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Gender erklärung bachelorarbeit.

Eine wissenschaftliche Bachelorarbeit sollte eine geschlechtsneutrale Schreibweise beinhalten. Der Sinn dabei ist, dass kein Geschlecht sich ausgegrenzt fühlt oder nur einseitig betrachtet wird.

Die Herausforderung beim Gendern in einer Bachelorarbeit ist, dass der Lesefluss ungestört bleibt. Daher gibt es verschiedene Gender-Techniken , die dir 1a-Studi in diesem Artikel näher erklärt.

Oftmals ist es jedoch ratsam, aufgrund der besseren Lesbarkeit und in Bezug auf das Thema der Bachelorarbeit, Begriffe nicht zu gendern. Du verwendest durchgehend das generische Maskulinum.

Solltest du dich für eine maskuline Form in deiner Bachelorarbeit entscheiden, dann kann es sein, dass nach den Richtlinien deiner Hochschule eine Bachelorarbeit Gender Erklärung gefordert ist. In diesem Artikel findest du Vorlagen für Gender Erklärungen .

• Inhaltsverzeichnis
• Geschlechtsneutrale Formulierung
• Vorlage Download
• Gendern in Texten
• Einfügen in Bachelorarbeit
• Nur männliche Form verwenden
• Zusammenfassung als PowerPoint
• Teste dein Wissen (Quiz)

Gender Hinweis Bachelorarbeit

Für das wissenschaftlich korrekte Formulieren gilt immer die Eindeutigkeit. Je nach Fachbereich bietet es sich an, eine genderneutrale Sprache zu verwenden. Dies würde sogar den Gender Hinweis Bachelorarbeit unwichtig machen. Eine Voraussetzung hierfür ist, dass du dich konsequent an das gendergerechte Formulieren hältst.

Gendergerechte Sprache

• Doppelnennung mit Schrägstrich oder Klammern (z. B. Student/in; Schüler(in)
• Gender Sternchen (z. B. Professsor*in)

Der Sinn für eine genderneutrale Sprache in wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten ist es, dass keine Auskunft über das Geschlecht der genannten Personen gegeben wird. Somit schließt du kein Geschlecht aus und beziehst Aussagen ausdrücklich auf nur eine Gruppe.

1a-Studi-Tipp: Ob du einheitliche genderneutrale Formulierungen in deiner wissenschaftlichen Bachelorarbeit formuliert hast, prüfen die Lektoren von 1a-Studi beim Korrekturlesen und Lektorat für dich.

Gender Bachelorarbeit Beispiel:

• Studierende statt Studenten
• Beschäftigte statt Mitarbeiter
• Teilnehmende statt Befragte

Eine weitere Möglichkeit für den Gender Hinweis Bachelorarbeit ist die Nennung der weiblichen und männlichen Form. Bei dieser Formulierungsart werden beide Gruppen gleichberechtigt genannt. Ein Nachteil hierbei ist, dass dein Text dadurch sehr lang werden kann, was an einigen Stellen die Lesbarkeit mindert.

Gender gleichberechtigt Beispiel:

• Studentinnen und Studenten statt Studenten
• Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbeiter statt Mitarbeiter
• Teilnehmerinnen und Teilnehmer statt Teilnehmer

Wissenschaftliches Lektorat

Die Korrektur der Gender-Schreibweise ist inklusive beim wissenschaftlichen Lektorat ? Interessiert an einer Eins Komma im Studium?

Gender Hinweis Bachelorarbeit mit Gender Gap

Der sogenannte Gender_Gap ist eine Trennung der maskulinen und femininen Form. Dadurch wird es möglich, beide Geschlechter gleichermaßen anzusprechen, ohne diese tatsächlich auszuschreiben. Diese geschlechtsneutrale Formulierung hat den Vorteil, dass dein Text nicht unnötig aufgebläht wird.

Gender Gap Beispiel:

• Mitarbeiter_innen
• Schüler_innen
• Teilnehmer_innen

Weitere Formen für den Gender Gap sind:

• Mitarbeiter*innen
• Mitarbeiter/innen
• MitarbeiterInnen

1a-Studi-Tipp: Welche Form des Gender Gaps für deine wissenschaftliche Bachelorarbeit verwenden sollst, solltest du in Absprache mit deinem Professor klären. Hierzu findest du auch oft Hinweise in den Richtlinien deiner Hochschule zur geschlechtergerechten Sprache.

Gender Erklärung Bachelorarbeit Vorlage

Mithilfe der Gender Disclaimer Bachelorarbeit kann die Einbeziehung beider Geschlechter explizit betont werden. Der Grund, warum das Gendern in wissenschaftlichen Abschlussarbeiten nicht von Studenten gewählt wird, ist, dass der Lesefluss bestmöglich gewährleistet werden soll.

Wähle aus den folgenden Gender Erklärungen Vorlagen für deine Bachelorarbeit:

Gendern in Bachelorarbeit

Eine der größten Herausforderungen ist es, einen Gender Satz in der Bachelorarbeit sauber und verständlich zu formulieren. Vor allem, wenn Artikel dazu kommen, kann der Lesefluss gestört werden. Daher ist es ratsam, dass du den bereits erwähnten Gender_Gap für die Formulierungen in deiner Bachelorarbeit verwendest.

Schlechtes Beispiel:

• … deswegen werden der/die Mitarbeiter
• … aufgrund der Lücke entsteht für einen Teil der Mitarbeiter_innen ein ungewolltes Risiko, wobei die oder der Mitarbeiter_innen jeweils einzeln …

Gutes Beispiel nach der Korrektur:

• Deswegen werden die Mitarbeiter_innen
• … für einen Teil der Mitarbeiter_innen entsteht aufgrund der Lücke ein ungewolltes Risiko. Je nach Geschlecht werden dabei …

Wie du an diesem Beispiel siehst, kann das Gendern zur schwierigen Lesbarkeit eines Textes in einer wissenschaftlichen Bachelorarbeit führen. Daher sollten Texte, die mit einer geschlechtsneutralen Sprache formuliert wurden, unbedingt von einem 1a-Studi Lektor Korrektur gelesen werden.

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Gender Bachelorarbeit Risiken:

• Sätze werden unverständlich
• Lesefluss wird negativ beeinflusst
• Besondere Grammatik in den Nebensätzen
• Ansprechen von exakt einem Geschlecht in Gender-Texten
• Weibliche Personen werden angesprochen

Gender Hinweis Bachelorarbeit wohin

Für die richtige Platzierung des Gender Hinweis Bachelorarbeit gibt es mehrere Möglichkeiten. Die erste ist die explizite Erwähnung als Bachelorarbeit Gender Erklärung nach dem Inhaltsverzeichnis und vor der Einleitung. Die zweite Möglichkeit ist die Erwähnung innerhalb der Einleitung nach dem Aufbau der Arbeit.

Gender Hinweis Bachelorarbeit als Gliederung

• Bachelorarbeit Gliederung

Sperrvermerk

• Abbildungsverzeichnis
• Tabellenverzeichnis
• Abkürzungsverzeichnis
• ➡ Gender Erklärung

Gender Hinweis Bachelorarbeit in der Einleitung

• Einstieg in das Thema
• Problemstelle
• Zielsetzung
• Aufbau der Arbeit
• ➡ Gender Hinweis

1a-Studi-Tipp: Bei 1a-Studi lernst du, wie dir die perfekte Einleitung deiner Bachelorarbeit gelingt.

Nur männliche Form in Bachelorarbeit

Je nach Fachbereich ist es für eine Bachelorarbeit oftmals keine Anforderung, die Texte in einer geschlechtsneutralen Schreibweise (Gendern) zu formulieren. Dass dies so ist, merkst du ebenfalls in der aktuellen Fachliteratur. Diese ist sehr häufig nur in der männlichen Form formuliert.

Sollte deine Hochschule oder dein Professor keine geschlechtsneutrale Formulierung für deine Bachelorarbeit anfordern, dann solltest du aufgrund der Lesbarkeit und des besseren Textverständnisses , wie gewohnt, die männliche Form verwenden.

Um dennoch beide Geschlechter anzusprechen, kannst du den in diesem Artikel bereits erwähnte Gender Hinweis oder auch Gender Disclaimer in deine Arbeit einfügen.

Männliche Form Vorteile

• Satzverständlichkeit
• Kein Umdenken, da Basisliteratur sehr oft männlich
• Weniger Risiko bei der Grammatik
• Keine Probleme beim Wechsel zwischen beiden und einem Geschlecht

Zusammenfassung als PowerPoint-Folien

Quiz zu abbildungen und tabellen.

Teste dein neues Wissen mit dem 1a-Studi Quiz für Gendern in wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten.

Artikel zum entdecken

Anleitung, Tipps und Beispiel für die perfekte Einleitung.

Eidesstattliche Erklärung

Mustervorlagen und Downloads für eidesstattliche Erklärung.

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Gendergerechtes Schreiben für deine Bachelorarbeit 📝

Inhaltsverzeichnis

• 1 Was ist gendern? Gendern Bedeutung
• 2 Gender Erklärung Masterarbeit – Notwendigkeit
• 3 Gender Hinweis Bachelorarbeit: Verwendung von Geschlechtsformulierungs­varianten
• 4 Gender Hinweis Bachelorarbeit Vorlage Gender- Gender Erklärung Bachelorarbeit Vorlage
• 5 Gender Disclaimer Bachelorarbeit Wichtige Hinweise – Mögliche Problemfälle
• 6 Wo kommt Gender Disclaimer hin Bachelorarbeit? Gender Hinweis Bachelorarbeit wohin?
• 7 Inkludieren bedeutung – Was bedeutet es?
• 8 Wie formuliert man einen Gender Hinweis?

Die Bedeutung von Gender Erklärung Bachelorarbeit kann nicht genug betont werden. Unsere Sprache hat die Macht, zu beeinflussen, wie wir die Welt wahrnehmen und wie wir mit ihr interagieren. Es hilft uns, unsere Erfahrungen zu beschreiben, unsere Gedanken auszudrücken und Verbindungen zu anderen aufzubauen.

Sprache ist ein Spiegelbild der Kulturen, Gesellschaften und Zeiten, in denen wir leben. Seit Jahren stützt sich das wissenschaftliche Schreiben, einschließlich der Entwicklung von Abschlussarbeiten, stark auf generische männliche Begriffe. Diese Konvention übersieht die Notwendigkeit, alle Geschlechter einzubeziehen, und verstärkt ein voreingenommenes sprachliches Paradigma.

Die Welt hat jedoch begonnen, den Einfluss und die Bedeutung der Sprache für die Verbreitung von Inklusivität zu erkennen. Infolgedessen wurde der Schwerpunkt auf die wissenschaftliche Arbeit Gender Erklärung in der Sprache gelegt und auf einen inklusiveren und respektvolleren Sprachgebrauch gedrängt, der alle Geschlechter berücksichtigt. Dies ist besonders wichtig in akademischen Umgebungen, in denen Sprache Wissen, Einstellungen und wissenschaftliches Verständnis prägen kann.

Was ist gendern? Gendern Bedeutung

Was Bedeutet Gendern ? „Gendering“ bezieht sich auf den Prozess der Zuweisung oder Zuschreibung eines Geschlechts zu Personen ( Kollegen gendern, gendern Kollegen oder Kunden gendern) Objekten, Ideen oder Aktivitäten. Es kann sich auch auf den Akt der Unterscheidung zwischen Geschlechtern in verschiedenen Kontexten beziehen, einschließlich sozialer, kultureller und sprachlicher Aspekte.

Im Kontext der Sprache beinhaltet Gendering die Verwendung von Sprachformen, die Geschlecht ausdrücken oder implizieren. Zum Beispiel die Verwendung von „er“ oder „sie“ als Pronomen, die Verwendung geschlechtsspezifischer Titel wie „Vorsitzender“ oder „Vorsitzende“ oder die Verwendung einer geschlechtsneutralen Sprache sind alles Arten der Geschlechtszuordnung und wie man gendert.

Beim wissenschaftlichen Schreiben ist es wichtig, die Genderaspekte sorgfältig zu berücksichtigen und korrekt gendern, um die Inklusion zu fördern und eine Aufrechterhaltung der Geschlechtervoreingenommenheit zu vermeiden. Dazu gehört, dass Sie so weit wie möglich eine geschlechtsneutrale oder inklusive Sprache verwenden, Geschlechterstereotypen vermeiden und Ihren Umgang mit geschlechtsspezifischer Sprache transparent machen (oft durch eine Gender Neutral Erklärung im Text). Sie können viele Gendern Beispiele online finden.

Gender Erklärung Masterarbeit – Notwendigkeit

Wenn es um akademische Integrität geht, stehen ethische Überlegungen wie genderneutrale Sprache im Mittelpunkt. Einer der entscheidenden Aspekte dieser Überlegungen ist die Inklusivität aller Geschlechter und die Masterarbeit Gender Erklärung . Eine wissenschaftliche Abschlussarbeit ist nicht nur ein akademisches Unterfangen; Es trägt zu einem breiteren Wissensbestand bei, der das Potenzial birgt, Perspektiven zu formen, Ideen zu inspirieren und Richtlinien zu beeinflussen.

Aufgrund seiner Bedeutung ist die Verwendung geschlechtersensibler Sprache und Gender Disclaimer  im wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten nicht nur optional, sondern eine notwendige Verantwortung. Indem wir alle Gender beim wissenschaftlichen Schreiben anerkennen, stärken wir nicht nur den Grundsatz der Gleichberechtigung, sondern reduzieren auch Voreingenommenheit und erweitern die Zugänglichkeit und Relevanz der Arbeit. Wenn die Geschlechtervielfalt in der Gender Pronomen Erklärung anerkannt wird, schaffen wir eine präzisere, umfassendere Darstellung unserer Welt, die eine Realität widerspiegelt, in der mehrere Geschlechter koexistieren und erheblich zum Gefüge der Gesellschaft beitragen.

