essay about smoking in restaurant

Essay on Smoking

500 words essay on smoking.

One of the most common problems we are facing in today’s world which is killing people is smoking. A lot of people pick up this habit because of stress , personal issues and more. In fact, some even begin showing it off. When someone smokes a cigarette, they not only hurt themselves but everyone around them. It has many ill-effects on the human body which we will go through in the essay on smoking.

Ill-Effects of Smoking

Tobacco can have a disastrous impact on our health. Nonetheless, people consume it daily for a long period of time till it’s too late. Nearly one billion people in the whole world smoke. It is a shocking figure as that 1 billion puts millions of people at risk along with themselves.

Cigarettes have a major impact on the lungs. Around a third of all cancer cases happen due to smoking. For instance, it can affect breathing and causes shortness of breath and coughing. Further, it also increases the risk of respiratory tract infection which ultimately reduces the quality of life.

In addition to these serious health consequences, smoking impacts the well-being of a person as well. It alters the sense of smell and taste. Further, it also reduces the ability to perform physical exercises.

It also hampers your physical appearances like giving yellow teeth and aged skin. You also get a greater risk of depression or anxiety . Smoking also affects our relationship with our family, friends and colleagues.

Most importantly, it is also an expensive habit. In other words, it entails heavy financial costs. Even though some people don’t have money to get by, they waste it on cigarettes because of their addiction.

How to Quit Smoking?

There are many ways through which one can quit smoking. The first one is preparing for the day when you will quit. It is not easy to quit a habit abruptly, so set a date to give yourself time to prepare mentally.

Further, you can also use NRTs for your nicotine dependence. They can reduce your craving and withdrawal symptoms. NRTs like skin patches, chewing gums, lozenges, nasal spray and inhalers can help greatly.

Moreover, you can also consider non-nicotine medications. They require a prescription so it is essential to talk to your doctor to get access to it. Most importantly, seek behavioural support. To tackle your dependence on nicotine, it is essential to get counselling services, self-materials or more to get through this phase.

One can also try alternative therapies if they want to try them. There is no harm in trying as long as you are determined to quit smoking. For instance, filters, smoking deterrents, e-cigarettes, acupuncture, cold laser therapy, yoga and more can work for some people.

Always remember that you cannot quit smoking instantly as it will be bad for you as well. Try cutting down on it and then slowly and steadily give it up altogether.

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Conclusion of the Essay on Smoking

Thus, if anyone is a slave to cigarettes, it is essential for them to understand that it is never too late to stop smoking. With the help and a good action plan, anyone can quit it for good. Moreover, the benefits will be evident within a few days of quitting.

FAQ of Essay on Smoking

Question 1: What are the effects of smoking?

Answer 1: Smoking has major effects like cancer, heart disease, stroke, lung diseases, diabetes, and more. It also increases the risk for tuberculosis, certain eye diseases, and problems with the immune system .

Question 2: Why should we avoid smoking?

Answer 2: We must avoid smoking as it can lengthen your life expectancy. Moreover, by not smoking, you decrease your risk of disease which includes lung cancer, throat cancer, heart disease, high blood pressure, and more.

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Smoking in Restaurants

Assessment model print, strong persuasive essay.

A middle school student wrote this persuasive essay to argue for banning smoking in restaurants in her state.

Title: Smoking in Restaurants

Level: Grade 6, Grade 7, Grade 8

Mode: Persuasive Writing

Form: Persuasive Essay

Completed Rubric: Smoking in Restaurants Rubric

Blank Rubric: Persuasive (Argument) Rubric

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Student Model

Picture this: you’re just about to bite into your delicious Caesar salad at a fancy downtown restaurant when all of a sudden a thick cloud of smelly white smoke drifts in front of your face, obscuring your vision and sending you into fits of coughing. Eyes watering, you fan the smoke away from your face only to discover that the horrible smell from this cloud has now robbed you of your appetite. You drop your fork into your salad bowl and motion for your check. Your meal is ruined.

For too long, nonsmoking diners in our state have had to breathe in contaminated air from smokers. Smoking should be prohibited by law in all restaurants.

Breathing in secondhand smoke is physically just as bad as breathing in smoke firsthand. Every year, 37,000 nonsmoking people die from heart disease. These deaths might have been prevented if they had not been subjected to secondhand smoke.

A 1992 study by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and a 2006 Surgeon General’s study concluded that secondhand smoke causes 3,000 heart attacks a year. These same reports also blamed second-hand smoke for 20% of asthma attacks in children.

These frightening statistics aside, meals just aren’t as enjoyable when someone is blowing smoke in your face. Restaurants lose valuable customers when smoking is allowed because so many people today do not want smoke in the air while they are dining. This could be stopped if smoking were legally prohibited in restaurants.

When adults smoke in restaurants, not only is it bad for their health and the health of others around them, they are also setting a terrible example for kids. By example, they are encouraging kids to smoke, too. If smoking were prohibited in all restaurants, it would help kids not get hooked on smoking.

Everyone has the right to breathe in clean air when they dine at a restaurant. To ensure that all diners can enjoy a smoke-free meal, smoking must be banned from all restaurants. Write to your assembly person and encourage him or her to support a law in our state banning smoking in restaurants. It’s the right thing, and the safe thing, to do.

Teacher Support:

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Standards Correlations:

The State Standards provide a way to evaluate your students' performance.

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Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Cardiovascular Effects: Making Sense of the Evidence (2010)

Chapter: 8 conclusions and recommendations, 8 conclusions and recommendations.

In this report, the committee has examined three relationships in response to its charge (see Box 8-1 for specific questions):

The association between secondhand-smoke exposure and cardiovascular disease, especially coronary heart disease and not stroke (Question 1).

The association between secondhand-smoke exposure and acute coronary events (Questions 2, 3, and 5).

The association between smoking bans and acute coronary events (Questions 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8).

This chapter summarizes the committee’s review of information relevant to those relationships; presents its findings, conclusions, and recommendations on the basis of the weight of evidence; and presents its responses to the specific questions that it was asked in its task.

SUMMARY OF REPORT

Exposure assessment.

To determine the effect of changes in exposure to secondhand smoke it is necessary to quantify changes in epidemiologic studies. Airborne measures and biomarkers of exposure to secondhand smoke are available; they are complementary and provide different information (see Chapter 2 ). Biomarkers (such as cotinine, the major proximate metabolite of nicotine) in-

tegrate all sources of exposure and inhalation rates, but cannot identify the place where secondhand-smoke exposure occurred and, because of a short half-life they reflect only recent exposures. Airborne measures of exposure can demonstrate the contribution of different sources or venues of exposure and can be used to measure changes in secondhand-smoke concentrations at individual venues, but they do not reflect the true dose. Airborne concentration of nicotine is a specific tracer for secondhand smoke. Particulate matter (PM) can also be used as an indicator of secondhand-smoke exposure, but because there are other sources of PM it is a less specific tracer than nicotine. The concentration of cotinine in serum, saliva, or urine is a specific indicator of integrated exposure to secondhand smoke.

Although in most of the smoking-ban studies the magnitude, frequency, and duration of exposures that occurred before a ban are not known, monitoring studies demonstrate that exposure to secondhand smoke is dramatically reduced in places that are covered by bans. Airborne nicotine

and PM concentrations in regulated venues such as workplaces, bars, and restaurants decreased by more than 80% in most studies; serum, salivary, or urinary cotinine concentrations decreased by 50% or more in most studies, probably reflecting continuing exposures in unregulated venues (for example, in homes and cars).

Pathophysiology

The pathophysiology of the induction of cardiovascular disease by cigarette-smoking and secondhand-smoke exposure is complex and undoubtedly involves multiple agents. Many chemicals in secondhand smoke have been shown to exert cardiovascular toxicity (see Table 3-1 ), and both acute and chronic effects of these chemicals have been identified. Experimental studies in humans, animals, and cell cultures have demonstrated effects of secondhand smoke, its components (such as PM, acrolein, polycyclic

aromatic hydrocarbons [PAHs], and metals), or both on the cardiovascular system (see Figure 3-1 for summary). Those studies have yielded sufficient evidence to support an inference that acute exposure to secondhand smoke induces endothelial dysfunction, increases thrombosis, causes inflammation, and potentially affects plaque stability adversely. Those effects appear at concentrations expected to be experienced by people exposed to secondhand smoke.

Data from animal studies also support a dose–response relationship between secondhand-smoke exposure and cardiovascular effects (see Chapter 3 ). The relationship is consistent with the understanding of the pathophysiology of coronary heart disease and the effects of secondhand smoke on humans, including chamber studies. The association comports with known associations between PM, a major constituent of secondhand smoke, and coronary heart disease.

Overall, the pathophysiologic data indicate that it is biologically plausible for secondhand-smoke exposure to have cardiovascular effects, such as effects that lead to cardiovascular disease and acute myocardial infarction (MI). The exact mechanisms by which such effects occur, however, remain to be elucidated.

Smoking-Ban Background

Characteristics of smoking bans can heavily influence their consequences. Interpretation of the results of epidemiologic studies that involve smoking bans must account for information on the bans and their enforcement.

Secondhand smoke should have been measured before and after implementation of a ban, and locations with and without bans should have been compared. Studies that include self-reported assessments of exposure to secondhand smoke cannot necessarily be compared with each other unless the survey instruments (such as interviews) were similar.

The comparability of the time and length of followup of the studies should be assessed. For example, the impact of a ban in one area may differ from the impact of a ban in another solely because the observation times were different and other activities may have occurred during the same periods. In comparing studies, it may be impossible to separate contextual factors associated with ban legislation—such as public comment periods, information announcing the ban, and notices about the impending changes—from the impact of the ban itself. The committee therefore included such contextual factors in drawing conclusions about the effects of a ban.

Interpretation needs to consider the timeframes in the epidemiologic evidence, for example, the time from onset of a smoking ban to the mea-

surement of incidence of a disease, the timing and nature of enforcement, and the time until changes in cardiovascular-event rates were observed in people who had various baseline risks. Interpretation should account for the extent to which studies assessed possible alternative causes of decreases in hospitalizations for coronary events, including changes in health-care availability and in the standard of practice in cardiac care, such as new diagnostic criteria for acute MI during the period of study. The latter is especially important in making before–after comparisons in the absence of a comparison geographic area in which no ban has been implemented.

When designing and analyzing future studies, researchers should examine the time between the implementation of a smoking ban and changes in rates of hospital admission or cardiac death. Future studies could evaluate whether decreases in admissions are transitory, sustained, or increasing, and ideally they would include information on individual subjects, including prior history of cardiac disease, to answer the questions posed to the committee.

Epidemiologic Studies

Cardiovascular disease is a major public-health concern. The results of dozens of epidemiologic studies of both case–control and cohort design carried out in multiple populations consistently indicate about a 25–30% increase in risk of coronary heart disease from exposure to secondhand smoke (see Chapter 4 ). Epidemiologic studies using serum cotinine concentration as a biomarker of overall exposure to secondhand smoke indicated that the relative risk (RR) of coronary heart disease associated with secondhand smoke is even greater than those estimates. The excess risk is unlikely to be explained by misclassification bias, uncontrolled-for confounding effects, or publication bias. Although few studies have addressed the risk of coronary heart disease posed by secondhand-smoke exposure in the workplace, there is no biologically plausible reason to suppose that the effect of secondhand-smoke exposure at work or in a public building differs from the effect of exposure in the home environment. Epidemiologic studies demonstrate a dose–response relationship between chronic secondhand-smoke exposure as assessed by self-reports of exposure (He et al., 1999) and as assessed by biomarkers (cotinine) and long-term risk of coronary heart disease (Whincup et al., 2004). Dose–response curves show a steep initial rise in risk when going from negligible to low exposure followed by a gradual increase with increasing exposure.

The INTERHEART study, a large case–control study of cases of first acute MI, showed that exposure to secondhand smoke increased the risk of nonfatal acute MI in a graded manner (Teo et al., 2006).

Eleven key epidemiologic studies evaluated the effects of eight smok-

ing bans on the incidence of acute coronary events (see Table 8-1 and Chapter 6 ). The results of those studies show remarkable consistency: all showed decreases in the rate of acute MIs after the implementation of smoking bans (Barone-Adesi et al., 2006; Bartecchi et al., 2006; CDC, 2009; Cesaroni et al., 2008; Juster et al., 2007; Khuder et al., 2007; Lemstra et al., 2008; Pell et al., 2008; Sargent et al., 2004; Seo and Torabi, 2007; Vasselli et al., 2008). Two of the studies (Pell et al., 2008; Seo and Torabi, 2007) examined rates of hospitalization for acute coronary events after the implementation of smoking bans and provided direct evidence of the relationship of secondhand-smoke exposure to acute coronary events by presenting results in nonsmokers.

The decreases in acute MIs in the 11 studies ranged from about 6 to 47%, depending on characteristics of the study, including the method of statistical analysis. The consistency in the direction of change gave the committee confidence that smoking bans result in a decrease in the rate of acute MI. The studies took advantage of bans as “natural experiments” to look at questions about the effects of bans, and indirectly of a decrease in secondhand-smoke exposure, on the incidence of acute cardiac events. As discussed in Assessing the Health Impact of Air Quality Regulations: Concepts and Methods for Accountability Research (HEI Accountability Working Group, 2003) in the context of air-pollution regulations, studies of interventions constitute a more definitive approach than other epidemiologic studies to determining whether regulations result in health benefits. All the studies are relevant and informative with respect to the questions posed to the committee, and overall they support an association between smoking bans and a decrease in acute cardiovascular events. The studies have inherent limitations related to their nature, but they directly evaluated the effects of an intervention (a smoking ban, including any concomitant activities) on a health outcome of interest (acute coronary events).

The committee could not determine the magnitude of effect with any reasonable degree of certainty on the basis of those studies. The variability in study design, implementation, and analysis was so large that the committee concluded that it could not conduct a meta-analysis or combine the information from the studies to calculate a point estimate of the effect. In particular, the committee was unable to determine the overall portion of the effect attributable to decreased smoking by smokers as opposed to decreased exposure of nonsmokers to secondhand smoke because of a lack of information on smoking status in nine of the studies (Barone-Adesi et al., 2006; Bartecchi et al., 2006; CDC, 2009; Cesaroni et al., 2008; Juster et al., 2007; Khuder et al., 2007; Lemstra et al., 2008; Sargent et al., 2004; Seo and Torabi, 2007; Vasselli et al., 2008). The results of the studies are consistent with the findings of the pathophysiologic studies discussed in Chapter 3 and the data on PM discussed in Chapters 3 and 7 . At the population level,

results of the key intervention studies reviewed by the committee are for the most part consistent with a decrease in risk as early as a month following reductions in secondhand-smoke exposure; however, given the variability in the studies and the lack of data on the precise timing of interventions, the smoking-ban studies do not provide adequate information on the time it takes to see decreases in acute MIs.

Plausibility of Effect

The committee considered both the biologic plausibility of a causal relationship between a decrease in secondhand-smoke exposure and a decrease in the incidence of acute MI and the plausibility of the magnitude of the effect seen in the key epidemiologic studies after implementation of smoking bans.

The experimental data reviewed in Chapter 3 demonstrate that several components of secondhand smoke, as well as secondhand smoke itself, exert substantial cardiovascular toxicity. The toxic effects include the induction of endothelial dysfunction, an increase in thrombosis, increased inflammation, and possible reductions in plaque stability. The data provide evidence that it is biologically plausible for secondhand smoke to be a potential causative trigger of acute coronary events. The risk of acute coronary events is likely to be increased if a person has preexisting heart disease. The association comports with findings on air-pollution components, such as diesel exhaust (Mills et al., 2007) and PM (Bhatnagar, 2006).

As a “reality check” on the potential effects of changes in secondhand-smoke exposure, the committee estimated the decrease in risk of cardiovascular disease and specifically heart failure that would be expected on the basis of the risk effects of changes in airborne PM concentrations after implementation of smoking bans seen in the PM literature. The PM in cigarette smoke is not identical with that in air pollution, and the committee did not attempt to estimate the risk attributable to secondhand-smoke exposure through the PM risk estimates but rather found this a useful exercise to see whether the decreases seen in the epidemiologic literature are reasonable, given data on other air pollutants that have some common characteristics. The committee’s estimates on the basis of the PM literature support the possibility that changes in secondhand-smoke exposure after implementation of a smoking ban can have a substantial effect on hospital admissions for heart failure and cardiovascular disease.

