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How to Cite a Newspaper Article

Last Updated: April 21, 2023

This article was reviewed by Gerald Posner and by wikiHow staff writer, Jennifer Mueller, JD . Gerald Posner is an Author & Journalist based in Miami, Florida. With over 35 years of experience, he specializes in investigative journalism, nonfiction books, and editorials. He holds a law degree from UC College of the Law, San Francisco, and a BA in Political Science from the University of California-Berkeley. He’s the author of thirteen books, including several New York Times bestsellers, the winner of the Florida Book Award for General Nonfiction, and has been a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize in History. He was also shortlisted for the Best Business Book of 2020 by the Society for Advancing Business Editing and Writing. This article has been viewed 95,392 times.

Whether you're writing a paper for a school assignment or creating a presentation, you may want to use a newspaper article as a source. Generally, newspaper articles are cited differently than books or articles in scholarly journals. The format of the citation varies slightly among Modern Language Association (MLA), American Psychological Association (APA), and Chicago citation styles. Your citation also may differ if you're citing the article from the newspaper's website, rather than from the print version.

Sample Citations

• Example: Kent, Clark.
• If there's no author, skip to the next element in the citation.

• Example: Kent, Clark. "Villains Take Over Gotham; Superman Stays Away."

• If you include the city in brackets, it isn't italicized.
• Example: Kent, Clark. "Villains Take Over Gotham; Superman Stays Away." The Daily Planet [Metropolis],

• Example: Kent, Clark. "Villains Take Over Gotham; Superman Stays Away." The Daily Planet [Metropolis], 17 July 2017, p. A1.
• If the article appears online without a page number, simply place a period after the date of publication.

• Database example: Kent, Clark. "Villains Take Over Gotham; Superman Stays Away." The Daily Planet [Metropolis], 17 July 2017, p. A1. DC News.
• URL example: Kent, Clark. "Villains Take Over Gotham; Superman Stays Away." The Daily Planet [Metropolis], 17 July 2017, p. A1. www.dailyplanet.com/superman_spurns_gotham.

• Example: (Kent, A1)
• If there's no author listed, place the first word or words of the title in quotation marks for your parenthetical. If there's no page number, simply leave that part out.

• Example: Clark, K.
• If the article has no author, start your bibliographic entry with the title of the article in sentence-case. Capitalize only the initial word and any proper nouns.

• Example: Clark, K. (2017, July 17).
• For articles with no author, put the date in parentheses after the title of the article.

• Example: Clark, K. (2017, July 17). Villains take over Gotham; Superman stays away.

• Example: Clark, K. (2017, July 17). Villains take over Gotham; Superman stays away. The Daily Planet , p. A1.

• Database example: Villains take over Gotham; Superman stays away. The Daily Planet , p. A1. Retrieved from Collected DC News.
• URL example: Villains take over Gotham; Superman stays away. The Daily Planet , p. A1. Retrieved from http://www.dailyplanet.com

• Paraphrase example: (Kent, 2017)
• Direct quote example: (Kent, 2017, p. A1)

• If no author is listed, start with the name of the newspaper in italics, followed by a comma. For example: The Daily Planet ,

• Example: Kent, Clark. "Villains Take Over Gotham; Superman Stays Away." The Daily Planet .

• Example: Kent, Clark. "Villains Take Over Gotham; Superman Stays Away." The Daily Planet . July 17, 2017.

• Example: Kent, Clark. "Villains Take Over Gotham; Superman Stays Away." The Daily Planet . July 17, 2017. www.dailyplanet.com/superman_spurns_gotham (accessed July 19, 2017).

• Example: Clark Kent, "Villains Take Over Gotham; Superman Stays Away," The Daily Planet , July 17, 2017. www.dailyplanet.com/superman_spurns_gotham (accessed July 19, 2017).
• After citing the article in a footnote once in your paper, use a shortened form in subsequent footnotes. The shortened form is the author's last name followed by a shortened version of the title in quotation marks. For example: Kent, "Villains Take Over."

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About this article

To cite a newspaper article in MLA format, start by writing the author’s last and first name, separated by a comma. Next, add the title of the article, ending with a period, and put the entire title in quotation marks. Then, include the name of the newspaper in italics and place a comma after it. If the city isn’t part of the newspaper’s name, put it in brackets before the comma. After the comma, write the date of publication and the page number. Additionally, for articles found online, provide a link to the article, starting with “ http://“ and ending with a period. To learn how to cite a newspaper article in other formats, such as APA style or Chicago style, read on! Did this summary help you? Yes No

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APA Citation Guide (7th edition) : Newspaper Articles

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Frequently Asked Questions:

How Do I Know If It's a Newspaper?

Newspaper article from a library database, newspaper article from a website, webpage from a news website.

• Newspaper Article in Print

Newspaper Article with an Unknown Author

Photo from Flickr, created by user NS Newsflash. Available under a Creative Commons license.