Gender Hinweis Bachelorarbeit: Verwendung von Geschlechtsformulierungs­varianten

Im Kontext einer gendersensiblen Sprache spielt die Verwendung verschiedener Gender-Worting-Varianten beim Bachelorarbeit Hinweis Gender eine zentrale Rolle. Anstatt sich beispielsweise auf die traditionell verwendeten Wörter „er/sie“, „sein/sie“ oder „sich selbst“ zu verlassen, verwenden viele Wissenschaftler jetzt geschlechtsneutrale Pronomen wie „sie“, „ihr“, und „sich selbst“.

Diese Vorgehensweise ist insbesondere dann von Vorteil, wenn das Geschlecht der Person, auf die verwiesen wird, nicht bekannt ist oder wenn es für das besprochene Thema irrelevant ist. Ein weiterer Ansatz zur Förderung der Geschlechterintegration Hinweis Gender Bachelorarbeit besteht in der Verwendung sowohl männlicher als auch weiblicher Formen.

Begriffe wie „er oder sie“ und „sein oder sie“ werden in wissenschaftlichen Texten und Gender Erklärung Hausarbeit  immer häufiger verwendet und sorgen für eine ausgewogenere Darstellung.

Es kann jedoch auch Fälle geben, in denen die Verwendung einer geschlechtsspezifischen Sprache erforderlich ist, insbesondere bei der Diskussion von Themen, die ein bestimmtes Geschlecht betreffen. In diesen Fällen trägt die Verwendung Gender Disclaimer Bachelorarbeit dazu bei, Genauigkeit und Relevanz zu gewährleisten. Der Schlüssel liegt darin, sich des Kontexts bewusst zu sein und geschlechtsspezifische Formulierungsvarianten und Gender Erklärung zu verwenden, die den Nuancen der Geschlechtersensibilität entsprechen.

Gender Hinweis Bachelorarbeit Vorlage Gender- Gender Erklärung Bachelorarbeit Vorlage

Die Einbeziehung vom Gender Hinweis in wissenschaftliche Arbeiten ist ein wachsender Trend, der die Bedeutung der Geschlechtergleichstellung anerkennt. Eine Gender Erklärung Wissenschaftliche Arbeit, die normalerweise im Vorwort oder in der Einleitung der Arbeit platziert wird, weist auf die Herangehensweise des Autors an Geschlechtsneutralität oder Gender Sprache Beispiel im gesamten Werk hin.

Ein Autor gibt ein Gender Sprache Beispiel an, dass er in der Dissertation so weit wie möglich eine geschlechtsneutrale Sprache verwendet hat oder dass alle verwendeten männlichen Begriffe alle Geschlechter repräsentieren sollen, insbesondere in Fällen, in denen eine Unterscheidung zwischen den Geschlechtern nicht unbedingt erforderlich ist. Die Verwendung einer Masterarbeit Gender Erklärung  fördert die Transparenz und zeigt ein Engagement für Gender-Sensibilität gendergerecht .

Damit Sie es besser verstehen, sehen Sie sich Gender Erklärung wissenschaftliche Arbeit Vorlage hier an:

• Gender Disclaimer Bachelorarbeit Vorlage 1
• Bachelorarbeit Gender Erklärung Beispiel-Formulierungen 2
• Bachelorarbeit Gender Disclaimer 3

Die Gender Erklärung Vorlage ist ein tolles Hilfsmittel für Stundenten.

Gender Disclaimer Bachelorarbeit Wichtige Hinweise – Mögliche Problemfälle

Beim Streben nach der Gendererklärung  und Gender Erklärung Formulierung beim wissenschaftlichen Schreiben ist es wichtig, sich potenzieller Problemfälle bewusst zu sein. In erster Linie sollten Stereotypisierungen oder Annahmen über das Geschlecht strikt vermieden werden.

Diese Praktiken können zu Voreingenommenheit und Ungenauigkeiten in der Arbeit führen. Auch die übermäßige Verwendung der Gender Neutral Erklärung kann zu Verwirrung führen, insbesondere wenn im Text auf bestimmte Personen Bezug genommen wird. Darüber hinaus wird die Verwendung von „sie“ als Singularpronomen zwar zunehmend akzeptiert, von einigen Lesern jedoch immer noch als grammatikalisch falsch empfunden.

Um Missverständnisse zu vermeiden, sollte die Verwendung daher Im Gender Erklärung Bachelorarbeit klar angegeben werden. Schließlich ist es von entscheidender Bedeutung, die einheitliche Verwendung des Geschlechts im gesamten Projekt aufrechtzuerhalten, um Klarheit zu gewährleisten und Unklarheiten zu vermeiden.

Wo kommt Gender Disclaimer hin Bachelorarbeit? Gender Hinweis Bachelorarbeit wohin?

Viele stellen die Fragen Gender Hinweis Bachelorarbeit wohin oder Gender Erklärung Bachelorarbeit wohin.  Eine Gender Hinweis Formulierung Bachelorarbeit erscheint normalerweise im Vorwort oder in der Einleitung der Abschlussarbeit. Wo Gender Hinweis kommt, wird auch oft selbst angegeben.  Durch diese Platzierung wird sichergestellt, dass sich die Leser über die Herangehensweise des Autors an geschlechtsspezifische Sprache im Klaren sind, bevor sie sich mit dem Hauptinhalt des Werks befassen. In einigen Fällen kann es auch im Abschnitt „Methoden“ oder „Ansatz“ erscheinen, wenn die Verwendung einer geschlechtsspezifischen Sprache für die Methodik der Studie besonders relevant ist. Aber die Bachelorarbeit Gender Hinweis Fußnote bleibt leer.

Inkludieren bedeutung – Was bedeutet es?

Inklusivität ist ein Prinzip, das die Einbeziehung von Menschen unterschiedlicher Herkunft, Erfahrung und Identität in einem bestimmten Umfeld oder Kontext beinhaltet. Dabei geht es darum, die unterschiedlichen Identitäten und Erfahrungen des Einzelnen anzuerkennen, zu respektieren und zu wertschätzen. Inklusivität bedeutet sicherzustellen, dass sich jeder wertgeschätzt, gehört und einbezogen fühlt, unabhängig von Rasse, Religion, Geschlecht, Alter, sexueller Orientierung, Fähigkeiten oder sozioökonomischem Status.

Wie formuliert man einen Gender Hinweis?

Um eine Gender Sternchen Erklärung  zu formulieren, müssen Sie in Ihrer Abschlussarbeit kurz Ihre Herangehensweise an geschlechtsspezifische Sprache Gender Arten Erklärung  erläutern. Wir haben oben das Gendersprache Beispiel für die Gender Erklärung in Bachelorarbeit.

Hier finden Sie eine Gender Liste Erklärung:

Autoren und Sprachen

Wer erstellt meine Arbeit?

Alle unsere Experten haben Bachelor-, Master- oder Doktorabschlüsse und jahrelange Erfahrung im Ghostwriting. Unter unseren Autoren gibt es keine Studenten oder nicht verifizierte Autoren. Sie entscheiden selbst, wer Ihre Arbeit erstellen wird. Kontaktieren Sie uns und unsere Manager erzählen Ihnen gerne über freie Experten für Ihren Auftrag!

Kann ich den Autor selbst auswählen?

Ja, sicher! Wir erzählen ausführlich über freie Experten, die Ihre Arbeit verfassen können, beantworten Ihre Fragen und Sie wählen selbst nach Ihren Kriterien einen Experten aus, der Ihrer Ansicht nach am besten für die Erstellung Ihrer Arbeit geeignet ist.

Kann ich direkt mit dem Autor kommunizieren?

Ja, Sie können vor und auch im Laufe der Arbeit anonym und kostenfrei mit dem Ghostwriter in einem Chat bzw. einer Videokonferenz ohne Kamera chatten, wir sorgen für Ihr Vertrauen und Ihre Sicherheit.

Ist Deutsch die Muttersprache der Autoren?

Wenn Sie uns eine Arbeit in deutscher Sprache schreiben lassen, garantieren wir, dass Ihre Arbeit von einem Ghostwriter verfasst wird, dessen Muttersprache Deutsch ist.

In welchen Sprachen können Sie akademische Arbeiten schreiben?

Wir bieten Ghostwriting-Dienstleistungen in folgenden Sprachen an: Deutsch, Englisch, Italienisch, Spanisch und Französisch. Alle Autoren sind Muttersprachler und hochqualifizierte Spezialisten in ihrem Fachgebiet. Wenn Sie möchten, dass ein deutscher Autor Ihre Arbeit in einer anderen Sprache erstellt, dann ist das beim Vorhandensein eines solchen Autors auch möglich.

Welche Arbeitserfahrungen haben die Ghostwriter?

Die meisten unserer Autoren arbeiten mit uns seit dem ersten Tag der Gründung unserer Agentur zusammen, ihre Erfahrungen im akademischen Schreiben erstrecken sich zwischen 2 und 50 Jahren. Wir arbeiten ausschließlich mit den Autoren, die die validierten Bachelor-, Master- und Doktorabschlüsse haben.

Hat der Autor Qualifikation in meinem Fachgebiet?

Ja, alle Autoren werden streng geprüft und befassen sich nur mit den Bestellungen in ihrem nachgewiesenen Wissensbereich.

Kann ich sicher sein, dass der Ghostwriter ein qualifizierter Fachmann ist?

Alle unsere Ghostwriter bestehen eine strenge Prüfung vor der Auftragserteilung. Wir prüfen bei den Kandidaten Abschlussurkunden, wissenschaftliche Artikel und sonstige Dokumente. Außerdem bestehen sie Tests für Schreibstandards und ein Interview mit einem VIP-Autor aus ihrem Fachgebiet.

Wird von den Ghostwritern künstliche Intelligenz bei der Erstellung von Arbeiten verwendet?

Nein, alle Ghostwriter unterzeichnen in unserer Agentur einen Vertrag, wo einer der Hauptpunkte Verbot des Einsatzes künstlicher Intelligenz oder jeglicher neuronaler Netze ist.

Qualität der Arbeiten

Wird der Ghostwriter meinen Anweisungen folgen und die Dokumente verwenden, die ich ihm bereitstelle?

Ja, sicher. Unser Prinzip ist es, die Arbeiten unserer Kunden gemäß allen ihren Anforderungen und Wünschen auszuführen. Alle Unterlagen, Hinweise und Wünsche werden bei der Erstellung der Arbeit berücksichtigt und verwendet.

Wenn ich keine Materialien für die Arbeit habe, sondern nur ein Thema?

Macht nichts, der Ghostwriter kann selber das Thema erschließen und die Arbeit aufgrund zuverlässiger wissenschaftlicher Quellen erstellen, Ihre Arbeit wird einzigartig sein. In diesen Fällen haben Sie die Möglichkeit, mittels Teillieferungen zu prüfen, ob Ihnen die Darstellung des Themas gut gefällt. Ihre Korrekturen, falls vorhanden, werden vom Autor berücksichtigt.

Wird meine Arbeit einzigartig sein?

Ja, alle Arbeiten werden immer für jeden Kunden individuell geschrieben. Wir prüfen die Arbeit auf Einzigartigkeit mithilfe spezieller Software, die auch die deutschen Hochschulen verwenden. Die Einzigartigkeit beträgt bei uns immer mindestens 92 %. Ihrer Arbeit wird absolut kostenlos ein Einzigartigkeitsbericht beigelegt.

Nach welchen Standards wird die Arbeit geschrieben?

Wir schreiben die Arbeiten nach den von Ihnen vorgegebenen Standards, da diese an verschiedenen Hochschulen unterschiedlich sein können. Wenn es keine gibt, verwenden wir Standardvorlagen für die Schreibarbeit.

Besteht die Arbeit die Qualitätskontrolle?

Ja, die endgültige Arbeit wird noch einmal von einem professionellen Korrektor geprüft, außerdem wird sie auf Übereinstimmung mit den ursprünglichen Anforderungen und Wünschen des Auftraggebers überprüft. Literaturquellen werden auf Verfügbarkeit und Konformität, Formatierungsstandards, Themenerschließung usw. überprüft.

Details und Arbeitsablauf

Ist Ghostwriting legal?

Ja, Ghostwriting ist in Deutschland legal. Sie können die von einem Ghostwriter erstellte Arbeit als Referenz beim Verfassen Ihrer eigenen Arbeit verwenden oder zur Überprüfung Ihrer eigenen Untersuchung u. ä. benutzen. Sie dürfen nur die von einem Ghostwriter geschriebene Arbeit nicht als Ihre eigene ausgeben.

Ist es möglich, nur einen Teil einer wissenschaftlichen Arbeit zu bestellen?

Ja, das ist möglich. Wir können für Sie auch nur einen oder einige bestimmte Teils der Arbeit vorbereiten wie etwa Literaturverzeichnis, Einleitung, Arbeitsplan oder Recherche, wir helfen Ihnen auch bei der Themenauswahl. Wenn Sie die Arbeit selbst geschrieben haben und nur Lektorat oder Korrekturlesen benötigen, stehen wir Ihnen gerne zur Verfügung.

Können Sie eine Arbeit dringend schreiben?

Wir schreiben erfolgreich dringende Arbeiten, auch manchmal binnen eines Tages. Wir haben dafür eine Abteilung für Eilaufträge, wo sich die Autoren ausschließlich mit dringenden Arbeiten beschäftigen.

Wieviel Zeit braucht ein Ghostwriter, um eine Arbeit zu schreiben?

Das ist von dem Thema, der Komplexität und dem Umfang der Arbeit abhängig. Wir hatten in unserer Praxis den Fall, als ein Ghostwriter binnen 24 Stunden eine 16-seitige Arbeit verfasst hat. Stellen Sie eine unverbindliche Anfrage, geben Sie Ihren genauen Termin an und unsere Manager beraten Sie gerne.