SUMMARY OF OVERALL WEIGHT OF EVIDENCE

The committee examined three relationships—of secondhand-smoke exposure and cardiovascular disease, of secondhand-smoke exposure and

TABLE 8-1 Summary of Key Studies (Studies Listed by Smoking-Ban Region in Order of Publication)

acute coronary events, and of smoking bans and acute coronary events. The committee used the criteria of causation described in Smoking and Health: Report of the Advisory Committee of the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service (U.S. Public Health Service, 1964) in drawing conclusions regarding those relationships. The criteria are often referred to as the Bradford Hill criteria because they were, as stated by Hamill (1997), “later expanded and refined by A. B. Hill” (Hill, 1965). Table 8-2 summarizes the available evidence on secondhand-smoke exposure and coronary events in terms of the Bradford Hill criteria.

Secondhand-Smoke Exposure and Cardiovascular Disease

The results of both case–control and cohort studies carried out in multiple populations consistently indicate exposure to secondhand smoke causes about a 25–30% increase in the risk of coronary heart disease; results of some studies indicate a dose–response relationship. Data from animal studies support the dose–response relationship (see Chapter 3 ). Data from experimental studies of animals and cells and from intentional human-dosing studies indicate that a relationship between secondhand-smoke exposure and coronary heart disease is biologically plausible and consistent with understanding of the pathophysiology of coronary heart disease.

Taking all that evidence together, the committee concurs with the conclusions in the 2006 surgeon general’s report (HHS, 2006) that “the evidence is sufficient to infer a causal relationship between exposure to secondhand smoke and increased risks of coronary heart disease morbidity and mortality among both men and women.” Although the committee found strong and consistent evidence of the existence of a positive association between chronic exposure to secondhand smoke and coronary heart disease, determining the magnitude of the risk (the number of cases that are attributable to secondhand-smoke exposure) proved challenging, and the committee has not done it.

Secondhand-Smoke Exposure and Acute Coronary Events

Two of the epidemiologic studies reviewed by the committee that examine rates of hospitalization for acute coronary events after implementation of smoking bans provide direct evidence related to secondhand smoke exposures. The studies either reported events in nonsmokers only (Monroe, Indiana) (Seo and Torabi, 2007) or analyzed nonsmokers and smokers separately on the basis of serum cotinine concentration (Scotland) (Pell et al., 2008). Both studies showed reductions in the RR of acute coronary events in nonsmokers when secondhand-smoke exposure was decreased after implementation of the bans; this indicates an association between a

decrease in exposure to secondhand smoke and a decrease in risk of acute coronary events. Because of differences between and limitations of the two studies (such as in population, population size, and analysis), they do not provide strong sufficient evidence to determine the magnitude of the decrease in RR.

The effect seen after implementation of smoking bans is consistent with data from the INTERHEART study, a case–control study of 15,152 cases of first acute MI in 262 centers in 52 countries (Teo et al., 2006). Increased exposure to secondhand smoke increased the risk of nonfatal acute MI in a graded manner, with adjusted odds ratios of 1.24 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.17–1.32) and 1.62 (95% CI, 1.45–1.81) in the least exposed people (1–7 hours of exposure per week) and the most exposed (at least 22 hours of exposure per week), respectively. In contrast, a study using data from the Western New York Health Study collected from 1995 to 2001 found that secondhand smoke was not significantly associated with higher risk of MI (Stranges et al., 2007). That study, however, looked at lifetime cumulative exposure to secondhand smoke, a different exposure metric from that in the other studies and one that does not take into account how recent the exposure is.

The other key epidemiologic studies that looked at smoking bans provide indirect evidence of an association between secondhand-smoke exposure and acute coronary events (Barone-Adesi et al., 2006; Bartecchi et al., 2006; CDC, 2009; Cesaroni et al., 2008; Juster et al., 2007; Khuder et al., 2007; Lemstra et al., 2008; Sargent et al., 2004; Vasselli et al., 2008). Although it is not possible to separate the effect of smoking bans in reducing exposure to secondhand smoke and their effect in reducing active smoking in those studies, because they did not report individual smoking status or secondhand-smoke exposure concentrations, monitoring studies of airborne tracers 1 and biomarkers 2 of exposure to secondhand smoke have demonstrated that exposure to secondhand smoke is dramatically reduced after implementation of smoking bans. Those studies therefore provide indirect evidence that at least part of the decrease in acute coronary events seen after implementation of smoking bans could be mediated by a decrease in exposure to secondhand smoke. It is not possible to determine the differential magnitude of the effect that is attributable to changes in nonsmokers and smokers.

Experimental data show that an association between secondhand-

TABLE 8-2 Evaluation of Available Data in Terms of Bradford-Hill Criteria

smoke exposure and acute coronary events is biologically plausible (see Chapter 3 ). Experimental studies in humans, animals, and cell cultures have demonstrated short-term effects of secondhand smoke as a complex mixture or its components individually (such as oxidants, PM, acrolein, PAHs, benzene, and metals) on the cardiovascular system. There is sufficient evidence from such studies to infer that acute exposure to secondhand smoke at concentrations relevant to population exposures induces endothelial dysfunction, increases inflammation, increases thrombosis, and potentially adversely affects plaque stability. Those effects occur at magnitudes relevant to the pathogenesis of acute coronary events. Furthermore, indirect evidence obtained from studies of ambient PM supports the notion that exposure to PM present in secondhand smoke could trigger acute coronary events or induce arrhythmogenesis in a person with a vulnerable myocardium.

Taking all that evidence together, the committee concludes that there is sufficient evidence of a causal relationship between a decrease in secondhand-smoke exposure and a decrease in the risk of acute MI. Given the variability among studies and their limitations, the committee did not provide a quantitative estimate of the magnitude of the effect.

Smoking Bans and Acute Coronary Events

Nine key studies looked at the overall effect of smoking bans on the incidence of acute coronary events in the overall populations—smokers and nonsmokers—studied (Barone-Adesi et al., 2006; Bartecchi et al., 2006; CDC, 2009; Cesaroni et al., 2008; Juster et al., 2007; Khuder et al., 2007; Lemstra et al., 2008; Sargent et al., 2004; Vasselli et al., 2008). Those studies consistently show a decrease in acute MIs after implementation of smoking bans. The combination of experimental data on secondhand-smoke effects discussed above and exposure data that indicate that secondhand-smoke concentrations decrease substantially after implementation of a smoking ban provides evidence that it is biologically plausible for smoking bans to decrease the rate of acute MIs. The committee concludes that there is an association between smoking bans and a reduction in acute coronary events and, given the temporality and biologic plausibility of the effect, that the evidence is consistent with a causal relationship. Although all the studies demonstrated a positive effect of bans in reducing acute MIs, differences among the studies, including the components of the bans and other interventions that promote smoke-free environments that took place during the bans, limited the committee’s confidence in estimating the overall magnitude of the effect. There is little information on how long it would take for such an effect to be seen inasmuch as the studies have not evaluated periods shorter than a month.

DATA GAPS AND RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS

Studies of the effect of indoor smoking bans and secondhand-smoke exposure on acute coronary events should be designed to examine the time between an intervention and changes in the effect and to measure the magnitude of the effect. No time to effect can be postulated for individuals on the basis of the available data, and evaluation of population-based effectiveness of a smoking ban depends on societal actions that implement and enforce the ban and on actions that include smoke reduction in homes, cars, and elsewhere. The decrease in secondhand-smoke exposure does not necessarily occur suddenly—it might decline gradually or by steps. In a likely scenario, once a ban is put into place and enforced, a sharp drop in secondhand-smoke exposure might be seen immediately and followed by a slower decrease in exposure as the population becomes more educated about the health consequences of secondhand smoke and exposure becomes less socially acceptable. Future studies that examine the time from initiation of a ban to observation of an effect and that include followup after initiation of enforcement, taking the social aspects into account, would provide better information on how long it takes to see an effect of a ban. Statistical models should clearly articulate a set of assumptions and include sensitivity analyses. Studies that examine whether decreases in hospital admissions for acute coronary events are transitory or sustained would also be informative.

Many factors are likely to influence the effect of a smoking ban on the incidence and prevalence of acute coronary events in a population. They include age, sex, diet, background risk factors and environmental factors for cardiovascular disease, prevalence of smokers in the community, the underlying rate of heart disease in the community (for example, the rate in Italy versus the United States), and the social environment. Future studies should include direct observations on individuals—including their history of cardiac disease, exposure to other environmental agents, and other risk factors for cardiac events—to assess the impact of those factors on study results. Assessment of smoking status is also needed to distinguish between the effects of secondhand smoke in nonsmokers and the effects of a ban that decreases cigarette consumption or promotes smoking cessation in smokers.

Few constituents of secondhand smoke have been adequately studied for cardiotoxicity. Future research should examine the cardiotoxicity of environmental chemicals, including those in secondhand smoke, to define cardiovascular toxicity end points and establish consistent definitions and measurement standards for cardiotoxicity of environmental contaminants. Specifically, information is lacking on the cardiotoxicity of highly reactive smoke constituents, such as acrolein and other oxidants; on techniques for

quantitating those reactive components; and on the toxicity of low concentrations of benzo[ a ]pyrene, of PAHs other than benzo[a]pyrene, and of mixtures of tobacco-smoke toxicants.

Many questions remain with respect to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease and acute coronary events and how secondhand-smoke constituents perturb the pathophysiologic mechanisms and result in disease and death. For example, a better understanding of the factors that promote plaque rupture and how they are influenced by tobacco smoke and PM would provide insight into the mechanisms underlying the cardiovascular effects of secondhand smoke and might lead to better methods of detecting preclinical disease and preventing events.

The committee found only sparse data on the prevalence and incidence of cardiovascular disease and acute coronary events at the national level in general compared with other health end points for which there are central data registries and surveillance of all events, such as the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program for cancer. Although there are national databases that include acute MI patients—such as the National Registry of Myocardial Infarction (Morrow et al., 2001; Rogers et al., 1994), the Health Care Financing Administration database, and the Cooperative Cardiovascular Project (Ellerbeck et al., 1995)—and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s annual National Hospital Discharge Survey and National Health Interview Survey provide some information on cardiovascular end points, these are not comprehensive or inclusive with respect to hospital participation, patient inclusion, or data capture. A national database that captures all cardiovascular end points would facilitate future epidemiologic studies by allowing the tracking of trends and identification of high-risk populations at a more granular level.

A large prospective cohort study could be very helpful in more accurately estimating the magnitude of the risk of cardiovascular disease and acute coronary events posed by secondhand-smoke exposure. It could be a new study specifically designed to assess effects of secondhand smoke or, as was done with the INTERHEART study, take advantage of existing studies—such as the Framingham Heart Study, the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, the American Cancer Society’s Cancer Prevention Study-3, the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study, and the Jackson Heart Study—provided that they have adequate information on individual smoking status and secondhand-smoke exposure (or the ability to measure it, for example, in adequate blood samples). If properly designed, such a study could identify subpopulations at highest risk for acute coronary events from secondhand-smoke exposure in relation to such characteristics as age and sex, and concomitant risk factors, such as obesity.

COMMITTEE RESPONSES TO SPECIFIC QUESTIONS

The committee was tasked with responding to eight specific questions. The questions and the committee’s responses are presented below.

What is the current scientific consensus on the relationship between exposure to secondhand smoke and cardiovascular disease? What is the pathophysiology? What is the strength of the relationship?

On the basis of the available studies of chronic exposure to secondhand smoke and cardiovascular disease, the committee concludes that there is scientific consensus that there is a causal relationship between secondhand-smoke exposure and cardiovascular disease. The results of a number of meta-analyses of the epidemiologic studies showed increases of 25–30% in the risk of cardiovascular disease caused by various exposures. The studies include some that use serum cotinine concentration as a biomarker of exposure and show a dose–response relationship. The pathophysiologic data are consistent with that relationship, as are the data from studies of air pollution and PM. The data in support of the relationship are consistent, but the committee could not calculate a point estimate of the magnitude of the effect (that is, the effect size) given the variable strength of the relationship, differences among studies, poor assessment of secondhand-smoke exposure, and variation in concomitant underlying risk factors.

Is there sufficient evidence to support the plausibility of a causal relation between secondhand smoke exposure and acute coronary events such as acute myocardial infarction and unstable angina? If yes, what is the pathophysiology? And what is the strength of the relationship?

The evidence reviewed by the committee is consistent with a causal relationship between secondhand-smoke exposure and acute coronary events, such as acute MI. It is unknown whether acute exposure, chronic exposure, or a combination of the two underlies the occurrence of acute coronary events, inasmuch as the duration or pattern of exposure in individuals is not known. The evidence includes the results of two key studies that have information on individual smoking status and that showed decreases in risks of acute coronary events in nonsmokers after implementation of a smoking ban. Those studies are supported by information from other smoking-ban studies (although these do not have information on individual smoking status, other exposure-assessment studies have demonstrated that secondhand-smoke exposure decreases after implementation of a smoking ban) and by the large body of literature on PM, especially PM 2.5 , a

constituent of secondhand smoke. The evidence is not yet comprehensive enough to determine a detailed mode of action for the relationship between secondhand-smoke exposure and a variety of intervening and preexisting conditions in predisposing to cardiac events. However, experimental studies have shown effects that are consistent with pathogenic factors in acute coronary events. Although the committee has confidence in the evidence of an association between chronic secondhand-smoke exposure and acute coronary events, the evidence on the magnitude of the association is less convincing, so the committee did not estimate that magnitude (that is, the effect size).

Is it biologically plausible that a relatively brief (e.g., under 1 hour) secondhand smoke exposure incident could precipitate an acute coronary event? If yes, what is known or suspected about how this risk may vary based upon absence or presence (and extent) of preexisting coronary artery disease?

There is no direct evidence that a relatively brief exposure to secondhand smoke can precipitate an acute coronary event; few published studies have addressed that question. The circumstantial evidence of such a relationship, however, is compelling. The strongest evidence comes from airpollution research, especially research on PM. Although the source of the PM can affect its toxicity, particle size in secondhand smoke is comparable with that in air pollution, and research has demonstrated a similarity between cardiovascular effects of PM and of secondhand smoke. Some studies have demonstrated rapid effects of brief secondhand-smoke exposure (for example, on platelet aggregation and endothelial function), but more research is necessary to delineate how secondhand smoke produces cardiovascular effects and the role of underlying preexisting coronary arterial disease in determining susceptibility to the effects. Given the data on PM, especially those from time-series studies, which indicate that a relatively brief exposure can precipitate an acute coronary event, and the fact that PM is a major component of secondhand smoke, the committee concludes that it is biologically plausible for a relatively brief exposure to secondhand smoke to precipitate an acute coronary event.

With respect to how the risk might vary in the presence or absence of preexisting coronary arterial disease, it is generally assumed that acute coronary events are more likely to occur in people who have some level of preexisting disease, although that underlying disease is often subclinical. There are not enough data on the presence of pre-existing coronary arterial disease in the populations studied to assess the extent to which the absence or presence of such preexisting disease affects the cardiovascular risk posed by secondhand-smoke exposure.

What is the strength of the evidence for a causal relationship between indoor smoking bans and decreased risk of acute myocardial infarction?

The key intervention studies that have evaluated the effects of indoor smoking bans consistently have shown a decreased risk of heart attack. Research has also indicated that secondhand-smoke exposure is causally related to heart attacks, that smoking bans decrease secondhand-smoke exposure, and that a relationship between secondhand-smoke exposure and acute coronary events is biologically plausible. All the relevant studies have shown an association in a direction consistent with a causal relationship (although the committee was unable to estimate the magnitude of the association), and the committee therefore concludes that the evidence is sufficient to infer a causal relationship.

