coursework in sentences

How to Write a Coursework

Coursework projects do not resemble essays, research papers, or dissertations. They are the combination of all three. Students spend less time writing coursework than on making a term paper, but this type of work requires more time and efforts than an ordinary essay - it is made of several essays. Thanks to our guide, each student can discover how to write coursework. If you are running out of time or lack experience to complete the specific coursework, we recommend using our coursework writing services to hire professional academic writers.

What is Coursework and Why Does It Matter?

Coursework definition: General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) coursework is a typical academic assignment, given in the course of study to evaluate the student’s knowledge, skills, and identify the final grade. Many students face this type of writing in the US colleges. One of the examples is a coursework UTD (The University of Texas at Dallas) - the requirements of this institution are strict, and many students fail to submit their papers and pass the corresponding courses.

Such type of assignment helps to have the ‘detective’ hat on: a student observes, examines, and evaluates the chosen topic using credible, up-to-date, and relevant sources. Working under controlled conditions is important. Participating in every school class will help to prepare good coursework by the end of the term. Take a look at the examples of what students of various profiles may face:

• English Composition - English coursework is an extended essay in most cases. A student has a right to pick the topic. The tutors provide their students with the list of recommended titles to choose from, sources to observe & analyze, and a format (e.g., a comparison between different relevant articles)
• Sciences - coursework for science is a complicated assignment. Such type of work appears in the form of a scientific paper to test what a writer investigates and reports independently.
• Geography - geography coursework is about collecting, reporting, and explaining information to reply to a certain geographical question or offer solutions to the problem. One idea is to explore the usage of a shopping mall or analyze the recent tornado. No matter whether you have to prepare a coursework Columbia or such paper for other educational institutions, keep in mind these differences!

Types of Coursework Explained

English Language coursework is the most common type of this assignment. At advanced GCE level, the student will be expected to write a couple of essays, totaling 3,000 words. Every assignment is 20 marks maximum.

An analytical essay : Evaluate, compare, & contrast 3 different sources of data interconnected by a common theme; written /spoken / multimedia content. Discuss different uses for targeting various audiences. Learn more on our blog.

Original essay with a supportive commentary : A student will have to come up with a single piece of media writing in the observed modes (written, spoken, or multimodal). Add a supporting piece with details about the aspects of English language. English Language & Literature coursework is a bit different. The basic requirements are the same, and the parts are:

An analytical study : Sharing an analysis of the chosen piece and its relation to the related content. It will show how well the writer understands the original piece. Tutors grade such works based on the:

• Use of the proper terminology and the coherence of the written words;
• Understanding & evaluation of the way a structure, form, and language create the written & spoken word;
• Opportunity to observe relationships between various pieces of writing.

Creative writing & commentary : Produce a creative piece that imitates the style of the assessed text. Share comments to backup your understanding. The goal is to show the knowledge, prove the competence, and use appropriate language skills in communicating with the target audience. You will also need a relevant coursework resume (review) in both cases. Keep on reading to learn how to write coursework of A level.

How to Write a Coursework: Guide for Students

Several factors may lead to the coursework being disqualified. It is a serious matter! The risk factors include:

• Plagiarism - it is the worst thing that could happen to any type of academic assignment. Lots of relevant information is available on the world wide web today, and the tutors are strict about the issue of plagiarism. Write everything in your own words! If you decide to insert the quotes from the sources, apply the suggested citation format and develop a list of references. Sign the declaration claiming it is your original project. If you're unsure about how to approach this, seeking professional help by choosing to write my coursework can be a wise decision.
• Word count - do not ignore the specific requirements concerning the length of the coursework. Specify if the footnotes, appendices, & references are included in the word count.
• Topics - go through the list of available themes. If there is an examination planned on the specific topic, try to pick another idea for the coursework.
• Tutor’s assistance - do not ignore the help of your instructor, ask them to provide guidance on what to write. Ask the questions to learn more details, but keep in mind they can go through the 1st draft once and just offer some general recommendations.