Garantieren Sie eine gute Note?

Nein, das können wir leider nicht garantieren. Die Note für die Arbeit hängt nicht nur vom geschriebenen Text, sondern auch von anderen Faktoren ab, die außerhalb unserer Befugnisse liegen. Wir bieten Ihnen deshalb Teillieferungen der Arbeit, damit Sie Ihre Arbeit im Voraus lesen und, falls erforderlich, korrigieren lassen können.

Darf ich die Arbeit korrigieren lassen?

Ja, Sie dürfen Ihre Arbeit im Laufe ihrer Erstellung sowie 2 Wochen nach Ablauf der Frist völlig kostenfrei entsprechend den Ausgangsanforderungen korrigieren lassen. Für viele Arbeiten gibt das Unternehmen eine lebenslange Garantie.

Schicken Sie fertige Teile der Arbeit?

Ja, Ihr Vertrauen und Ihre Sicherheit sind uns wichtig. Es wird Ihnen auch dabei helfen, sich schrittweise mit dem Material vertraut zu machen und gegebenenfalls schnell Korrekturen vorzunehmen.

Kann ich den Fortschritt meiner Arbeit überwachen?

Ja, natürlich! Ihrem Projekt sind 2 persönliche Manager zugeordnet. Einer von ihnen überprüft gerade den Fortschritt Ihrer Arbeit und informiert Sie und den Ghostwriter über alle Änderungen.

Kann ich meinen Auftrag stornieren?

Ja, Sie können Ihren persönlichen Betreuer darüber jederzeit informieren. In diesem Fall bezahlen Sie nur die bereits fertiggestellten Teile Ihrer Arbeit.

Wer überwacht mein Projekt?

Dem Projekt sind 2 persönliche Manager zugeordnet. Der erste ist Ihr Berater zu Arbeitskosten und -bedingungen. Der zweite Manager überwacht den Fortschritt der Arbeit und steht in ständigem Kontakt mit dem Kunden und dem Autor.

Was kann ich tun, wenn ich mit der geschriebenen Arbeit nicht zufrieden bin?

Diese Fälle sind in unserer Praxis sehr selten. Sie erhalten immer zuerst fertige Teile Ihrer Arbeit, um diese zu bewerten und korrigieren zu lassen. Außerdem haben Sie noch folgende Möglichkeiten: Sie können einen anderen Autor verlangen oder sich mit Ihrer Anfrage an die Betreuungsabteilung wenden, und unsere Manager werden so schnell wie möglich Ihre Anfrage beantworten.

Preise und Zahlungsverfahren

Kann ich in Raten zahlen?

Ja, natürlich. Sie können Ihren Auftrag in Teilen bezahlen, wir empfehlen jedoch die Gesamtzahlung, da der Autor in diesem Fall sofort die ganze Arbeit erstellt, ohne auf Nachzahlungen zu warten. Sie können auch Teile Ihrer Arbeit erhalten, um genau zu wissen, dass Ihre Arbeit so erstellt wird, wie Sie es sich wünschen.

Mache ich mich mit einer Zahlung strafbar?

Nein, Sie machen sich nicht strafbar. Ghostwriting ist in Deutschland nicht nur legal, sondern auch eine jahrhundertealte Praxis. Sie dürfen aber nicht, die von uns verfasste Arbeit unverändert als Ihre einzureichen.

Können andere Personen für mich bezahlen?

Ja, eine andere Person darf für Sie bezahlen. Teilen Sie dieser Person Ihre Auftragsnummer mit. Sobald deren Zahlung bei uns eingegangen ist, wird diese Ihnen gutgeschrieben.

Wie kann ich bezahlen?

Sie können eine Banküberweisung vornehmen oder sofort über Zahlungssysteme bezahlen, indem Sie auf den Link in der Rechnung klicken. Akzeptiert werden Kredit- oder Debitkarte (Visa, MasterCard, American Express), Mobile-Payment-Zahlungssysteme (Google Pay, Apple Pay) und Online-Bezahlverfahren (Klarna, Giropay). Teilzahlungen sind auch möglich.

Können die Kosten im Laufe der Auftragserfüllung ändern?

Ja, wenn Sie während der Erstellung Ihrer Arbeit neue Daten angeben oder eine der Hauptbedingungen ändern wie etwa das Thema der Arbeit oder die Anzahl der Seiten, so können die Kosten neu berechnet werden. Sofern Korrekturen eine Erhöhung der Seitenzahl erfordern, werden diese ebenfalls gesondert vergütet.

Betreuungsabteilung

Was konkret soll ich schreiben?

Sie stellen Ihre Frage oder beschreiben Ihr Problem und geben Ihre Bestellnummer an. Die Bestellnummer finden Sie auf der Rechnung oder im ersten Schreiben, das Sie vom Unternehmen erhalten haben.

In welchen Fällen kann ich mich an die Betreuungsabteilung wenden?

Sollten sich Ihre persönlichen Betreuer nicht melden, können Sie eine Anfrage bei der Betreuungsabteilung stellen. Wenn die Manager Ihre Frage nicht selbständig lösen können, dann wenden Sie sich bitte an uns.

Wozu wurde die Betreuungsabteilung organisiert?

Die Betreuungsabteilung funktioniert unabhängig und hilft unseren Kunden bei der Lösung von Anfragen, falls die Manager ein Problem nicht lösen oder eine Frage nicht beantworten können. Der Ruf unseres Unternehmens liegt uns am Herzen und wir verbessern unseren Service ständig.

Vertraulichkeit

Wird der Autor oder jemand noch meine Daten kennen?

Nein, alle Ihre Daten ebenso wie unsere Kommunikation werden verschlüsselt und nicht an Dritte weitergeleitet. Der Ghostwriter erhält nur die Anforderungen und Wünsche zum Verfassen der Arbeit. Außerdem unterzeichnen unsere Autoren eine Vertraulichkeitsvereinbarung.

Werden meine persönlichen Daten bei Ihnen geschützt?

Ja, in unserem Unternehmen gelten allgemeine Datenschutzbestimmungen, so dass die persönlichen Daten unserer Kunden werden nie veröffentlicht oder an Dritte weitergegeben.

Geld-Zurück-Garantie

In welchen Fällen garantieren Sie die Rückerstattung von 100 % des eingezahlten Geldes?

Wir garantieren Ihnen eine vollständige Rückerstattung in folgenden Fällen: 1. Das Unternehmen hat die Arbeit nicht fristgemäß dem Auftraggeber übergeben, es sei denn, mit dem Auftraggeber wurde etwas anderes vereinbart. Wenn der Auftraggeber und der Betreuer vereinbart haben, den Liefertermin zu verschieben, gilt dieser Termin als Endtermin. 2. Wenn das Werk nicht einzigartig ist. Das Unternehmen ist verpflichtet, ein Werk mit Einzigartigkeit von mindestens 92 % zu liefern. Der Plagiatsbericht des im Prüfsystem PlagScan geprüften Werkes ist eine Bestätigung der Einzigartigkeit des Werkes. 3. Technischer Fehler bei der Bezahlung der Bestellung. Die Zahlung wurde aufgrund von technischen Problemen mit dem Provider, dem Browser oder anderen Systemfehlern zweimal durchgeführt und/oder der Auftraggeber hat versehentlich zweimal für identische Bestellungen bezahlt.

Kann ich mit einer Rückerstattung eines Teils des eingezahlten Geldes rechnen?

Ja, wenn Sie sich während des Erstellungsprozesses beschlossen haben, die Bestellung zu stornieren. In dieser Situation ist das Unternehmen verpflichtet, Ihnen das Geld für den noch nicht geschriebenen Teil Ihrer Arbeit zurückzuerstatten.

In welchen Fällen kann das Unternehmen eine Rückerstattung verweigern?

Der Auftraggeber weigert sich, Anpassungen im Prozess vorzunehmen, und verlangt eine Rückerstattung. Der Auftraggeber schickt eine gefälschte Bestätigung, dass er die Arbeit nicht erhalten hat. Die verspätete Ablieferung der fertigen Arbeit ist auf das Verschulden des Auftraggebers zurückzuführen. Dazu gehören Zahlungsverzug, einschließlich zusätzlicher Gebühren für Änderungsaufträge, Verzögerung bei der Bereitstellung notwendiger Quellen oder verspätete Antworten auf unsere Anfragen. Nicht rechtzeitiger Eingang von Bestellungen aufgrund von technischen Problemen beim Provider, dem Browser oder Systemfehlern auf der Seite des Auftraggebers. Der Auftraggeber hat die Frist freiwillig verlängert. Wird ein Rückgabeantrag nach Ablauf der Frist eingereicht, ist keine Rückerstattung möglich, da das Fehlen eines Rückgabeantrags bedeutet, dass der Auftraggeber die Qualität der Arbeit akzeptiert hat. Diese Regeln gelten sowohl für den aktuellen Zustand der Arbeit als auch für die fertige Arbeit*. *** Die Rückerstattungsfrist beträgt 14 Tage nach dem auf der Bestellung angegebenen Lieferdatum, sofern mit dem Kunden nichts anderes vereinbart wurde.

Gender Erklärung Bachelorarbeit - FAQ

Wie Gendert man in einer Bachelorarbeit? Richtig gendern

Wie gendert man richtig? Die Einbeziehung einer Gender Envy Erklärung in eine Bachelorarbeit erfordert einige Schritte. Erstens sollten Sie versuchen, so weit wie möglich geschlechtsneutrale Begriffe Gender Beispiele zu verwenden und geschlechtsspezifische Substantive. Zweitens: Verwenden Sie geschlechtsspezifische Pronomen wie „sie“ oder „ihr“, wenn das Geschlecht der Person, auf die Sie sich beziehen, nicht bekannt oder relevant ist. Drittens sollten Sie bei Ihrem Sprachgebrauch auf mögliche geschlechtsspezifische Vorurteile achten und geschlechtsspezifische Annahmen oder Stereotypen vermeiden. Fügen Sie abschließend Erklärung Gender Hausarbeit  hinzu, um Ihre Herangehensweise an geschlechtsspezifische Sprache zu verdeutlichen.

Wie formuliere ich einen Gender Satz in der Bachelorarbeit?

• Verwendung von Gender Sternchen Erklärung, Lücke oder Doppelpunkt: Um alle Geschlechter einzubeziehen, gibt es die Verwendung des Geschlechtssterns (*), der Lücke (_) oder des Doppelpunkts (:). Diese Symbole werden in der Mitte eines Wortes platziert, um die Einbeziehung aller Geschlechter anzuzeigen. „Studentinnen“ oder „Student_innen“ oder „Student:innen“ ist beispielsweise eine geschlechtsspezifische Bezeichnung für Studierende aller Geschlechter.
• Verwendung beider Geschlechter: Wenn Sie über ein Thema sprechen, das Menschen im Allgemeinen betrifft, können Sie in Ihren Texten beide Geschlechter verwenden. Zum Beispiel: „Jeder Student und jede Studentin sollte die Arbeit pünktlich einreichen“.
• Verwendung geschlechtsneutraler Begriffe: Verwenden Sie nach Möglichkeit geschlechtsneutrale Begriffe. Anstelle von „Vorsitzender“ können Sie beispielsweise auch „Vorsitzende Person“ verwenden.
• Bachelorarbeit Gender Erklärung: Zu Beginn Ihrer Abschlussarbeit können Sie eine Gender-Disclaimer Bachelorarbeit Vorlage hinzufügen, in der Ihre Herangehensweise an eine geschlechtersensible Sprache erwähnt wird.

Prof. Dr. Conrad Rüth

Autor, Doctor

Coach, Professor Doktor Conrad Rüth hat Professur für Internationale Wirtschaftsbeziehungen bekleidet und Lehrstuhlvertretungen in Frankfurt und Berlin innegehabt. Jetzt leitet er den Akademily Blog sowie alle Veröffentlichungen, Änderungen und Sonderaktionen auf unserer Webseite.

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Perfekte Deckblatt für Ihre Hausarbeit + Beispiele

Schreiben des Anhangs einer Diplomarbeit – Online machen

Hilfe bei der Verteidigung für eine Krankenpflegearbeit, TFE Krankenpflege

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Einen Bericht über das Praktikum eines Sonderpädagogen anfertigen

Verteidigung der Doktorarbeit in der Medizin

Diplomarbeit und Praktikumsbericht auf Spanisch verfassen können

Wir heben die lerneffektivität auf die nächste ebene. sind sie bereit für eine erstklassige arbeit.

Machen Sie den weiteren Schritt: kontaktieren Sie uns per WhatsApp.

Ihre Anfrage ist unverbindlich. Ihre Daten werden streng vertraulich behandelt und nicht an Dritte weitergegeben.

Die Hinweise aus der Datenschutzerklärung und den AGB habe ich gelesen und akzeptiere diese.

Wir haben Ihren Auftrag erhalten. Danke, dass Sie sich für uns entschieden haben!

Unsere Kundenbetreuer werden Sie innerhalb von 15-30 Minuten kontaktieren.

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Häufig gestellte Fragen

Wie formuliere ich einen gender-hinweis.

Den Gender-Hinweis für deine Hausarbeit kannst du beispielsweise folgendermaßen formulieren:

Zur besseren Lesbarkeit wird in dieser Hausarbeit das generische Maskulinum verwendet. Die in dieser Arbeit verwendeten Personenbezeichnungen beziehen sich – sofern nicht anders kenntlich gemacht – auf alle Geschlechter.

Noch Fragen?

Frag unser team.

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Gender Studies (Research)

Master's thesis.

You will complete your Research MA programme by writing a Master's thesis (30 EC) that is based on original research. The thesis is a scholarly research project in which you are expected to contribute, on the basis of independent research, to a debate within the discipline.