What is a reasonable latency period between a decrease in secondhand smoke exposure and a decrease in risk of an acute myocardial infarction for an individual? What is a reasonable latency period between a decrease in population secondhand smoke exposure and a measurable decrease in acute myocardial infarction rates for a population?

No direct information is available on the time between a decrease in secondhand-smoke exposure and a decrease in the risk of a heart attack in an individual. Data on PM, however, have shown effects on the heart within 24 hours, and this supports a period of less than 24 hours. At the population level, results of the key intervention studies reviewed by the committee are for the most part consistent with a decrease in risk as early as a month following reductions in secondhand-smoke exposure; however, given the variability in the studies and the lack of data on the precise timing of interventions, the smoking-ban studies do not provide adequate information on the time it takes to see decreases in heart attacks.

What are the strengths and weaknesses of published population-based studies on the risk of acute myocardial infarction following the institution of comprehensive indoor smoking bans? In light of published studies’ strengths and weaknesses, how much confidence is warranted in reported effect size estimates?

Some of the weaknesses of the published population-based studies of the risk of MI after implementation of smoking bans are

Limitations associated with an open study population and, in some cases, with the use of a small sample.

Concurrent interventions that reduce the observed effect of a smoking ban.

Lack of exposure-assessment criteria and measurements.

Lack of information collected on the time between the cessation of exposure to secondhand smoke and changes in disease rates.

Differences between control and intervention groups.

Nonexperimental design of studies (by necessity).

Lack of assessment of the sensitivity of results to the assumptions made in the statistical analysis.

The different studies had different strengths and weaknesses in relation to the assessment of the effects of smoking bans. For example, the Scottish study had such strengths as prospective design and serum cotinine measurements. The Saskatoon study had the advantage of comprehensive hospital records, and the Monroe County study excluded smokers. The population-based studies of the risk of heart attack after the institution of comprehensive smoking bans were consistent in showing an association between the smoking bans and a decrease in the risk of acute coronary events, and this strengthened the committee’s confidence in the existence of the association. However, because of the weaknesses discussed above and the variability among the studies, the committee has little confidence in the magnitude of the effects and, therefore, thought it inappropriate to attempt to estimate an effect size from such disparate designs and measures.

What factors would be expected to influence the effect size? For example, population age distribution, baseline level of secondhand smoke protection among nonsmokers, and level of secondhand smoke protection provided by the smoke-free law .

A number of factors that vary among the key studies can influence effect size. Although some of the studies found different effects in different age groups, these were not consistently identified. One major factor is the size of the difference in secondhand-smoke exposure before and after implementation of a ban, which would vary and depends on: the magnitude of exposure before the ban, which is influenced by the baseline level of smoking and preexisting smoking bans or restrictions; and the magnitude of exposure after implementation of the ban, which is influenced by the extent of the ban, enforcement of and compliance with the ban, changes in social norms of smoking behaviors, and remaining exposure in areas not covered by the ban (for example, in private vehicles and homes). The baseline rate of acute coronary events or cardiovascular disease could influence the effect

size, as would the prevalence of other risk factors for acute coronary events, such as obesity, diabetes, and age.

What are the most critical research gaps that should be addressed to improve our understanding of the impact of indoor air policies on acute coronary events? What studies should be performed to address these gaps?

The committee identified the following gaps and research needs as those most critical for improving understanding of the effect of indoor-air policies on acute coronary events:

The committee found a relative paucity of data on environmental cardiotoxicity of secondhand smoke compared with other disease end points related to secondhand smoke, such as carcinogenicity and reproductive toxicity. Research should develop standard definitions of cardiotoxic end points in pathophysiologic studies (for example, specific results on standard assays) and a classification system for cardiotoxic agents (similar to the International Agency for Research on Cancer classification of carcinogens). Established cardiotoxicity assays for environmental exposures and consistent definitions of adverse outcomes of such tests would improve investigations of the cardiotoxicity of secondhand smoke and its components and identify potential end points for the investigation of the effects of indoor-air policies on acute coronary events.

The committee found a lack of a system for surveillance of the prevalence of cardiovascular disease and of the incidence of acute coronary events in the United States. Surveillance of incidence and prevalence trends would allow secular trends to be taken into account better and to be compared among different populations to establish the effects of indoor-air policies. Although some national databases and surveys include cardiovascular end points, a national database that tracks hospital admission rates and deaths from acute coronary events, similar to the SEER database for cancer, would improve epidemiologic studies.

The committee found a lack of understanding of a mechanism that leads to plaque rupture and from that to an acute coronary event and of how secondhand smoke affects that process. Additional research is necessary to develop reliable biomarkers of early effects on plaque vulnerability to rupture and to improve the design of pathophysiologic studies of secondhand smoke that examine effects of exposure on plaque stability.

All 11 key studies reviewed by the committee have strengths and limitations due to their study design, and none was designed to test the hypothesis that secondhand-smoke exposure causes cardiovascular disease or acute coronary events. Because of those limitations and the consequent variability in results, the committee did not have enough information to estimate the magnitude of the decrease in cardiovascular risk due to smoking bans or to a decrease in secondhand-smoke exposure. A large, well-designed study could permit estimation of the magnitude of the effect. An ideal study would be prospective; would have individual-level data on smoking status; would account for potential confounders, including other risk factors for cardiovascular events (such as obesity and age), would have biomarkers of mainstream and secondhand-smoke exposures (such as blood cotinine concentrations); and would have enough cases to allow separate analyses of smokers and nonsmokers or, ideally, stratification of cases by cotinine concentrations to examine the dose–response relationship. Such a study could be specifically designed for secondhand smoke or potentially could take advantage of existing cohort studies that might have data available or attainable for investigating secondhand-smoke exposure and its cardiovascular effects, such as was done with the INTERHEART study. Existing studies that could be explored to determine their utility and applicability to questions related to secondhand smoke include the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) study, the American Cancer Society’s CPS-3, the European Prospective Investigation of Cancer (EPIC), the Framingham Heart Study, and the Jackson Heart Study. Researchers should clearly articulate the assumptions used in their statistical models and include analysis of the sensitivity of results to model choice and assumptions.

Barone-Adesi, F., L. Vizzini, F. Merletti, and L. Richiardi. 2006. Short-term effects of Italian smoking regulation on rates of hospital admission for acute myocardial infarction. European Heart Journal 27(20):2468-2472.

Bartecchi, C., R. N. Alsever, C. Nevin-Woods, W. M. Thomas, R. O. Estacio, B. B. Bartelson, and M. J. Krantz. 2006. Reduction in the incidence of acute myocardial infarction associated with a citywide smoking ordinance. Circulation 114(14):1490-1496.

Bhatnagar, A. 2006. Environmental cardiology: Studying mechanistic links between pollution and heart disease. Circulation Research 99(7):692-705.

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Cesaroni, G., F. Forastiere, N. Agabiti, P. Valente, P. Zuccaro, and C. A. Perucci. 2008. Effect of the Italian smoking ban on population rates of acute coronary events. Circulation 117(9):1183-1188.

Ellerbeck, E. F., S. F. Jencks, M. J. Radford, T. F. Kresowik, A. S. Craig, J. A. Gold, H. M. Krumholz, and R. A. Vogel. 1995. Quality of care for Medicare patients with acute myocardial infarction. A four-state pilot study from the cooperative cardiovascular project. JAMA 273(19):1509-1514.

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Khuder, S. A., S. Milz, T. Jordan, J. Price, K. Silvestri, and P. Butler. 2007. The impact of a smoking ban on hospital admissions for coronary heart disease. Preventive Medicine 45(1):3-8.

Lemstra, M., C. Neudorf, and J. Opondo. 2008. Implications of a public smoking ban. Canadian Journal of Public Health 99(1):62-65.

Mills, N. L., H. Tornqvist, M. C. Gonzalez, E. Vink, S. D. Robinson, S. Soderberg, N. A. Boon, K. Donaldson, T. Sandstrom, A. Blomberg, and D. E. Newby. 2007. Ischemic and thrombotic effects of dilute diesel-exhaust inhalation in men with coronary heart disease. New England Journal of Medicine 357(11):1075-1082.

Morrow, D. A., E. M. Antman, L. Parsons, J. A. de Lemos, C. P. Cannon, R. P. Giugliano, C. H. McCabe, H. V. Barron, and E. Braunwald. 2001. Application of the TIMI risk score for ST-elevation MI in the National Registry of Myocardial Infarction 3. JAMA 286(11):1356-1359.

Pell, J. P., S. Haw, S. Cobbe, D. E. Newby, A. C. H. Pell, C. Fischbacher, A. McConnachie, S. Pringle, D. Murdoch, F. Dunn, K. Oldroyd, P. Macintyre, B. O’Rourke, and W. Borland. 2008. Smoke-free legislation and hospitalizations for acute coronary syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine 359(5):482-491.

Rogers, W. J., L. J. Bowlby, N. C. Chandra, W. J. French, J. M. Gore, C. T. Lambrew, R. M. Rubison, A. J. Tiefenbrunn, and W. D. Weaver. 1994. Treatment of myocardial infarction in the United States (1990 to 1993). Observations from the National Registry of Myocardial Infarction. Circulation 90(4):2103-2114.

Sargent, R. P., R. M. Shepard, and S. A. Glantz. 2004. Reduced incidence of admissions for myocardial infarction associated with public smoking ban: Before and after study. BMJ 328(7446):977-980.

Seo, D.-C., and M. R. Torabi. 2007. Reduced admissions for acute myocardial infarction associated with a public smoking ban: Matched controlled study. Journal of Drug Education 37(3):217-226.

Stranges, S., M. Cummings, F. P. Cappuccio, and M. Travisan. 2007. Secondhand smoke exposure and cardiovascular disease. Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports 1(5):373-378.

Teo, K. K., S. Ounpuu, S. Hawken, M. R. Pandey, V. Valentin, D. Hunt, R. Diaz, W. Rashed, R. Freeman, L. Jiang, X. Zhang, S. Yusuf, and I. S. Investigators. 2006. Tobacco use and risk of myocardial infarction in 52 countries in the INTERHEART study: A case-control study. Lancet 368(9536):647-658.

U.S. Public Health Service. 1964. Smoking and health: Report of the Advisory Committee of the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service . PHS Publication No. 1103. Washington, DC.

Vasselli, S., P. Papini, D. Gaelone, L. Spizzichino, E. De Campora, R. Gnavi, C. Saitto, N. Binkin, and G. Laurendi. 2008. Reduction incidence of myocardial infarction associated with a national legislative ban on smoking. Minerva Cardioangiologica 56(2):197-203.

Whincup, P. H., J. A. Gilg, J. R. Emberson, M. J. Jarvis, C. Feyerabend, A. Bryant, M. Walker, and D. G. Cook. 2004. Passive smoking and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke: Prospective study with cotinine measurement. BMJ 329(7459):200-205.

Data suggest that exposure to secondhand smoke can result in heart disease in nonsmoking adults. Recently, progress has been made in reducing involuntary exposure to secondhand smoke through legislation banning smoking in workplaces, restaurants, and other public places. The effect of legislation to ban smoking and its effects on the cardiovascular health of nonsmoking adults, however, remains a question.

Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Cardiovascular Effects reviews available scientific literature to assess the relationship between secondhand smoke exposure and acute coronary events. The authors, experts in secondhand smoke exposure and toxicology, clinical cardiology, epidemiology, and statistics, find that there is about a 25 to 30 percent increase in the risk of coronary heart disease from exposure to secondhand smoke. Their findings agree with the 2006 Surgeon General's Report conclusion that there are increased risks of coronary heart disease morbidity and mortality among men and women exposed to secondhand smoke. However, the authors note that the evidence for determining the magnitude of the relationship between chronic secondhand smoke exposure and coronary heart disease is not very strong.

Public health professionals will rely upon Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Cardiovascular Effects for its survey of critical epidemiological studies on the effects of smoking bans and evidence of links between secondhand smoke exposure and cardiovascular events, as well as its findings and recommendations.

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Persuasive Essay Guide

Persuasive Essay About Smoking

Persuasive Essay About Smoking - Making a Powerful Argument with Examples

What You Need To Know About Persuasive Essay

A persuasive essay is a type of writing that aims to convince its readers to take a certain stance or action. It often uses logical arguments and evidence to back up its argument in order to persuade readers.

It also utilizes rhetorical techniques such as ethos, pathos, and logos to make the argument more convincing. In other words, persuasive essays use facts and evidence as well as emotion to make their points.

A persuasive essay about smoking would use these techniques to convince its readers about any point about smoking. Check out an example below:

Simple persuasive essay about smoking

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Persuasive Essay Examples About Smoking

Smoking is one of the leading causes of preventable death in the world. It leads to adverse health effects, including lung cancer, heart disease, and damage to the respiratory tract. However, the number of people who smoke cigarettes has been on the rise globally.

A lot has been written on topics related to the effects of smoking. Reading essays about it can help you get an idea of what makes a good persuasive essay.

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Persuasive speech on smoking outline

Persuasive essay about smoking should be banned

Persuasive essay about smoking pdf

Persuasive essay about smoking cannot relieve stress

Persuasive essay about smoking in public places

Speech about smoking is dangerous

Persuasive Essay About Smoking Introduction

Persuasive Essay About Stop Smoking

Short Persuasive Essay About Smoking

Stop Smoking Persuasive Speech

Check out some more persuasive essay examples on various other topics.

Argumentative Essay About Smoking Examples

An argumentative essay is a type of essay that uses facts and logical arguments to back up a point. It is similar to a persuasive essay but differs in that it utilizes more evidence than emotion.

If you’re looking to write an argumentative essay about smoking, here are some examples to get you started on the arguments of why you should not smoke.

Argumentative essay about smoking pdf

Argumentative essay about smoking in public places

Argumentative essay about smoking introduction

Check out the video below to find useful arguments against smoking:

Tips for Writing a Persuasive Essay About Smoking

You have read some examples of persuasive and argumentative essays about smoking. Now here are some tips that will help you craft a powerful essay on this topic.

Choose a Specific Angle

Select a particular perspective on the issue that you can use to form your argument. When talking about smoking, you can focus on any aspect such as the health risks, economic costs, or environmental impact.

Think about how you want to approach the topic. For instance, you could write about why smoking should be banned.

Check out the list of persuasive essay topics to help you while you are thinking of an angle to choose!

Research the Facts

Before writing your essay, make sure to research the facts about smoking. This will give you reliable information to use in your arguments and evidence for why people should avoid smoking.

You can find and use credible data and information from reputable sources such as government websites, health organizations, and scientific studies.

For instance, you should gather facts about health issues and negative effects of tobacco if arguing against smoking. Moreover, you should use and cite sources carefully.

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Make an Outline

The next step is to create an outline for your essay. This will help you organize your thoughts and make sure that all the points in your essay flow together logically.

Your outline should include the introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion. This will help ensure that your essay has a clear structure and argument.

Use Persuasive Language

When writing your essay, make sure to use persuasive language such as “it is necessary” or “people must be aware”. This will help you convey your message more effectively and emphasize the importance of your point.

Also, don’t forget to use rhetorical devices such as ethos, pathos, and logos to make your arguments more convincing. That is, you should incorporate emotion, personal experience, and logic into your arguments.

Introduce Opposing Arguments

Another important tip when writing a persuasive essay on smoking is to introduce opposing arguments. It will show that you are aware of the counterarguments and can provide evidence to refute them. This will help you strengthen your argument.

By doing this, your essay will come off as more balanced and objective, making it more convincing.

Finish Strong

Finally, make sure to finish your essay with a powerful conclusion. This will help you leave a lasting impression on your readers and reinforce the main points of your argument. You can end by summarizing the key points or giving some advice to the reader.

A powerful conclusion could either include food for thought or a call to action. So be sure to use persuasive language and make your conclusion strong.

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ORIGINAL RESEARCH

The economic impact of smoke-free laws on restaurants and bars in 9 states, navigate this article, introduction, acknowledgments, author information, brett r. loomis, ms; paul r. shafer, ma; martijn van hasselt, phd.

Suggested citation for this article: Loomis BR, Shafer PR, van Hasselt M. The Economic Impact of Smoke-Free Laws on Restaurants and Bars in 9 States. Prev Chronic Dis 2013;10:120327. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5888/pcd10.120327 .