Not sure whether your article is from a newspaper? Look for these characteristics:

• Main purpose is to provide readers with a brief account of current events locally, nationally or internationally.
• Can be published daily, semiweekly or weekly.
• Articles are usually written by journalists who may or may not have subject expertise.
• Written for the general public, readers don't need any previous subject knowledge.
• Little, if any, information about other sources is provided.

The Libraries subscribe to the newspapers The Montreal Gazette , The Globe and Mail , and Le Devoir .

If an item has no author, start the citation with the article title.

If, and only if, the article is signed "Anonymous", put the word Anonymous where you would normally place the author's name.

Italicize titles of journals, magazines and newspapers. Do not italicize the titles of articles.

Capitalize only the first letter of the first word of the article title. If there is a colon in the article title, also capitalize the first letter of the first word after the colon.

If an item has no date, use the short form n.d. where you would normally put the date.

Retrieval Dates

Most articles will not need these in the citation. Only use them for online articles from places where content may change often, like a free website or a wiki.

Page Numbers

If an article has no page numbers provided, leave that part of the citation out in the References List.

If an article doesn't appear on continuous pages, list all the page numbers the article is on, separated by commas. For example (4, 6, 12-14).

Note : All citations should be double spaced and have a hanging indent in a Reference List.

A "hanging indent" means that each subsequent line after the first line of your citation should be indented by 0.5 inches.

Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if Given. (Year of Publication, Month Day if Given). Title of article: Subtitle if any. Name of Newspaper , p. SectionPage if given.

Schachter, H. (2012, June 18). What does it take to be a good team player? The Globe and Mail , B7.

Note : If an article ends with a question mark or exclamation mark (!), you do not need to add a period to mark the end of the title.

(Author's Last Name, Year)

Example: (Schachter, 2012)

(Author's Last Name, Year, p. Page Number)

(Schachter, 2012, p. B7)

Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if Given. (Year of Publication, Month Day if Given). Title of article: Subtitle if any. Name of Newspaper . URL

Aw, J. (2012, June 12). Stopping the soda bulge: Why we need to consider restricting sugary beverages. National Post . https://nationalpost.com/health/stopping-the-soda-bulge-why-we-need-to-consider-restricting-sugary-beverages

Example: (Aw, 2012)

Example: (Aw, 2012, para. 1)

Note : This entry has no page numbers, so a paragraph number is used instead.

Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if Given. (Year of Publication, Month Day if Given). Title of article: Subtitle if any. Name of News  Website URL

Use this format for articles published in online news sources such as BBC News, HuffPost, CNN, Salon etc. 

Tucker, E. & Miller, Z. (2020, Jan. 18). Dems gear up to make case for Trump's removal . HuffPost. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/dems-gear-up-to-make-case-for-trumps-removal_n_5e23569ec5b6321176149dbe

Example: (Tucker & Miller, 2020)

Note : This entry has no page numbers, so a paragraph number is used instead.

Newspaper Article In Print

Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if Given. (Year of Publication, Month Day if Given). Title of article: Subtitle if any. Name of Newspaper , SectionPage.

Aulakh, R. (2012, June 13). From surviving to thriving. Toronto Star , GT1, GT4.

Example: (Aulakh, 2012)

Example: (Aulakh, 2012, p. GT1)

Title of article: Subtitle if any. (Year of Publication, Month Day if Given). Name of Newspaper , p. SectionPage.

Note : If instead of having no author, the article is signed as being written by "Anonymous", put the name "Anonymous" where you'd normally put the author's name. Only use the word Anonymous if the article is specifically credited that way.

Get on board for train safety. (2012, June 17). Toronto Star , A14.

("One two or three words from the title", Year)

Example: ("Get on board", 2012)

Note : Choose one or more of the first words from the title, enough to clearly identify the article in the Reference list. Use double quotation marks around the words from the title of an article in the in-text citation.

("One two or three words from the title", Year, p. Page Number)

Example: ("Get on board," p. A14)

Note : Choose one or more of the first words from the title, enough to clearly identify the article in the Reference list. Use double quotation marks around the words from the title of an article in the in-text citation.

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APA Referencing – Citing a Newspaper Article

3-minute read

• 21st December 2016

There may be times when you need to cite a newspaper article in an essay , such as when writing about the media or discussing something that was in the news. However, depending on the referencing system , the rules for this can be confusing. In this post, we’re looking at how to cite a newspaper article using APA referencing (7th edition).

In-Text Citations

When an article in a newspaper has a named author, the rules for in-text citations are the same as for any other source in APA referencing. This means you should give the author’s surname and year of publication in parentheses:

The judges refused to pick a winner in protest at increasing rent prices (Packham, 2016).

If the author is named in the text, this information shouldn’t be duplicated in the citation.

If an article doesn’t have a named author , you can still cite it by using shortened version of the article name in the citation. For example:

Some supermarkets are now trialling a paperless till system (‘Need a Receipt?’, 2016).

However, most of the time an article will have a named author even if it’s hard to spot, so make sure to check carefully.

Quoting a Newspaper Article

If quoting a print newspaper article, citations should also include relevant page numbers. When the author’s name isn’t in the text, the whole citation comes after the quotation:

The decision followed ‘a series of university rent strikes’ (Packham, 2016, p. 32).

