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APA Style Help & Tools

{{page_title}}, best bet: apa's academic writer.

Academic Writer is the only authoritative and complete online environment for teaching, writing, and publishing in APA Style®, now updated to the 7th Edition. Designed to help users develop their writing and professional research skills, Academic Writer combines sophisticated learning and teaching tools, advanced writing and content management technology, and full integration of APA’s best-selling Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association® to create an unparalleled web-based suite of integrated services and tools.

Access Academic Writer anytime with this link:

library.purdueglobal.edu/academicwriter

Academic Writer Documentation & Tips

The below links lead to more information, tips, and training about the basics of using Academic Writer.

• Library Guide to Academic Writer
• Getting Started Guide (PDF)
• Creating Academic Writer Accounts (PDF)
• Accessing the Publication Manual (PDF)
• Technical Requirements

Using Academic Writer's Writing Tools

Academic Writer contains a Writing section where you can create and write a full APA-formatted paper.  You can write the entire paper in Academic Writer or just use it to setup the title page, headings, and references.  Export your work at any time to a Microsoft Word document.  Below are documents from Academic Writer about the essential features of their Writing tools.  

• Setting up the Title Page
• Adding References to Papers (PDF)
• Adding In-Text Citations (PDF)
• Adding Tables (PDF)
• Exporting Papers (PDF)

Featured Items from Academic Writer

Basics of APA Style

Learn the basics of APA Style, including how to format a manuscript, understand the form and function of common manuscript parts, organize and express your thoughts clearly and precisely, employ the mechanics of style, use graphic elements effectively, credit sources and acknowledge the contributions of others, and construct a comprehensive and reliable reference list.

Academic Writer

© 2020 American Psychological Association.

How to Avoid Plagiarism and Self-Plagiarism

Learn how to avoid plagiarism and self-plagiarism, including how to identify plagiarism, understand its risks and consequences, cite sources properly, and develop sound writing practices.

Learn how to set up the title page of an APA Style paper, including the page header and running head, title, author name and affiliation, and author note.

Paper Template: ("Merenda" Sample Student Paper)

This sample response paper presents a university student's personal reaction to an article about whether medication is prescribed too often to young children to treat psychological disorders. The title page demonstrates the simple default layout for a student paper. The paper has a simple setup with only a title page, body of text, and references. No "running head"! Response papers typically do not include author notes or abstracts, though this may vary by assignment.

Visit the Writing Center

Need writing help?  Visit the Writing Center to contact a tutor, submit your paper for review and feedback, or ask APA Style-related questions, as well as access dozens of writing tutorials, videos, webinars, and other instructional resources.

• Writing Center

PG Writing Center's Top APA Links

• Common Citations in APA Format
• APA Title Page and Running Head Video
• APA (7th Edition) Demystified in 5 Minutes Video
• Formatting an APA Style (7th Edition) Reference List Video
• Writing With Integrity (APA Style 7th Ed.)

eBook on APA Style 7th Edition

Zotero: Free Reference Management Tool

Zotero [zoh-TAIR-oh] is a free, easy-to-use tool to help you collect, organize, cite, and share your research sources. This tool is especially popular for heavy researchers at the grad level and above.

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APA 7th ed. Style Guide

• Formatting Your Paper
• In-text Citations
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Formatting guidelines and sample papers are found in chapter 2 of the APA 7th edition Publication Manual

Sample papers.

You can find sample papers from Purdue OWL's website, APA 7th edition Publication Manual, or APA style website.

• APA Style Student Paper with Annotations in the Comments A Word Document featuring an APA 7th edition Style Student Paper that includes annotations as comments.
• APA Style Professional Paper with Annotations in Comments A Word Document featuring an APA 7th edition Style Professional Paper that includes annotations as comments.
• Purdue OWL Sample Papers

General Formatting Guidelines

Follow these guidelines throughout your paper:

• Double space text
• Header for student and professional papers includes the page number in the upper right hand corner
• Single space after ending punctuation
• Font size and style: Times New Roman 12 pt, Arial 11 pt, Calibri 11 pt, or Georgia 11 pt
• Use the same font type and size throughout the paper (exceptions for figure images, computer code, and footnotes - see 2.19 in APA Manual)
• Margins: 1 inch on all sides
• Left align paragraphs and leave ragged (uneven) margins on the right
• Indention: use 0.5 inch indention for the first line of every paragraph (use tab key for consistency)

Formatting Title Page

The 7th edition Publication Manual for APA introduced the student and professional papers. The major difference between these two types of papers is found on the title page. Please, see the guidelines below for formatting the title page of your document. Also note, follow your professors' guidelines for formatting the title page.