Choosing a Topic for Your Project

Dedicate enough time to this extra important question. Select the field of your interest if it is possible to relate it to the course. That is the golden rule of choosing a coursework topic - keep in mind the rest of the hints:

• Analyze the offered list of topics or develop yours
• Pick a topic from the area of your expertise related to the studied subject
• Select the topic you are interested in
• Choose the topic you’ve started to observe in the past
• Check how much relevant, up-to-date information is available on the Internet about each of the topics
• Pick what you can measure, change, & control (they call it a ‘fair test’)
• Use the ideas of previous researchers and students
• Do not choose a topic with a vast scope - you risk struggling to research it correctly

10 Good Coursework Topics

• Non-traditional Forms of Poetry with TC Tolbert
• Documentary Foundations: Usage of Oral Histories with Beth Alvarado
• Traditional Forms of Poetry
• Hermit Crabs: Type of Fiction
• Writing the Autobiographical Poem
• Creative Non-Fiction on the Examples of New Journalists
• Authors without Borders
• Writing the Sticky Stuff
• Socially Engaged Literary Arts
• Common Vocabulary

Research & Data Collection

Research is an integral part of coursework. Have you written research papers before? If yes, you will find it easier to select proper primary & secondary sources and gather the necessary information (evidence to support the main point - thesis). Depending on the required paper format, cite & reference the following sources:

• Books & e-Books

Base the project on a specific hypothesis. The research must start with minimum one hypothesis. The research stage for some topics may consist of visiting websites to collect information. Leave another time for collecting the data as it is the heart of the research. Three methods of data collection are known:

• Direct personal investigation : The one an author does individually (using literature and findings from previous studies);
• Interview/Questionnaire : The researcher should gather the data from the respondents asking questions regarding required data;
• Discussion with community leaders : Community leaders are approached to fetch information for the necessary data.

In case a student works on a scientific experiment, they should pay attention to planning the analysis with the help of rigorous scientific methods (keeping in mind the Health & Safety precautions you take). Review background information and theories. Take notes to express what you expect to occur to compare & contrast it to what happened in real life. In the write-up stage, one has to evaluate and present the findings.

Writing a Coursework Outline

The writing process follows the research. Do not start it without preparing an action plan and scheduling the work - a paper pin for English coursework is based on an extended essay . An outline will look different for the science coursework projects. The goal of creating a plan is to prevent a writer from being disorganized and waffling.

Let us explain coursework outline on the specific example - a project on the global pursuit of lower costs and the role of human rights.

Start with the brief introduction explaining why it might be a topic of interest for many people. Mention those vast corporations like Wal-Mart abuse human rights by choosing and using child labor in the factories.

Provide an overview of the problem . Define human rights and costs. Pick the definitions from the official dictionaries and cite them properly when inserting in the text. Try to explain the terms in your own words.

Develop a body of the coursework , start with the case for & against ethical business practices. Using evidence and examples, list the arguments supporting ethical business practices and another side of the coin. Include a business case for ethical practices after the opening body paragraph.

Move to discussing ethical responsibilities ; explain why business organizations should care about the ethical aspects of their activities. After three sections of the body, one can conclude the paper. It can be a good idea to share a fact or statistics stressing the importance of research problem in the essay conclusion. End up with the reference list that may look this way:

• Klein N (2000) No Logo (Flamingo, London)
• Marcousé I, Gillespie A, Martin B, Surridge M and Wall N (2003) Business Studies 2e (Hodder Arnold, Oxon)
• Royal Dutch Shell (2006) 4th Quarter Financial Report at (site example)

Additional Elements

Supporting materials and pictures are a must! The sciences & geography projects require tables, charts, graphs, and other types of images to illustrate the complicated topic. Not only should you add the pictures - it is essential to interpret and reference each of them. A separate part of the coursework where the student list and explains every visual element is Appendix , and it is an optional part. The presence of appendix increases the chances to earn an A+.

How to Write an Introduction for Coursework?