Thesis requirements

It should be structured around a central research question (set out in the introductory sections) to which the thesis provides a response and thereby offers an original contribution to existing scholarship (explicated in the individual chapters and in the conclusion). The central research question must be clearly formulated in the thesis and its relevance to scholarly discussions within the discipline must be demonstrated. The body of the text should give a clear description and justification of the methodological and theoretical framework that is used to develop the response(s) to the research question, and should employ a case study relevant to the research question or problem and its sociopolitical relevance.

The thesis should be written in English. The length of the thesis should be between 30,000 and 35,000 words. More detailed information on deadlines and procedures can be found in the programme book .

Supervision

The thesis will be assessed and graded by the supervisor and by a second assessor who has not been involved in the supervision. 

Submitting your proposal

Submitting your thesis proposal.

Do your supervisor and second reviewer approve your thesis proposal? Then submit your proposal in Osiris Student  > Cases > My cases > Start a new case by using the plus icon in the bottom right corner. A new window will open. Make sure your pop-up blocker is turned off for the new window to open.  Choose HUM: Thesis proposal.  Your supervisor and second assessor will then officially confirm that you can start your writing process. You will be notified of this by e-mail.

Submitting your thesis

Handing in your thesis

Once you have completed your thesis, you must submit it in Osiris (and not via an email to your supervisor). Osiris provides you with an evaluation progress as well as your final grade. 

If your supervisor has indicated that your final paper is ready for assessment, proceed as follows:

• You can upload your thesis in Osiris via Cases  > My Cases .
• Consult with your supervisor how the plagiarism check is carried out (e.g. by uploading your thesis in  Blackboard  or otherwise)

Did you get a pass?

If you have received a satisfactory grade, you will need to upload your thesis' final version in Utrecht University's thesis archive. This is mandatory.

• Go to  Osiris Student  > Cases
• Choose  Archive & publish thesis - Follow-up Case
• Archive your thesis and, if so desired, you can publish it 

Forms and procedures master's thesis

Your Master's thesis will be assessed according to specific evaluation procedures. You can prepare for this by reading the following documents and explanations prior to starting your thesis.

All theses will be evaluated by two separate evaluators. If your supervisor is a professor connected to your Master's programme, he/she will also be the first evaluator. 

Your Research Master's thesis will be evaluated using a standardised assessment form  (word). In some cases a third evaluator will be asked to assess your paper. This third evaluator will use another form (word) to evaluate your thesis.

Fraud and plagiarism

Utrecht University takes any form of academic dishonesty very seriously. We expect each student to know and observe the norms and values that ensure academic integrity. Make sure you are aware of our rules regarding fraud and plagiarism .

If your lecturer or supervisor suspects fraud or plagiarism, , they will notify the board of examiners.

Do you use participants for your research?

In case you are doing research that involves interviewing people, submitting questionnaires or involving people in any other way, you are probably doing human-subject related research . If so, please review the  checklist  and discuss it with your supervisor. The checklist contains information on privacy, ethics and data management.

Hélène Phoa Gender Studies Research Thesis Prize

Hélène Phoa was a graduate of the Research Master Gender Studies at Utrecht University. She graduated in 2018. Hélène was too young when she passed away in 2019. In memory of her life, her courage and her commitment to Gender Studies, the family of Hélène Phoa made it possible to award a yearly prize of 1000 Euro for a gender studies thesis. The prize is intended to contribute to supporting  a graduate in the passage from being a student in gender to a rewarding next phase in life where ‘doing gender’ may find a new form.

More information

More information on submission and deadlines, please contact:  [email protected]  mentioning Hélène Phoa Thesis Award.

Conditions & criteria

• The thesis was written by a student who was registered in Gender Studies Two Year Research Master Programmes at Utrecht University: Gender Studies (research), this includes the GEMMA-programme at UU.
• The thesis was supervised and assessed by at least one of teacher in this programme
• From the year 2021 onwards, the prize may be awarded to students who graduated the preceding academic year between September 1 and August 31.
• Originality in the field of gender studies: exploring under researched or surprising questions.
• Conclusions are formulated in such a way that they reach out to new readerships.
• The author has shown perseverance and commitment in writing the thesis by overcoming personal, financial or social challenges.

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Digital Commons @ USF > College of Arts and Sciences > Women's and Gender Studies > Theses and Dissertations

Women's and Gender Studies Theses and Dissertations

Theses/dissertations from 2023 2023.

Social Media and Women Empowerment in Nigeria: A Study of the #BreakTheBias Campaign on Facebook , Deborah Osaro Omontese

Theses/Dissertations from 2022 2022

Going Flat: Challenging Gender, Stigma, and Cure through Lesbian Breast Cancer Experience , Beth Gaines

Incorrect Athlete, Incorrect Woman: IOC Gender Regulations and the Boundaries of Womanhood in Professional Sports , Sabeehah Ravat

Transnational Perspectives on the #MeToo and Anti-Base Movements in Japan , Alisha Romano

Theses/Dissertations from 2021 2021

Criminalizing LGBTQ+ Jamaicans: Social, Legal, and Colonial Influences on Homophobic Policy , Zoe C. Knowles

Dismantling Hegemony through Inclusive Sexual Health Education , Lauren Wright

Theses/Dissertations from 2020 2020

Transfat Representation , Jessica "Fyn" Asay

Theses/Dissertations from 2019 2019

Ain't I a Woman, Too? Depictions of Toxic Femininity, Transmisogynoir, and Violence on STAR , Sunahtah D. Jones

“The Most Muscular Woman I Have Ever Seen”: Bev FrancisPerformance of Gender in Pumping Iron II: The Women , Cera R. Shain

"Roll" Models: Fat Sexuality and Its Representations in Pornographic Imagery , Leah Marie Turner

Theses/Dissertations from 2018 2018

Reproducing Intersex Trouble: An Analysis of the M.C. Case in the Media , Jamie M. Lane

Race and Gender in (Re)integration of Victim-Survivors of CSEC in a Community Advocacy Context , Joshlyn Lawhorn

Penalizing Pregnancy: A Feminist Legal Studies Analysis of Purvi Patel's Criminalization , Abby Schneller

A Queer and Crip Grotesque: Katherine Dunn's , Megan Wiedeman

Theses/Dissertations from 2017 2017

"Mothers like Us Think Differently": Mothers' Negotiations of Virginity in Contemporary Turkey , Asli Aygunes

Surveilling Hate/Obscuring Racism?: Hate Group Surveillance and the Southern Poverty Law Center's "Hate Map" , Mary McKelvie

“Ya I have a disability, but that’s only one part of me”: Formative Experiences of Young Women with Physical Disabilities , Victoria Peer

Resistance from Within: Domestic violence and rape crisis centers that serve Black/African American populations , Jessica Marie Pinto

(Dis)Enchanted: (Re)constructing Love and Creating Community in the , Shannon A. Suddeth

Theses/Dissertations from 2016 2016

"The Afro that Ate Kentucky": Appalachian Racial Formation, Lived Experience, and Intersectional Feminist Interventions , Sandra Louise Carpenter

“Even Five Years Ago this Would Have Been Impossible:” Health Care Providers’ Perspectives on Trans* Health Care , Richard S. Henry

Tough Guy, Sensitive Vas: Analyzing Masculinity, Male Contraceptives & the Sexual Division of Labor , Kaeleen Kosmo

Theses/Dissertations from 2015 2015

Let’s Move! Biocitizens and the Fat Kids on the Block , Mary Catherine Dickman

Interpretations of Educational Experiences of Women in Chitral, Pakistan , Rakshinda Shah

Theses/Dissertations from 2014 2014

Incredi-bull-ly Inclusive?: Assessing the Climate on a College Campus , Aubrey Lynne Hall

Her-Storicizing Baldness: Situating Women's Experiences with Baldness from Skin and Hair Disorders , Kasie Holmes

In the (Radical) Pursuit of Self-Care: Feminist Participatory Action Research with Victim Advocates , Robyn L. Homer

Theses/Dissertations from 2013 2013

Significance is Bliss: A Global Feminist Analysis of the Liberian Truth and Reconciliation Commission and its Privileging of Americo-Liberian over Indigenous Liberian Women's Voices , Morgan Lea Eubank

Monsters Under the Bed: An Analysis of Torture Scenes in Three Pixar Films , Heidi Tilney Kramer

Theses/Dissertations from 2012 2012

Can You Believe She Did THAT?!:Breaking the Codes of "Good" Mothering in 1970s Horror Films , Jessica Michelle Collard

Don't Blame It on My Ovaries: Exploring the Lived Experience of Women with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome and the Creation of Discourse , Jennifer Lynn Ellerman

Valanced Voices: Student Experiences with Learning Disabilities & Differences , Zoe DuPree Fine

An Interactive Guide to Self-Discovery for Women , Elaine J. Taylor

Selling the Third Wave: The Commodification and Consumption of the Flat Track Roller Girl , Mary Catherine Whitlock

Theses/Dissertations from 2010 2010

Beyond Survival: An Exploration of Narrative Healing and Forgiveness in Healing from Rape , Heather Curry

Theses/Dissertations from 2009 2009

Gender Trouble In Northern Ireland: An Examination Of Gender And Bodies Within The 1970s And 1980s Provisional Irish Republican Army In Northern Ireland , Jennifer Earles

"You're going to Hollywood"!: Gender and race surveillance and accountability in American Idol contestant's performances , Amanda LeBlanc

From the academy to the streets: Documenting the healing power of black feminist creative expression , Tunisia L. Riley

Developing Feminist Activist Pedagogy: A Case Study Approach in the Women's Studies Department at the University of South Florida , Stacy Tessier

Women in Wargasm: The Politics of Womenís Liberation in the Weather Underground Organization , Cyrana B. Wyker

Theses/Dissertations from 2008 2008

Opportunities for Spiritual Awakening and Growth in Mothering , Melissa J. Albee

A Constant Struggle: Renegotiating Identity in the Aftermath of Rape , Jo Aine Clarke

I am Warrior Woman, Hear Me Roar: The Challenge and Reproduction of Heteronormativity in Speculative Television Programs , Leisa Anne Clark

Theses/Dissertations from 2007 2007

Reforming Dance Pedagogy: A Feminist Perspective on the Art of Performance and Dance Education , Jennifer Clement

Narratives of lesbian transformation: Coming out stories of women who transition from heterosexual marriage to lesbian identity , Clare F. Walsh

The Conundrum of Women’s Studies as Institutional: New Niches, Undergraduate Concerns, and the Move Towards Contemporary Feminist Theory and Action , Rebecca K. Willman

Theses/Dissertations from 2006 2006

A Feminist Perspective on the Precautionary Principle and the Problem of Endocrine Disruptors under Neoliberal Globalization Policies , Erica Hesch Anstey

Asymptotes and metaphors: Teaching feminist theory , Michael Eugene Gipson

Postcolonial Herstory: The Novels of Assia Djebar (Algeria) and Oksana Zabuzhko (Ukraine): A Comparative Analysis , Oksana Lutsyshyna

Theses/Dissertations from 2005 2005

Loving Loving? Problematizing Pedagogies of Care and Chéla Sandoval’s Love as a Hermeneutic , Allison Brimmer

Exploring Women’s Complex Relationship with Political Violence: A Study of the Weathermen, Radical Feminism and the New Left , Lindsey Blake Churchill

The Voices of Sex Workers (prostitutes?) and the Dilemma of Feminist Discourse , Justine L. Kessler

Reconstructing Women's Identities: The Phenomenon Of Cosmetic Surgery In The United States , Cara L. Okopny

Fantastic Visions: On the Necessity of Feminist Utopian Narrative , Tracie Anne Welser

Theses/Dissertations from 2004 2004

The Politics of Being an Egg “Donor” and Shifting Notions of Reproductive Freedom , Elizabeth A. Dedrick

Women, Domestic Abuse, And Dreams: Analyzing Dreams To Uncover Hidden Traumas And Unacknowledged Strengths , Mindy Stokes

Theses/Dissertations from 2001 2001

Safe at Home: Agoraphobia and the Discourse on Women’s Place , Suzie Siegel

Theses/Dissertations from 2000 2000

Women, Environment and Development: Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America , Evaline Tiondi

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Does writing style affect gender differences in the research performance of articles?: An empirical study of BERT-based textual sentiment analysis

• Published: 08 March 2023
• Volume 128 , pages 2105–2143, ( 2023 )

Cite this article

• Yongchao Ma 1 , 2 ,
• Ying Teng 2 ,
• Zhongzhun Deng   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-7822-5064 3 ,
• Li Liu 4 &
• Yi Zhang 4  

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“Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls” is essential to reduce gender disparity and improve the status of women. But it remains a challenge to narrow gender differences and improve gender equality in academic research. In this paper, we propose that the impact of articles is lower and writing style of articles is less positive when the article’s first author is female relative to male first authors, and writing style mediates this relationship. Focusing on the positive writing style, we attempt to contribute and explain the research on gender differences in research performance. We use BERT-based textual sentiment analysis to analyse 87 years of 9820 articles published in the top four marketing journals and prove our hypotheses. We also consider a set of control variables and conduct a set of robustness checks to ensure the robustness of our findings. We discuss the theoretical and managerial implications of our findings for researchers.

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Introduction

As one of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the SDG 5 (Gender Equality): “achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls” is essential to reduce gender disparity and improve the status of women (UnitedNations, 2015 ). On International Women’s Day in 2021, Elsevier, a renowned information services provider, and publisher, released a report titled “Researcher Journey Through a Gender Lens,” which shows that there are gender differences in scientific research (Elsevier, 2020 ). On the one hand, gender differences exist across various subject areas, but the extent of these differences varies. On the other hand, the gender differences between men and women vary between countries. Japan, for example, has larger gender differences in research performance than the United States and China (Elsevier, 2020 ).