General Title Page Guidelines:

• Double space
• The title should summarize the main idea and be focused/succinct (avoid unnecessary words)
• Title written in title case (the first letter of each word is capitalized), bold, centered, and positioned in the upper half of the title page
• Use the author(s) first name, middle initial, and last name as the author's byline

Student Papers:

• title of the paper
• name of the author(s)
• author affiliation (department and institution name)
• course number and name 
• instructor name
• assignment due date (i.e. November 4, 2020)
• page number (in the header)

Professional Papers:

• author affiliation
• author note
• running head (abbreviated title) - Flush with left margin and written in all capital letters

Formatting Headings

Follow this format for headings (see 2.27 of the Publication Manual for additional details):

Level 1 headings are written in bold title case and aligned to the center. The text begins as a new paragraph.

Level 2 headings are written in bold title case and aligned flush to the left. The text begins as a new paragraph.

Level 3 headings are written in bold, italicized title case, and aligned flush to the left. The text begins as a new paragraph.

Level 4 headings are written in bold title case, indented from the left, and end with a period. The text begins after the period and continues like a regular paragraph.

Level 5 headings are written in bold, italicized title case, indented from the left, and end with a period. The text begins after the period and continues like a regular paragraph.

Formatting Reference List

The following are guidelines for formatting your reference list:

• Start on a new page after the last page of text
• Label the page Reference(s) with a capitalized R, written in bold and centered
• Double space all entries
• Use hanging indent for reference entries (first line of the reference is flush with left margin, subsequent lines are indented 0.5 inches)
• Order alphabetically (see chapter 9 section 44-49 for additional instructions on entry order)
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APA Formatting and Style (7th ed.) for Student Papers

• What's New in the 7th ed.?
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• Writing Center - Writing Skills This link opens in a new window
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APA 7th ed. Fillable Word Template and Sample Paper

• APA 7th ed. Template Download this Word document, fill out the title page and get writing!
• Sample Paper APA 7th ed. Our APA sample paper shows you how to format the main parts of a basic research paper.
• APA 7th Sample Papers from Purdue Owl
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APA Style, 7th edition

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APA Style Formatting Steps

Setting up page numbering for apa.

1. Set font as Times New Roman and size 12.

2. Click on Insert.

3. Click on Page Number.

4. Click on Top of Page.

5. Click on Plain Number 3 box.

6. Finish cover page (see pages 11 and 12 of the APA guide).

7. Go to second page.

8. Type your title in bold at the top and centered.

9. Close Header/Footer box.

• APA Style Citations Video [PDF] Video Transcript

Sample Paper

• Purdue OWL: APA Sample Paper [PDF] An example of a correctly formatted APA style research paper. From Purdue University Online Writing Center (OWL).
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• Last Updated: Feb 8, 2024 11:39 AM
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Purdue OWL APA 7th edition

Purdue's OWL (Online Writing Lab) is the "go to" for instruction on how to use APA 7th.  Below are a few of the topics OWL has.  Check out their website for more.  https://owl.purdue.edu/index.html 

• APA Style Introduction APA 7th
• APA Overview and Workshop APA 7th
• General Formating APA 7th
• In-Text Citation: Authors APA 7th
• Foot Notes and Appendices APA 7th
• Changes in the 7th Edition APA 7th

APA Tutorials on 7th edition

 If you need to format your research paper or dissertation in APA style, check out these tutorials from APA.

APA 7th edtion

• Comparative Chart of APA 6th and APA 7th This is a quick chart created by the Janis P. Bellack Library comparing the new edition of APA.

NOTE FROM APA about 7th edition:

There is no electronic version of APA 7th edition.

"APA does NOT have an institutional license model for APA’s Publication Manual , but electronic versions are available at Vital Source ( www.vitalsource.com ) and RedShelf ( www.redshelf.com ).

 To help students in need of APA Style guidance, tutorials and quick guides adapted from Academic Writer ® , APA’s tool for teaching and learning effective writing, are now freely available through July 1, 2020.