Most of the students underestimate the role of introduction & conclusion when it comes to writing an essay. An eye-catchy introduction is a key to success. The primary purposes of a coursework introduction are:

• To grab the reader’s attention
• To introduce the topic
• To explain the research importance
• To come up with a compelling thesis statement

The opening paragraph shows the depth of the writer’s acquaintance with the topic. Look at the expert tips below. They will help to learn how to write a coursework introduction to make the tutor want to read your entire paper.

What Is an Introduction?

The introduction of GCSE coursework is the opening paragraph that aims to interpret the central questions and purposes of the entire paper. It should have several elements to be effective. Those are:

• A hook sentence
• Background information
• Problem significance
• Solid thesis statement

Advice from our Experienced Writer

How to write an introduction to coursework? The quality of this part predetermines paper’s success. Look at some common mistakes writers do while working on the coursework introduction - try to prevent them!

Ignoring the prompt. Many students tend to neglect the tutor’s instructions. It is critical to read the prompt several times, highlight the main points, research question, rules, and grading rubric details.

Missing a plan. The prompt does not always say to develop a coursework outline. Without a plan for every separate section, it is impossible to write a flawless piece step-by-step. No matter whether you have to write a term paper, research paper, dissertation, or C3 coursework, get ready with the detailed plan. Once you understand how to write an introduction, it will be easier to develop the rest of the paper.

For those who need a helping hand in ensuring their work meets all the standards and deadlines, don't hesitate to buy coursework from trusted professionals.

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What is Coursework? An Ultimate Guide to Coursework Writing

Coursework is the most significant part of academic writing that requires so much time and effort. You should consider the guidance of your teachers and your seniors who have similar experiences in writing a coursework. This makes the process of working faster and more effective, which leads to the best outcomes. This guide will help you to understand what coursework is and how to write coursework effectively. 

What is Coursework?

Coursework consists of all basic assignments given to students to evaluate their level of understanding. It includes following types of assignments, such as essay writing , research papers, discussion boards and written reports. To get excellent grades and grade point averages (GPA), students must understand the basic concepts of their courses.

Coursework is difficult to define, even though it is usually important to complete a specific program. This kind of assignment can be completed in a wide range of formats.  If you require any coursework help, you may contact Nerdpapers . 

Importance of Coursework

Coursework is the most common type of assignment that teachers give students to understand their level of learning on a specific topic or subject. Moreover, it shows how well a student understands and uses the topic in various contexts. Through coursework writing, students may improve their research abilities, increase their understanding of a subject, develop their analytical skills, and apply the knowledge they have discovered to use independently. Furthermore, students learn to summarize the topic with key arguments and then draw conclusions from it. 

Types of Coursework

Do you need a "do my coursework writing services"? But do you know that coursework has different types? Five different types of coursework are given to students to write:

Analytical Coursework

Analytical Coursework presents a thesis statement or claim and demonstrates how to study different things. It usually focuses on the literary style of the text rather than the synopsis.

Supportive Commentary

Supportive Commentary helps students to create a single piece of media writing. Coursework should be written in an experimental mode, such as written, spoken, or multimodal. Students must also include a supporting statement that contains all the information and aspects. 

Journal Coursework

Writing journals for coursework is regarded as an act that promotes casual writing as a regular activity. This can take many different forms and is useful for multiple purposes. It can be both creative and personal. In order to organize their thoughts, compose their ideas, and respond to them, students are always expected to keep journals as part of their coursework.

Analytical Study

Analytical study is the process of sharing an analysis of the chosen work and how it relates to the relevant material. It also shows how well the writer understands the entire process of writing. Students should use proper vocabulary and must maintain word consistency. Also, understand the structure and format of writing.  

Commentary and Creative Writing

In commentary and creative writing coursework, students are asked to generate creative content that reflects the tone or style of the assessed text. It also helps to share comments to support the knowledge. Additionally, the major purpose of creative writing and commentary is to demonstrate knowledge, test skills, and engage the target audience through various languages.

Coursework Writing Tips

There are some key points that you should keep in mind while writing coursework. 