When the author is named in the text, the year of publication should be given immediately afterwards, with the page numbers in parentheses following the quoted text:

According to Packham (2016), this followed ‘a series of university rent strikes’ (p. 32).

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Since no page numbers will be available for online newspaper articles, you should use a paragraph number to show where quoted text has been taken from instead:

The judges complained that many students could not even afford the ‘cheapest rooms’ at some institutions (Packham, 2016, para. 8).

The Reference List

When putting together an APA reference list , the format to use for a print newspaper article with a named author is as follows:

Author surname, Initial(s). (Year, month and day published). Article title. Newspaper , page numbers.

In practice, this would look something like the following:

Packham, A. (2016, October 25). Angry student judges refuse to pick winner of accommodation awards. The Guardian , pp. 32-33.

For the online version of an article, a URL should be given instead of a page range:

Packham, A. (2016, October 25). Angry student judges refuse to pick winner of accommodation awards. The Guardian . https://www.theguardian.com/education/2016/oct/25/angry-student-judges-refuse-to-pick-winner-of-accommodation-awards

Finally, if a newspaper article doesn’t have a named author, the title moves up to the first position in the reference:

Need a receipt? Tesco trials paperless till system. (2016, October 25). The Guardian . https://www.theguardian.com/business/2016/oct/25/need-a-receipt-tesco-trials-paperless-till-system

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Home / Guides / Citation Guides / MLA Format / How to Cite a Newspaper Article in MLA

How to Cite a Newspaper Article in MLA

Newspaper – A daily or weekly publication that contains news, often featuring articles on political events, crime, business, art, entertainment, society, and sports.

Some examples of popular newspapers include The New York Times , Wall Street Journal , USA Today , and The Chicago Tribune .

How to cite a newspaper in print

View Screenshot | Cite your source

When citing a newspaper in print

• The city name is in the name of the newspaper.
• It is a national or international newspaper.
• Page numbers : One page number is “p. #” More than one page is “pp. ##-##.”

How to cite a newspaper article found online

Cite your source

When citing a newspaper found online

• URL : Omit the https://.
• Accessed date : Technically, the access date is supplemental and does not always need to be included. However, due to the easily changeable nature of online information, many teachers prefer to include it in the citation.

How to cite a newspaper article found on a database

When citing a newspaper article found on a database

• Accessed date : Technically, the access date is supplemental. However, some teachers will request to have it included.

Published October 31, 2011. Updated May 18, 2021.

MLA Formatting Guide

MLA Formatting

• Annotated Bibliography
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• et al Usage
• In-text Citations
• Paraphrasing
• Page Numbers
• Sample Paper
• Works Cited
• MLA 8 Updates
• MLA 9 Updates
• View MLA Guide

Citation Examples

• Book Chapter
• Journal Article
• Magazine Article
• Newspaper Article
• Website (no author)
• View all MLA Examples

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To cite an online newspaper article in MLA style, you need to have basic information including the author, publication date, title of the article, newspaper name, and the URL. The templates for in-text citations and works-cited-list entries of an online newspaper article, along with examples, are given below for one author:

In-text citation template and example:

For citations in prose, use the first name and surname of the author in the first occurrence. In subsequent citations, use only the surname. In parenthetical citations, always use only the surname of the author.

Citation in prose:

First mention: Jane Brody . . .

Subsequent occurrences: Brody . . .

Parenthetical:

. . . (Brody)

Works-cited-list entry template and example:

The title of the article is in plain text and title case; it is placed inside quotation marks. The newspaper name is given in italics. Follow the format given in the template and example for writing the date, month, and year.

Surname, First Name. “Title of the Article.” Title of the Newspaper , Publication date, URL.

Reuters. “Wildfire in Southern Spain Forces 500 to Flee.” The Times of India , 9 Sept. 2021, www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/europe/wildfire-in-southern-spain-forces-500-to-flee/articleshow/86063279.cms .

To cite an article from the New York Times in MLA style, you need to have basic information including the author, publication date, title of the article, and the URL. The templates for in-text citation and works-cited-list entry of an article from the New York Times, along with examples, are given below for one author:

The title of the article is in plain text and title case; it is placed inside quotation marks. The newspaper name, “ The New York Times ,” is given in italics. Follow the format given in the template and example for writing the date, month, and year.

Surname, First Name. “Title of the Article.” The New York Times , Publication date, URL.

Brody, Jane. “How Vision Loss Can Affect the Brain.” The New York Times , 10 Sept. 2021, www.nytimes.com/2021/09/06/well/live/vision-loss-brain-health.html .

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How to Cite a Newspaper in Oxford Referencing

3-minute read

• 15th December 2019

Amid the celebrity gossip and angry opinion pieces, newspapers sometimes report on important things. Things one might write an academic paper about, for example. You might even need to cite a newspaper article at times.

But how do you do this in Oxford referencing? Check out our guide below to make sure you get footnote citations and the bibliography entry right.