The Basics of Seventh Edition APA Style tutorial and other material will stay on the APAStyle.org site for free after that date. "

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• Last Updated: Apr 5, 2024 9:55 AM
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APA Citation Guide (7th edition)

Welcome to the apa citation guide, the official guide to apa syle, additional apa resources, changes in the 7th edition, ways to get help, creative commons license.

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Sciences/Health Sciences Librarian

Instruction & Outreach Librarian

This APA Research Guide is intended to help you format papers and cite sources in APA format.

Refer to the manual for specifics on writing, formatting, and citing sources. 

The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association also referred to as the "APA Manual" is the official source for APA style. This style encompasses how to write concisely, how to format your paper and how to format your citations/references. 

Currently in its 7th edition, the APA Manual is the source for writing papers in this style. You may want to purchase your own copy of the manual or you can come to the library to use our copy at the research help desk.

There are also additional websites to help you with APA formatting but don't rely solely on websites. Use authorized resources whenever possible including the APA Manual, APA Style website, or APA Style Blog.

• APA Style from American Pyschological Association Help with APA style from the publishers of the book, American Psychological Association. It includes tutorials which can be found under the learning APA style tab, and quick answers to questions on formatting.
• APA Style Blog Searchable blog on APA from the American Psychological Association. Great place to look for specific questions about APA.

These are popular websites about academic writing from other universities. 

• Excelsior Online Writing Lab for APA Style This resource offers examples for formatting papers, citations, and references in APA Style.
• APA Style @ Purdue OWL This resource, revised according to the 7th edition, second printing of the APA manual, offers examples for the general format of APA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the reference page. For more information, please consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, (7th ed.).

A full summary of the changes can be found in  What’s New in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Seventh Edition .

Here are a few of the major changes between the 6 th and 7 th edition (See book for more).

• New specific guidelines for student papers that are different than the guidelines for professional papers.
• New guidelines for annotated bibliographies.
• Titles of papers are now bolded, with a blank line before the author's name.
• Use only one space after a period in the body of the paper.
• Use the singular "they" as a generic third-person pronoun rather than "he or she"
• There are changes on how to write in-text citations for works with more than three authors.
• The heading for the References list is now bolded.
• You now must include up to 20 authors for the items in the reference list.
• For journal articles, you always include the issue number.
• The way to write digital object identifiers (DOIs) and URLs have been standardized and the hyperlink should be left live.
• Instead of just Times New Roman, you can select from 6 different fonts. See each font type for size.
• You no longer include the location of the publisher for books.

If you need help using library resources or need assistance finding information, contact the library!

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Additional Help

• Purdue OWL: APA 7th Edition Style Guide This resource, revised according to the 7th edition, offers examples for the general format of APA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the reference page.
• Purdue OWL APA 7th Edition Overview This is an excellent place to start to learn about APA format.
• UMGC's APA 7th Edition Examples An easy to navigate guide with examples of what your APA citations should look like for many different types of sources.
• Sweetland Center for Writing Need help with writing? The Sweetland Center for Writing can help, with personal consultations & online resources.
• Citation Help Guide
• Ask a Librarian Message library staff, including after business hours & on weekends.

Should you use APA 7th edition?

At the end of 2019, the American Psychological Association updated APA style from 6th to 7th edition.

As of Fall 2020, many School of Nursing courses have started using the new 7th edition.

If you are unsure which version to use, ask your professor!

This page is for the new 7th edition.  For this guide's page about 6th edition, click here .

American Psychological Association 7th ed. Examples

Examples are taken from Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 7th edition, “Reference Examples.” 

Reference List

Arrange entries in alphabetical order by surname of the first author.  For more than one work by the same author, arrange in date order, earliest first.  One-author entries precede multiple-author entries beginning with the same surname.

Journals and other periodicals

The general format for periodicals (items published on a regular basis, like newspapers, magazines,and  journals):

Author, A.A., Author, B.B., & Author, C.C. (year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, xx, pp-pp. doi:xx.xxxxxxxxx

When there are up to twenty authors, spell out all authors’ names. After the nineteenth author, use ellipses before the last author’s name.

The DOI - Digital Object Identifier

APA style requires the addition of a DOI – Digital Object Identifier – for journal articles if one is available. (Most current journals articles and many historic articles found in PsycINFO will have a DOI.) (Note: your instructor may choose to have you do reference lists in a simpler format. Please check with them if you are not sure.)