It is the worst possible scenario for any kind of academic writing assignment. Today, the internet has tons of relevant information, and professors become rigorous in the context of plagiarism. Your own words should be used in all writing! Use the advised citation style and make references list if you choose to include quotations from the sources. Claim that it is your own project and sign the declaration.

Keep in mind the precise guidelines for the coursework's length. Specify whether the references, appendices, and footnotes are counted as part of the word count.

Browse the possible topics. Try to pick a relevant coursework topic that is similar to the subject of the upcoming exam if one will be held on it. 

Get Help from Tutor

Never ignore your teacher's advice; ask for their guidance on your topic. Also, to learn more, ask questions, but remember they may only read the first draft once and give general suggestions.

Perfect Coursework Writing Structure

The precision required for coursework writing depends not only on the writing process but also on the design. Even if you produce a stunning and thoroughly researched paper for the professor, poor design will still result in bad grades. We have chosen the most significant components to build a flawless coursework structure for you after reviewing many coursework standards. The structure consists of the following main components:

Introduction or Opening

The first step is to write the coursework introduction after choosing a topic. This introduction section needs to be extraordinary to catch the reader's attention. Make sure to include all essential details, and keep it brief or precise. 

Include any background data about the topic you have chosen. Write down your goals as well. This section should contain your thesis statement. Also, write the introduction in such a way that it serves as the reader's guide.

Main Body 

Your hard work and dedication will be reflected in this section. In the body section, you should add every minute detail you discovered on your research journey. Additionally, this section will be written in the past tense with an informative tone. 

Readers may find research findings boring because they are just stats and figures. Therefore, this section should include appealing tables, graphs, infographics and charts to make it interesting. Mention each statistic as it is; do not change any findings. 

Summarize your whole coursework in this section. The conclusion needs to be short while covering all the details. You might mention the essential takeaways from the coursework.

How to Write a Coursework: Step-by-Step Guide

It's time to start researching and writing once you've chosen a topic that excites you. 

Research is the most crucial part of any writing project. A lot of effort and time is required, but it is worthwhile because it serves as the core of your work and helps establish and defend your point of view.  You can find the necessary information from many primary and secondary sources. Always double-check the information you get online because not all of it is reliable, and some of it can be out of date. Make notes on each source you consult while researching, including the definition, quotation, or information you discovered. Make a table with citations or links to web sources. It is also very helpful to utilize such a table while writing the bibliography section.

Planning 

At the planning phase, it is advised to make a rough outline of your coursework, decide which information you will add, and what points you should add in each section. Making a plan first and then sticking to it is very helpful.  For example, create a table and include all steps of your work with the dates when you want to work on them. This is a fantastic method for time management and a great way to quit delaying things so you can finish them before the deadline.

Drafting 

It could be challenging to write the initial draft of a lengthy article. However, there isn't much you can do about it. In this scenario, the sole piece of guidance that is appropriate is to start writing. Once you start putting together your coursework, you'll observe that there aren't a lot of differences between your paper and other typical written assignments. The section for which you have the most information should come first. These academic papers are never written according to the structure's order. The opening portion of your paper is where you can begin writing because it is more general than the rest.  You can pick out some interesting, pertinent coursework examples or reports to discuss in your writing so your reader will better understand the issue you are gradually focused on. You can go on to terms and situations that are more precise after acquiring the background information.

The last step is to edit and polish your document. While proofreading, it's crucial to focus on consistency problems, stylistic errors, and grammar and punctuation errors.

Many tools, including Grammarly , are available to help you with grammar. You should use these tools because you might miss some errors. No software can help you fix your writing style and logical structure mistakes. However, you can turn to a team of expert writers and editors for a high-quality editing service and a properly polished document.

Verify the word count and formatting specifications provided by your educational institution. Before submitting your work for review to your professor, you should also allow time for the editing phase, so plan accordingly.