How to Cite a Newspaper Article in Footnotes

The exact rules for citing a newspaper article may vary between universities, so make sure to check your style guide. However, most versions of Oxford referencing use a format like this:

n. Initial(s). Surname, “Title of article,” Title of Newspaper , Section of Newspaper (if applicable), date of publication, page number(s).

The first footnote citation of a newspaper article would thus look like this:

1. C. Cummins, “Lecturer fires up on LinkedIn after being faced with empty classroom,” The Sydney Morning Herald , July 12, 2017, p. 42.

If you have accessed a newspaper article online, give a URL and date of access instead of a page number in the footnote. For instance:

2. P. Hawker, “Teen movies: familiar tropes of school, detention, love and growing up,” The Australian , July 8, 2017, http://www.theaustralian.com.au/arts/review/teen-movies-familiar-tropes-of-school-detention-love-and-growing-up/news-story/23ad53ec8d84b34de4d1d46c5af232f9, accessed August 3, 2019.

And, as with any source in Oxford referencing, you can use a shortened footnote format for repeat citations (usually, just the author’s surname and a page number). This will save you from repeating the full source information every time you cite the same article.

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Newspaper Articles in an Oxford Bibliography

As well as citing newspaper articles in footnotes, you need to list them in a bibliography at the end of your document. This should include every source you cite, with full publication information.

The format here is similar to the first footnote. The only differences are that:

• You should give the author’s surname before their initial.
• You should include a full page range for print articles, not just a pinpoint citation (for online articles, give a URL and date of access instead).

As such, the standard bibliography format for a newspaper article is:

Surname, Initial(s)., “Title of article,” Title of Newspaper , Section of Newspaper (if applicable), date of publication, page range.

In practice, then, you would list the articles we cited above as follows:

Cummins, C., “Lecturer fires up on LinkedIn after being faced with empty classroom,” The Sydney Morning Herald , July 12, 2017, pp. 42-43.

Hawker, P., “Teen movies: familiar tropes of school, detention, love and growing up,” The Australian , July 8, 2017, http://www.theaustralian.com.au/arts/review/teen-movies-familiar-tropes-of-school-detention-love-and-growing-up/news-story/23ad53ec8d84b34de4d1d46c5af232f9, accessed August 3, 2019.

If you come across a newspaper article without a named author, you can use the article title in the first position in footnotes and the bibliography instead. However, this may depend on the version of Oxford referencing you’re using, so make sure to check your style guide. And if you’d like an expert to check your writing, we have proofreaders ready to help.

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LibAnswers: Referencing

How do i reference a newspaper article in harvard (cite them right) style.

Print newspapers

Articles should be formatted as below in your reference list:

Author(s) (Year) ‘Article title’. Newspaper title, Day and Month, Page(s), use p. or pp.

Mansell, W. and Bloom, A. (2018) '£10,000 carrot to tempt physics experts',  The Guardian , 20 June, p. 5.

Online newspapers

If you are specifically using the online version of a newspaper, which often varies from the print edition (for example no pagination), then you would reference it using the URL.

Roberts, D. and Ackerman, S. (2013) 'US draft resolution allows Obama 90 days for military action against Syria',  The Guardian , 4 September. Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/04/syria-strikes-draft-resolution-90-days (Accessed: 9 September 2018).

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• Referencing - Newspaper
• Referencing - Harvard (Cite Them Right)
• Last Updated 02 May, 2023
• Answered By Beth Wyness

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How to cite a newspaper article in Harvard

To cite a newspaper article in a reference entry in Harvard style include the following elements:

• Author of the newspaper article: Give the last name and initials (e. g. Watson, J.) of up to three authors with the last name preceded by 'and'. For four authors or more include the first name followed by et al., unless your institution requires referencing of all named authors.
• Year of publication: Give the year in round brackets.
• Title of the newspaper article: Give the title of the article in single quotation marks.
• Title of the newspaper: Give the title in italics and capitalize the first letter of the first word and proper nouns.
• Edition: Give the edition number if available.
• Day and month: Give the day month and year.
• Page reference: Give the full page range or page number.

Here is the basic format for a reference list entry of a newspaper article in Harvard style:

Author of the newspaper article . ( Year of publication ) ' Title of the newspaper article ', Title of the newspaper ( Edition ), Day and month , Page reference .

Take a look at our reference list examples that demonstrate the Harvard style guidelines in action:

An article from the print version of a newspaper

Macmillan, D . ( 2018 ) ' Google Blasts Through Hurdles ', Wall Street Journal , 24 July , p. A1, B12 .

Belluck, P . ( 2018 ) ' Promising Alzheimer’s Drug Attacks Brain Changes and Symptoms ', The New York Times , 26 July , p. A1 .

This citation style guide is based on the Cite Them Right (10 th edition) Harvard referencing guide.

