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The Winter War : Russia's invasion of Finland, 1939-1940

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The Winter War Summary Presentation

Subject: History

Age range: 14-16

Resource type: Lesson (complete)

Last updated

1 July 2022

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A presentation summarising the key points of the Winter War (1939-40)

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The Winter War

In the frozen peaks of Afghanistan’s Kunar province, a ferocious clash for supremacy rages amid the mountaintops.

Filmmaker: John D McHugh

Barack Obama, the US president, has pledged to withdraw American forces from Afghanistan by 2014, with other NATO nations set to pull out their troops before that date and overall responsibility for security gradually being handed to the Afghan National Army and police.

Following the announcement last month from the Taliban that they are prepared to open a political office in Qatar – a step which may facilitate a move towards negotiations and a peaceful settlement – many people hope that the end of Afghanistan’s long and brutal war may just be in sight.

But there is a long way to go yet and many ways in which any deal could be upset by events. General John Allen, the senior American commander on the ground, has publicly expressed doubts that a full military withdrawal by 2014 is feasible and, as many experts point out, fighting in parts of Afghanistan is just as fierce as it has always been.

This is especially so in two strategically vital provinces, Kunar and Nuristan, which sit on Afghanistan’s mountainous north-eastern border with Pakistan. Since US troops arrived in the country 11 years ago, the area has seen sustained and intense violence. In 2009, with casualties rising, the Americans withdrew entirely from Nuristan. The following year northern Kunar was also handed over to Afghan control. But within a few months, the Taliban had retaken the area, infiltrating through vital border crossings and completely undermining attempts by Afghan forces to maintain security across the region.

So now US forces have returned to the area, this time to the frozen peaks as well as the valleys, determined to re-establish their military dominance and win over the local population before they go. The Taliban are just as keen to see them defeated and the result is an intermittent but occasionally ferocious clash for supremacy amid the mountain tops. Both sides know that what happens here may yet decide the success or failure of NATO’s war and indeed the future of Afghanistan itself. 

This winter People & Power sent filmmaker John D McHugh to the frontline of this remote but important struggle, to assess the willingness and capacity of the combatants to see it through to a definitive conclusion. The film is the first in a series of occasional reports that will address aspects of Afghanistan’s preparedness to handle its own security and affairs beyond 2014.

Bent over on one knee, as the wind and dirt slammed against me, I clung tightly to my rucksack and cameras. I could hear and feel the powerful Chinook’s rotors tearing through the air above my head, but I didn’t dare look up. It was past midnight, and the moon had already set. The skies in Nuristan are free from light pollution and the stars sparkle in the sky. I knew the helicopter would be silhouetted against the stars, but even with my ballistic glasses and scarf wrapped tightly around my face, the wash of the blades was so strong that raising my head before it landed would simultaneously blind and choke me.

Finally, the engine noise changed, and I knew the pilots had managed the difficult descent onto the tiny mountain-landing zone at Observation Post (OP) Mace. Heaving my bag onto one shoulder, I stumbled forward in the darkness, trying not to smash my shin against the lowered rear ramp of the bird, always a danger in these nighttime operations. There had been no Taliban shooting this time, but overhead I could hear the armed escort of Kiowas ready to return fire as they had many times over the previous days.

I had landed in the dark 12 days earlier. That had been a much bigger event, with several groups of soldiers waiting their turn as the huge workhorse Chinooks ferried back and forth from Forward Operating Base Bostick onto the mountaintop OP Mace.

OP Mace sits 1,000 metres from the Pakistan border. It over watches a checkpoint on the Landay Sin River, a crossing point from the town of Gowerdesh into Pakistan. Gowerdesh is in the Kamdesh district, which according to the local Afghans, is in Nuristan province. On US military maps it is located in Kunar province. Either way, it is a dangerous area. The district has several local groups of fighters opposed to the Afghan government, as well as Taliban and al-Qaeda fighters eager to kill Americans and their Afghan security partners. Peace seems very far away.

Symbolism and sorrow

The Nuristan and Kunar region has seen some of the fiercest fighting in the 10 years since the US came to Afghanistan and ousted the Taliban. There have been heavy casualties (almost 180 US soldiers killed at the end of 2011), and the area echoes with place names heavy with symbolism and sorrow; Keating, Wanat, Korengal, and the Pech have become synonymous with death, and defeat.

In 2010, US commanders decided that the mountainous, sparsely populated area was not worth the blood and treasure required to hold it, and quietly began to slip away. Combat Outposts and OPs were handed over to the Afghan National Army (ANA) and the Afghan Border Police (ABP). Many of these were attacked and overrun by the Taliban. Others were preemptively abandoned by the Afghan security forces (ANSF).