Formative vs Summative Coursework Assessments

Formative assessment assesses students' understanding of a subject by offering them practice in essay creation and structure. It assists students in evaluating their strengths and weaknesses and focuses on areas that require improvement. Moreover, formative assessments help instructors in identifying students' areas of difficulty and taking prompt action to resolve issues

Summative assignments, on the other hand, evaluate students' knowledge at the end of the semester. Summative assessment includes mid-term exams and final-year project. When completing courses, it is vital to understand the type of review you are submitting to. If you understand the coursework meaning and finish your assignments on time, you might obtain an A+.

Get Coursework Help from Experts

If you want to write your coursework successfully, follow all the steps mentioned above. If you still have difficulty writing coursework, you can get our coursework writing services with one click. We have a group of experienced writers who can offer you timely, cost-effective coursework help online. 

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What Is a Coursework and How to Write a Paper: A Simple Guide

24 August 2023

last updated

Academic writing is an essential activity in high education and comes in various forms. Basically, one of these forms is coursework writing, where instructors assess students’ level of understanding of a course during a semester. In this case, unlike other papers, coursework assignments evaluate students’ understanding of the course and not just a topic in the class. Moreover, various forms of coursework writing include essays, term papers, theses, dissertations, and report projects. Hence, students need to learn what is a coursework assignment and how to write such a paper.

What Is a Coursework Paper

College and university students undertake different kinds of academic exercises, with writing projects taking a significant portion. Basically, one of these exercises is the writing of coursework, an assignment that they submit at the end of the semester. Ideally, this kind of work assesses students’ understanding of a particular field of study within a single semester. In turn, instructors rarely require students to write a coursework assignment for things they learned during the previous semester.

For writing your paper, these links will be helpful:

• Essay Writing Service
• How to Write a Research Paper
• How to Write a Research Proposal
• How to Write a Term Paper
• How to Write a Case Study

Definition of a Coursework

By definition, a coursework assignment is an academic project that students undertake in the course of study and which they must submit before the closure of the semester. For example, such an assignment aims to evaluate students’ level of knowledge and skills acquisition, meaning the work contributes to students’ final grades. Ideally, coursework is what students learn during a semester, and such an assignment is meant to measure how well they have understood the subject matter. Moreover, students use reliable and relevant sources to study, examine and evaluate the chosen coursework topic. Therefore, a coursework assignment is very similar to other writing assignments, such as essays, reports, thesis writing , and dissertations.

Differences With Other Papers

In the course of their classes, students write different types of papers , including essays and reports. Basically, the major difference between coursework writing and these papers is that it assesses students’ understanding of what they have discovered throughout the semester. In contrast, essays and other papers assess students’ understanding of a specific topic, concept, result , or theory. Moreover, students may need to address an issue in their coursework that they might have addressed in an essay assignment sometime during the semester. As such, a coursework assignment is broad in scope than other papers.

Expectations

Like essays and other papers, a coursework assignment varies from one area of study to another. For example, there is a coursework for the English subject and another for the sciences. Therefore, students are expected to complete their coursework assignments according to their instructor’s or department’s instructions. In most cases, this expectation includes presenting the assignment in an essay format, where they select a title of their choice. Depending on the subject, some coursework assignments expect students to collect, examine, infer, and report data when answering a specific question.

When it comes to the grading of academic assignments, instructors look at how well a student has attended to all the requirements and expectations. For instance, these requirements include writing about a choice of themes or text excerpts in a given format. In this case, students must use an approach that they believe is likely to give them a higher grade, meaning an approach that helps them to answer the question methodically, logically, and critically by using relevant information. In essence, these are three dimensions for grading a coursework assignment.

Constructing a Paper: A Step-by-Step Guide on How to Write a Coursework Assignment

Like an essay, a coursework assignment takes a particular structure. Basically, students should understand the core components and make sure that they address them in their academic writing . In this case, the most significant issue for students is to ensure a logical flow of ideas. Moreover, developing a thesis statement is essential to provide high-quality essays with a guideline on focal issues. Primarily, these issues are the concepts and theories that the student has learned in a specific course during the semester.