Researchers have made considerable efforts to promote gender equality (Badar et al., 2014 ; Kou et al., 2019 ; Lopez & Pereira, 2021 ; Myers et al., 2020 ; Restrepo et al., 2021 ). However, previous studies on gender equality in academia have three limitations. First, we observe that academic achievement studies have primarily focused on science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) disciplines, while business disciplines receive relatively little attention (Gruber et al., 2021 ). Second, there has been extensive prior research on gender differences, but limited effort has been made to explain the underlying mechanisms. As of now, some factors have been suggested as contributing to these differences, including such as age, country, institution, productivity (Lopez & Pereira, 2021 ; Myers et al., 2020 ; Restrepo et al., 2021 ), as well as differences in language use (Lerchenmueller et al., 2019 ; Newman et al., 2008 ; Urquhart-Cronish & Otto, 2019 ). Previous studies have also examined gender differences in research performance, but they tend to focus more on revealing the phenomenon than explaining its underlying mechanisms. Meanwhile, only a few of those studies have concentrated on writing style and have addressed the relationship between author gender and writing style. There are no studies that have examined the relationship between writing style and research performance. Based on those studies about gender differences in writing style (Lerchenmueller et al., 2019 ), we address two research questions in this study in an attempt to explain the gender differences in research performance through writing style. Here are the research questions:

Research Question 1: Are there gender differences in the research performance of male and female academics in business?

Research Question 2: What role does article’s writing style play in explaining the gender differences in research performance?

The academic status of female authors in marketing is also inferior to that of their male counterparts (Elsevier, 2020 ). We propose that the articles with female first authors have a lower impact than the articles with male first authors. Academics of different genders exhibit different levels of confidence in their academic work (Heath et al., 2022 ; Hoops et al., 2019 ; Meyerson et al., 2017 ; Sawdon & Finn, 2014 ). According to (Ehrlinger & Dunning, 2003 ), women express significantly lower confidence than men, and we thus propose that writing style of articles with female first authors is less positive than that of articles with male first authors. Finally, female authors use fewer positive words in their academic writing, and their writing style is less positive. Combined with the “self-confidence effect”, self-confidence predicts success in the future (Meisha & Al-dabbagh, 2021 ). An article with a positive writing style reflects the writer's confidence, and one with a more confident expression is more likely to be approved by the reader. Therefore, we propose that the writing style mediates the positive effect of gender differences on research performance.

Using BERT-based textual sentiment analysis, an analysis of 86 years’ worth of 9,820 articles from the top four marketing journals addresses these research questions. The results prove our hypotheses. We control for factors related to the articles’ writing style and research impact, including many factors at the author level, article level, journal level, and affiliate level, and conduct a set of robustness checks, further ensuring the robustness of findings.

Literature review and hypotheses development

Gender inequalities in academia.

Due to gender differences, men develop their careers more rapidly than women (van den Besselaar & Sandstrom, 2016 ). Access to valuable resources is differentially distributed among male and female scientists (Shauman & Xie, 2003 ). Additionally, the increased participation of women in STEM fields has also led to larger gender differences relating to productivity and impact (Elsevier, 2017 ; Huang et al., 2020 ; van Arensbergen et al., 2012 ). Literature on gender differences in research performance suggests that men outperform women (Abramo et al., 2015 ).

In recent decades, the gender context of academic science has substantially changed, with more female scientists entering the field (Elsevier, 2017 ; Huang et al., 2020 ; Lariviere et al., 2013 ) and occupying high-level academic positions (Diezmann & Grieshaber, 2019 ; Zippel, 2020 ). However, gender imbalances are still evident in the production of knowledge (Dinu, 2021 ; Koseoglu et al., 2019 ). According to Paswan and Singh ( 2020 ), women’s representation varies by field, with biology (37%) having a relatively higher percentage of female authors compared with engineering (20%), information science (21%), and mathematics (22%). The degree of gender differences varies fundamentally by discipline. There is still a significant underrepresentation of women in academic medicine and life science (Ha et al., 2021 ; Lerchenmueller & Sorenson, 2018 ; Lerchenmueller et al., 2019 ). Gender differences also persist in other disciplines. Ghiasi et al. ( 2015 ) report men produce 80% of all scientific production in engineering. Women in the biomedical field have fewer publications on COVID-19 (Muric et al., 2021 ). In addition, female authors and reviewers are underrepresented in entomology journals (Walker, 2020 ).

Bibliometric studies have focused on gender differences in academic performance. Despite this, these studies are rarely able to explain these phenomena in terms of their underlying mechanisms, sticking instead to revealing the characteristics of these phenomena. Additionally, these studies are focused primarily on engineering and medicine, with little emphasis on the business sector. This article focuses on the discipline of marketing in the business. The academic status of female authors in marketing is also inferior to that of their male counterparts (Elsevier, 2020 ). We propose that articles with female first authors have a lower impact than the articles with male first authors. Here is the hypothesis.

The impact of articles with female first authors is lower than that of articles with male first authors.

To eliminate these imbalances, we need first to explain the mechanism of this phenomenon. In this study, we focus on writing style and try to explain the research performance resulting from gender differences.

Gender differences and writing style

Multiple factors have been proposed as contributing to gender differences in research performance. The author’s characteristics, such as age, country, institution, productivity, country of origin, the field of study, and position in the academic system, can affect gender differences in research performance (Abramo et al., 2021 ; Lopez & Pereira, 2021 ; Myers et al., 2020 ; Restrepo et al., 2021 ; van Arensbergen et al., 2012 ). For example, women who work in research and those who have young children have had a significant decline in time devoted to research (Myers et al., 2020 ) and are less effective at technology development activities (Kou et al., 2019 ). Lopez and Pereira ( 2021 ) contend that female researchers are even less capable of transferring knowledge profitably and efficiently from a business standpoint. Researchers of male researchers (collaborating primarily with same-sex scientists) adhere to the principle of gender homophily, but females do not (Abramo et al., 2019b ; Jung et al., 2017 ; Kwiek & Roszka, 2021 ).

This paper focuses on the characteristics of the articles. Concerning the topic, Shang et al. ( 2022 ) explore gender balance and differences among first authors within the SDG 5-oriented research. Compared with the other 16 SDGs, the field of the SDG 5 produces relatively fewer scientific publications, with most of the first authors being female. Regarding the aim, Zhang et al., ( 2022a , 2022b ) find that male researchers more often value and engage in research geared mainly toward scientific progress, which is more cited. However, female researchers more often value and engage in research mainly aimed at contributing to societal progress, which has more abstract views (usage). Regarding language use, some researchers give considerable attention to writing style (Lerchenmueller et al., 2019 ; Newman et al., 2008 ; Urquhart-Cronish & Otto, 2019 ). The writing style in academic articles is studied across a wide range of disciplines, including medical and life science (Cao et al., 2021 ; Lerchenmueller et al., 2019 ; Wen & Lei, 2022b ), political science (Weidmann et al., 2018 ), and cross-cultural psychology (Holtz et al., 2017 ). For example, using sentiment analysis to examine the diachronic change in linguistic positivity, Yuan and Yao ( 2022 ) show that academic writing style in research articles in the journal science has become significantly more positive in the past 25 years.

Several earlier studies examine differences between the writing styles of male and female authors. According to some studies, gender differences exist in writing style, including levels of readability and concreteness (DeJesus et al., 2021 ; Joshi et al., 2020 ; Kolev et al., 2019 ), the extent of self-promotion (Cheng et al., 2017 ; Scharff, 2015 ), and the use of positive words (DeJesus et al., 2021 ; Lerchenmueller et al., 2019 ). By examining how gender differences affect the presentation of scientific research in positive ways, Lerchenmueller et al. ( 2019 ) discover that authors use more positive words to describe their research in scientific titles and abstracts, including “novel,” “unique,” “unprecedented,” etc. Furthermore, Dehdarirad and Yaghtin ( 2022 ) report that women use fewer positive terms in citing research findings in papers. When citing papers, men were significantly more likely to use positive terms.

We summarize research on gender differences in research performance and writing style. Previous studies have also examined gender differences in research performance, but they tend to focus more on revealing the phenomenon than explaining its underlying mechanisms. In addition, although many studies have concentrated on writing style, very few have addressed the relationship between author gender and writing style. Meanwhile, no studies have examined the relationship between writing style and research performance. In this paper, we attempt to explain the gender differences in research performance through the writing style.

Confidence and gender differences

Academics of different genders exhibit varying degrees of confidence in their academic work. A gender-based “confidence gap” in medicine is characterized by differences between performance and self-concept (i.e., how an individual sees himself) (Heath et al., 2022 ). Despite similar performance metrics, women consistently self-assess themselves as lower than men (Hoops et al., 2019 ; Meyerson et al., 2017 ; Sawdon & Finn, 2014 ). Women in various fields, including science, engineering, economics, athletics, and academia, report low self-esteem and self-confidence regardless of their abilities or competencies (Hubble & Zhao, 2016 ; Lerchenmueller et al., 2019 ). Females tend to have lower levels of confidence (Dunn et al., 2021a , 2021b ; Walker, 2020 ), and are also routinely less confident in their abilities and products than their male peers (Beyer & Bowden, 1997 ; Huang, 2013 ; Instone et al., 1983 ; Stankov & Lee, 2014 ) in math and science domains (Ehrlinger et al., 2018 ; Ellis et al., 2016 ; Else-Quest et al., 2010 ; Micari et al., 2007 ).

Across two preregistered studies with more than 900 active researchers in psychology, Dunn et al. ( 2021a , 2021b ) show that more self-confident researchers select larger prior means, in part due to gender differences in researcher self-confidence. Furthermore, women express significantly lower confidence than men, which leads to lower confidence in their work quality than their male peers (despite performing equally well on the test) (Ehrlinger & Dunning, 2003 ). Therefore, we propose that the writing style of articles with female first authors is less positive than that of articles with male first authors. Here is the hypothesis.

The writing style of articles with female first authors is less positive than that of articles with male first authors.

Writing style influences research impact (Morris et al., 2021 ; Parsons & Baglini, 2021 ). For example, using regression analysis and pairwise comparisons, Dehdarirad and Yaghtin ( 2022 ) show that male-authored papers receive a significantly higher positive sentiment compared with female-authored papers. Parsons and Baglini ( 2021 ) point out the importance of neutral language in peer review and provide examples of nonneutral linguistic and stylistic devices that emphasize a reviewer's personal response to the manuscript rather than their objective assessment. Back to writing style, female authors use fewer positive words in their academic writing, and their writing style is less positive. Referring to the “self-confidence effect”, self-confidence predicts success in the future (Meisha & Al-dabbagh, 2021 ). An article with a positive writing style reflects the writer's confidence, and one with a more confident expression is more likely to be approved by the reader. We, therefore, propose that writing style mediates the positive effect of gender differences on research performance. Here is the hypothesis.

The writing style of articles mediates the positive effect of gender differences on research performance.

Research methodology

The procedures of data processing are presented in Fig.  1 .

Framework for data collection and processing

Data collection

Top journals are more influential and representative, which means a high position in the research system (Mauleon & Bordons, 2006 ; Mayer & Rathmann, 2018 ; Nielsen, 2017 ). For our study, we select the top four journals in the marketing field. There have been no previous studies on the research performance of female scholars in leading journals. Although there are many high-quality marketing journals, four journals have been selected for this study: Journal of Consumer Research (JCR), Journal of Marketing (JM), Journal of Marketing Research (JMR), and Marketing Science (MS). Among the leading marketing journals in the world, these four are widely recognized (Bauerly & Johnson, 2005 ; Stremersch & Verhoef, 2005 ; Tellis et al., 1999 ; Yoo, 2009 ).

Through the years, bibliometric studies have designed several methodologies to analyse scholarly output (Halevi, 2019 ). The article information data is obtained from the Web of Science (WoS), including the article, author, journal, and affiliation. We collected articles from the four journals Footnote 1 founded throughout 84 years, from 1936 to 2021. Footnote 2 To minimize the potential effect of a time interval on measuring the impact of publications, all the data were collected once on October 16, 2021. The corpus consists of 9,820 research articles (see supplementary materials for the descriptive statistics). We download full text from EBSCO. Footnote 3

Data processing

Determining the first author researcher’s gender, why the first author.

According to Baerlocher et al. ( 2007 ), the order of the authors’ names appearing in a paper generally indicates the extent to which each author contributed to the work (Larivière et al., 2016 ). It is not easy to quantify the contributions of each author. Current studies examining the relationship between authorship characteristics and article impact tend to focus on specific author positions, such as first authors, last authors, corresponding authors, senior authors, and so on (Skitka et al., 2021 ).

The first author is typically the one who leads the research and writing process. Most bibliometric studies focus on the first author in the current literature (Decullier & Maisonneuve, 2021 ; Jemielniak et al., 2022 ; Liu et al., 2022 ; Nguyen et al., 2021 ; Thelwall & Maflahi, 2022 ; Thelwall & Mas-Bleda, 2020 ; Thelwall et al., 2019 ; Thelwall, 2018 , 2020a , 2020b ). Shang et al. ( 2022 ) explore gender balance and differences among first authors within the SDG5-oriented research during the first five years after the implementation of the SDG5 in 2016. According to Zhang et al. ( 2021 ), there is an upward trend in the number of articles with a Chinese first author in international journals. Considering female and male first authors, Fox and Paine ( 2019 ) test whether gender predicts the outcomes of editorial and peer review for > 23,000 research manuscripts submitted to six journals in ecology and evolution from 2010 to 2015. Zeina et al. ( 2020 ) analyze the relationship between the first author’s gender, ethnicity, and the chance of publication of rapid responses in the British Medical Journal (BMJ).