In June 2011, Gowerdesh checkpoint was overrun. The Taliban killed 23 of the Afghan Border Police manning it. They then made a gruesome video of the young policemen’s remains, desecrating and dishonouring the bodies while holding their captured weapons aloft as trophies.   The whole point of the Americans’ operation at OP Mace was to help the Afghan Border Police rebuild their destroyed checkpoint at the base of the mountain, while at the same time getting the Afghan army and the police to work together. But what the Americans describe as inter-service rivalry between their own US marines, US army, US navy and US air force is far removed from the dissension between the Afghan National Army and the police. Each group protects the influence they have, and this reflects the tribal mentality that pervades every aspect of life in Afghanistan.

Overwhelming confidence or pure stupidity?

As we crammed ourselves into the low-slung cargo seats of the Chinook, abandoning any effort to strap ourselves in, I thought back over my time on the mountaintop. For the first nine days there had been a lot of shooting. Not the up close and personal kind of close quarter combat that I have come to expect in Afghanistan, especially in this eastern part. No, rather it had been Taliban taking pot shots at the helicopters followed by massive retaliation from the pilots. Not a fair fight at all, and I wondered again and again what the Taliban were trying to achieve. There was only the tiniest chance that they would even hit a helicopter, let alone bring one down. This slight possibility pitched against the guaranteed retribution of the heavily armed flying machines suggested either overwhelming confidence, or pure stupidity. I never could decide which.

The culmination had come on the ninth day, the American festival of Thanksgiving. Well aware of its significance to the US troops, the Taliban had launched a complex attack, with multiple weapons systems firing from separate locations. I saw one US sniper push the Thanksgiving meal laid out on cardboard boxes to one side as he set up his .50mm Barrett rifle to return fire. Other soldiers shoveled food from heavily laden plates into their mouths as they scanned the surrounding ridgelines, looking for the telltale puffs of smoke that would give away Taliban fighting positions. They have become so inured to the fighting that it does not spoil their appetite any more. Once again, massive aerial bombardment was brought to bear, and the attack petered out.   Over the course of my stay on Mace I witnessed the truly awesome firepower that the US military brings to a fight. Between their helicopters and jets they had dropped 19 bombs, fired two Hellfire missiles, 205 rockets, 500 rounds of 20 millimetre, and 210 rounds of 30-millimetre cannon. They also discharged 3,750 rounds of .50 caliber machinegun ammunition. And yet, only once, could they confirm that they had killed a single Taliban fighter.   As my Chinook lifted off, I waited for the roar of gunfire. None came. Maybe all the Taliban were dead, or had left the area. Or maybe, they were just content to sit quietly and watch the Americans leave.

Ghaziabad District, Kunar

When I arrived in Ghaziabad, once again it was under cover of darkness. This time I was riding in an armoured truck, but it was still felt that driving in daylight hours was too dangerous. Over the previous months the soldiers of 2/27 Infantry Regiment, known as the ‘Wolfhounds’, had fought fiercely to prise control of the area from some very well-established Taliban forces. However the reality was that IEDs and ambush still posed a very real and lethal threat.

The reason for the trip was simple; Lieutenant Colonel Dan Wilson, the battalion commander of 2/27, had just returned from his leave and he was making a tour of his battle space to reconnect with the local Afghan leaders. In Ghaziabad he was meeting with Major Mohammed Ishmael, the district police chief.

When we arrived at the District Centre, destined to be our home for the next three days, the warm friendship between Wilson and Ishmael was immediately obvious. The police chief had been sleeping, but said he had hoped when he heard the engines pulling up outside that it meant his friend Col. Wilson had arrived. As they sat on cushions strewn around the Major’s room, freshly brewed chai was brought to them – a familiar ritual in a country renowned for its hospitality

A couple of years ago, “partnering” became the newest catch phrase in the Afghan war. The idea, introduced by US General McChrystal, was simple: instead of mentoring or teaching the Afghan security forces how to do things, an approach which was not really working, coalition forces would now live, work and fight alongside their “partners”. Thus, the theory went, the Afghans would learn by example.

Partnering has been much derided, mostly because it is a concept that is only as strong as its weakest link. But looking at Wilson and Ishmael, I saw a genuine relationship. They chatted into the night, first asking about each other’s families and proclaiming their happiness to see the other in a typically Afghan manner, and then gradually moving on to a synopsis of what had happened while the Colonel was away.