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APA Style Guide - 6th

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Online News/Newspaper Article

Author Last Name, First Initial. (Year, Month Day of Publication). Title of article. Name of Newspaper. Retrieved from URL

Yamanouchi, K. (2014, June 09). Your commute: GDOT explores use of drones: Study comes up with tasks that could help with metro traffic. The Atlanta Journal - Constitution. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.library.csn.edu/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/1534074307?accountid=27953

Print Newspaper Article

Unlike other periodicals, the abbreviations p. or pp. precede page numbers for a newspaper reference. Single pages take p. (e.g., p. B2) multiple pages take pp., (e.g., pp. B2-B4) 

Author Last Name, First Initial. (Year, Month Day of Publication). Title of article. Name of Newspaper, p. Page number.

Porter, A. (2014, July 01). It’s pretty hot outside, but at least it’s not 117. Las Vegas Review Journal , p. A1.

Common Exceptions

For references with up to 7 authors, include all names.

Williams, T. D., & Smith, J. W. (1999, Mar 24). Anthrax Vaccine Debate Moves to Congress Controversy Centers on Pentagon Orders.  Hartford Courant.  Retrieved from http://ezproxy.library.csn.edu/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/256170920?accountid=27953

If there is no author, omit and list title of article first.

Miller’s election hopes fading. (2010, December 23). Los Angeles Times. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.library. csn.edu/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/820713591?accountid=27953

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Harvard Referencing Guide: Newspaper Article - Printed

• Introduction to the Guide
• The Harvard Referencing Method
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A reference for an article in a printed newspaper generally requires the following elements:

• Author of the article
• Year of publication (in round brackets)
• Title of the article (in single quotation marks)
• Title of the newspaper (in italics - capitalise the first letter of each word in the title except for linking words such as and, of, the, for)
• Edition (if required - in round brackets)
• Day and month
• Page reference (if available)

In-text citation

Full reference for the Reference List / Bibliography

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Referencing in your assignments

In academic work of any kind, effective referencing of your sources will ensure that you:

• show that you are writing from a position of understanding of your topic.
• demonstrate that you have read widely and deeply.
• enable the reader to locate the source of each quote, idea or work/evidence (that was not your own).
• avoid plagiarism and uphold academic honesty.

In order to cite sources correctly in your assignments, you need to understand the essentials of how to reference and follow guidelines for the referencing style you are required to use.

• Referencing styles

Citing your sources can help you avoid plagiarism. You may need to submit your assignments through Turnitin, plagiarism detection software. Find out more about Turnitin and how you can use it to check your work before submitting it:

• What is plagiarism?

Why do I need to reference? Find out more

Referencing and empowerment

Karen Gravett & Ian M. Kinchin (2020) Referencing and empowerment: exploring barriers to agency in the higher education student experience, Teaching in Higher Education, 25:1, 84-97

Plagiarism: what is it, whom does it offend, and how does one deal with it?

J D Armstrong, 2nd (1993) Plagiarism: what is it, whom does it offend, and how does one deal with it?, American Journal of Roentgenology, 161:3, 479-484

Teaching Referencing as an Introduction to Epistemological Empowerment

Monica Hendricks & Lynn Quinn (2000) Teaching Referencing as an Introduction to Epistemological Empowerment, Teaching in Higher Education, 5:4, 447-457

Academic honesty and conduct

• UCL guide to Academic Integrity What is Academic Integrity, why is it important, and what happens if you breach it?
• Understanding Academic Integrity course UCL's online and self-paced course to help you understand academic integrity, designed to help students to develop good academic practice for completing assessments.
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• Referencing and avoiding plagiarism tutorial

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• Reference a Website in Harvard Style | Templates & Examples

Reference a Website in Harvard Style | Templates & Examples

Published on 19 May 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on 7 November 2022.

To reference a website in Harvard style , include the name of the author or organization, the year of publication, the title of the page, the URL, and the date on which you accessed the website.

Different formats are used for other kinds of online source, such as articles, social media posts and multimedia content. You can generate accurate Harvard references for all kinds of sources with our free reference generator:

Harvard Reference Generator

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Table of contents

Online articles, social media posts, images, videos and podcasts, referencing websites with missing information, frequently asked questions about harvard website references.

Blog posts and online newspaper articles are both referenced in the same format: include the title of the article in quotation marks, the name of the blog or newspaper in italics, and the date of publication.

The format for a magazine article is slightly different. Instead of a precise date, include the month, season, or volume and issue number, depending on what the magazine uses to identify its issues.

The URL and access date information are included only when the article is online-exclusive.

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To reference posts from social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter and Instagram, include the username and the platform in square brackets. Write usernames the way they appear on the platform, with the same capitalization and symbols.

If the post has a title, use it (in quotation marks). If the post is untitled, use the text of the post instead. Do not use italics. If the text is long, you can replace some of it with an ellipsis.

Online content is referenced differently if it is in video, audio or image form.

To cite an image found online, such as an artwork, photograph, or infographic, include the image format (e.g. ‘Photograph’, ‘Oil on canvas’) in square brackets.

Online videos, such as those on YouTube, Instagram, Vimeo and Dailymotion, are cited similarly to general web pages. Where a video is uploaded under the name of an individual, write the name in the usual format. Otherwise, write the username of the uploader as it appears on the site.

If you want to locate a specific point in a video in an in-text citation, you can do so using a timestamp.