If retrieving an article from a private database (examples of private databases include library databases like ProQuest, or PsycInfo), it is not necessary to include the database information in your reference. However, if there is no DOI available for a journal article, you should look up the home page URL of the journal and include it in your reference.

Journal article with a DOI ( Manual section 10.1.1)

McCauley, S.M., & Christiansen, M.H. (2019). Language learning as language use: A cross-linguistic model of child language development. Psychological Review, 126 (1), 1-51. https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000126

Journal article without a DOI, from a print journal or database ( Manual section 10.1.3)

Anderson, M. (2018). Getting consistent with consequences. Educational Leadership , 76 (1), 26-33.

Goldman, C. (2018, November 28). The complicated calibration of love, especially in adoption. Chicago Tribune .

Journal article without a DOI, with a non-database URL ( Manual section 10.1.2)

 Ahmann, E., Tuttle, L.J., Saviet, M., & Wright, S.D. (2018). A descriptive review of ADHD coaching research: Implications for college students. Journal of Postsecondary Education and Disability, 31 (1), 17-39, https://www.ahead.org/professional-resources/publications/jped/archived-jped/jped-volume-31

Newspaper article (Manual section 10.1.16)

Guarino, B. (2017, December 4). How will humanity react to alien life? Psychologists have some predictions. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2017/12/04/how-will-humanity-react-to-alien-life-psychologists-have-some-predictions/

Magazine articles   (Manual section 10.1.15)

      Bergeson, S. (2019, January 4). Really cool neutral plasmas. Science, 363 (6422), 33-44. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau7988

Bustillos, M. (2013, March 19). On video games and storytelling: an interview with Tom Bissell. The New Yorker.     https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/on-video-games-and-storytelling-an-interview-with-tom-bissell

Citing References in Text (Manual, section 8.10)

APA style uses an author-date format for in-text citations. Every reference cited in the text of your document should be included in the reference list.    Generally speaking, the author’s last name and year of publication should be inserted into the text when appropriate.    If the author’s name is part of the narrative, then the publication year alone is included in parentheses.    If the author’s name is not part of the narrative, then both the author’s last name and the publication year is included in the parentheses.

One author  ( Manual  section 8.10)

Karaka (1884) describes the religious customs and traditions of the Parsis settled in Gujarat.

One of the most prominent men of the time had a close relationship with the British (Karaka, 1884).

Multiple authors  ( Manual  section 8.17 - 8.18)

If a work has two authors, then include both names every time the reference occurs in the text.

Forte and Hewitt (2006) propose the idea that

For a work with three or more authors, include the name of only the first author plus "et al." in every citation, including the first citation, unless doing so would create ambiguity. To avoid ambiguity, when the in-text citations of multiple works with three or more authors shorten to the same form, write out as many names as needed to distinguish the references.

Kapoor, Bloom, Montez, et al. (2017)

Kapoor, Bloom, Zucker, et al. (2017)

Book Citations

Authored book with a DOI (Manual  section 10.2.20)

Brown, L.S. (2018). Feminist therapy (2nd ed.). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000092-000

For an explanation of DOI, see the section on electronic journal articles.

Authored book, print version, without a DOI (Manual  section 10.2.21)

      Burgess, R. (2019).   Rethinking global health: Frameworks of power.   Routledge.

Authored ebook (Manual  section 10.2.22)

Christian, B., & Griffiths, T. (2016). Algorithms to live by: The computer science of human decisions. Henry Holt & Co.

Book chapter (Manual  section 10.2)

For a chapter in an authored book, create a reference for the whole book (see examples above) and provide the chapter information with the in-text citation only.

Reference book  (Manual  section 10.2)

Zalta, E.N. (Ed.). (2019). The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy (Summer 2019 ed.). Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2019/

Entry in an online reference work  (Manual  section 10.3.48)

Graham, G.    (2019).    Behaviorism.    In E. N. Zalta (Ed.),  The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy  (Summer 2019 ed.).   http ://plato.stanford.edu/entries/behaviorism/

Entry in an online reference work, no individual author or editor  (Manual  section 10.3.47)

Merriman-Webster (n.d.). Self-report. In  Merriam-Webster.com dictionary .    Retrieved July 12, 2019, from  https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/self-report

Government report    (Manual  section 10.4.50).  See also the Citing Gov Docs tab

Australian Government Productivity Commission & New Zealand Productivity Commission. (2012). Strengthening trans-Tasman economic relations. https://www.pc.gov.au/inquiries/completed/australia-new-zealand/report/trans-tasman.pdf

Citations for Other Types of Resources

To mention a website in general, do not create a reference list entry or an in-text citation. Instead, include the name of the website in the text and provide the URL in parentheses ( Manuel 10.16). If you are citing multiple or specific documents on a website, however, follow the example(s) below.