The Pied Piper of Kunar

In the morning I got to see Wilson in action again, sat with the inevitable glass of chai in front of him, chatting to the local elders. At a table set up on the grass, the police chief came and went, as did the local district governor, and other powerbrokers from the area. As I watched them, I realised that Wilson has figured out a little of what it is to communicate in Afghanistan.

In the fast-paced West, straight talkers are feted, timewasters derided. Everybody wants to get to the point. But in my experience in Afghanistan, conversations are more akin to a gentle stroll than the 100 metre dash. An Afghan will rarely use one word when he can use 10. Speech is cherished, littered with idiom and analogy. The Afghans value intellect and education, and speaking at length about any subject displays both to listeners.

Wilson spoke more Pashto than any other American I have met in my six years working in Afghanistan. But much more importantly, he had learned how to listen, and it is this to which I would ascribe most of his success.

Later, walking through the local bazaar, he was keen to ask the Afghans about their problems, and then listen to their answers, however long it took. He even had an exchange with a group of children who wanted him to get them cricket bats. When he told them that he had heard their local team was the best in Kunar, racking up wins against other districts, and even a team from Pakistan, it was like watching the Pied Piper himself. Although it is easy to be cynical, this is what winning hearts and minds is all about, and it was impressive to see it in action. Too often I have seen American officers pay it lip-service, or worse. There is a grim line too often heard in military circles: “Two in the chest, one in the head, that’s hearts and minds.”

But the Americans are not the only ones that often lean to violence before words. At another meeting, I listened as the Afghan elders discussed a local leader who would not reconcile with the government. When Wilson told the elders he had applied to have a reward placed on the man’s head, they called instead for his summary execution. One man said, “from your base, you can fire a rocket and it will come …” and then he made a downward motion with his hand, followed by the sound of an explosion. All the local men laughed. They continued to laugh as Wilson protested that he could not do that, that in fact Hamid Karzai, the Afghan president, had forbidden such acts. He told them they would have to get Kabul to approve such an operation, to which one Afghan replied: “We represent Afghanistan, we give you permission. Kill him.” Another man added: “There is an expression in Afghanistan; If you want peace, prepare for war.”

While Wilson and Ishmael continued to prepare for war, so did the Taliban. Just four days after I walked through the bazaar with them, a suicide bomber blew himself up in the same street, killing Ishmael and five others. The bomber was a 12-year-old boy.

While John D McHugh was making The Winter War for People & Power , he spent three days in a tiny US outpost called Checkpoint 2.5 in Kunar, eastern Afghanistan. The footage did not make it into the film, but in this audio slideshow, he gives a sense of what it is like for the US soldiers of 2/27 Infantry to live in such a remote and vulnerable posting.

http://player.vimeo.com/video/36382709

For more from John D McHugh visit www.johndmchugh.com

People & Power airs each week at the following times GMT: Wednesday: 2230; Thursday: 0930; Friday: 0330; Saturday: 1630; Sunday: 2230; Monday: 0930; Tuesday: 0330; Wednesday: 1630.

Click here for more People & Power .

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The Sitzkrieg, The Winter War, and the War At Sea - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

The Sitzkrieg, The Winter War, and the War At Sea

Began sept. 3, 1939, 250 miles off the coast of ireland ... ships gather in groups and were escorted by destroyers who circled around the ... – powerpoint ppt presentation.