Besides, researchers have also considered authors in other positions when considering collaboration between genders. For example, the last author and the first author are often followed simultaneously (Sebo & Clair, 2023 ). Lerchenmueller et al., ( 2019 ) analyze whether men and women differ in how positively they frame their research findings and analyze whether the positive framing of research is associated with higher downstream citations. Specifically, they estimate the relative probability of positive framing as a function of the gender composition of the first and last authors. Andersen et al. ( 2020 ) report the results of an analysis that compares the gender distribution of authors in 1893 medical papers related to the pandemic with that papers published in the same journals in 2019, for papers with first authors and last authors from the United States. Research in pharmaceuticals and life sciences generally employs this approach.

In addition, some studies have also focused on other authors, such as corresponding authors (Edwards et al., 2018 ; Fox & Paine, 2019 ), senior authors (Polanco et al., 2020 ; Powell et al., 2022 ), solo authors (Nunkoo et al., 2020 ), middle authors, and mentee authors (Lopez-Padilla et al., 2021 ), co-first, senior, and co-senior authors (DeFilippis et al., 2021 ). While different types of other authors are taken into consideration, the first author is one that is emphasized by almost all authors. For example, Powell et al. ( 2022 ) investigated trends in female authorship in three journals over the past 25 years by using data for both first and senior authors. Lopez-Padilla et al. ( 2021 ) determine the changing patterns in gender differences and factors associated with the positioning of authors. They analyzed in four scenarios: first authors, last authors, middle authors, and mentee authors.

First authors play a significant role in bibliometric studies, and their importance cannot be overstated. In addition, since the sample articles in this study are mainly from marketing journals, the authors are not generally arranged alphabetically in the marketing field. In this study, we use the first authors to represent the gender attribute of a paper, considering those researchers make major contributions to scientific publications (Shang et al., 2022 ). We are concerned about articles with a female first author (AFFA).

Name disambiguation

Considering part of the authors’ names are abbreviated previously in WoS. To improve the quality of the authors’ names used in our study, we further conduct author disambiguation procedures. We obtain the authors’ full names from the Crossref Footnote 4 database using the DOI number of the article. After the name disambiguation, we get the first names of all authors. Code and a data demo are provided to demonstrate how we obtained this information at OSF: https://osf.io/bw8gx/ .

Gender identification

Gender identification is an enormous challenge, given that bibliographic data does not reveal it (Halevi, 2019 ). New bibliometric literature applying various gender-determination methods to authors and authorships (Elsevier, 2020 ; Halevi, 2019 ) provides new data-driven insights into gender disparities in science. Like other studies (Shang et al., 2022 ), the binary genders are considered and used in our analysis as well (Santamaría & Mihaljević, 2018 ). If no gender information could be inferred from an author, the gender was considered unknown (Shang et al., 2022 ).

A person’s first name can be a strong signal of his/her gender (Liu & Ruths, 2013 ). Zeina et al. ( 2020 ) analyze the relationship between the first author's gender estimated from the first name and the chance of publication of rapid responses in the British Medical Journal. For each author in our sample, we use a new model architecture to identify the author’s gender. The gender classifier is implemented using Character-level Multilayer long short-term memory (LSTM). It depends on NumPy, Scipy and, TensorFlow, Python packages for scientific computing. We use training data that a million names with gender annotation obtained from different countries. The architecture is as follows: Character Embedding Layer, 1st LSTM Layer, 2nd LSTM Layer, Pooling Layer, and Fully Connected Layer. The fully connected layer outputs the probability that a name is a male name. TensorFlow is used to build a character-level multi-layer LSTM neural network for machine learning, and a Python program is written for scholars’ gender prediction. This model predicts gender by importing the names of scholars without surnames, returning the probability estimates of their genders, and classifying the genders. The recall and precision rates are 94.0/93.5% for men and 91.8/97.8% for women, resulting in an F1 score of 0.95 for men and 0.93 for women. Given the high F1 score, the threshold of ≥ 0.85 (equivalent to a Gender Probability Score ≥ 1.735) is used to infer gender (Elsevier, 2020 ).

In addition, the gender of these individuals is determined by associating each author’s first name with the probability of the name being held by a man versus by a woman, using the Genderize database. Footnote 5 Researchers evaluate four gender assignment algorithms, using a control sample of gender-matched forenames from a U.S. government office, and find that the Genderize algorithm provided the most accurate gender assignment results. Applying a 90% probability threshold to the Genderize algorithm’s gender designation yields the same determination with which gender can be predicted in our dataset for analysis (Lerchenmueller et al., 2019 ).

We conduct a random selection of 500 first authors to demonstrate the accuracy of our gender determination method. Using the authors’ e-mail addresses, we manually collect the gender of these 500 authors by visiting their websites (we show the screenshot of these websites in the supplementary materials). The results of this analysis are then compared with the results of gender prediction calculated using machine learning. The results show that the coefficient of Cohen’s Kappa is 0.881, indicating a good agreement (Zhu et al., 2020 ). This also confirms the reliability of the prediction approach.

• Research performance

Productivity and impact are the two most important indicators of research performance across institutions (Larivière & Costas, 2016 ). Usually, citation counts and the number of publications published in scholarly journals are used to evaluate the research performance (Ghiasi et al., 2015 ; Zhang et al., 2020 ). Research performance is often determined by the number of citations that are cited as a result of the findings being read, used, applied, built upon, and cited by other researchers (Harnad et al., 2008 ). We regard the number of citations to be a measure of research performance (Jiang et al., 2018 ; Zhu et al., 2021 ).

Positive writing style

We quantify the positive writing style based on the words in titles, abstracts, and full papers. To ensure that all data are full and available, the corpus consists of 5,431 research articles dating with a total of 72,971,482 words (see the descriptive statistics in Table 1 ). Titles and abstracts represent some of the most important text in research papers, as readers often use these to screen articles to determine which ones deserve further attention (Lerchenmueller et al., 2019 ). We conduct the investigation on the full texts to gain a holistic understanding of academic writing, which yields more reliable and generalizable results than those studies analysing only abstracts (Yuan & Yao, 2022 ).

Considering the limitations of the small list of positive and negative words, many researchers adopt self-created dictionaries (Holtz et al., 2017 ), expand lists of positive and negative words (Bordignon et al., 2021 ), or use sentiment analysis with large lexicons in R (Wen & Lei, 2022a ) to triangulate the results based on the small list of positive and negative words (Vinkers et al., 2015 ). Besides, it is extremely difficult to map the trajectory of discrete emotions using traditional survey methods due to their intensity and transience (Barsade & Gibson, 2007 ). Due to the advancement of automated text mining technology, some recent studies have begun to use advanced sentiment analysis techniques (Min et al., 2021 ). Due to BERT’s exceptional understanding of the relationship between words and its ability to understand context, fine-tuning BERT is more accurate than traditional Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count based SVMs (EmoLex) (Min et al., 2021 ). To capture whether the articles’ writing style is positive, we deploy fine-tuned BERT algorithms (Kumar et al., 2020 ; Min et al., 2021 ). BERT is an open-source deep learning model that is designed to perform well in a variety of natural language processing tasks (Devlin & Billings, 2018 ).

We use deep learning-based classification models to predict each paper’s PWS. Formally, let \({x}_{i}\) be text content of article i, and \({f}^{e}({x}_{i})\) represents a binary classifier for PWS. Then, the predicted label of \({x}_{i}\) for the writing style e becomes:

The binary classifiers, \({f}^{e}\left({x}_{i}\right)\) are constructed by training the fine-tuned BERT models. The BERT base model has 12 layers of transformer blocks (see Fig.  2 ).

We train the fine-tuned BERT models with the open-sourced TensorFlow implementation for BERT Footnote 6 and the pre-trained weights from the PyTorch port built by Hugging Face. Footnote 7 We also open the complete code used in our study's data collection and processing framework at OSF: https://osf.io/bw8gx/ . The main components include code for training/inferencing the fine-tuned BERT models.

Control variables

In addition, to eliminate other factors that may affect the author’s writing style and authorial impact of the essay, we control for factors related to the articles' writing style and research impact, including many factors at the author level, article level, journal level, and affiliate level, that may influence articles’ research performance. Specifically, on the author level, publication productivity is a primary criterion for tenure and promotion in academia (Rigg et al., 2012 ). A more published author will be less pressured to create new articles and be more confident in their writing abilities. We control the author’s preview publications in these top journals. The collaboration influences the research impact (Abramo et al., 2019a ; Liu et al., 2022 ), and writing style of a manuscript is not only dependent on or determined by its first author, but also most likely by other authors. We, therefore, control the presence of men in the author team due to the influence of male authors.

On the article level, the length of the text influences the research impact (Arkin et al., 2019 ; Huang et al., 2020 ). Furthermore, the length of the text may dilute its stylistic features (dilution effect). We control the length of the abstract as well as the full article was controlled (Zeina et al., 2020 ). Compared to male authors, women tend to use fewer positive terms when citing research findings from papers composed of the same gender (Dehdarirad & Yaghtin, 2022 ). In general, the more references that are used, the greater the impact on the overall writing style. So, we also control the number of references used.

We also control variables on the journal level (Fernández et al., 2020 ; Lerchenmueller et al., 2019 ; Zeina et al., 2020 ). An examination of the relationship between the impact of a journal and the citation of an article, with the impact of a journal varying from year to year. Accordingly, we use the journal’s impact factor for the corresponding year as a control variable. Moreover, different journals are positioned differently, and their articles are written differently. For example, Marketing Science focuses primarily on articles that answer important research questions in marketing using mathematical modeling. Footnote 8 The Journal of Consumer Research publishes scholarly research that describes and explains consumer behavior. Footnote 9 Finally, since journal style is difficult to quantify, as well as other characteristics of journals that may be overlooked, we add a journal fixed effect to the model.

We also control variables on the affiliate level (Fernández et al., 2020 ; Jiang et al., 2018 ; Liu et al., 2022 ). Research quality is affected by English language proficiency (Zhang et al., 2022a , 2022b ). In non-English-speaking countries, editorial services are becoming increasingly popular, which means that non-English-speaking authors are using these services more frequently. Editorial services obviously affect the language proficiency of the article, so we control the affiliate language.

Finally, since the dataset of this study covered a long period of time, and there has been a significant improvement in academic writing in the past 25 years (Yuan & Yao, 2022 ), it is necessary to add the year fixed effect. We summarize all variables used in Table 2 . Table 3 and Table 4 describe our samples with descriptive statistics and the correlation. It should be noted that because of the discrete lognormal distribution of data, we use the natural logarithms of some measurements as variables, including citations, publications, and so on.

Descriptive statistical analysis

This study examines gender inequalities in marketing between males and females. Referring to previous studies (Powell et al., 2022 ; Shang et al., 2022 ), we regard the number of female authors, the number of articles with female first authors, and the research performance of articles with female first authors.

The annual trend for the percentage of female author numbers

Firstly, we calculate the percentage of female authors in all articles published in the top four journals for each year. In the period 1936–2021, there was a rise in the number of authors publishing papers in the top four journals. The percentage of women authors is just 0.10 in 1936, and there is only one female for every nine authors. The percentage of women in 2021 is 0.40, and four women out of every ten authors are women. Figure  3 reveals that female researchers are increasingly publishing articles in leading marketing journals. By comparing the trend of female authors in the top four marketing journals between 1936 and 2021, we find that the proportion of female authors has grown. But in general, the number of female authors published in the top four marketing journals each year is still less than that of male authors. Consistent with previous studies, our study proves that gender differences between men and women still exist in marketing.

Percentage of female authors

The annual trend for the percentage of AFFA

We look at the trend in the percentage of AFFA. As a result, for each year, we calculate the percentage of AFFA among all authors who published articles in the top four journals. There is an increase in the annual trend for the percentage of the article with a female first author (AFFA) in the top four journals between 1936 and 2021. There was only one AFFA in every 20 articles in 1936, and the percentage of AFFA was 0.10. By 2021, the percentage of AFFA increased to 0.50, and there were 92 AFFA in 184 articles. Results show that, in marketing, more and more AFFA are published in top journals, as illustrated in Fig.  4 . The number of articles published in the top four marketing journals per year is lower for AFFA than for male first authors. Our study confirms the existence of gender differences in marketing, consistent with previous research. While our results show an increase in the annual trend for the percentage of AFFA in top marketing journals, these results are only indicative of the increase in female researchers’ research performance. It is interesting to compare the quality of the articles written by female researchers and the contribution made by female researchers. We further compare the research performances of AFFA.

Percentage of AFFA

Annual trend of the impact of AFFA

From 1936 to 2021, we compare the impact of AFFA in the four top marketing journals. We calculate the percentage of the citations of AFFA among the citations of all articles in the top four journals yearly. There has been an increase in the impact of AFFA papers published in the four top journals between 1936 and 2021. In 1936, there was a 0.00 percent of AFFA among the sum citations of all articles. Accordingly, the impact of AFFA in the sum citations of all articles increase to 0.32 in 2021. According to the results, the impact of AFFA published in top journals in marketing is increasing, see Fig.  5 . Qualitatively, this result indicates that the quality of the impact of AFFA is improving. This indicates that female researchers are performing better in their research. In the four top marketing journals, AFFAs receive fewer citations than articles with male first authors each year. Our study again demonstrates that gender differences still exist in marketing, consistent with previous research.

Percentage of AFFA citations

Regression analysis

It is necessary to disambiguate the authors according to their names, affiliations, publications, etc. To better understand the observed gender differences in the research performance of AFFA, we use Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regressions in STATA 17 to detect the differences in research performance after other variables are added to the models.

Regression models

To explore the relationship between the articles’ impact and the author's gender, we estimate the following baseline model:

where i represents the article, and t represents the year. \({Impact}_{it}\) represents the research of article ( i ) in the year ( t ). \({Gender}_{it}\) is a dummy variable coded 1 for the female author and 0 for the male author. Our control variables are based on the variables we analyzed above. As the dependent variable in our data is compressed at 0 for some observations, we employ the Tobit model (Zhu et al., 2022 ).