Step 1: Preparation

Planning or preparation is the first step in writing a coursework paper. For instance, the essence of any form of academic writing is to measure a student’s level of understanding about a particular area of study. Since the coursework measures what a student has learned in a given course, it is paramount for each person to prepare well when executing the assignment. Here, learners have to choose a topic that they are comfortable with, one that they are passionate about. Additionally, they should generate ideas about their coursework by deciding what is relevant and what is not. In this case, the reasoning that guides this decision is the expectation outlined in assignment instructions. Lastly, students should understand their audience – consumers of their work or readers. Like any other assignment, the audience is course instructors. Hence, writers should ensure coursework satisfies a curiosity of readers.

Step 2: Setting Up

After preparation, students should set up the stage for coursework writing. Basically, the first preoccupation is to find sources relevant to the assignment prompt – those that are more likely to provide enough evidence and support needed claims. As students review credible sources , they should take notes to provide a strong argumentation in their coursework. Then, another activity involves deciding on the coursework outline, which should help answer the assignment prompt logically and critically. Lastly, learners should create an annotated bibliography, a summary of each source they intend to use as the basis of their arguments in the coursework.

Step 3: Writing the Coursework

After preparing and setting up the stage, students should start writing the coursework assignment. In this case, armed with notes taken during the review of reliable sources and the outline they have created, students should start with the first draft, where they develop a thesis statement. Basing all opinions and arguments on the thesis, writers should answer the assignment prompt methodically, logically, and critically. Moreover, the thesis statement should ‘hook’ the audience and make them interested in reading the substantial part of the paper – the body. In essence, the body is where students use all the evidence they have gathered about the topic, while the thesis informs the audience of what individuals have focused on in the paper.

Step 4: Wrapping It Up

It is normal for a writer to make mistakes when writing an academic document. For example, these mistakes include inconsistent arguments, irrelevant content, punctuation errors, and countless grammatical mistakes. Therefore, after completing the draft, students should read it through, at least twice, to identify these mistakes and correct them. Basically, the processes of correction include revising and editing the paper. Regarding revisions, students should give their work to a friend or mentor to read it through. In their feedback, these individuals are likely to point out areas where authors should make corrections for the paper to be logical and interesting to read. Concerning editing the paper, students should proofread their work to ensure it is free of spelling mistakes, punctuation errors, and other grammatical mishaps.

Step 5: Developing Body Paragraphs

The body paragraph of any academic text, including a coursework assignment, utilizes several features to make the paper logical. Basically, the first feature is the topic sentence that opens up each paragraph. Also, the purpose of this feature is to strengthen the central idea captured in the thesis statement. Then, the rest of the paragraph structure backs up this claim using evidence gathered from different sources. In turn, another feature is a concluding sentence, which closes each paragraph. For instance, the goal of this aspect is to connect the topic sentence with the thesis statement. Finally, another feature is a transition – words and phrases that help readers sense a logical flow of ideas throughout the paper. In short, writers use transitions within and between paragraphs to create a logical flow of information and ideas.

Step 6: Referencing Format and Peer Reviewing

Besides ensuring the paper is written methodically and logically, students should see that it meets the highest academic writing standards. In this regard, they should ensure it follows after a particular format – APA, MLA, Harvard, or Chicago/Turabian. In most cases, the assignment prompt dictates the format that learners should use. Moreover, the referencing format informs about the structure of the paper and the format of citations. In turn, another essential activity that students should perform is to commit the paper to peer review. Here, authors give coursework papers to distinguished scholars, such as a professor or classmate, to assess the validity and quality of information used, including sources.

Step 7: Writing the Final Draft of a Coursework Paper

After subjecting the first draft to vigorous scrutiny through revisions, editions, and peer review, students should start writing the final draft of a coursework paper. Basically, this draft should be thoroughly polished, meaning it should be free of spelling, punctuation, and grammatical mistakes, as well as inconsistent arguments and irrelevant sentences. Moreover, it should indicate an effective use of transitions in the body paragraphs. In short, the final draft is an improved version of the first draft because writers have revised and edited it and incorporated feedback from a friend, mentor, or professor. However, they still need to read through the final draft, at least once, to ensure it is perfect before submission to the department. In turn, if students note several mistakes, it means another revision is necessary. Hence, the student’s focus should be the content, organization of ideas, style of writing, and format.