• After fury of the blitzkrieg came the sitzkrieg on the Western Front
• Sit down war
• Also called the phony war
• Was a six month lull between the fall of Poland and the German attack on Norway and Denmark
• British and French were behind the Maginot line
• Germans gathered behind the Siegfried Line
• Almost no combat
• Ended when Germany attacks Norway and Denmark in April, 1940
• Russia was still very active during the phony war
• Force Estonia to give them bases on Estonian soil
• Latvia and Lithuania bullied into the same thing
• Finland refused to give in to Russia
• Nov. 30, 1939- Soviet army struck at Finland
• Soldiers carried propaganda leaflets
• Expected to be welcomed as liberators
• Thought it would be quick and only had light clothing
• Not equipped or trained for harsh Finnish winter
• Finns fall back and draw the Germans into the forest and then they strike
• Would hit and hold the Russian front while other Finns moved to the Russian flank
• Cut off routes of retreat
• Separated Russian units from each other
• Russians fell by the thousands
• World was amazed at Finnish resistance
• France and Britain begin to consider aiding Finland
• Stalin realizes Hitler is watching
• Is Russia weak enough for Germany to take?
• Russia must take action against the Finnish Mannerheim Line
• Stalin brings all five of his forces together
• In two weeks, they break through the Mannerheim Line and after 42 days, Finland is lost
• Russia gets everything they demand
• Their second largest city
• Their biggest Artic Ocean port
• Karelian Isthmus
• Never was a sitzkrieg at sea
• Began Sept. 3, 1939, 250 miles off the coast of Ireland
• Germans sink British passenger liner Athenia
• Was a violation of international agreement
• By the end of September, British losses were staggering.
• Resorted to the convoy system
• Ships gather in groups and were escorted by destroyers who circled around the convoy, hunting for submarines
• Was offense and defensive system
• The freighters and tankers acted as bait
• Churchill improved the convoy system by adding aircraft protection at either end of the voyage.
• British ships began to blow up and sink as they entered or left port
• Germans were dropping a new type of mine, a magnetic mine, at harbor mouths
• Was drawn to a ships hull as the vessel passed over it
• Late November, a German airplane was seen dropping a magnetic mine
• It was captured by two skillful and brave naval officers and brought to Portsmouth Naval Base to be analyzed
• They could then combat it by encircling British ships with an electric cable
• Called degaussing
• Germany had three pocket battleships
• Deutschland and Graf Spee left Germany between Aug. 21 and Aug. 24 and were loose in the ocean
• By Dec. 13th the Graf Spee had sunk 3 British merchant ships in five days
• Was tracked down by 3 British cruisers, Achilles, Ajax, and Exeter
• Battle enrages
• The Spee leaves under smoke cover and enters Montevideo, Uruguay with Ajax and Achilles outside
• Uruguay is neutral
• Captain Langsdorff telephones the German Admiral that escape is hopeless
• Spee leaves harbor with British ships waiting hungrily
• Graf Spee is scuttled, sunk itself
• Fear if ship is captured secret equipment will fall into enemy hands
• Langsdorff was so brokenhearted by the loss of the ship that he wrapped himself in an old Imperial flag, an insult to Hitler, and shot himself.
• This ends the first phase of the Battle of the Atlantic

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The Phony War and the Winter War

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Phoney War and Winter War

Jul 27, 2014

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Phoney War and Winter War . Sisir Gudipati , Liam Paup , Kristine Chen, Sarah Chu . Thesis.

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• western front
• potential buffer zone
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Phoney War and Winter War SisirGudipati, Liam Paup, Kristine Chen, Sarah Chu

Thesis In an attempt for the violent annexation of Finland, Joseph Stalin led the unprepared Soviet army into unknown Finnish territory. However, the Soviets’ vast army was eventually able to overwhelm Finland and win the war- but not without consequences. Due to a combination of Finland’s stellar defense and the incompetent offense of the Reds, the Soviets suffered five times more casualties than Finland, culminating in an overall atrocious perception of the might of the Soviet Union. This encouraged Hitler to pursue Operation Barbarossa in an attempt to wipe the Soviets out as a world power. In the meantime, the lack of military action during the Phoney War in Western Europe was falsely easing people’s minds, decreasing their wariness and allowing Hitler to strike while his opponents were unprepared.

Timeline September 1, 1939- Germany invades Poland, Soviet Union follows b/c of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact March 13, 1940- Winter War ends; Finland accepts defeat and signs Treaty of Moscow September 27- 1939 Poland surrenders to Germany and partitioned by Germany and Russia September 4-5, 1939 U.S. and Japan declare neutrality in the war April 9, 1940- Germany invades Denmark and Norway → Phoney War ends November 30- 1939 Soviet Union invades Finland, Winter War begins September 3, 1939 Britain and France declare war on Germany (honor treaty with Poland), but nothing happens on the Western Front for 6-7 months

Phoney War (1939-40) • Who: Germany vs. France & Britain • Background: • Other countries started to realize the tyrannical injustice occurring in Germany • Events: • September: Germany invaded and defeated Poland • Lack of military action in Western Europe • People expected Hitler to use Blitzkrieg tactics, but nothing happened • Importance: • Neither Britain nor France attempted to attack Germany • Britain was too weak to challenge Nazis • Spring 1940: Inactivity for 6-7 months led to bad mentality and lost opportunity to strengthen defensive • April 09, 1940: Germany took advantage of their weak state and attacked Denmark & Norway and low countries

Winter War (1939-1940) • Who: Finland vs. Soviet Union (also known as Russo-Finnish War) • Background: • Countries on Eastern Front (Scandinavia) actively fighting • Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact  Bloodlands divided into spheres of influence controlled by Nazis and Soviet Union • Events: • Finland part of Soviet Union sphere of influence • Finland = potential buffer zone against Germany + military base • Finnish Advantage- knowledge of geography • Russian Advantage- vast army • Poor offensive, but still able to overwhelm Finnish