For a podcast reference, you just need the name of the individual episode, not of the whole series. The word ‘Podcast’ is always included in square brackets. As with videos, you can use a timestamp to locate a specific point in the in-text citation.

Online sources are often missing information you would usually need for a citation: author, title or date. Here’s what to do when these details are not available.

When a website doesn’t list a specific individual author, you can usually find a corporate author to list instead. This is the organisation responsible for the source:

In cases where there’s no suitable corporate author (such as online dictionaries or Wikis), use the title of the source in the author position instead:

In Harvard style, when a source doesn’t list a specific date of publication, replace it with the words ‘no date’ in both the in-text citation and the reference list. You should still include an access date:

It’s important to assess the reliability of information found online. Look for sources from established publications and institutions with expertise (e.g. peer-reviewed journals and government agencies).

The CRAAP test (currency, relevance, authority, accuracy, purpose) can aid you in assessing sources, as can our list of credible sources . You should generally avoid citing websites like Wikipedia that can be edited by anyone – instead, look for the original source of the information in the “References” section.

You can generally omit page numbers in your in-text citations of online sources which don’t have them. But when you quote or paraphrase a specific passage from a particularly long online source, it’s useful to find an alternate location marker.

For text-based sources, you can use paragraph numbers (e.g. ‘para. 4’) or headings (e.g. ‘under “Methodology”’). With video or audio sources, use a timestamp (e.g. ‘10:15’).

In Harvard referencing, up to three author names are included in an in-text citation or reference list entry. When there are four or more authors, include only the first, followed by ‘ et al. ’

A Harvard in-text citation should appear in brackets every time you quote, paraphrase, or refer to information from a source.

The citation can appear immediately after the quotation or paraphrase, or at the end of the sentence. If you’re quoting, place the citation outside of the quotation marks but before any other punctuation like a comma or full stop.

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the ‘Cite this Scribbr article’ button to automatically add the citation to our free Reference Generator.

Caulfield, J. (2022, November 07). Reference a Website in Harvard Style | Templates & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved 6 May 2024, from https://www.scribbr.co.uk/referencing/harvard-website-reference/

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APA Style (6th ed.)

• Position of the citation
• Secondary Referencing
• Date of Publication
• Page numbers
• Citing Sources Multiple Times
• Citing from Web pages
• Paraphrasing and Summarising
• Reference Lists and Bibliographies
• Examples of References in APA (6th ed.) style

Examples of References in APA style (6th edition)

• Examples of References in APA style
• APA Reference Examples A-Z
• Comparison of 6th and 7th editions of APA
• Setting the Bibliographic Style
• Inserting In-text Citations
• How to create a Reference List
• Managing Sources
• Editing Citations
• Updating your Reference list
• Find Sources
• Evaluate Sources
• Write the Reference
• Write the Annotation
• Examples of Annotations
• Journal Articles
• Web pages and social media
• Newspaper articles

Dictionary or Encyclopaedia

Thesis or dissertation.

• Reports and Datasets
• Conferences
• Images, figures and tables

Exhibitions

• Audiovisual and Digital Media
• Lecture Notes and Presentations
• Author/Editor (Surname, Initials) ,
• (Year of publication).
• Title (in italics) .
• Edition (other than first edition) .
• Place of publication: Publisher.

An e-book retrieved from an academic database that does not have a DOI (Digital Object Identifier) is referenced as though it were the print version, as above. (A DOI is a unique alphanumeric string that identifies content and provides a persistent link to its location on the internet. DOIs can be found in database records and the reference lists of published works).

Books with a URL or a DOI can be referenced like this:

• Author/editor (Surname, Initials)
• (Year of publication)
• Title of book (in italics)
• (Edition) (if not the 1st edition)
• DOI or Retrieved from URL

Book Chapter

• Author of chapter/section (Surname, Initials)
• ‘Title of chapter/section’.
• ‘In:’ followed by author/editor of book, (in direct order)
• Title of book (in italics) .
• (Page reference).
• Place of publication: Publisher,

Journal article (print)

• Author(s) (Surname, Initials)
• Title of article
• Title of journal (in italics, first letter of each word should be capitalised, except for words such as and, of, the)        
• Issue information (volume, issue, pages) (volume in italics)

Journal article (online)

• Title of article.
• Title of journal (in italics, first letter of each word should be capitalised, except for words such as and, of, the)
• Issue information (date, volume, issue no., pages) (volume in italics)
• Retrieved from: URL

Journal article (database without DOI)

Journal articles retrieved from databases without a DOI can be referenced like a print journal, as above.

Journal article (with DOI)

• Issue information (date, volume , issue no., pages) (volume in italics)

Journal article (more than 7 authors)

List the first six authors followed by three spaced ellipsis points (...) and then the last author's name.

Journal article (pre-publication)

“Pre-print”, “In press” and “advanced online publication” usually refer to articles that have been accepted for publication, but may not yet have been assigned to a publication volume/issue. These articles can be cited using the year of online publication and the DOI.