PEER REVIEWED

Introduction Smoke-free air laws in restaurants and bars protect patrons and workers from involuntary exposure to secondhand smoke, but owners often express concern that such laws will harm their businesses. The primary objective of this study was to estimate the association between local smoke-free air laws and economic outcomes in restaurants and bars in 8 states without statewide smoke-free air laws: Alabama, Indiana, Kentucky, Mississippi, Missouri, South Carolina, Texas, and West Virginia. A secondary objective was to examine the economic impact of a 2010 statewide smoke-free restaurant and bar law in North Carolina.

Methods Using quarterly data from 2000 through 2010, we estimated dynamic panel data models for employment and sales in restaurants and bars. The models controlled for smoke-free laws, general economic activity, cigarette sales, and seasonality. We included data from 216 smoke-free cities and counties in the analysis. During the study period, only North Carolina had a statewide law banning smoking in restaurants or bars. Separate models were estimated for each state.

Results In West Virginia, smoke-free laws were associated with a significant increase of approximately 1% in restaurant employment. In the remaining 8 states, we found no significant association between smoke-free laws and employment or sales in restaurants and bars.

Conclusion Results suggest that smoke-free laws did not have an adverse economic impact on restaurants or bars in any of the states studied; they provided a small economic benefit in 1 state. On the basis of these findings, we would not expect a statewide smoke-free law in Alabama, Indiana, Kentucky, Missouri, Mississippi, South Carolina, Texas, or West Virginia to have an adverse economic impact on restaurants or bars in those states.

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A total of 29 states and Washington, DC, have laws that prohibit smoking in restaurants and bars (1). Most remaining states without statewide smoke-free laws are home to many cities and counties that have local laws requiring restaurants or bars to be 100% smoke-free. In many of these states, momentum is building to extend the protection offered by local smoke-free laws to all citizens. However, owners of restaurants and bars are concerned that laws prohibiting smoking in their establishments will hurt business. Opponents of smoke-free laws argue that smoke-free policies decrease the number of customers that go to restaurants and bars or the frequency with which they visit those establishments, thus reducing revenue and ultimately, employment.

Research in the past 2 decades has provided clear evidence that smoke-free laws have no adverse effects on the economic performance of restaurants or bars (2–22). Continued expansion of smoke-free laws in the United States would benefit from additional studies demonstrating neutral or even positive effects of such laws on the hospitality industry (2). The primary objective of this study was to estimate the association between local smoke-free air laws and economic outcomes in restaurants and bars in 8 states without statewide smoke-free air laws to obtain information about the likely economic impact of a statewide smoke-free air law in the selected states. The 8 states studied were Alabama, Indiana, Kentucky, Mississippi, Missouri, South Carolina, Texas, and West Virginia. A secondary objective of this study was to examine the economic impact of a 2010 statewide smoke-free restaurant and bar law in North Carolina.

Study design

We estimated dynamic panel data regression models, which used the variation in the presence and restrictiveness of smoke-free air laws over time and across communities, to estimate the average effect of these laws on restaurants and bars in each of the 9 states from 2000 through 2010; we used quarterly data in these calculations. We estimated models for each state separately. Restaurant and bar employment were county-level dependent variables, whereas data on per capita sales outcomes were available at the city level. For the county models, we combined data from all counties for which data were available, whether smoke-free or not, and compared the average effect of smoke-free laws in counties that contain smoke-free communities with counties that have no smoke-free communities. For the city models, we pooled data from all cities with smoke-free laws for which data were available and estimated the average effect of smoke-free laws in those communities.

Selection of study communities

Nine states were included in the study: Alabama, Indiana, Kentucky, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, South Carolina, Texas, and West Virginia. Because our main objective was to assess the likely economic impact of a hypothetical statewide smoke-free law, we chose states that did not have a statewide law at the time of our study; because the Southeast has generally been more resistant to state smoke-free laws, we decided to focus on this region. Thus, Alabama, Indiana, Kentucky, Mississippi, Missouri, South Carolina, Texas, and West Virginia were chosen for 3 reasons: 1) none had a statewide law that prohibited smoking in either restaurants or bars when we conducted our analysis (Indiana adopted a statewide smoke-free law prohibiting smoking in most workplaces, including restaurants but not bars, on July 1, 2012); 2) all had many communities in which local laws prohibited smoking in restaurants and bars; and 3) all were located in or adjacent to the Southeast. North Carolina was included as an example of a southeastern state that had adopted a statewide smoke-free law. North Carolina’s statewide law on smoke-free restaurants and bars went into effect on January 2, 2010. Before then, no North Carolina community had a smoke-free law.

In the selected states, we identified communities with 100% smoke-free laws in restaurants or bars that went into effect during 2000 through 2010 by using a list of smoke-free communities compiled by the American Nonsmokers’ Rights Foundation (23). We identified 254 cities or counties that had laws on smoke-free restaurants or bars; 216 were included in the study. Thirty-eight were excluded because of incomplete or unavailable data.

Economic outcome variables

We used 3 economic outcomes as dependent variables: 1) number of restaurant employees at the county level, 2) number of bar employees at the county level, and 3) restaurant and bar sales at the city level. Quarterly employment data for counties in all 9 states were obtained from the US Bureau of Labor Statistics’ Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (24) for North American Industrial Classification System (NAICS) codes 7221 (full-service restaurants) and 7224 (drinking establishments). Employment data were not available for all counties. We obtained city-level sales data for smoke-free cities in Missouri and Texas. In Missouri, city sales data were provided for “eating and drinking places” (Standard Industrial Classification [SIC] code 58 from the Missouri Department of Revenue). In Texas, sales data were provided by the Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts; we used the same NAICS codes for city-level data on restaurants and bars as we used for county-level data.

Measurement of smoke-free laws

For the county-level models of restaurant and bar employment in Alabama, Indiana, Kentucky, Mississippi, Missouri, South Carolina, and Texas, we measured smoke-free laws by the percentage of a county’s population that was covered by a smoke-free restaurant or bar law. The regression coefficient for this variable represents the number of restaurant or bar jobs gained or lost for each additional percentage-point of the population that is covered by the smoke-free law. For the county-level models of restaurant and bar employment in North Carolina (which had a statewide law) and West Virginia (which had all county-level laws), we measured smoke-free laws by an indicator variable equal to zero in all time periods preceding implementation of the law and equal to 1 in the time period in which the law took effect and all subsequent periods. The regression coefficient for this variable represents the number of restaurant or bar jobs gained or lost after implementation of the smoke-free law. For the city-level models of restaurant and bar sales, we measured smoke-free laws by an indicator variable equal to zero in all time periods preceding implementation of the law and equal to 1 in the time period in which the law took effect and all subsequent periods. The regression coefficient for this variable represents the change in per capita sales after implementation of the smoke-free law.

Control variables

Employment and sales in restaurants and bars exhibited a high degree of correlation between past and present values. To account for the dynamic nature of employment and sales, we included the lagged value from the previous calendar quarter as a control variable.

It is important to control for general economic activity and conditions that may affect restaurants and bars, independent of the implementation of smoke-free laws. We accomplished this in 2 ways. First, we included a variable for nonsector employment or sales in each model. For models of restaurant or bar employment, “nonsector employment” is the difference between total employment in all industries and employment in restaurants or bars. For models of restaurant or bar sales (or both), “nonsector sales” is the difference between total sales and sales in restaurants and/or bars. “Total sales” refers to sales data obtained from holders of sales or use-tax permits. We did not include sales from businesses that sell only goods that are outside the sales tax base. In general, sales and use taxes are imposed on all retail sales, leases and rentals of most goods, and taxable services. Second, seasonal effects, such as summer or winter tourism, may affect restaurant or bar employment and sales at regular intervals year after year. To account for these effects, we included quarterly seasonal indicator variables in all models.

We also included the annual number of tax-paid per-capita cigarette sales in each state from The Tax Burden on Tobacco (25) to account for potential confounding due to variation in smoking rates. Finally, we controlled for unmeasured differences between counties or cities by including a set of county or city indicator variables.

Statistical analysis

We estimated all employment models and sales models in Missouri by using the ivreg2 command (26) in Stata version 11 (StataCorp LP, College Station, Texas) (27), which estimates a single equation model by using a 2-step feasible generalized methods-of-moments estimator. This estimator is an instrumental variables (IV) estimator, which we used because the nonsector employment and nonsector sales control variables were endogenous. That is, it was likely that unobserved factors simultaneously affected both the outcome variable and the nonsector employment control variable. Failure to account for endogeneity would lead to bias in the ordinary least squares (OLS) regression estimates. The estimator we used was based on identifying a variable (the “instrument”) for each endogenous control, such that it was related to the control but unrelated to remaining unobserved factors. In our study, the chosen instruments were lagged values of either nonsector employment or nonsector sales. To account for the possibility that the regression errors were correlated over time, we calculated standard errors that are robust to both heteroscedasticity and serial correlation of the residuals. In the Texas sales models, the IV estimator failed the weak instrument test (Kleibergen and Paap’s rank statistic [28] via the first-stage F statistic); we therefore used an OLS estimator instead.

In all states except West Virginia, we found no significant association between smoke-free restaurant laws and restaurant employment ( Table 1 ). In West Virginia, we found a significant increase in restaurant employment in smoke-free counties compared with counties that were not smoke-free.

The estimated coefficient of 5.49 (Table 1) implies an increase of 5.49 restaurant jobs after implementation of a county-wide smoke-free law. Each county in West Virginia that adopted a smoke-free law in restaurants had an average of 527 restaurant jobs before the law. Therefore, smoke-free restaurant laws in West Virginia were associated with an average increase of about 1% in restaurant jobs per county. The first-stage F statistics indicated that the instrument (lagged nonrestaurant employment) was strongly related to the endogenous variable (nonrestaurant employment). Among the 9 states, the lowest F statistic value ( F = 208) was for Kentucky, which far exceeds the rule-of-thumb threshold of 10 that is commonly used (29).

In all models, lagged restaurant employment was significant, suggesting that employment in restaurants was highly correlated over time. The coefficients of lagged restaurant employment indicate that employment was moderately (South Carolina, coefficient 0.57) to highly (Texas, coefficient 0.93) persistent from quarter to quarter. Nonrestaurant employment was significant and positive in 3 states: Alabama, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Per capita cigarette sales was significant and negative in 6 of 9 states, suggesting that states with greater amounts of smoking have fewer restaurant jobs on average.

Similar to the results for restaurant employment, lagged bar employment was significant and positive, indicating that bar employment was moderately (South Carolina, 0.62) to highly (Texas, 0.92) persistent from quarter to quarter( Table 2 ). Nonbar employment was significant but positive in only 2 states, Alabama and Missouri. Annual per capita cigarette sales were significant and negative only in North Carolina. The first-stage F statistics again indicated that the instrument was not weak; the minimum value was 182 for Mississippi. We found no significant association between smoke-free bar laws and bar employment in any state.

The first-stage F statistics in the Texas models were low: 1.59 in the restaurant model and 0.06 in the bar model. We found no qualitative differences between the OLS and IV estimates, however. In Missouri and Texas, implementation of a smoke-free air law for bars or restaurants (or both) was not significantly associated with a change in per capita sales ( Table 3 ). In all 3 sales models, per capita sales in the previous period were a significant predictor of per capita sales in the current period.

In this study, we estimated the economic impact of local smoke-free laws in 216 communities in 8 states that did not have statewide smoke-free laws: Alabama, Indiana, Kentucky, Mississippi, Missouri, South Carolina, Texas, and West Virginia. We found no significant association between smoke-free laws and economic outcomes in restaurants and bars in 7 of the 8 states. In West Virginia, restaurant employment increased by a significant 1% after implementation of a smoke-free restaurant law. Based on these findings, we would not expect statewide smoke-free laws to have an adverse economic impact on restaurants or bars in these states. We also examined the association of a statewide smoke-free restaurant and bar law on employment in North Carolina. We found no evidence that North Carolina’s statewide law had affected restaurant or bar employment. This result is consistent with a study that found no impact from North Carolina’s smoke-free law on gross revenues in restaurants or bars (30).

Our findings are consistent with previous studies (2–22) and the conclusions of the US Surgeon General (31), all of which indicate that smoke-free laws do not negatively impact restaurant and bar business. More importantly, smoke-free laws improve both employee and population health. Indeed, averting the adverse health consequences of secondhand smoke exposure among nonsmoking adults and children is the primary goal of any smoke-free policy. Comprehensive smoke-free laws that completely eliminate smoking in indoor public places and workplaces, including restaurants and bars, have been shown to reduce secondhand smoke exposure among nonsmoking hospitality workers (31) and the general population of nonsmokers (32). Such laws have also been shown to reduce sensory and respiratory symptoms and improve lung function in nonsmoking hospitality workers (19), help workers who smoke to quit (31), and may reduce smoking initiation among youth (33).

A strength of this study is that it was based on data from 216 cities and counties and 9 states during an 11-year period; it is the largest economic impact study of smoke-free laws to date. The panel model estimation approach takes advantage of variation across communities over time and controls for general economic activity, tax-paid cigarette sales, seasonality, endogeneity, and autocorrelation. However, it is unlikely that we accounted for every factor that might have affected the restaurant and bar industries in each state. Nonetheless, the consistency of the results across states strengthens the conclusion that smoke-free laws have not had an adverse economic impact on employment and sales in restaurants and bars.

A limitation of this study is that sales data were available for far fewer states and cities or counties than employment data, especially for bars. Additionally, employment data were missing for many counties in each state, which limits the generalizability of the results, particularly for bars. This analysis, like many previous analyses, examined the average economic impact of smoke-free laws on restaurants and bars in an area and did not assess the economic effects of these laws on individual establishments. Finally, the models did not control for spill-over effects either between adjacent communities or between restaurants and bars (2). Spill-over effects may be relevant in communities that require restaurants but not bars to be smoke-free.

Consistent with similar studies, this study found no significant adverse economic effects on restaurants or bars from laws prohibiting smoking in those venues. At the time of this writing, Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, Missouri, South Carolina, Texas, and West Virginia did not have statewide laws banning smoking in restaurants and bars; Indiana enacted a statewide law prohibiting smoking in most workplaces, including restaurants but not bars, on July 1, 2012. On the basis of our results, we would not expect restaurants and bars in these states to experience adverse economic consequences should such a statewide smoke-free law be passed. Rather, all citizens would enjoy the health benefits of being protected from exposure to secondhand smoke while patronizing or working in restaurants and bars.

This study was funded by a grant from Pfizer, Inc to the CDC Foundation. RTI International was supported by a contract with the CDC Foundation. Neither Pfizer, Inc, nor CDC Foundation had any role in data collection, analysis, model specification, interpretation of results, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Corresponding Author: Brett R. Loomis, MS, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Rd, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709. Telephone: 919-485-2737. E-mail: [email protected] .

Author Affiliations: Paul R. Shafer, Martijn van Hasselt, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.

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Table 1. Regression Results a for County-Level Restaurant Employment, Study on Economic Impact of Smoke-Free Laws in 9 States, 2000–2010

a All models include indicators for season and county. Robust standard errors indicated in parentheses. b The smoke-free law variable is coded as the percentage of the population that is covered by a smoke-free restaurant law for Alabama, Indiana, Kentucky, Mississippi, Missouri, South Carolina, and Texas. In North Carolina and West Virginia, the smoke-free law variable is coded as zero before implementation of the law and as 1 afterward. c P < .05. d Previous quarter’s restaurant employment.

Table 2. Regression Results a for County-Level Bar Employment, Study on Economic Impact of Smoke-Free Laws in 9 States, 2000–2010

a All models include indicators for season and county. Robust standard errors indicated in parentheses. b The smoke-free law variable is coded as the percentage of the population that is covered by a smoke-free bar law for Alabama, Indiana, Kentucky, Mississippi, Missouri, South Carolina, and Texas. In North Carolina and West Virginia, the smoke-free law variable is coded as zero before implementation of the law and as 1 afterward. c Previous quarter’s bar employment. d P < .05.