Winter War- Importance • Treaty of Moscow • Finland = ally of Germany • USSR expelled from League of Nations • Made Hitler think the Soviets could be easily defeated • Raised reputation of Finland- had stood up against USSR

Tactics Finnish Tactics: • Used guerilla tactics • Defensive Mannerheim Line • Winter weather used to advantage (frozen Baltic Sea, snowy terrain) Soviet Tactics: • Aircrafts (outnumbered Finnish by almost 25x) used for bombing • Vast number of men in army  could afford to lose men in risky maneuvers • Used tanks and heavy military equipment to break through Mannerheim Line • Soldiers lacked military strength needed

Soviet Tanks Finnish troops on skis The Finnish threw Molotov Cocktails into Soviet tanks

Mannerheim • Finnish Commander in Chief during the Winter War and the course of World War II • Allied with Hitler (who visited him secretly)

Works Cited "Blitzkrieg (Lightning War)." United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. United States Holocaust Memorial Council, 10 June 2013. Web. 10 May 2014. Clancey, Patrick. "HyperWar: The Soviet-Finnish War, 1939-1940 (USMA)." HyperWar: The Soviet-Finnish War, 1939-1940 (USMA). Hyperwar Foundation, n.d. Web. 8 May 2014. Hickman, Kennedy. "The Winter War - Soviet Union Finland The Winter War During World War II - Russian Winter War." About.com Military History. About.com, n.d. Web. 8 May 2014. Robinson, Bruce. "World War Two: Summary Outline of Key Events." BBC News. BBC, 30 Mar. 2011. Web. 7 May 2014. "Timeline of World War Two." PBS. PBS, 1 Sept. 2007. Web. 12 May 2014. "World War II: The Invasion of Poland and the Winter War." The Atlantic. Atlantic Media Company, 26 June 2011. Web. 12 May 2014.

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War, Terrible War

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WAR TO WAR!

WAR TO WAR!. An Interview Of Operation Desert Storm. By: Isys Ervin. & Megan Miles. Enlisted. He enlisted while living in East St. Louis in order to gain more discipline in his life and to avoid trouble. Jobs and Assignments.

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WAR. WAR is an organized and often prolonged conflict that is carried out by states or other types of parties wishing to form or control states WAR is characterized by extreme aggression, economic disintegration and irrationality, social disruption, and usually high mortality [death].

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Postwar, Cold War and Korean War

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Soviet-Afghan War and Falklands War

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Winter war. 1939-1940. Basic information. Finland vs Soviet Union Lasted for 105 days Finland lost the war Finland lost 11 % of its area. Strength. The Soviet Union: 425,640–760,578 men 2,514–6,541 tanks 3,880 aircraft Finland 337,000–346,500 men

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Cold War, Hot War

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WAR!. WHAT IS IT REALLY GOOD FOR?. THE LEGENDARY BOSS!. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aj5Cvz4PnZw. WAR!. When was the last time that the United States of America declared war on another country?. WORLD WAR II !. FDR – Day of Infamy Speech - http:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=lK8gYGg0dkE.

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Medieval War Ships and Naval War

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War. freedom. Ignorance. is. is. is. peace. slavery. strength. 1984.

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Phoney Psychics

You can seem at what other individuals have written about the distinct psychic you are interested in calling, just understand some psychics call every other just to give very good ratings. The higher the rating, the closer to the front page for their listing.

298 views • 19 slides

From War to war

From War to war. 1904-1914. Key Dates. 1904-5 Russo-Japanese War 1905 Revolution October Manifesto 1906 Fundamental Laws issued First Duma 1906-11 Stolypin’s years as Chief Minister 1907 Second Duma 1907-12 Third Duma 1912 Lena Goldfields episode

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War. Introduction. “Of all the enemies to public liberty war is, perhaps, the most to be dreaded because it comprises and develops the germ of every other. War is the parent of armies; from these proceed debts and taxes … known instruments for bringing the many under the domination of the few.…

281 views • 27 slides

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The Cold War - History - 12th Grade

It seems that you like this template, the cold war - history - 12th grade presentation, free google slides theme and powerpoint template.

History books will for sure mention the Cold War, a period of intense political and military tension between the Western allies, led by the United States, and the Soviet Communist bloc, led by the Soviet Union. This era began after World War II and lasted for over four decades, a time of fear and suspicion between the two superpowers while the world watched with bated breath. The day of the lesson on the Cold War is nigh, so you'd better be prepared! Get this template and create some slides for use as extra material. The backgrounds contain a texture of a cracked wall, and many flags of both the United States and the Soviet Union.

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