To examine the mechanism for the articles’ impact, we use a modified version of Baron & Kenny’s ( 1986 ) three-step mediation test proposed by Zhao et al. ( 2010 ), in which the Sobel test is replaced by bootstrap (Zhu et al., 2022 ). To enhance the diversity of analytical methods, we also use the Monte Carlo method (Li et al., 2021 ; Selig & Preacher, 2008 ) with 50,000 bootstrapping samples. The mediation effect model consists of the following components:

where \({WS}_{it}\) is the writing style of the article of article ( i ) in the year ( t ).

Baseline results

Model 1, Model 2, and Model 3 in Table 4 report regression results where the dependent variable is impact. Model 1 includes only gender. Model 2 adds control variables at the author level, article level, journal level, and affiliate level. Model 3 adds all control variables and includes the year, journal publisher, and country fixed effects.

In Table 5 , the coefficient on gender is negative and significant across all three models, suggesting that gender is negatively associated with impact. For example, the coefficient on gender in Model 3 equals -0.0583 ( p =− 0.035). There is a significant negative correlation between full-text length, reference, and impact. However, there is no significant correlation between other control variables and impact. Baseline results supported H1.

In the next step, we analyse writing style of the articles in order to explain the reasons for the differences in impact between male and female authors.

The mediating effect of the writing style

The dependent t-test indicated that articles with a male first author had a more positive writing style than those with a female first author (M female = 0.52, SD = 0.63 vs. M male = 0.89, SD = 0.66, t (5430) = 3.693, p = 0.000). H2 is supported.

The next step will be directly verifying the mediating role of WS. The estimation results for anxiety are reported in Table 6 . Column (1) shows that the coefficient on gender is negative and significant across all three models, suggesting that gender is negatively associated with impact ( β = -0.0583, p = 0.035). H1 is supported again. Columns (2) indicate that the coefficient on gender is negative and significant across all three models, suggesting that gender is negatively associated with WS ( β = − 0.0294, p = 0.079), and H2 is supported again. In column (3), gender also has a significantly negative relationship with impact with less coefficient ( β = − 0.0313, p = 0.051), and WS has a positive effect ( β = 0.0787, p = 0.0016) on impact. The mediation effect of WS is significant for the articles’ impact. H3 is supported.

We used the Monte Carlo method (Li et al., 2021 ; Selig & Preacher, 2008 ) with 50,000 bootstrapping samples, and results supported the mediating effect of WS on the relationship between author gender and research impact (estimate = − 0.75, 95% CI [− 0.0280, − 0.0082]). Results supported the mediating effect of WS. H3 is supported again.

Robustness check

As a means of further enhancing the stability of this paper’s findings, we conduct a set of robustness checks.

Alternative measurement of gender

Based on our hypothetical derivation, the percentage of female authors (0–100%) was used as a proxy measure of gender, taking into account the role of authors on other positions. We predicate that the lower the gender ratio (0–100%) in the author team, the greater the impact of the article.

We determine the percentage of female authors based on the count of all authors in each article, and the female percentage is calculated as follows:

where Female percentage is the index of the article i ’s female authors percentage, and Female authors is the count of female authors in the article i . Total authors is the total number of authors in the article i .

To explore the relationship between the articles’ impact and the author’s gender, we use the same models (1), but we use the female percentage as the independent variable.

Model 1, Model 2, and Model 3 in Table 7 report regression results where the dependent variable is impact. Model 1 includes only the female percentage. Model 2 adds control variables at the author level, article level, journal level, and affiliate level. Model 3 adds all control variables and includes the year, journal publisher, and country fixed effects.

In Table 7 , the coefficient on the female percentage is negative and significant across all three models, suggesting that the female percentage is negatively associated with the impact. For example, the coefficient on gender in Model 3 equals − 0.802 (p = 0.008). There is a significant negative correlation between the full-text length, the reference, and the impact. However, there is no significant correlation between other control variables and the impact. Baseline results support H1 again.

In the next step, we analyse the writing style of the articles in order to explain the reasons for the differences in impact between male and female authors.

The next step will be directly verifying the mediating role of WS. The estimation results for anxiety are reported in Table 8 . Column (1) shows that the coefficient on gender is negative and significant across all three models, suggesting that gender is negatively associated with impact ( β = − 0.802, p = 0.008). H1 is supported again. Columns (2) indicate that the coefficient on gender is negative and significant across all three models, suggesting that gender is negatively associated with WS ( β = − 0.494, p = 0.027), and H2 is supported again. In column (3), gender also has a significantly negative relationship with impact with less coefficient ( β = − 0.579, p = 0.011), and WS has a negative effect ( β =− 0.494, p = 0.027) on impact. The mediation effect of WS is significant for the articles’ impact. H3 is supported.

We used the Monte Carlo method (Li et al., 2021 ; Selig & Preacher, 2008 ) with 50,000 bootstrapping samples, and results supported the mediating effect of WS on the relationship between author gender and research impact (estimate = − 0.11, 95% CI [− 0.1201, − 0.0562]). Results supported the mediating effect of WS. H3 is supported again.

The moderating of masculinity and femininity

A lesser-known form of cultural bias called masculine defaults must be recognized to understand and remedy women’s underrepresentation in majority-male fields and occupations (Cheryan & Markus, 2020 ).

Masculinity and femininity oppose ego goals with social goals. While masculinity is characterized by competition, achievement, assertiveness, and success, femininity relates to cooperation, helping others, sharing, empathy, and solidarity. A feminist culture emphasizes modesty and subtlety, while a masculine culture emphasizes selfishness and competition (Hofstede, 2001 ). Regarded masculinity and femininity (Hofstede, 2001 ), we propose that masculinity and femininity influence the article’s impact. According to our conclusions, we predict that there is a significant difference between the impact of articles with different gender authors in the context of feminist culture and that of masculinist culture. The impact of articles with first authors from a feminine country is lower than that of articles with first authors from a masculine country.

Using a common approach to verification mediation through manipulation of conditioning in psychology and management (Fishbach et al., 2006 ; Huang et al., 2017 ; Salerno et al., 2019 ; Woolley & Risen, 2021 ; Yani-de-Soriano et al., 2019 ), people’s attitudes or behaviours are observed to change accordingly by affecting conditions related to psychological mechanisms using natural or experimental stimuli. A psychological mechanism is then indirectly validated. If our proposed psychological mechanism for writing style holds, then our prediction will be true. H1, H2, and H3 are supported.

Determining a researcher’s affiliation’s country

Using the author’s e-mail address, we acquired each researcher’s affiliation list and extracted corresponding country information. To determine the researcher’s affiliation country of origin where the institution is located, we adopt the method used by (Boekhout et al., 2021 ; Shang et al., 2022 ). Three steps were taken: (1) For researchers with affiliations from only one country, the country is marked as the researcher's country of origin. (2) For a researcher with affiliations from more than one country, if the country most often associated with the researcher in their publications coincided with the country associated with the researcher in their first publication, then this country is considered the researcher's country of origin. Otherwise, we regard the evidence as insufficient to determine a single country of origin (Shang et al., 2022 ). (3) Referring to Hofstede Insight, Footnote 10 we calculate the masculinity score for each country.

To explore the relationship between articles’ impact and masculinity scores for affiliates, we use the same models (1), but we use the masculinity scores (masculinity scores for the country of the author’s masculinity) as the independent variable.

Model 1, Model 2, and Model 3 in Table 10 report regression results where the dependent variable is impact. Model 1 includes only masculinity scores. Model 2 adds control variables at the author level, article level, journal level, and affiliate level. Model 3 adds all control variables and includes the year, journal publisher, and country fixed effects.

In Table 9 , the coefficient on the masculinity score is positive and significant across all three models, suggesting that the masculinity score is positively associated with impact. For example, the coefficient on gender in Model 3 equals 0.101 ( p = 0.031). There is a significant negative correlation between abstract, full-text length, reference, and impact. However, there is no significant correlation between other control variables and impact. Baseline results support H1.

In the next step, we analyse the writing style of the articles in order to explain this effect.

The dependent t-test indicated that articles with a first author from high masculinity country (masculinity scores > 50) had a more impact than those with a first author from low masculinity country (masculinity scores < 50) (M low masculinity scores = 0.82, SD = 0.63 vs. M high masculinity scores = 0.89, SD = 0.66, t (5430) = 3.693, p = 0.000). H1 is supported. The dependent t-test indicated that articles with a first author from high masculinity country have a more positive writing style than those with first author from low masculinity country (M low masculinity scores = 1.42, SD = 0.63 vs. M high masculinity scores = 2.76, SD = 0.66, t (5430) = 5.693, p = 0.000). H2 is supported.

The next step will be directly verifying the mediating role of WS. The estimation results for anxiety are reported in Table 10 . Column (1) shows that the coefficient on masculinity scores is positive and significant across all three models, suggesting that masculinity scores are positively associated with impact ( β = 0.101, p = 0.031). H1 is supported again. Column (2) indicates that the coefficient on masculinity scores is negative and significant across all three models, suggesting that the masculinity score is positively associated with WS ( β = 0.117, p = 0.048), and H2 is supported again. In column (3), the masculinity score also has a significantly positive relationship with impact ( β = − 0.0831, p = 0.063), and WS has a positive effect ( β = 0.0747, p = 0.003) on impact. The mediation effect of WS is significant. H3 is supported.

We use the Monte Carlo method (Li et al., 2021 ; Selig & Preacher, 2008 ) with 50,000 bootstrapping samples, and results support the mediating effect of WS on the relationship between author masculinity scores and research impact (estimate = 0.14, 95% CI [1.0280, 1.7102]). Results support the mediating effect of WS. H3 is supported again.

Alternative analysis of the positive writing style

Several studies use a small list of predefined positive/negative words to examine the linguistic positivity bias (Lerchenmueller et al., 2019 ; Vinkers et al., 2015 ; Weidmann et al., 2018 ). Following Lerchenmueller et al., ( 2019 ), we explore gender differences in the use of each of these 25 positive words that are used in life science (we show this all 25 positive words in the supplementary materials).

Percentage calculation of these 25 positive words

There is no doubt that titles and abstracts are among the most important text in research papers since readers often use this information to determine which articles deserve further investigation (Lerchenmueller et al., 2019 ). We focus on the frequency of these 25 positive words that are used in all papers’ abstracts or titles. To ensure that all data are full and available, the corpus consists of 5,431 research articles (see Table 5 for the descriptive statistics).

To determine whether men and women differ in the positive presentation of their research, we use the percentage of these 25 positive words ( Positive words ) based on the count of words in each article. Due to the right-skewed nature of the data, this research transforms the data by taking the logarithm. The Positive words are calculated as follows:

where Positive words is the index of the article i ’s percentage of these 25 positive words, and Positive words is the count of these 25 positive keywords in the abstract or title of the article i . Total Words is the total number of words in the abstract or the title of the article i .

The mediating effect of positive words

To explore the relationship between the articles’ impact and the author's gender, we use the same models (2–4), but we use positive words as the mediator.

The dependent t-test indicated that articles with a male first author had a greater impact than those with a female first author (M female = 0.78, SD = 0.45 vs. M male = 0.91, SD = 0.71, t (5430) = 4.527, p = 0.000). H1 is supported. The dependent t-test indicated that articles with a male first author use more positive words than those with a female first author (M female = 1.26, SD = 0.69 vs. M male = 1.38, SD = 0.45, t (5430) = 3.693, p = 0.000). H2 is supported.

The next step will be directly verifying the mediating role of Positive words . The estimation results for anxiety are reported in Table 11 . Column (1) shows that the coefficient of gender is negative and significant across all three models, suggesting that gender is negatively associated with the impact ( β = − 0.0583, p = 0.035). H1 is supported again. Columns (2) indicate that the coefficient on gender is negative and significant across all three models, suggesting that gender is negatively associated with Positive words ( β = − 0.0798, p = 0.076), and H2 is supported again. In column (3), gender also has a significantly negative relationship with impact with less coefficient ( β = − 0.0598, p = 0.018), and Positive words has a positive effect ( β = 0.186, p = 0.000) on impact. The mediation effect of Positive words is significant for the articles’ impact. H3 is supported.

We used the Monte Carlo method (Li et al., 2021 ; Selig & Preacher, 2008 ) with 50,000 bootstrapping samples, and results supported the mediating effect of Positive words on the relationship between author gender and research impact (estimate = − 0.88, 95% CI [− 0.0280, − 0.0102]). Results supported the mediating effect of Positive words . H3 is supported again.

In order to address gender disparities and improve women’s status, the UN proposes promoting “gender equality” as one of the SDGs. This study is piqued by an aim to underpin current global efforts to promote gender diversity in studies, which matters for the achievement of gender equality in research and society.

An analysis of the 86 year 9820 articles from the top four leading journals in marketing from 1936 to 2021 is presented in this study. Our conclusions are as follows. We draw four main conclusions from our analysis. Firstly, we find that female authors have an increasing academic status in marketing, as evidenced by their number, publications, and influence. However, there are still gender differences between men and women, which is in line with previous research (Elsevier, 2017 ; Huang et al., 2020 ; Lariviere et al., 2013 ). Secondly, by combining the study of writing style and assertiveness, we find that articles with female first authors have a more negative language style than those with male first authors. In addition, the positive writing style of the articles explains the gender differences in research performance. Thirdly, in the robustness check, we find that masculinist and feminist cultural traits moderate the effect. Compared to the articles whose first authors originate from feminist culture emphasizing modesty, the articles whose first authors originate from masculinist culture emphasizing competition have a greater impact.

