There are different types of Crop Protection products available in the market and are eco-friendly or environment-friendly products which help in preserving the environment and also protect the crops. These products include – Fungicides, Herbicides, Insecticides and Seed care.

Important Question on Crop Protection

• What are Crops?

Crops are the plant products which are grown on a large scale to meet the nutritional level of the growing population. There are three different types of crops are mainly classified based on their cultivating seasons.

• Kharif Crops – These crops are grown during the rainy season, especially during the month of June to October. Paddy, Maize, Sugar cane are a few examples of Kharif crops.
• Rabi Crops – These crops are grown during the winter season, especially during the month of November and December. Barley and wheat are a few examples of Rabi crops.
• Zaid Crops – These crops are grown during the summer season. Cucumber, watermelon are a few examples of Zaid crops.
• What are Horticultural and Commercial crops?

Crops grown for monetary purpose are called commercial crops. Commercial crops include sunflower, groundnut, mustard, olive, coconut, coffee, tea, Rubber, etc.

Crops grown for aesthetic value are called horticultural crops.  Horticultural crops include the vegetables, flowers, roots, fruits, and nuts which are directly used as a source of food by man.

• How to protect cultivated grains?

Once after the grains are cultivated, they should be stored in clean and dry containers or a room and a low temperature should be maintained. The stored room should b free from the moisture, which can prevent the fungus attack. Spraying of pesticide before storing is recommended as this prevents contamination of food grain.

• What is Fumigation?

Fumigation is a method by which the grains are exposed to fumes or vapours of chemicals. This process is mainly recommended for storing large quantities of food grains in big godowns or containers.

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Higher Biology Unit 3 Revision

Hyndland Science Faculty

Measuring Biodiversity

(b) Measuring biodiversity. Measurable components of biodiversity include genetic diversity, species diversity and ecosystem diversity. (i) The number and frequency of alleles in a population as a measure of genetic diversity. Genetic diversity comprises the genetic variation represented by the number and frequency of all the alleles in a population. (ii) Species diversity comprises the number of different species in an ecosystem (the species richness) and the proportion of each species in the ecosystem (the relative abundance). The effects of degree of isolation and area of habitat islands on their species diversity. (iii) Ecosystem diversity refers to the number of distinct ecosystems within a defined area.

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Weeds compete with crop plants, while pests and diseases damage them all, reducing……

productivity

Properties of annual weeds include ……..

• rapid growth,
• short life cycle,
• high seed output,
• long-term seed viability.

Properties of perennial weeds include …

storage organs and vegetative reproduction.

Most of the pests of crop plants are ………

invertebrate animals such as insects, nematode worms and molluscs.

Plant diseases can be caused by …..

fungi, bacteria or viruses, which are often carried by invertebrates.

Protective applications of fungicide based on ______________ are often more effective than treating a diseased crop.

disease forecasts

selective plant protection chemicals will only affect

one type of plant

a systemic herbicide has the advantage that….

it will reach all parts of the plant, even a stubborn root that might otherwise remain in the ground allowing the root to regrow

On a farm, weeds, pests and diseases can be controlled by CULTURAL METHODS such as

• crop rotation

The problems with plant protection chemicals are that they can …

• persist in the environment
• become magnified in food chains,
• can be toxic to animals and resistant populations can be produced.

In biological control the control agent is a natural __________ or parasite of the pest.

Control of glasshouse whitefly with the parasitic

wasp Encarsia is an example of ….

biological control

Integrated pest management combines…..

• biological and
• cultural control.

Integrated pest management (IPM) emphasizes the growth of a healthy ______ with the least possible disruption to ecosystems and encourages natural pest control mechanisms

Biological controls are useful as they …..

avoid harmful chemicals from pesticides getting into the food chain (or persisting in the environment)

A weed is ……….

any kind of plant which grows where it is not wanted

A risk of biological control could be

they could become invasive species

Weeds that compete with a crop for nutrients can be killed using which of these: • an insecticide, • a fungicide • a herbicide

A herbicide

Pesticides include the following types:

• Insecticide
• Nematocide (kills nematodes)
• Molluscicide (kills molluscs)

Systemic insecticides, molluscicides and nematicides spread through the vascular system of plants and kill _________ ?

pests feeding on plants

Decks in Higher Biology - Unit 3 - Food Supply, Plant Growth and Productivity Class (7):

• Higher Biology Unit 3 Part 1 Food Plants Etc
• Higher Biology Unit 3 Part 2 Plant And Animal Breeding
• Higher Biology Unit 3 Part 3 Crop Protection
• Higher Biology Unit 3 Part 4 Animal Behaviour
• Higher Biology Unit 3 Part 5 Symbiosis
• Higher Biology Unit 3 Part 6 Social Behaviour
• Biodiversity Unit 3 Parts 7 & 8
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Climate-Resilient Agriculture, Vol 1 pp 349–361 Cite as

Crop Protection for Sustainable Agriculture in the Era of Climate Change

• Sana Khalid 2 ,
• Areesha Nadeem 2 ,
• Shabnum Shaheen 2 ,
• Ruhangiz Mammadova 3 &
• Allah Bakhsh 4  
• First Online: 10 November 2023

307 Accesses

Habitats of major crops are unceasingly disturbed underneath the continuous climate change. This situation aggravates many biotic and abiotic stresses, viz., plant pathogens (viruses, bacterial, and fungal) and temperature, heavy metals, irradiations, etc., thus causing reduced crop yield/productivity. Therefore, to meet the food demands of increasing global population, scientists made efforts and designed strategies to mitigate the outcomes of these stresses and manage to maintain the sustainable agriculture. This chapter highlights the molecular approaches (host plant resistance, RNA interference, Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR-Cas9) coupled with in silico tools), biological control methods including proteinase inhibitor, phyto-antifeedants, induced resistance and defense priming, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria, synergism, and botanical pesticides. Moreover, chemo-ecological plant response and biophysical methods followed by the establishment of nano-fertilizers are also discussed in this chapter.

• Crop protection
• Biotic/abiotic factors
• Molecular methods
• Biological control
• Chemical/biophysical approaches
• Nanotechnology

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Department of Botany, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan

Sana Khalid, Areesha Nadeem & Shabnum Shaheen

Genetic Resources Institute of Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Baku, Azerbaijan

Ruhangiz Mammadova

Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan

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Khalid, S., Nadeem, A., Shaheen, S., Mammadova, R., Bakhsh, A. (2023). Crop Protection for Sustainable Agriculture in the Era of Climate Change. In: Hasanuzzaman, M. (eds) Climate-Resilient Agriculture, Vol 1. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-37424-1_17

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DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-37424-1_17

Published : 10 November 2023

Publisher Name : Springer, Cham

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Online ISBN : 978-3-031-37424-1

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