Table 3. Regression Results a for City-Level Per Capita Restaurant and Bar Sales in Missouri and Texas, Study on Economic Impact of Smoke-Free Laws in 9 States b , 2000–2010

a All models include indicators for season and city. Robust standard errors indicated in parentheses. b The 9 states were Alabama, Indiana, Kentucky, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, South Carolina, Texas, and West Virginia. c Standard Industrial Classification code 58 for “eating and drinking places.” d Ordinary least squares estimates for Texas city-level sales models. e Previous quarter’s sector per capita sales. f P < .05. g Nonsector sales is the difference between total sales and sales in restaurants or bars (or both).

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Should Smoking Be Banned in Public Places? Essay

Introduction, thesis statement, reasons for the ban of smoking in public places, the opposing views, economic point of view, social point of view, works cited.

Many governments across the globe have moved to ban smocking in public places. Whether the action is justified or not, is a matter of fierce debate. Often, the proponents of the proposition carry the day arguing that smoke from cigarette inhaled by non-smokers poses health risks.

Thus, the banning action is based on the premise that non-smokers should be protected from risks associated with proximity to cigarette smoke (Warner 71). The other premise is that effects of smoke whether directly inhaled or partially taken in proximity with smokers are the same. However, little attention has been given to the opposing views which have always been dismissed as baseless.

Most academic studies and researches have cited individual rights as the basis for smocking in public ignoring other factors such as economy, social as well as other individualistic reasons (Viscusi 31). Moreover, much attention has also been given to dangers posed by cigarette smoking specifically health problems while ignoring the opponent side of view.

Further, little research has also been conducted to ascertain some of the issues that support public smoking or smoking in general (Viscusi 31). This does not necessarily mean that smoking should be allowed. However, other factors should be considered. Besides, various options should be explored before imposing a ban on smoking cigarette in public.

Smoking in public places poses health risks to non smokers and should be banned. This paper will be discussing whether cigarette smoking should not be allowed in public places. First the paper will explore dangers associated with smoking in public and not on those who smoke, but on non-smokers.

The paper will then examine these propositions and ascertain whether they hold and establish counter arguments against the propositions. It is concluded that even though smoking poses health risks among the individuals, economic, social and individual values must be taken into consideration before a blanket ban on the practice is imposed (Abedian et al. 71).

The proponents of this rule have several arguments majorly based on scientific studies and results from health institutions. These arguments cannot be disputed, but over reliance on them is what makes the arguments a bit absurd (Warner 71).

However, various researches have always pointed health risks associated with smoking. Besides, smoking is an environmental hazard as much of the content in the cigarette contains chemicals and hydrocarbons that are considered to be dangerous to both life and environment (Lott and Richard 102).

Biologists and epidemiologists point out passive smoking is harmful to health. In other words, those who come in contact with second-hand smoke risk their health statuses (Lott and Richard 102). Several risks are associated with second-hand smoke that majority come in contact with in public places.

In most cases, partial smokers suffer from cardiac arrests, lung cancers, central nervous system impairments as well as other diseases caused by carcinogenic chemicals from cigarette smoke (Viscusi 35).

Other health conditions caused by smoking include asthma and other respiratory infections resulting from hydrocarbons and ammonia present in the second-hand smoke. Partial smokers also suffer from eye irritations, headaches and flu as a result of smoke particles (Viscusi and Joseph 10).

Findings from other scientific studies indicate that smoking reduces individual lifespan by a minimum of ten percent. The discovery also indicates that women are likely to suffer eleven years off their life expectancy. Moreover, people who smoke are more susceptible to certain forms of cancer that would have been avoided without smoking (Viscusi and Joseph 10). Smoking is injurious to health.

Those who have opposed the view on smoking ban in public places have been accused of citing individual rights to support their actions. In as much as they might be true, the weak point in this argument is that the rule applies to both smokers and non-smokers (Abedian et al. 71). Every one has a right to smoke and also not to smoke. Therefore, the argument based on the legal rights of an individual remains ambiguous.

From the economic point of view, smoking is an individual choice. Like any other product these individuals may be willing to buy, cigarette is a commodity that its consumers would want and willing to purchase. Indeed, people make everyday choices founded on their preferences, and these choices are often associated with hazards and reservations (Warner 71).

All social interactions that individuals are involved in could be associated with risks which, in most cases are greater than risks related to smoke that smokers’ exhale. The reason is that the expected outcomes of the social interactions are greater than the risks as well as the costs involved (Viscusi 40).

Therefore, it would be ridiculous to make a conclusion that smoking in public should be prohibited simply because it presents a number of risks.

Based on this argument, the number of fatalities from other causes such as accidents, sexual relations, other diseases such as flu and pneumonia which are communicable and easily spread in public places are by far numerous than the fatalities caused by the second-hand smoke.

In other words, the risk of contracting other diseases, dying from AIDS as a result of sexual relations as well as dying from accidents are five times higher than the risk of dying from a second-hand smoke (Abedian et al. 71).

The other attribute of the economic proposition is that it examines the method through which individual choices can be reconciled based on their preferences (Viscusi and Joseph 44).

That is, individuals who smoke and those who tend to avoid second-hand smoke. According to the economic studies, primary institutes such as contractual freedom and property rights offer an effectual solution more than formal regulations in fulfilling personal preference (Viscusi and Joseph 44).

Another factor that should also be taken into consideration is the degree to which a place is considered public (Warner 71). It should be understood that most of the public places were previously private places. The difference is that owners allow the public to access them purely for commercial purposes.

As such, the role of property rights should be implemented to stop public smoking. In this regard, much of the places considered public are private such as the work places, restaurants, buses and bars. These places are opened for all manner of customers’ smokers as well as non smokers. The owner should specify the target customers who are purely non-smokers.

Therefore, any smoker who enters in these establishments is held liable for any risk of second hand smoking. On the other hand, an establishment may require that only smokers enter its establishment. In such a situation, any establishment will not be held responsible for any risks associated with second hand –smoke in a case non smoker enters the establishment.

In both scenarios, there is economic efficiency for all the parties concerned based on their preferences. However, in the circumstances that there is no specificity and the definition of the public, the whole process becomes chaotic (Warner 71).

Socially, smoking has been perceived as being fashionable and stylist. This perception has been carried over from generations to generations. Smoking is not something new rather it has been practiced for centuries. In a critical examination as to why people have been smoking for centuries, the reason is because they derived pleasure that was closely related to fashion and style.

That is why people still smoke and younger generations find themselves to be smoking despite health warnings or knowledge of health risks associated with the practice (Lott and Richard 102). This value should not be undermined as scientists could not explain why some smokers stay longer than those who smoke. Moreover, smoking is not the only cause of all health related diseases.

The best possible strategy to control tobacco consumption should be put in place. This will uphold individual’s self-esteem and appreciate society preferences. Scientists and other health proponents argue that people should not be guaranteed to smoke openly.

However, the economical approach stipulates that the management should not impose a ban on some individuals’ day to day choices. In fact, people’s preferences are highly regarded in the general public. Banning public smoking could favor certain communities while offend the treaty-liberty and material goods privileges.

Abedian, Iraj, Merwe Rowena, Nick Wilkins and Prabhat Jha. The Economics of Tobacco Control: Towards an Optimal Policy Mix . Cape Town: University of Cape Town, 1998. Print. p. 71.

Lott, John and Richard Manning. “Have Changing Liability Rules Compensated Workers Twice for Occupational Hazards? Earning Premiums and Cancer Risks.” Journal of Legal Studies , 29.1 (2000): 99-128. Print.

Viscusi, Kip and Joseph Aldy. “The Value of a Statistical Life: A Critical Review of Market Estimates throughout the World.” Journal of Risk and Uncertainty , 27.1 (2003): 5-76. Print.

Viscusi, Kip. “The Value of Life: Estimates with Risks by Occupation and Industry.” Economic Inquiry , 42.1 (2004): 29-48. Print.

Warner, Kenneth. The Economics of Tobacco and Health . Cape Town: University of Cape Town, 1998. Print. p. 71.

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Smoking In Restaurants

Filed Under: Essays Tagged With: life span , smoking

I think smoking in public places such as indoors of a restaurant shoudn’t be allowed. There’s a few good reasons for me saying that. It has been proved that smoking kills you. Besides, would you like someone smoking next to you if you have your baby with you? Not only that, But I don’t think I would like anyone to be smelling the nasty smoke odors while they’re eating. I also think that it shoudn’t be allowed because since it’s indoors all the smoke gets caught inside and it can get sort of hard to even breathe. It has been proven that smoking kills you as time passes! If you keep inhaling the smoke from cigarettes, even if you aren’t smoking it yourself, it can affect your lungs and in time you’ll have shorter life span. So whoever wants to die faster can keep smoking, but why should you let it affect you when you don’t even smoke? Let’s say you’re eating at a restaurant with your family and there’s a baby in the family.

Then this couple walks in the restaurant and start smoking immediately. Do you think it would be healthy for your baby to be inhaling all of this smoke? I don’t think it would be. Another reason is very simple. I don’t think I would like to be inhaling smoke while im eating food im supposed to enjoy. It would annoy me and probably ruin whatever you’re eating. Besides if it’s indoors all the smoke gets caught inside and I’m sure it will be hard to breathe.

The Essay on Banning Smoking Smoke Smokers Places

Please Take Your Butt Outside "A smoking section in a bar or a restaurant is like having a peeing section in a public swimming pool, the pee just like the smoke will spread, and there is no way of escaping it," said an anonymous author. Smoking affects many people's lives each and everyday. For example, I can not even count the times that I have been in a restaurant in a "non-smoking section" and ...

What that will cause is me trying to finish my meal fast and get out of there. Finally, I think it’s pretty obvious why smoking in public places shoudn’t be allowed. It’s bad for whoever inhales the smoke. It can ruin your meal if you’re in a restaurant or so. It can also give you a hard time breathing.

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Essay on Government

Smoking In The Restaurant Report Example

Type of paper: Report

Topic: Government , Health , Environment , Politics , Life , World , Customers , Smoking

Words: 1400

Published: 01/09/2020

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The most widely used proverb “Smoking is injurious to health” stands as a universal truth for all. There are always two aspects of everything we experience or do in life. One is the positive side of it and the other is the negative side. Both these aspects go hand in hand with our lives. Just as there are two aspects of everything in this world, there are two types of people, good and bad. With good and bad, I mean some have good habits and some have bad ones. Smoking is one such deadly habit which has spread its wings like a giant octopus all over the world. Despite certain measures collectively being taken by the government, hospitals and the other concerned authorities, the addiction of it is such that it is next to impossible for many to leave it. The figures are touching lacs and lacs of people who are not just active but chain smokers. Although they are well aware of the ill-effects of smoking, but many take it as a fashion statement and they are alive on several puffs a day. Youngsters do it in the plight of their peer groups. They start with one or two puffs a day and very quickly reach up to the level of chain smokers with 10-15 puffs a day. In spite the soaring figures of chain smokers all across the world, several countries and world organizations have come together to join hands to make a collective joint effort to eradicate this sin from the lives of millions of people, from the world. More and more awareness programs have been started to spread the message to as large population as possible.

Let us put some light here on the harmful effects of smoking on people all across the world.

Precisely, smoking shortens the life of people bringing them closer to the grave. It’s a common myth among people that smoking relives one from pain and distress. It is just another form of nuisance which not even degrades one’s life but takes people far away from reality. According to the reports collected from the survey conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), those who come under the category of chain smokers lose almost 13.2 years of their total life span. Had they been devoid of smoking, they would have enjoyed a far better and longer life. More surprising and alarming is the fact that it is not just men who are victims to this deadly habit, but a large population of women are also accustomed to it. As per the survey by CDC, women who are chain smokers lose 14.5 years of their life if they are chain smokers than they might have lived devoid of smoking. Now, the intensity to which smoking hampers the life of an individual actually depends on the following factors: the kind of tobacco the intake form the temperature at which tobacco is burned the time duration for which one smokes the common state of health Needless to say, cigarette smoking is calling one’s own death. The most alarming fact is that it is a major contributor of worlds most deadly and non-curable disease known as cancer. Now smoking not only hampers the one who is actively doing it but the smoke exhaled also affects the people sitting around a smoker. This is well known as passive smoking. Thus, smoking in public places causes inconvenience to others as well who don’t smoke at all. Hence, public places and organizations have set certain rules for smokers within the campuses so that others who don’t smoke do not have to face any inconvenience. It can be observed in public places such as restaurants, clubs, parks where people come with families to have a good time together. If during such a family get together someone nearby starts smoking, it could be something not acceptable and of true inconvenience to women and children especially. As a precautionary measure, governments of several countries have completely banned smoking. Now let us put some light on the pros and cons of activating rules for smokers in public places such as restaurants. With modernization and globalization approaching all parts of the world, socializing, going to public places quite often has become the need of the hour. Hence, it has become very much evident for people to stay safe while maintaining the decorum of the place. Taking into account such factors, public places like restaurants have made arrangements for both categories of people- smokers as well as non-smokers. There are separate zones for people- Smoking and Non-smoking zones. So, it’s up to the convenience of the families to choose the safe zone for themselves. People sitting in both the zones are greeted and served in the same way so that the restaurants can keep their good will at the same time. Not even this, if the restaurant staff does not support the concept of smoking, they can even completely ban smoking because it leads to pollution. It is harmful to both active and passive smokers in such places. People who passively intake smokes can be the worst sufferers. Many restaurants make it a point to serve only good health and they are thus completely against smoking. (“Clayson M.”, 2012) There may be several reasons of banning smoking completely in public areas. Smoke emits several harmful toxins in the environment. One such product is carcinogen. It is harmful to the nature as well as humans. It harms human body parts; causes problem to our respiratory organs and in acute cases may even harm them greatly. Hence, the restaurant owners are forced to take precautionary measures to safeguard their customers so that they take home good health and good experience. The end products of this research were two simple facts:

Some restaurants preferred having the concept of two different sections- smoking and non smoking!

While some strict owners made things much more easily imposing a complete ban on smoking by people in their dining halls. Thus, the initiative to create a smokeless environment has been beneficial to the non-smokers and they can well be a part of any public place without having to worry about the inconvenience. For those who smoke, there are separate areas where they can both enjoy the lavish service of the restaurants staff and can comfortably smoke in the same environment. With such initiatives from the restaurant authorities, restaurants will also not be liable for stern feedbacks from a huge lot of people who do not smoke and who do smoke. This will also prevent the market scenario to be hampered as people who are smokers won’t be neglected by restaurants anymore. They will be treated the same way as non-smokers are. Customers being true citizens of a nation should well understand the fact as to why is it necessary for the restaurant authorities to implement such strict rules and regulations to safeguard the environment as well as to serve their purpose of providing only good health to their customers. The ultimate aim of such restaurant owners is to provide only quality food in a pollution free and healthy environment. (“A Bell S.”, 2012) Thus, executing a ban on smoking can be termed as a positive move taken in favour of millions of people who do not smoke while at the same time taking care of those who smoke quite often. People who are chain smokers are not entertained by any public place these days and this lot of population will have a complaint against these measures taken by the government but nobody can help as the ultimate goal of a nation’s government is to protect and safeguard the health of thousand others who do not smoke. Hence, such research and precautionary measures allows customers to relax in the pollution free environment and have a good time with their families. This is nothing but a joint effort taken by all restaurants and the government who expect a smoke free environment and good health for all.

Clayson M. (2012) Restaurants: Smoking and Non-Smoking sections. 7 November 2012. Retrieved from http://ezinearticles.com/?Restaurants:-Smoking-and-Non-smoking-Sections&id=464023 A Bell S. (2012) 7 November 2012. Retrieved from Bad effects of smoking. http://ezinearticles.com/?Bad-Effects-of-Smoking&id=1069590

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Smoking Ban in Bars and Restaurants

The smoking ban in bars and restaurants law took effect in New York in the year 2003. The law stated that there was no one who was supposed to light a cigar, pipe or a cigarette in a café, restaurant or bar but anyone who wished to do so was supposed to do it from outside where the rest of the people could not inhale the smoke. This actually came about due to the effect which the second hand smokers were found to face and it was found out that quite a number of people used to die frequently across the country due to this second hand smoking. Tobacco smoking has been seen so far as one of the leading preventable mankind enemies as it has caused cancer, lung, asthma respiratory diseases, heart diseases and disability to the unborn baby. Non-smokers are greatly affected if exposed to tobacco smoke. This ban in smoking has actually led to a lot of research from the tobacco industry in trying to advocate against tobacco smoking restrictions as they perceive that if the law becomes 100% effective, it will cause quite a steady fall in their profit margin.