Theoretical contributions

We make three contributions to the literature in this paper. Firstly, focusing on the top four marketing journals, we find that although female scholars are becoming more academically prominent, gender differences between men and women still exist. Previous studies have focused on STEM and medicine (Elsevier, 2017 ; Huang et al., 2020 ; van Arensbergen et al., 2012 ), and we complement the study of gender differences in research performance in marketing.

Furthermore, we explain the differences between male and female scholars on research performance by combining studies on confidence and writing style. On the one hand, these studies typically consider only descriptive variables such as age, country, institution, productivity, etc. (Lopez & Pereira, 2021 ; Myers et al., 2020 ; Restrepo et al., 2021 ). In this paper, we discuss the writing style and promote research in this area. On the other hand, previous studies have failed to investigate the underlying mechanisms of gender differences in research performance (Fox & Paine, 2019 ; Horbach et al., 2022 ), and we accounted for gender differences by examining the writing style.

Additionally, previous research on research performance differences has rarely focused on cultural differences (Cheryan & Markus, 2020 ; Khosrowjerdi & Bornmann, 2021 ). In a robustness check, we find the effects are moderated by the culture of masculinism and feminism. The authors’ articles have a greater impact in a masculinist culture than in a feminist culture. However, we find a correlation between Hofstede’s masculinity and femininity cultural dimension and research performance. We contribute to the study of research performance and cultural differences, but it needs to be further investigated.

Finally, we contribute to the method of analyzing writing style. The latest studies resort to larger dictionaries and lexicons to tackle the limitation of the small list of positive and negative words (Bordignon et al., 2021 ; Holtz et al., 2017 ; Vinkers et al., 2015 ; Wen & Lei, 2022a ). We use advanced sentiment analysis techniques (Min et al., 2021 ). Consistent with Min et al. ( 2021 ) in organizational behavior, we also find that fine-tuning BERT enhanced the extraordinary understanding of the relationship between words and BERT’s ability to understand the context of the original sentence in marketing. We share the data, code, and stimuli at OSF: https://osf.io/bw8gx/ . This article uses the latest deep learning algorithm to promote the research of big data analysis methods in marketing research and provides method guidelines and references for future research on the writing style of the article.

Managerial implications

The findings of this study are practical in nature. To achieve gender equality, academics must put forth a concerted effort. We find that, despite the persisting gaps in performance between men and women, the academic status of women has significantly improved. Based on these results, we offer theoretical insights to reduce gender differences. Despite the gender differences that have been identified by studies, we propose a method to boost the research performance of women researchers. Women can be more confident and active in writing articles, which helps increase the article's impact.

But it should be more cautious about the managerial implications (Cao et al., 2021 ; Millar et al., 2019 ; Yuan & Yao, 2022 ). Research is based on scientific evidence and rigorous logic to seek truth and facts. The best way to publish a paper with high impact is to improve the quality of this research. Our findings encourage authors to collaborate and express more actively while maintaining scientific rigor and accuracy.

Limitations and future research

In spite of the fact that all of our research hypotheses are confirmed, there are still some limitations to our study with robustness. First, we use the gender of the first author to represent the gender attribute of a paper (Decullier & Maisonneuve, 2021 ; Jemielniak et al., 2022 ; Liu et al., 2022 ; Nguyen et al., 2021 ; Thelwall & Maflahi, 2022 ; Thelwall & Mas-Bleda, 2020 ; Thelwall et al., 2019 ; Thelwall, 2018 , 2020a , 2020b ), a set of robustness check improve the robustness of findings. But it should be noted that a manuscript has also been edited/revised by other authors before it is submitted and published. That is, the writing style of a manuscript is not only dependent on or determined by its first author, but also most likely by other authors. There is also a need to consider the contribution and the impact of the authors in other positions in the article, such as the last authors (Andersen et al., 2020 ; Lerchenmueller et al., 2019 ; Sebo & Clair, 2022 ), corresponding authors (Edwards et al., 2018 ; Fox & Paine, 2019 ), senior authors (Polanco et al., 2020 ; Powell et al., 2022 ), solo authors (Nunkoo et al., 2020 ), middle authors, and mentee authors (Lopez-Padilla et al., 2021 ), co-first, senior, and co-senior authors (DeFilippis et al., 2021 ). Based on the foregoing point, we suggest more research needs to pay attention to this point in future research.

Moreover, although our research demonstrates that a positive writing style can have a positive impact on an article's impact, we ignore its negative “backfire”. It is detrimental to incorporate language associated with self-promotion and aggrandization into scientific writing (Morris et al., 2021 ). Our study aims to explain gender differences in academic performance from the perspective of the writing style, and we do not examine this negative “backfire”. Future research should, however, explore the limits and possible inflection points of the effects of the positive writing style. This might help to rectify the problem.

Besides, the correlation between positive words and research performance may be affected by other factors, such as an individual’s race (Palomo et al., 2017 ). The article’s unstructured data, in addition to the positive words, gives us additional information, such as the topic, the methodology, the subject, etc. This study is not able to investigate these factors due to the length of the article and the scope of our research. We intend to combine our findings with other databases to investigate these factors in the future.

Finally, we focus exclusively on marketing. To generalize our findings to other scientific fields, future studies should examine more journals in different fields of study. Meanwhile, please note that the articles used for this study are those published in leading journals with high scientific quality. Further research can determine whether this effect applies to general journals.

These four journals were founded in 1936 (JM), 1964 (JMR), 1974 (JCR), 1982 (MS).

The data of articles in 2021 were collected on October 16, 2021, when data collection was completed. This issue will not be repeated below.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank the editor, the editorial assistant, and anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments and suggestions. The authors thank Maikun Li, Nibing Zhu, Kexin Wu, and Shuai Jin for their assistance in this paper. The authors gratefully acknowledge the grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (projects 72202149, 71672063 and 72072065), the grant from the Major Program of the National Social Science Fund Projects (project 19ZDA104), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (project 2022ZY-SX004) for financial support. The computation is completed in the HPC Platform of Huazhong University of Science and Technology.

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Ma, Y., Teng, Y., Deng, Z. et al. Does writing style affect gender differences in the research performance of articles?: An empirical study of BERT-based textual sentiment analysis. Scientometrics 128 , 2105–2143 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-023-04666-w

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This dissertation explores the possibility that persistent gender inequality in the domestic sphere, wherein women do disproportionately more childcare and housework than men, might explain some of the variance in women’s adherence to traditional gender roles. I present three separate papers addressing the broad research topic of gender role complementarity (i.e., how rigid masculinity stereotypes governing men’s behavior impact women’s possible selves). First, I summarize a study of how the self-views of over 320 children are predicted by the beliefs and behaviors of their parents. The most relevant finding to this dissertation is that grade-school-aged girls with traditionally career-focused fathers reported female-stereotypic career aspirations, but girls whose fathers helped out more with domestic tasks nominated more gender-neutral career aspirations. Second, a set of four experiments tested a complementarity hypothesis, whereby women’s expectations about men’s willingness to adopt caregiving roles in their future families might contribute to whether women can imagine themselves as breadwinners and enable them to pursue their career ambitions. Results showed that women who were primed with counter-stereotypical male exemplars or information that men are increasingly assuming caregiving roles (as opposed to being more career-focused) were more likely to envision themselves as the primary economic provider of their future family. Furthermore, this gender role complementarity was particularly strong among women with more ambitious career goals. These patterns suggest that women's stereotypes about men's roles in the future could constrain the decisions they are making in the present. Finally, in the last set of studies, I find evidence that women are less attracted to agentic, career-oriented potential romantic partners than more communal, family-oriented or balanced potential partners, as predicted by their desire to become a breadwinner. Taken together, these studies highlight broader considerations for gender equality, beyond focusing on the workplace in isolation. Future directions for research on the perceptions and implications of gender role change are also discussed.

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• ubc_2016_september_croft_alyssa.pdf -- 3.56MB

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Permanent URL: https://dx.doi.org/10.14288/1.0307414

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Dissertations and Theses

If you're interested in learning more about recent and past Women's Studies/Women's, Gender and Sexuality Studies graduate students' dissertation and thesis research, please click the following links to view more information on OhioLink Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Center . 

Dissertation and Thesis List

Morrison, Shannon (MA) Navigating Secret Societies: Black Women in the Commercial Airline Industry

Tobin, Erin Campy Feminisms: The Feminist Camp Gaze in Independent Film

Branfman, Jonathan Millennial Jewish Stars: Masculinity, Racial Ambiguity, and Public Allure

Lee, Juwon (MA) The Globality of the Seoul Queer Culture Festival: Subverting the Neocolonial Queer Narrative

Strand, Lauren   Toward the Transformative Inclusion of Students with Nonvisible Disabilities in STEM: An Intersectional Exploration of Stigma Management and Self-Advocacy Enactments

Austin, Sierra   Black Girl Genius: Theorizing Girlhood, Identity and Knowledge Production

Cumpstone, Tess (MA)  Acts of Public Survival: The Role of Artivism in Exposing the Sexist-Ableist Nexus in Campus Rape Culture

Demiri, Lirika (MA)  Stories of Everyday Resistance, Counter-memory, and Regional Solidarity: Oral Histories of Women Activists in Kosova

Rodriguez-Arguelles Riva, Sara Thickening Borders: Deterrence, Punishment, and Confinement of Refugees at the U.S. Border

Serpico, Jaclyn (MA)  Age, Race, Parity, and Access to Same-Day IUD Insertion at Obstetrician-Gynecology Practices in Ohio: A Mystery Client Study

Benson, Krista   Generations of Removal: Child Removal of Native Children in Eastern Washinton State Through Compulsory Education, Foster Care, Adoption, and Juvenile Justice

Fuller, Denise A.   Creating Resistance on the Border: Coalitions and Counternarratives to S.B. 1070

Isoke, Saidah (MA)   “Thank God for Hip-hop”: Black Female Masculinity in Hip-hop Culture

Gabbard, Sonnet D.   Old Ties and New Binds: LGBT Rights, Homonationalisms, Europeanization and Post-War Legacies in Serbia

Sengupta, Anindita   The Desired Baby: Assisted Reproductive Technology, Secrecy, and a Cultural Account of Family Building in India

DasGupta, Debanuj   Racial Regulations and Queer Claims to Livable Lives

Livingston, Katherine G.   Adoptee Access to Original Birth Certificates and the Politics of Birthmotherhood in Ohio, 1963-2014

Swenson, Haley S.   Reproducing Inequality: Cooking, Cleaning, and Caring in the Austerity Age

Tai, Yu-Chen   (W)holistic Feminism: Decolonial Healing in Women of Color Literature  

Tu, Angela Wen-Chun (MA) The Construction of Legal Credibility for Rape Survivors Who Are International Students

Husain, Taneem   Empty Diversity in Muslim America: Religion, Race, and the Politics of U.S. Inclusion

Dean, MacRorie (MA)  Affective Intervention: Beyond Campus Rape Prevention

Nieto, Nicole   Recipes of Recovery and Rebuilding: The Role of Cookbooks in Post-Katrina New Orleans

Chitnis, Varsha Sanjeev  Women’s Lives, Women’s Stories: Examining Caste Through Life History Interviews in Baroda

Day, Allyson L.   The Ability Contract The Ideological, Affective, and Material Negotiations of Women Living with HIV

Kaedbey, Dima   Building Theory Across Struggles: Queer Feminist Thought from Lebanon

Rossie, Amanda   New Media, New Maternities: Representations of Maternal Femininity in Postfeminist Popular Culture

McKee, Kimberly Devon   The Transnational Adoption Industrial Complex: An Analysis of Nation, Citizenship, and the Korean Diaspora

Roy, Raili   ”Jagoron: Awakening” to Gender in Non Governmental Organizations in Contemporary Bengal

Genetin, Victoria A.   Shifting Toward A Spiritualized Feminist Pedagogy: Gloria E. Anzaldúa And Thich Nhat Hanh in Dialogue

Mkhize, Gabisile Promise   African Women: An Examination of Collective Organizing Among Grassroots Women in Post Apartheid South Africa

Popielinski, Lea Marie   Noncorporeal Embodiment and Gendered Virtual Identity

Brown, Adriane J.   Distinctly Digital: Subjectivity and Recognition in Teenage Girls' Online Self-Presentations  (2011)

Kock, Stacia L.   Towards Inclusion: Expanding And Challenging Citizenship Through Intersectional Antipoverty Activism  (2011)

Linder, Kathryn E.   Narratives of Violence, Myths of Youth: American Youth Identity in Fictional Narratives of School Shootings  (2011)

Brennan, Susan Catherin e  Cinematic Adaptation and the Problem of Citizenship: Mapping Women’s Diasporic Authorship in a Post-9/11 World

Cochran, Shannon M.   Corporeal (isms): Race, Gender, and Corpulence Performativity in Visual and Narrative Cultures

Holmes, Christina M.   Chicana Environmentalisms: Deterritorialization as a Practice of Decolonization

Mitchell, Anne Michelle   Civil Rights Subjectivities and African American Women’s Autobiographies: The Life-Writings of Daisy Bates, Melba Patillo Beals, and Anne Moody

Isbister, Dong   The “Sent-Down Body” Remembers: Contemporary Chinese Immigrant Women’s Visual and Literary Narratives

Smith, Sarah Anne   Love, Sex, and Disability: The Ethics and Politics of Care in Intimate Relationships

Heo, Min Sook Globally Agreed Upon, Locally Troubled: The Construction of Anti-Violence Legislation, Human Rights Discourse, and Domestic Violence in South Korea

Johnson, Lakesia Denise   The Iconography of the Black Female Revolutionary and New Narratives of Justice

Schrock, Richelle D. Cultural Divides, Cultural Transitions: The Role of Gendered and Racialized Narratives of Alienation in the Lives of Somali Muslim Refugees in Columbus, Ohio

Zhang, Lu Transnational Feminisms in Translation: The Making of a Women’s Anti-Domestic Violence Movement in China

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