• Issue information (date, volume, issue no., pages) (if any available)
• Advance online publication.

arXiv is a collection facility for scientific 'e-prints'. Some of them have been published and some have not. APA recommends updating your references when you're close to finishing your assignment. If you've cited a preprint that has since been published, cite the published journal article.

In the example below, you will see that the title is in italics. This is because it hasn't yet been accepted in a journal and is, therefore, considered a stand-alone work.

Journal Article (with article numbers, not page numbers)

If the journal article has an article number instead of a page range, include the word “Article” and then the article number instead of the page range.

• Journal Title  (in italics)
• Volume ,  (in italics)
• Article number 

Magazine Article

• (Year of publication, Month day)
• Title of magazine (in italics, first letter of each word should be capitalised, except for words such as and, of, the)      

• Author (Surname, Initials or Organisation name)
• (Year)  (Month Day, if applicable).
• Title of webpage   (in italics)

If no date can be established, use n.d. to indicate no date in the citation and the reference.

• Author of message
• (Year, Month Day).
• Title of message
• [Blog post]

• Author (surname followed by initials) and/or [screen name]
• (Year, Month day) tweet posted
• full text of tweet (If a tweet is longer than 40 words, write the first 40 words)

• Author and/or [given name]
• (Year, month day)
• Title of page   or post
• [Facebook status update].
• For individual authors, provide their full first name in square brackets after their initial as this is their social media identity information.
• For the title, provide the name of the page or the content or caption of the post (up to the first 40 words).

LinkedIn Profile

• Author (name associated with the account)
• Title of page ( Use the page title in the reference (e.g., “Home,” “About,” “Jobs”).)
• [LinkedIn page].
• Retrieved date from: URL ( Provide a retrieval date because the content is designed to change over time and is not archived)

• Author and/or [screen name]
• (Year posted, month day)
• Content of the post (up to the first 20 words)
• [Photograph]
• Retrieved from URL

• Author and/or [Username]
• Content of the post up to the first 20 words. Count a URL or other link, a hashtag, or an emoji as one word each, and include them in the reference if they fall within the first 20 words. Do not italicize emojis.
• [Video]  description of the audiovisuals

Wikipedia is a free online encyclopaedia, created and edited by volunteers around the world. It is not a scholarly source, so your lecturer may not be happy for you to use it as a source in your assignments. Scholarly assignments should generally rely on peer-reviewed and other scholarly work vetted by experts in the field. However, it may be a good starting point for you in your research to find citations to original source materials that you do want to use.

Wikipedia is a constantly changing site, so cite an archived version of the page, if you can (select 'view history' and then the date of the version you used). If it doesn't have a permanent link to an archived version of the page, include a URL for the entry and the retrieval date. The retrieval date is always required because the source material may change over time. 'n.d.' is an abbreviation of 'no date' and it is used as Wikipedia is constantly changing.

• Title of wiki (in italics)
• Retrieved date, from URL

Newspaper article (print)

• Author (Surname, Initials) 
• (Year of publication, Month day).
• Title of article 
• Title of newspaper (in italics) .
• Page reference.

Newspaper article (online)

• Author of entry (if there is one) (Surname, initials)
• Title of entry.
• ‘In:’ Editor (initial and surname) (Ed.)
• Title of dictionary or encyclopaedia  (in italics) .
• (Edition, page numbers of entry)

• Author (Surname, Initials)
• (Year of submission).
• Title of thesis (in italics) .
• (Type of thesis or dissertation)  e.g. Unpublished Master's thesis
• Degree awarding body, location (if unpublished)
• Name of database or archive, URL  (if published)

• Title of data (version)   (in italics)
• [Type of work]  (i.e. dataset)

Government Publication

• Name of Government Department
• Title (in italics)
• (Report Series and number) (if available)
• Place of publication: Publisher (if in print)
• URL (if online)

Company Report

• Title of report . (in italics)
• Place of Publication: Publisher or URL 

• Name of authority or organisation.
• Number and title of standard (in italics) .
• Place of publication: Publisher (if in print) .
• URL (if accessed online)

Conference Paper (in edited book)

• Title of the contribution paper
• In: Name of editor or conference chair (Initial, Last name (Ed (s).)
• Title of conference proceedings (in Italics)
• (Page numbers)
• Place of publication: Publisher

Conference Paper (Journal)

• Author of paper
• Title of paper
• Title of Journal (in italics)
• Issue information (volume, issue, date)

Conference Paper or Poster Presentation 

• (Year, month of conference).
• Paper or Poster presented at Title of conference: Subtitle of conference

Images, illustrations, photos (print)

If you are citing an illustration, figure, diagram or table, start with the source in which it appeared. In your in-text citation, give the page number and any caption number that will help to identify the illustration, using the terminology in the book or article (for example, illus./fig./diagram/logo/table). The reference list entry will be for the whole article or book.

In-text citation:

Reference List:

In the reference list, you list the book in which the image is found:

When you include an image or photo in your text, as well as citing the source, you will also need to include a caption and list it in a Table of Figures ( click here for more information ). Images you created yourself don't have to be cited, but should still be included in the list of figures.