Web article with author listed ( Manual 10.16.112)

Martin Lillie, C.M. (2016, December 29). Be kind to yourself: How self-compassion can improve your resiliancy. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/adult-health/in-depth/self-compassion-can-improve-your-resiliency/art-20267193

Web article with no author listed  (http://www.apastyle.org/learn/faqs/web-page-no-author.aspx)

Justice Sotomayor:    A boon for business? (2009). Retrieved from http://www.ns.umich.edu/htdocs/releases/story.php?id=7449

Web message/post/comment with author listed  (Manual  section 10.1.18)

KS in NJ. (2019, January 15). From this article, it sounds like men are figuring out something that women have known forever. I know of many [Comment on the article "How workout buddies can help stave off loneliness"]. The Washington Post. https://wapo.st/2HDToGJ

Provide the comment title or up to the first 20 words of the comment, then write "Comment on the article" and the title of the article on which the comment appeared.

Blog posts  (Manual  section 10.1.17)

Use the author’s name if known, otherwise use a screen name.

Klymkowsky, M. (2018, September 15). Can we talk scientifically about free will? Sci-Ed. https://blogs.plos.org/scied/2018/09/15/can-we-talk-scientifically-about-free-will/

Videos on websites such as YouTube   (Manual section 10.12.90 )

Fogarty, M. [Grammar Girl]. (2016, September 30). How to diagram a sentence (absolute basics). [Video]. Youtube. https://youtu.be/deiEY5Yq1qI

Wiki pedia or other wiki entry ( Manual 10.3.49)

List of oldest companies. (2019, January 13). In Wikipedia . https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_oldest_companies&oldid=878158136

Cite the archived version of the page so that readers can retrieve the version you used. Access the archived version on Wikipedia by selecting "View history" and then the time and date of the version you used. If a wiki does not provide permanent links to archived versions of the page, include the URL for the entry and the retrieval date.

Film ( Manual section 10.12.84)

Jackson, P. (Director). (2001). The lord of the rings: The fellowship of the ring [Film; four-disc special extended ed. on DVD]. WingNut Films; The Saul Zaentz Company.

Television – single episode  ( Manual Section 10.12.87)

Korsh, A. (Writer & Director). (2019, September 25). One last con (Season 9, Episode 10) [TV series episode]. In D. Liman & D. Bartis (Executive Producers), Suits . Untitled Korsh Company; Universal Content Productions; Open 4 Business Productions.  

Official Manual (catalog link)

• APA Guidelines - 7th Edition : a QuickStudy Digital Reference Guide.

Official Tutorial

• Academic Writer Tutorial: Basics of Seventh Edition APA Style A free tutorial about APA 7th edition from the American Psychological Association.

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APA Style 7th edition: Introduction

• Introduction
• Avoiding Bias
• Citation Tools

APA (American Psychological Association) style is commonly used in academic writing within the disciplines of science, psychology, nursing, and education.  The manual does not just provide information on how to cite sources, but also includes a stylistic writing component.  Consistency is important in academic writing.  This research guide will attempt to address some of the common errors writers make when trying to write in APA style.  

In 2022, APA published the revised 7th edition of the  Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. 

Apa 7th Edition Format & Citations (Word) -- 2023 . (2021). YouTube . Retrieved January 6, 2023, from https://youtu.be/-V-zLpTxIWA =2s

APA Style Manual 7th ed.

Sample Student Paper

Examples & Setup guide for an annotated student paper shown in the APA 7th Edition format..

• Annotated Student Sample Paper (PDF)

Student Paper Setup Guide (PDF)

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APA Style Citation Format Guide

• APA Citation Style Guide Click link for pdf of Citation Guide

Remember:  These examples are single spaced for the purpose of saving space. All sources on your reference page will need to be doubled spaced, Times New Romans, 12 font.

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• Last Updated: Apr 14, 2024 6:29 PM
• URL: https://ptc.libguides.com/apa_7ed