Second hand smoking has caused a number of deaths in the restaurants and bars and it is believed to be the main cause of death of a waitress who died due to lung cancer in 22 nd may 2006. Medical history concluded that her death was due to environmental smoke which caused asthma. This death is actually the one which led to the need to enact legal protection of workers from second hand smoking.

Smoking in bars and restaurants has also been believed to cause damage in the taste of foods and has also led to the decrease of production to the employees which is mainly due to lack of enthusiasm to workers in their work place. Smoking in restaurants has led to an increase in the insurance bills of the workers. Cases of workers also not attending to their workplaces has been reported as they have to attend to other chores like cleaning cigarette burns and maintenance to the burnt materials like carpets and paints, smoke settling on their lighting equipment thus leading to lack of enough light illumination. Since the introduction of the smoking ban in bars and restaurants, restaurants have recorded quite an improvement in the number of sales of food. Quite a number of the families have been said to be regular customers as it’s now taken as an environment for everybody not only for the bar people. In Virginia, smoking is totally prohibited in restaurants and bars not unless a separate room is provided with a room that has ventilation of its own to the outside and its own entrance from outside of which the room is strictly constructed for smoking and no worker is allowed to work in that room.

In New York, since the law was enacted there has been a steady rise in business receipts and bars and the rate of employment in these places has risen. The restaurant and bar owners feared that this would lead to the fall of their businesses. The research carried out showed that almost all the hotels and bars in New York were all smoke-free and the New York population supported the law. In New York, the smoking ban has been seen as a boost to the hotel and bar business.

Around the United States, the smoking ban in bars and restaurants has got no relation with business openings or closures in alcohol-serving establishments or at non-alcohol-selling enterprises. In states like Delaware and California licenses have increased and there is quite an increase in employment. In Ireland, the law which ended smoking in public places came into force on 29 th March 2004 and the Irish government saw a decrease in the level of the licensed trade and the employment field.

In Scotland, studies have shown that this ban has to a small positive change in the field of tax and employment, though in the field of public health there has been a positive effect noted. In Britain, the Chief Medical Officer has noted that this ban can lead to economic growth in the British government and there would be a healthier workforce which would be able to produce more goods and also a decline in the hospital bills. Evidence has shown that smoking bans in bars and restaurants have been proved not to have any negative effect on the business. Bars and restaurants have so far been found to be fully packed with people even after the ban of which was fear to the many.

It’s of my opinion that the smoking ban law should be enforced in all the bars and restaurants all over New York seeing all the endless negative effects the smoking behavior causes to people surrounding smokers and this ban so far has not seen to the closure of any business due to lack of customers.

New York state outlaws smoking in all enclosed workplaces. Nation’s Restaurant News; New York; 2003; Paul Frumkin.

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Sample Essays
Ban Smoking Essay

Ban Smoking in Public Places Essay

This is a ban smoking in public places essay. It is an example of an essay where you have to give your opinion as to whether you agree or disagree.

The sample answer shows you how you can present the opposing argument first, that is not your opinion, and then present your opinion in the following paragraph.

It is always a good idea to present a balanced essay which presents both sides of the argument, but you must always make it very clear what your opinion is and which side of the argument you support.

You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.

Write about the following topic:

Smoking not only harms the smoker, but also those who are nearby. Therefore, smoking should be banned in public places.

To what extent do you agree or disagree?

Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own experience or knowledge.

Write at least 250 words.

Model Answer:

Medical studies have shown that smoking not only leads to health problems for the smoker, but also for people close by. As a result of this, many believe that smoking should not be allowed in public places. Although there are arguments on both sides, I strongly agree that a ban is the most appropriate course of action.

Opponents of such a ban argue against it for several reasons. Firstly, they say that passive smokers make the choice to breathe in other people’s smoke by going to places where it is allowed. If they would prefer not to smoke passively, then they do not need to visit places where smoking is permitted. In addition, they believe a ban would possibly drive many bars and pubs out of business as smokers would not go there anymore. They also argue it is a matter of freedom of choice. Smoking is not against the law, so individuals should have the freedom to smoke where they wish.

However, there are more convincing arguments in favour of a ban. First and foremost, it has been proven that tobacco consists of carcinogenic compounds which cause serious harm to a person’s health, not only the smoker. Anyone around them can develop cancers of the lungs, mouth and throat, and other sites in the body. It is simply not fair to impose this upon another person. It is also the case that people’s health is more important than businesses. In any case, pubs and restaurants could adapt to a ban by, for example, allowing smoking areas.

In conclusion, it is clear that it should be made illegal to smoke in public places. This would improve the health of thousands of people, and that is most definitely a positive development.

(290 words)

This essay is well organized and presented.

The introduction is clear - note how it follows the ban smoking in public places essay question - it paraphrases the information in order to introduce the topic and the argument.

The argument against a ban on smoking in public places is presented first. It is made clear that it is not the authors opinion by the topic sentence:

"Opponents of such a ban argue against it for several reasons".

And also by the use of the word 'they' to refer to the opponents.

The writer then clearly shows they are moving on to the other argument which is their own (and it has clearly been stated in the thesis that this is their argument):

"However, there are more convincing arguments in favour of a ban".

In this paragraph, 'they' is dropped because it is now the writers opinion.

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TOEFL: Smoking in restaurants should not be permitted, agree or disagree?

junerosie 1 / 2 Jan 10, 2011 #1 Dear everyone, The coming Jan 30th is the day I'm going to take the TOEFL test and I'm feeling so scared right now. Hope that you'll help me. Thanks in advance :D Topic 1: Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Smoking should not be permitted in restaurants and state laws that prohibit it should be upheld. It is common knowledge that smoking is not good for our health. Smoking does bad not only to the smokers but also to those who breathe the cigarette smoke in. The questions of whether smoking should not be permitted in restaurants and state laws that prohibit it have recently been aroused. Personally, I strongly agree with this idea due to its benefit that it would bring to the society. First of all, prohibiting cigarettes in restaurant will definitely protect everyone's health. Restaurant is a public place where people come to have good meals and relax. Just one person smoking would destroy all those purposes. Smoke from a cigarette is very light and easy to spread in a large square. Eventually, eating with smoke floating midair all around is obviously not comfortable experience. It is known that the smoker breathe into his lungs a lot of poisonous molecules along with smoke from the cigarette. Moreover, recent researches have also pointed out that people around also suffer as much as the smoker himself. There could be persons who are allergic to cigarette smoke accidentally breathe it in, which would leads to unexpected consequences. Once there is a smoker in the restaurant, the customers surrounding also bear the risk. Secondly, restaurants can avoid several unnecessary risks by not allowing smoking. With those who hate or get allergic to smoke, having meals in the fog of smoke from the next table is such a disaster. In order not to come across that unpleasant situation, many customers prefer non-smoking restaurants, which means restaurant which allows smoking loose such an amount of potential customers. However, some restaurants find a way to satisfy both kinds of customers by locating a separated area for smoking. Yet this solution costs the restaurant owner a bill. It is not to mention the restaurant has to invest more in the air conditioner system to lessen the smell and the poisonous substances of smoking. In conclusion, for the reasons stated above, I strongly believe that smoking should be completely banned in every restaurant. I also think smokers should respect this policy not only to obey the law but also to set good example for the younger generation. P/S: I wrote this writing a quite long time ago and when reading it again I felt very stupid.

vaishali1980 26 / 83 Jan 10, 2011 #2 With T hose who hate or get allergic to from smoke, having meals in the fog of smoke from the next table is such a disaster. In order not to not come across that unpleasant situation, many customers prefer to go to non-smoking restaurants, which means restaurant which allows smoking loose lose The adjective loose means "not tight." The verb lose means "not to win" or "not to keep."

OP junerosie 1 / 2 Jan 11, 2011 #3 Thank you vaishali1980 for your help. However, except for my mistake of "lose" and "prefer to", I have no problem with the others. In order not to do something to be allergic to something. Those are what I've learned in 11 years :D I find more worried about the idea development anyway.

atham64 4 / 12 Jan 11, 2011 #4 need to give opposite opinions' views about how it is their freedom to smoke where they want but then defend your point about how it is bad even though me can smoke where ever we want.

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Eater Receives Four Nominations for 2024 James Beard Media Awards

Eater is recognized in the categories across videos, features, and design

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On April 30, the James Beard Foundation announced the nominees for its 2024 Media Awards . Eater is the most nominated publication, with recognitions in four categories across video, features, and design.

Eater Video is a finalist in the category of Commercial Media for an episode of its ongoing series Vendors . The nominated episode, “ Why One of The Best Restaurants in America Buy Its Oysters from the McIntosh Family, ” follows Earnest McIntosh Sr. and his family as they run one of last oyster farms in Georgia. Earnest McIntosh Sr. has been in the oyster farming business for nearly 50 years, having started with his father on his crabbing business which eventually turned into the oyster farm it is now. Eater’s video team previously won a James Beard Award in 2020 for Handmade , a series that spotlights the makers behind products that supply top restaurants.

Eater is also nominated in the Innovative Visual Storytelling category for “ The Eater College Dining Plan ,” a comprehensive guide detailing the best places to eat and drink near campuses around the country. Through interactive design, thoughtful editorial, and local expertise from a network of contributors, the package explores the collegiate food experience, from dining-related rituals passed down from class to class to food innovations that began in dorm rooms. At HBCUs and Ivies, state and commuter schools, Eater dug deep to find the most iconic aspects of dining that bring together college communities.

Eater is also a finalist in two writing categories. Eater is nominated in the Home Cooking category for “ Lost in the Stock ,” contributor Noah Galuten’s quest to find out exactly what goes into chicken stock, a mission that turned out to symbolize the food industrial complex as a whole.

In the Personal Essay with Recipes category, contributor Angela Burke is nominated for “ The Sweet Solace of Grief Baking ,” in which Burke traces the history of mincemeat through Black foodways and offers her own recipe for the dish, all while discussing how she’s dealt with the loss of her dad while raising two small children. Burke’s story was part of Eater’s “ The Feasts We Remember ,” a collection of essays on the connections we make with and through food during the winter holidays.

Alongside those four nominations, Gastropod, a podcast partner to Eater, also received a nomination in the Audio Programming category for the episode “ Meet Taro, the Poke Bowl’s Missing Secret Ingredient .” Hosted by Cynthia Graber and Nicola Twilley, Gastropod explores food topics through the lens of history and science.

These nominations add to the long list of James Beard Foundation recognitions awarded to Eater, including six nominations in 2023 and 12 total wins overall.

Winners of the 2024 James Beard Media awards will be announced live in Chicago on June 8.

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No, you can't legally smoke marijuana at your favorite Ohio beer garden. Here's why

The first Ohio spring with legal recreational marijuana is upon us, but don't expect a cloud of haze over your favorite beer garden.

The state's new recreational marijuana law took effect late last year after voters approved Issue 2 on the November ballot. Ohioans 21 and older can now buy, possess and grow cannabis, although legal sales aren't expected until September at the earliest.

Much of the program remains in flux. The Division of Cannabis Control is setting rules to implement the initiated statute, which includes making license applications available to growers, processors and dispensaries by June. Gov. Mike DeWine and some state lawmakers wanted to change the law, but those conversations stalled and appear unlikely to resume any time soon.

Still, state officials have made one thing clear: Ohioans shouldn't smoke marijuana in public, even in places that allow outdoor tobacco smoking.

Here's what you need to know.

Prep for the polls: See who is running for president and compare where they stand on key issues in our Voter Guide

Can I smoke marijuana in public in Ohio?

No. Smoking marijuana falls under the state's smoking ban . That law prohibits people from smoking plant material in enclosed areas open to the public, with exceptions for outdoor patios, smoke shops and hotel rooms designated for smoking.

"The smoking ban in public places really is controlling," Jim Canepa, superintendent of the Division of Cannabis Control, told Cincinnati Edition last month. "Whether it's cannabis that is being smoked or cigarettes that are being smoked or cigars being smoked, there are places you can and cannot do that."

What are the rules for bars and restaurants?

That doesn't mean people can light up on the patio − or pop an edible at the bar, for that matter.

Bars and restaurants with liquor permits can't knowingly allow or facilitate the use of controlled substances, which includes marijuana. Permitholders who violate this rule could face an administrative fine, according to the Division of Liquor Control .

The agency sent guidance to businesses after a Columbus pizza place invited customers to use marijuana on its patio in December. After holding a few weekly events, GoreMade Pizza asked people to "partake ahead of time" instead of at the restaurant.

"One thing has been made clear. If we encourage the use of Marijuana on our pizza patio, we could lose our liquor license and face some hefty fines," GoreMade posted on Instagram .

Representatives for GoreMade declined to be interviewed.

What about places that don't have liquor permits?

The new law allows "any public place" to decide whether to allow or prohibit marijuana. It also says anyone who uses marijuana in public areas is guilty of a minor misdemeanor.

"It is left up to the property owner to determine how or whether to address cannabis consumption on their property," said Tom Haren, an attorney who worked on the campaign to pass Issue 2.

Division spokesman Jamie Crawford said businesses, when setting their policies, should remember that the law bans public use and doesn't change marijuana's classification as a controlled substance. One of DeWine's top priorities has been to clarify the statute's language around public consumption.

Haren said he expects specific policies to develop as the division's rules go into effect.

Has anyone gotten in trouble?

Despite the hiccup with GoreMade, the Division of Liquor Control hasn't issued any administrative citations for marijuana use on a liquor permit premises. Officials are separately investigating a state liquor store employee accused of illegally selling marijuana to customers.

A spokesman for the liquor division said he could not provide additional details or records about the ongoing investigation.

Haley BeMiller is a reporter for the USA TODAY Network Ohio Bureau, which serves the Columbus Dispatch, Cincinnati Enquirer, Akron Beacon Journal and 18 other affiliated news organizations across Ohio.

Mother's Day 2024 guide: Things to do, places to eat and stories to read about Mom

Mother's Day is when you serve mom breakfast in bed, give her flowers and pamper her.

Or, we could take him out to dinner, proffers our NorthJerseyEats food team. (They also suggest some great gifts for foodie moms.)

Or we could just celebrate her — as many of our stories, photos and videos have over the years. We thought it would be nice to gather them here, and we hope you enjoy reading our tributes, profiles, essays and suggestions for great things to do, make and buy for Mother's Day.

Here's to Mom!