Image, illustration, photo or table (online)

• Creator  (Surname, initial(s))
• [Internet handle] (if appropriate)
• Title of image, figure, illustration or table 
• [Type of image]. (image, chart, diagram, graph, illustration or photograph)

Photographs (Online Collection)

• Photographer
• Title of photograph/video (or collection) 
• [Type of image].  

If you viewed an image in person rather than online (e.g. in a museum or gallery), the source information is different. You will need to include the name and location of the institution where you viewed the image.

• (Year of creation)  (if available)
• Title of the work (in italics)
• [Format description]  (in square brackets)
• City, Country: Institution or collection that houses the work

If you haven't seen the artwork in person and saw it online, use the website in the location part of your reference.

• Originator (Name of organisation)
• Sheet number, scale.
• Publisher (if different from author)
• URL (if viewed online)

It can often be hard to find accurate information about images accessed online.  However, if you do need to cite an image with no author, date or title listed, there are ways around this.  For untitled images, include a description of the image, in square brackets, where the title would usually go. If there is no publication date, add “n.d.” in place of the date, and add the date that you accessed the image.

• Curator(s) (Surname, Initial(s)) .
• (Year or years ran).
• Exhibition Title [Exhibition].
• Museum name,
• City, Country.
• URL of exhibition website (if available)

When the curator is unknown, move the title of the exhibition to the author position of the reference.

Exhibition Catalogue

• Artist (Surname, Initial) (or Gallery/Institution).
• [Exhibition catalogue].
• City of publication, Country/State: Publisher.

• Director(s) (Surname, Initial) (Director) &
• Producer(s) (Surname, Initial) (Producer)
• (Year of original release).
• [Description]. (e.g. Film)
• Country of origin: studio.

Film (from Streaming Service)

• (Year) (in round brackets)

Online Video

• Creator (Surname, Initial). [Screen name].
• (Year, Month day).
• Title of video [Video file]

TV Programme

• Producer(s) & Director(s)
• (Year, Month day)
• Title (in italics) [Television broadcast].
• Place of broadcast: Name of broadcaster.

Episode of a TV Series

• Writer (surname and initial(s)) & Director (surname and initial(s))
• (Date of broadcast or copyright)
• Title of episode [Television series episode]
• Producer (initials and surname)
• Series title (in italics)
• Place of publication: Production company

Radio Programme (Online)

Presenter (Surname, Initial) (Host).

• ( Year, Month Day of broadcast).

Title of programme [Description i.e. Radio broadcast ].

Place of production: Broadcast channel.

Retrieved from URL (if heard online)

• Name of primary contributor (Host or Producer)
• Title of podcast (in italics)

Lecture Notes

Notes you took during a lecture or class handouts that are not posted online are not retrievable by someone else, so do not belong in your reference list. Instead, you treat them like personal communication and just refer to them in your text.

Lecture Notes or Powerpoint Slides (online)

• Lecturer (Surname, Initial(s))
• Course/Module and T it le of lecture [Lecture notes or PowerPoint slides]. (in italics)

Recorded Lectures/Talks

• Author (Surname, Initial(s))
• (Year, Month).
• Title of lecture [file format].

Online Course or Massive Open Online Course (MOOC)

• Instructor(s)  (Surname, Initial(s))
• (Year of course creation  if known ).
• Title of course [format].
• Site that holds the course

Open Educational Resource

• Author  (Surname, Initial(s))
• (Year added with Month day).
• Retrieved date from URL

Music on CD or Vinyl

• Writer ( Surname, Initial ).
• Title of song
• [Recorded by Artist (Initial, Surname or Band name, if different from writer) ].
• Title of album (in italics)
• [Medium of recording].
• Location: Record Label.

Music Streaming

• Name of artist.
• Title of album/track (in italics)
• [Description; Name of streaming service].
• Record Label

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• Last Updated: Mar 27, 2024 10:07 AM
• URL: https://atlantictu.libguides.com/APA_Style6

Cite A Newspaper in ASA style

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• Select style:
• Archive material
• Chapter of an edited book
• Conference proceedings
• Dictionary entry
• Dissertation
• DVD, video, or film
• E-book or PDF
• Edited book
• Encyclopedia article
• Government publication
• Music or recording
• Online image or video
• Presentation
• Press release
• Religious text

Use the following template to cite a newspaper using the ASA citation style. For help with other source types, like books, PDFs, or websites,  check out our other guides . To have your reference list or bibliography automatically made for you,  try our free citation generator .

Reference list

Place this part in your bibliography or reference list at the end of your assignment.

In-text citation

Place this part right after the quote or reference to the source in your assignment.

Popular ASA Citation Guides

• How to cite a Book in ASA style
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Other ASA Citation Guides

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• How to cite a Encyclopedia article in ASA style
• How to cite a Government publication in ASA style
• How to cite a Interview in ASA style
• How to cite a Legislation in ASA style
• How to cite a Magazine in ASA style
• How to cite a Music or recording in ASA style
• How to cite a Newspaper in ASA style
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• How to cite a Podcast in ASA style
• How to cite a Presentation or lecture in ASA style
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