Enjoy a delicious Mother's Day Brunch at these seven North Jersey restaurants

Along with an amusing but cautionary tale about mishearing what kind of gift mom would like for Mother's Day, our food writer Kara VanDooijeweert offers lots of great suggestions of where to take mom for brunch on Sunday. Go out: Enjoy a delicious Mother's Day Brunch at these seven North Jersey restaurants

Think outside the brunch this Mother's Day: 7 ways to celebrate mom in North Jersey

The possibilities for celebrating Mother's Day in North Jersey are limitless, so make this May 12 unforgettable by making some unique memories with mom. Whether she enjoys learning a new skill, exploring nature, or just having a day of rest and relaxation, we have some suggestions for you. Take mom out: Think outside the brunch this Mother's Day: 7 ways to celebrate mom in North Jersey

Stanley is dropping 2 new collections: Soft goods and Mother's Day

Do you need a Mother's Day gift? How about a new cooler or a place to store your water bottle on the go? If so, Stanley has you covered with two new collections that will be dropping over the next week. Here is everything you need to know about the trendy tumbler company's upcoming releases. Read it: Stanley is dropping 2 new collections: Soft goods and Mother's Day

Want real home cooking? Go to Mom's Restaurant. Any of them

With Mother's Day — Sunday May 12 — just around the corner, we dare to ask: Why are so many restaurants named for mother? Mom's Kitchen (Fort Lee), Mom's Restaurant (Ringoes), Mama’s Café Baci (Hackettstown), Mom’s Golden Griddle (Manalapan), Madre & Son Soulfood Café (Newark), Mom’s Kitchen (New Brunswick), Mom’s Kitchen to Go (Mahwah), Momma’s Place (Linden), Mama Suegra Café (Parlin), Meemom’s (Brick, Middletown, Wall) are just a few in New Jersey. Née mother's: Want real home cooking? Go to Mom's Restaurant. Any of them

On Mother's Day, spare a thought for that eternal punchline: the mother-in-law

The mother-in-law is — or was — one of the most reliable punchlines in show business. She was bossy. Domineering. Overprotective of her daughter, and endlessly critical of her choice of husband. Worst of all, she was none of those things from a distance. Always, she was depicted as being on a visit that never ends. This Mother's Day, as you're giving candy and flowers and singing "M is for the Million things she gave me...," spare a thought for the poor, unhappy mother-in-law. Cue the laugh track: On Mother's Day, spare a thought for that eternal punchline: the mother-in-law

Songs only a mother could love

M is for the million songs that have been written about Mother. But not lately. Bouquets, baubles, Hallmark cards — those are the kinds of things we buy for Mother on her big day. The sheet music to the latest popular song about mother, not so much. But once upon a time, Mother was a song genre. More than that, she was an industry. Mother — not just on Mother's Day, but any time of year — used to be considered one of the few surefire topics for a Tin Pan Alley songwriter in search of a hit. Strike up the band: Songs only a mother could love

Yankee Stadium honored this North Jersey woman as 'Veteran of the Day' on Mother's Day

In 2023, Nancy Radoslovich was honored with a standing ovation at Yankee Stadium's home plate on Mother's Day as the Veteran of the Game . For a self-described lifelong die-hard Yankee fan, it was almost as good as being in the lineup. Radoslovich served with the U.S. Navy Nurse Corps from 1986 to 1994, including a tour as an operating room nurse in Kuwait during Operation Desert Storm from 1990 to 1991, retiring with the rank of lieutenant commander. "Think M.A.S.H. television show and that's a pretty good idea what I was doing," Radoslovich said days after the honor at the stadium in the Bronx. "Living in tents, wounded soldiers." Read more : Yankee Stadium honored this North Jersey woman as 'Veteran of the Day' on Mother's Day

A Mother's Day gift to remember: NJ daughter donates kidney to ailing mom

When Teresita Sayasa's kidneys began to fail last year, her daughter Tracy Montemayor immediately offered to donate one of her own. But Teresita, 71, was hesitant. What toll would transplant surgery take on Tracy? Would her daughter be able to live a full life with one kidney? What if Tracy's teenage son or another younger relative needed one of her kidneys in the future? "I told her that she wasn't going to be able to survive this without me," Tracy said. In 2023, mom, daughter and other family members gathered at a Korean barbecue restaurant to not only celebrate an early Mother's Day but to mark Teresita's new lease on life. It was a long road to that point. Read about their journey: A Mother's Day gift to remember: NJ daughter donates kidney to ailing mom

This North Jersey mother-daughter duo are changing the luxury clothing industry

Growing up, Margot Adams’s relationship with her mother Gina Kuyers wasn’t always smooth. But as adults, they learned to work well together ― literally. In 2019, Adams joined her mother's business, Luxeire, which creates comfortable women's clothing using ecofriendly fabric, as head of marketing and sales. Mom and daughter duo: This North Jersey mother-daughter duo are changing the luxury clothing industry

This story is from our archives. Please call ahead to check on whether restaurants are still open, prices are still the same or menus are still being offered.

Best Mother's Day brunch at every price point, including secret gems you might not know of

if you're planning on taking Mom out for a delicious brunch, don't wait any longer to make a reservation. Do it now! It's Mom, after all. Where should you take Mom? That depends on your budget, of course, and what mom likes to eat. So to help you, here's our Mother's Day dining roundup that includes a variety of North Jersey restaurants that offer different cuisines and different price points (including some smaller chain restaurant options, if that's what your mom prefers). Note that many of the listings for prix-fixe Mother's Day meals do not include taxes and gratuities. Where to take mom: Best Mother's Day brunch at every price point, including secret gems you might not know of

Browns in Brook Park dome? Renderings leaked

CLEVELAND, Ohio (WOIO) -A new rendering of what a Cleveland Browns Stadium dome could look like in Brook Park has been leaked and is being mentioned in multiple reports.

The rendering shows a stadium, dug mostly underground which would appear to be working with concerns of its proximity to Cleveland Hopkins International Airport.

You can also see several large buildings which could be mixed use residential and entertainment.

Members of the Browns were in Columbus last Wednesday making a pitch to a legislation delegation for building a new stadium in Brook Park.

Rep. Bride Rose Sweeney attended that meeting where both renovating the current downtown stadium, and a new dome in Brook Park were discussed.

Owners of the Cleveland Browns, Jimmy and Dee Haslam were not in attendance according to Sweeney’s office.

According to Sweeney, the early architectural renderings did show a domed stadium in Brook Park with a large area around the new facility, much larger than could be completed downtown.

Related: Will the Browns continue to play in downtown Cleveland or move to Brook Park?

Sweeney said she left the meeting without developing a favorite project at this time, saying she wants to see how much each project would cost, how much money the state will ask for, and she wants to hear directly from Browns fans.

Governor Mike DeWine’s office also confirmed the meeting took place, but DeWine was not a part of the conversation.

Either way, renovations or building new, will need financial support from the state level to happen.

Whether the Browns pitching both projects is a chess move in negotiations with Cleveland Mayor Justin Bibb remains to be seen.

The City of Cleveland released a statement Thursday regarding the ongoing negotiations with the Haslam Sports Group.

Negotiations are ongoing and continue to be positive, productive discussions. We meet regularly with Haslam Sports Group – including, most recently, this week – and look forward to continued collaborative conversations.

Mayor Bibb’s priority is developing a world-class lakefront. The expanded scope for the consultant isn’t solely focused on the stadium and its future plans. The additional costs were to ensure the best, most comprehensive planning that would provide us with all options to consider – some with the stadium and some without. We must consider all possibilities in order to make our lakefront vision a reality.

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40 Facts About Elektrostal

Written by Lanette Mayes

Modified & Updated: 02 Mar 2024

Reviewed by Jessica Corbett

Elektrostal is a vibrant city located in the Moscow Oblast region of Russia. With a rich history, stunning architecture, and a thriving community, Elektrostal is a city that has much to offer. Whether you are a history buff, nature enthusiast, or simply curious about different cultures, Elektrostal is sure to captivate you.

This article will provide you with 40 fascinating facts about Elektrostal, giving you a better understanding of why this city is worth exploring. From its origins as an industrial hub to its modern-day charm, we will delve into the various aspects that make Elektrostal a unique and must-visit destination.

So, join us as we uncover the hidden treasures of Elektrostal and discover what makes this city a true gem in the heart of Russia.

Key Takeaways:

Elektrostal, known as the “Motor City of Russia,” is a vibrant and growing city with a rich industrial history, offering diverse cultural experiences and a strong commitment to environmental sustainability.
With its convenient location near Moscow, Elektrostal provides a picturesque landscape, vibrant nightlife, and a range of recreational activities, making it an ideal destination for residents and visitors alike.

Known as the “Motor City of Russia.”

Elektrostal, a city located in the Moscow Oblast region of Russia, earned the nickname “Motor City” due to its significant involvement in the automotive industry.

Home to the Elektrostal Metallurgical Plant.

Elektrostal is renowned for its metallurgical plant, which has been producing high-quality steel and alloys since its establishment in 1916.

Boasts a rich industrial heritage.

Elektrostal has a long history of industrial development, contributing to the growth and progress of the region.

Founded in 1916.

The city of Elektrostal was founded in 1916 as a result of the construction of the Elektrostal Metallurgical Plant.

Located approximately 50 kilometers east of Moscow.

Elektrostal is situated in close proximity to the Russian capital, making it easily accessible for both residents and visitors.

Known for its vibrant cultural scene.

Elektrostal is home to several cultural institutions, including museums, theaters, and art galleries that showcase the city’s rich artistic heritage.

A popular destination for nature lovers.

Surrounded by picturesque landscapes and forests, Elektrostal offers ample opportunities for outdoor activities such as hiking, camping, and birdwatching.

Hosts the annual Elektrostal City Day celebrations.

Every year, Elektrostal organizes festive events and activities to celebrate its founding, bringing together residents and visitors in a spirit of unity and joy.

Has a population of approximately 160,000 people.

Elektrostal is home to a diverse and vibrant community of around 160,000 residents, contributing to its dynamic atmosphere.

Boasts excellent education facilities.

The city is known for its well-established educational institutions, providing quality education to students of all ages.

A center for scientific research and innovation.

Elektrostal serves as an important hub for scientific research, particularly in the fields of metallurgy, materials science, and engineering.

Surrounded by picturesque lakes.

The city is blessed with numerous beautiful lakes, offering scenic views and recreational opportunities for locals and visitors alike.

Well-connected transportation system.

Elektrostal benefits from an efficient transportation network, including highways, railways, and public transportation options, ensuring convenient travel within and beyond the city.

Famous for its traditional Russian cuisine.

Food enthusiasts can indulge in authentic Russian dishes at numerous restaurants and cafes scattered throughout Elektrostal.

Home to notable architectural landmarks.

Elektrostal boasts impressive architecture, including the Church of the Transfiguration of the Lord and the Elektrostal Palace of Culture.

Offers a wide range of recreational facilities.

Residents and visitors can enjoy various recreational activities, such as sports complexes, swimming pools, and fitness centers, enhancing the overall quality of life.

Provides a high standard of healthcare.

Elektrostal is equipped with modern medical facilities, ensuring residents have access to quality healthcare services.

Home to the Elektrostal History Museum.

The Elektrostal History Museum showcases the city’s fascinating past through exhibitions and displays.

A hub for sports enthusiasts.

Elektrostal is passionate about sports, with numerous stadiums, arenas, and sports clubs offering opportunities for athletes and spectators.

Celebrates diverse cultural festivals.

Throughout the year, Elektrostal hosts a variety of cultural festivals, celebrating different ethnicities, traditions, and art forms.

Electric power played a significant role in its early development.

Elektrostal owes its name and initial growth to the establishment of electric power stations and the utilization of electricity in the industrial sector.

Boasts a thriving economy.

The city’s strong industrial base, coupled with its strategic location near Moscow, has contributed to Elektrostal’s prosperous economic status.

Houses the Elektrostal Drama Theater.

The Elektrostal Drama Theater is a cultural centerpiece, attracting theater enthusiasts from far and wide.

Popular destination for winter sports.

Elektrostal’s proximity to ski resorts and winter sport facilities makes it a favorite destination for skiing, snowboarding, and other winter activities.

Promotes environmental sustainability.

Elektrostal prioritizes environmental protection and sustainability, implementing initiatives to reduce pollution and preserve natural resources.

Home to renowned educational institutions.

Elektrostal is known for its prestigious schools and universities, offering a wide range of academic programs to students.

Committed to cultural preservation.

The city values its cultural heritage and takes active steps to preserve and promote traditional customs, crafts, and arts.

Hosts an annual International Film Festival.

The Elektrostal International Film Festival attracts filmmakers and cinema enthusiasts from around the world, showcasing a diverse range of films.

Encourages entrepreneurship and innovation.

Elektrostal supports aspiring entrepreneurs and fosters a culture of innovation, providing opportunities for startups and business development.

Offers a range of housing options.

Elektrostal provides diverse housing options, including apartments, houses, and residential complexes, catering to different lifestyles and budgets.

Home to notable sports teams.

Elektrostal is proud of its sports legacy, with several successful sports teams competing at regional and national levels.

Boasts a vibrant nightlife scene.

Residents and visitors can enjoy a lively nightlife in Elektrostal, with numerous bars, clubs, and entertainment venues.

Promotes cultural exchange and international relations.

Elektrostal actively engages in international partnerships, cultural exchanges, and diplomatic collaborations to foster global connections.

Surrounded by beautiful nature reserves.

Nearby nature reserves, such as the Barybino Forest and Luchinskoye Lake, offer opportunities for nature enthusiasts to explore and appreciate the region’s biodiversity.

Commemorates historical events.

The city pays tribute to significant historical events through memorials, monuments, and exhibitions, ensuring the preservation of collective memory.

Promotes sports and youth development.

Elektrostal invests in sports infrastructure and programs to encourage youth participation, health, and physical fitness.

Hosts annual cultural and artistic festivals.

Throughout the year, Elektrostal celebrates its cultural diversity through festivals dedicated to music, dance, art, and theater.

Provides a picturesque landscape for photography enthusiasts.

The city’s scenic beauty, architectural landmarks, and natural surroundings make it a paradise for photographers.

Connects to Moscow via a direct train line.

The convenient train connection between Elektrostal and Moscow makes commuting between the two cities effortless.

A city with a bright future.

Elektrostal continues to grow and develop, aiming to become a model city in terms of infrastructure, sustainability, and quality of life for its residents.

In conclusion, Elektrostal is a fascinating city with a rich history and a vibrant present. From its origins as a center of steel production to its modern-day status as a hub for education and industry, Elektrostal has plenty to offer both residents and visitors. With its beautiful parks, cultural attractions, and proximity to Moscow, there is no shortage of things to see and do in this dynamic city. Whether you’re interested in exploring its historical landmarks, enjoying outdoor activities, or immersing yourself in the local culture, Elektrostal has something for everyone. So, next time you find yourself in the Moscow region, don’t miss the opportunity to discover the hidden gems of Elektrostal.

Q: What is the population of Elektrostal?

A: As of the latest data, the population of Elektrostal is approximately XXXX.

Q: How far is Elektrostal from Moscow?

A: Elektrostal is located approximately XX kilometers away from Moscow.

Q: Are there any famous landmarks in Elektrostal?

A: Yes, Elektrostal is home to several notable landmarks, including XXXX and XXXX.

Q: What industries are prominent in Elektrostal?

A: Elektrostal is known for its steel production industry and is also a center for engineering and manufacturing.

Q: Are there any universities or educational institutions in Elektrostal?

A: Yes, Elektrostal is home to XXXX University and several other educational institutions.

Q: What are some popular outdoor activities in Elektrostal?

A: Elektrostal offers several outdoor activities, such as hiking, cycling, and picnicking in its beautiful parks.

Q: Is Elektrostal well-connected in terms of transportation?

A: Yes, Elektrostal has good transportation links, including trains and buses, making it easily accessible from nearby cities.

Q: Are there any annual events or festivals in Elektrostal?

A: Yes, Elektrostal hosts various events and festivals throughout the year, including XXXX and XXXX.

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Can a ‘Not Charlotte’ Recipe Revive a Region?

North Carolina’s Triad was built on tobacco, textiles and furniture. Now it’s trying to forge a new economy from more highly skilled manufacturing.

Some residents and local leaders in the Triad region of North Carolina, which includes the town of Liberty, are hoping that new business investments could breathe new life into the area. Credit...

Supported by

By Santul Nerkar

Photographs by Mike Belleme

Reporting from the Triad region of North Carolina

May 2, 2024

Scott Kidd didn’t expect a terribly busy job when he became the town manager of Liberty, N.C., a onetime furniture and textile hub whose rhythms more recently centered on a yearly antiques festival.

Those quiet times, less than three years ago, soon became a whirlwind. Toyota announced it was building a battery factory on the town’s rural outskirts for electric and hybrid vehicles, and since then Mr. Kidd has reviewed ordinances, met with housing developers and otherwise sought to meet the needs of a seven-million-square-foot facility.

The flurry of activity reflects new investments in a region of North Carolina that has lagged behind: the Triad. The average income in Randolph County, which includes Liberty, is $47,000, and some jobs at Toyota will offer an hourly wage comfortably above that. More people moving into the area could breathe life into Liberty’s downtown.

But the potential dividends for the area — which includes Greensboro, Winston-Salem and High Point, in the center of the state — depend on equipping its workers with the skills needed for those new jobs. Mr. Kidd worried that many local workers lacked the education and skills to work at the plant.

For those jobs, “they don’t write anything down — they put it in a computer,” Mr. Kidd said. “And if you don’t know how to do that, you kind of get x-ed out.”

At the same time, some residents and local leaders who welcome the new industries worry about maintaining the area’s character, lest it become like the rapidly growing — and expensive — sprawls elsewhere in the South.

“We don’t want to be Charlotte,” said Marvin Price, executive vice president of economic development at the Greensboro Chamber of Commerce, referring to the banking center 100 miles down Interstate 85. “We want to be the best version of Greensboro.”

Like many states, North Carolina has drawn on new federal and state incentives to attract more advanced manufacturing and clean technology businesses. And the Triad, built on the tobacco, textile and furniture industries, is trying to pivot toward advanced manufacturing, offering a potential blueprint to other regions whose economic engines sputtered with globalization and the rise of automation.

When it opens next year, Toyota’s Liberty factory will make batteries for vehicles built in Kentucky. Ten minutes away in Siler City, Wolfspeed, a semiconductor manufacturer, is building a factory with a $5 billion investment. Toyota has been awarded almost $500 million in incentives and tax breaks from the State of North Carolina, while federal legislation like the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, the CHIPS Act and the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act have enticed investment.

“The Biden administration policies have helped North Carolina and especially the Triad become a clean energy epicenter in this country,” Gov. Roy Cooper, a Democrat, said at a recent event in Greensboro.

A factory under construction, with earth-moving work underway in the foreground.

For decades, the Triad has been the state’s manufacturing base. High Point became known as the home furnishings capital of the world, with the city and surrounding areas accounting for 60 percent of the country’s furniture production at their peak. Along with furniture, Greensboro and Winston-Salem specialized in textiles and tobacco. And while the Research Triangle of Raleigh, Durham and Chapel Hill had renowned universities in the University of North Carolina, Duke and North Carolina State, the Triad had Wake Forest University.

But like many manufacturing regions, its fortunes started to decline in the 1970s. Jobs in textiles started being moved overseas or automated, furniture contracted with the arrival of cheaper Chinese imports, and tobacco contracted because of a decline in smoking. Mills shut down, sitting vacant for decades, and downtowns languished.

At the same time, the economy of the Triangle, which had the country’s largest corporate research park, took off as research and tech companies grew. In 2001, the Research Triangle and the Triad had roughly the same economic output; by 2021, the two had diverged. Both regions gained population, but the Triangle grew faster, buoyed by growing numbers of college-educated workers.

Some industries have received a lifeline in recent years: Furniture boomed during the height of the pandemic from increased demand for home furnishings, and manufacturing has been resurging across the country. But hundreds of workers lost their jobs last year with the shuttering of several factories.

“This area of the state has found itself in a situation where it has to diversify,” said Jerry Fox, an economics professor at High Point University. “This is an opportunity for people in our area to have better-paying jobs.”

Signs of change are evident in downtowns. In High Point, a hosiery mill sat vacant for decades, opening only for biannual furniture showrooms. But in 2021, a group of local investors joined with the city’s Chamber of Commerce and a local foundation that donated more than $40 million to convert the site to a co-working space, Congdon Yards. Today, it houses around 50 employers and 360 employees.

Similar projects have been undertaken in Winston-Salem and Greensboro. In downtown Winston-Salem, old cigarette factories have become the Wake Forest Innovation Quarter, a research-focused district that cost more than $500 million. In Greensboro, one of the city’s oldest textile mills has been converted into a mixed-use complex, with amenities like a pizzeria to go along with office space.

Still, challenges remain.

One is preparing the region’s workers for jobs that require different skills. Thomas Built, a bus manufacturer based in High Point since 1916, has been making electric buses over the past decade. It has nearly 2,000 employees in High Point, making it one of the city’s top employers.

Kevin Bangston, the chief executive of Thomas Built, said the company had hired more than 300 workers over the past 15 months. But he has found it difficult to hire for more skilled jobs that handle automated processes in the factory.

“Demand is very high for those positions, and supply is very low,” Mr. Bangston said.

Key to that transition is the role of work force development programs, which involve partnerships between businesses and community colleges to provide the skills to work in advanced manufacturing.

One school offering such training is Guilford Technical Community College, the site of Mr. Cooper’s Greensboro appearance. At the same event, Jill Biden, the first lady, highlighted what she saw as the importance of such programs to enacting President Biden’s economic agenda.

The school offers apprenticeships, enabling students to work while earning an associate degree. One program, designed by Toyota, aims to qualify workers for jobs at the company.

Devante Cuthbertson, 28, grew up in Greensboro and was working for a flooring company around 30 minutes away as a machine operator, but he left that job in 2023 to join the apprenticeship program at Guilford Tech. There, he takes classes twice a week and goes to the Toyota battery plant site three times a week for an apprenticeship program, applying classroom learning about electricity, motor controls and the components of car batteries.

“I wanted to ensure I had an education,” said Mr. Cuthbertson, who said he intended to apply for a job at Toyota as a maintenance technician when he graduates in 2025.

Anthony Clarke, the president of Guilford Tech, said the arrival of Toyota — with the promise of high-paying jobs — had boosted interest in the school’s programs.

“Any time employers stand up and say, ‘Hey, we’ve got really good-paying jobs,’ students pay attention to that, and they flock to that,” Dr. Clarke said.

Economic development leaders and elected officials have cited the area’s affordability as a draw for companies and workers alike, particularly as housing costs have skyrocketed nationally. According to Zillow, the average home valuation in the Triad’s three main cities is around $250,000, compared with more than $300,000 for the state as a whole and more than $400,000 in the Triangle.

The Triad has become a destination for some college-educated workers leaving coastal cities . Along with her husband, who worked for Nike, Melissa Binder left Portland, Ore., in 2019 for Winston-Salem to raise their child. They bought their house for $315,000 in 2019, and Ms. Binder said it offered more space than the house they owned in Portland.

After renting in New York’s West Village for several years, Julia and Ryan Hennessee knew they wanted a home to raise a family. In 2018, they chose Winston-Salem to be close to Mr. Hennessee’s family and bought a single-family home for $445,000.

The Hennessees said they welcomed the growth offered by the arrival of companies like Toyota. At the same time, they want Winston-Salem to retain the smaller-town charm that drew them to the region — as well as the cost of living — and not become like other Southern cities.

“Winston knows how it’s different from a place like Atlanta, and doesn’t have aspirations of becoming that,” Ms. Hennessee said.

But for others in the Triad, particularly in more rural parts like Liberty, the transition could prove more challenging.

Brenda Hornsby Heindl, a librarian in Liberty, said the Toyota plant could improve the town’s fortunes. But primary education in the county remains underfunded, she said, and literacy levels are lower than the state average.

“While my goal for the future of our community is that anyone could apply as an engineer at Toyota, right now we’ve got adults and kids that couldn’t read an application,” Ms. Hornsby Heindl said. “It’s going to take more than Toyota to have that happen.”

Santul Nerkar is a reporter covering business and sports. More about Santul Nerkar

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Paul Auster, author who explored New York and life’s riddles, dies at 77

Over more than 30 books, Mr. Auster often used New York as a backdrop for stories of characters struggling to make sense of life’s random chaos

Paul Auster, a celebrated American novelist, memoirist and screenwriter who used New York — and in particular his beloved Brooklyn — as a canvas for tales populated with characters groping for meaning amid the randomness of chance and life-altering events, died April 30 at his home in Brooklyn. He was 77.

His death, of complications from lung cancer, was announced by his family.

Mr. Auster began as a poet and retained his affinity for evocative language and mood as one of the emerging stars of the New York literary scene in the 1980s. Other writers looked to the bacchanal of Manhattan during a boom time of fast money and Wall Street excesses. Mr. Auster found his voice within darker corners of the city and the soul, most notably with his “The New York Trilogy,” three novels from the 1980s later combined into a single volume.

Reviewers often portrayed Mr. Auster as a transatlantic hybrid during a career that included more than 30 books as well as essays, poetry and screenplays. He was fully American in his sense of place and dialogue. To many, though, his books were also infused with French literary traditions, including existential musings and surrender to fate, from his years living in Paris as an aspiring author.

Mr. Auster acknowledged an intellectual debt to France. Yet one of the most recurring themes of his work — how a single, chance moment can change everything — came from an incident at summer camp when he was 14.

A lightning bolt killed one of the boys in his group as they scrambled to find an open field during a sudden storm. “I’ve always been haunted by what happened, the utter randomness of it,” Mr. Auster recalled . “I think it was the most important day of my life.”

More than two decades later, the vagaries of chance led him to his first novel , “City of Glass” in 1985. He was at home in Brooklyn, dabbling with story ideas and worrying about his growing debts, when the phone rang. The caller asked if he had reached the number for the storied Pinkerton detective agency. Auster said no. The same man, still looking for Pinkerton, misdialed Mr. Auster’s number the next day, too.

Mr. Auster then imagined: What if he had pretended to be a Pinkerton private eye and took a case. In the novel, a writer named Quinn poses as a detective. The story unfolds in classic noir style of hard-boiled dialogue and deepening intrigue, but the case also uncovers clues that lead to meditations on language and the lines between reality, illusion and madness.

“Kafka goes gumshoe” was how one of Mr. Auster’s editors described “City of Glass” and the following books in the trilogy, published the next year, “Ghosts” and “The Locked Room.”

The critical success of the trilogy led Mr. Auster to often being called a writer of detective fiction. He complained that such a label was too narrow, saying that he sought to convey life’s Jenga tower of memory, events and decisions. “You could also say ‘Crime and Punishment’ is a detective story, I suppose,” he wrote in a 2017 examination of his work, “A Life in Words.”

His novels that followed the trilogy delved more into the archaeology of the mind, often layered with autobiographical, literary and historical references. “Moon Palace” (1989) unspools the odyssey of a college student at Columbia (Mr. Auster’s alma mater) who inherits 1,492 books (think Columbus voyage) from an uncle and then gradually sinks into misery as he reads, and then sells off, the collection.

In 1992’s “Leviathan,” a novelist named Benjamin Sachs is blown to bits by a bomb he was assembling. Another writer, Peter Aaron, digs into Sachs’s life. (Aaron’s wife is Iris, a backward rendering of the name of Mr. Auster’s second wife, novelist Siri Hustvedt.)

The novel takes its name from a treatise on the obligations of power by the 17th-century social philosopher Thomas Hobbes and also is an allusion to Ahab’s ill-fated obsession with the white whale in “Moby Dick,” which Mr. Auster called one of the greatest works in American literature.

“Sachs,” Mr. Auster told the New York Times, “is somebody torn between his gift — which is literary — and something in him that is constantly pushing him out into the world to make a real difference in a concrete way.” But Sachs is neither a hardcore revolutionary nor a sociopath. It’s unclear what Sachs really wants.

‘Exposing the plumbing’

Mr. Auster reveled in such ambiguities. His characters are often unreliable narrators, leaving readers to grapple with what is truth and what is not. “I’ve always been interested in turning the process inside out, exposing the plumbing so to speak, not covering up the walls,” he said.

Mr. Auster’s narratives were mostly rooted in the here and now. His writing style was not. He wrote his first drafts in notebooks, often using a fountain pen, in a minimalist apartment near his brownstone in Brooklyn’s Park Slope neighborhood. “You feel that the words are coming out of your body,” he once said of physical act of writing in longhand, “and then you dig the words into the page.”

He then typed the pages on his Olympia typewriter, a machine that was the star of his 2002 book , “The Story of My Typewriter,” with illustrations by Sam Messer. For decades, Mr. Auster puffed away at Davidoff cigarillos, whose gray-blue smoke became as much a part of his public image as his heavy-lidded eyes and thick dark hair.

With his literary fame on the rise, Hollywood took interest. One of his first screenplays, “Smoke” (1995), was something of a love letter to his Brooklyn neighborhood. In the film, directed by Wayne Wang, a tobacco shop owner (played by Harvey Keitel) is the anchor for a group of local strivers and strugglers, including a chain-smoking writer (William Hurt) whose name is Paul Benjamin, Mr. Auster’s first and middle names.

The tobacco proprietor takes a photo of the shop every day at 8 a.m. from the same angle. He explains that each photo is subtly different depending on the weather or the angle of the seasonal light. This daily photo mission was Mr. Auster explaining his own creative method, needing to write every day even if the words are not flowing.

“[The] excitement, the struggle, is emboldening and vivifying,” he said in a 2017 interview. “I just feel more alive writing.”

New Jersey to Brooklyn

Paul Benjamin Auster was born in Newark on Feb. 3, 1947, and was raised in suburban New Jersey towns including Maplewood. His father was part of a family-run business that owned buildings in Jersey City. His mother was a homemaker.

Mr. Auster’s first memoir , “The Invention of Solitude” (1982), looked back at the emotional gulf he felt with his father. “Instead of healing me as I thought it would,” he wrote, “the act of writing has kept this wound open. … Instead of burying my father for me, these words have kept him alive.”

Two very different publications — Mad magazine and a six-volume collection of Robert Louis Stevenson — shaped his early life, Mr. Auster said. Stevenson inspired him to craft his own adventure stories. Mad’s adolescent irreverence, he wrote in his 2013 memoir, “Report from the Interior,” showed him “you don’t have to swallow the dogma they were trying to sell you.”

He graduated from Columbia in 1969 with a degree in comparative literature — and also took part in antiwar demonstrations and sit-ins. He was nearly expelled when he abandoned an exchange program in Paris, upset over rules that demanded French language study instead of literature classes. (He stayed at Columbia for a master’s degree in 1970.)

He found a spot briefly on an oil tanker in the Gulf of Mexico before moving to Paris in 1971, working on poetry and finding translation jobs. He returned to New York in 1974 and hunted for any way to make money from writing, including once agreeing to try to write a pornographic novel under the pen name Paul Quinn. He gave up after “about 20 or 30 pages,” he wrote.

He also tried his hand at theater, writing plays that included an exploration of futility called “Laurel and Hardy Go to Heaven.” It was, he said, “a flop.”

A volume of original poetry, “Unearth,” was published in 1974. For nearly the next five decades, Mr. Auster produced a new book every several years, including “The Book of Illusions” (2002), about a biographer looking into the disappearance of a star from the silent-movie era; “Oracle Night” (2003), about a man who learns how much of his life was governed by chance; and “Winter Journal” (2012), an examination of aging.

He wrote and directed movies such as the comedy “Blue in the Face” (1995) and “The Inner Life of Martin Frost” (2007), about an author (David Thewlis) who becomes infatuated with a young woman at a friend’s country house.

Mr. Auster turned to nonfiction in recent years with “Burning Boy: The Life and Work of Stephen Crane” (2021) and “Bloodbath Nation” (2023) about American gun violence. His final novel , “Baumgartner,” came out last year.

The book follows the eponymous lead character — in his 70s like Mr. Auster — as he deals with failing health, loneliness and looming mortality. “Anything can happen to us at any moment,” Baumgartner says in the novel. “You know that, I know that, everyone knows that — and if they don’t, well, they haven’t been paying attention.”

In April 2022, while Mr. Auster was finishing the book, his 44-year-old son Daniel Auster died following a drug overdose after being charged in the drug-related death of his 10-month-old daughter, Ruby. According to court records, the girl consumed a lethal amount of heroin and fentanyl while Daniel Auster was sleeping after taking drugs. Mr. Auster declined to publicly speak about incident.

Mr. Auster’s first marriage, to the writer Lydia Davis, ended in divorce. He married Hustvedt in 1981. In addition to his wife, other survivors include their daughter; a sister; and a grandson.

Mr. Auster received several French literary awards. In 2017, he was shortlisted for Britain’s prestigious Booker Prize for the novel “4321,” which has a thunderstorm scene eerily similar to Mr. Auster’s childhood experience. In the book, a 13-year-old boy, excited by discovering books and girls and happy with life in general, is killed by a falling tree branch after a lightning strike.

“As his inert body lay on the water-soaked ground … thunder continued to crack, and from one end of the earth to the other,” he wrote, “the gods were silent.”

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