Types of Coursework

Given that coursework assignments test students’ level of understanding about a course’s content in a given semester, it means that it takes several forms. For example, these include a term paper, a Master’s thesis , a dissertation , or a report project. Ideally, the coursework is an essential requirement for a student to complete the course successfully. It also means the coursework is essential to be awarded a degree. In turn, the only difference between these types of coursework assignments is that they take a different approach to examining and analyzing a course content, with each subject taking a unique approach.

Coursework Writing Techniques

The dream of every student is to pass any assessment and attain a higher grade. In a coursework assignment, students can utilize different techniques to ensure they attain higher grades after assessments. As indicated earlier about the grading of coursework, learners should use an approach that they believe answers the assignment prompt methodically, logically, and critically. As a result, every technique they use must allow them to answer the question in a way that satisfies these three grading dimensions.

1. Compare and Contrast Technique

A compare and contrast essay technique is about analyzing two subjects, ideas, concepts, or theories by comparing them, contrasting them, or doing both. Basically, the purpose of answering a coursework assignment through this approach is that students must not state obvious things. Instead, they need to shed light on the subtle differences or unexpected similarities between subjects, ideas, concepts, or theories.

2. Cause and Effect Technique

A cause and effect essay technique allows writers to develop their paper’s body by analyzing the reasons for and the consequences of a decision, action, or event. When organizing a paragraph, students adopt a structure that allows them to arrange the causes and effects in a chronological or reverse chronological order. Alternatively, authors can present their arguments through emphasis, starting from least important to most important aspects, or vice versa.

3. Investigation Technique

An investigation technique involves undertaking an in-depth examination of a topic, idea, concept, or theory. Basically, this technique’s primary goal is to demonstrate that students have gained a thorough knowledge of the subject, which is indicated in their methodical, logical, and critical analysis and presentation of information. In this case, ensuring that research findings are interpreted and presented in an organized manner throughout the essay is critical. Ultimately, the technique enables writers to demonstrate their articulate understanding of the various viewpoints about the issue under investigation. 

How to Present Strong Arguments

For an academic paper to capture the audience’s attention and interest, students must not only develop a thesis statement but also ensure they use strong arguments to back up the central idea in the statement. Basically, the “they say, I say” technique is the simplest method to present arguments properly. In this regard, the information that the student uses in answering the coursework assignment prompt should be free of plagiarism. For instance, they need to cite sources properly. Then, another way to ensure that the writing is persuasive is to confirm that they have attained the required word count without counting footnotes, endnotes, references, and appendices. Ideally, selecting a topic that one is comfortable with and passionate about enables the writing to be high-quality in terms of argumentation. Also, students should discuss alternatives with their mentor or instructor. Finally, the thesis statement should not be complicated.

Major Mistakes in Courseworks

Students make different kinds of mistakes when writing academic texts. For example, a common mistake in coursework writing involves a scope, where students fail to focus on one area of the topic and instead tries to be broad in their argumentation. In this case, the problem with this approach is that they waste space talking about irrelevant material, leaving them with little space to write about the core idea. Also, the solution to this problem is to develop a thesis statement that sets out the paper’s specific agenda. In doing so, students can realize every time they go off-topic.

Another common mistake involves colloquialism, where students use a language that is not standard for academic writing. Basically, this problem is particularly common with students who become excited about the topic and try to express their ideas creatively. Moreover, the problem is that the coursework shifts from being evidence-based to a document about the student’s opinion. In turn, the solution to this problem is to pick a topic that is exciting and critically discussed in the literature. As a result, they can identify several sources that discuss the topic to use as bases for evidence of their claims and arguments about the topic.

Sample of a General Coursework Outline

The coursework paper adopts a typical outline, as indicated below:

• Table of Contents
• Abstract or Executive Summary
• Introduction
• Body Paragraph(s)
• Reference list

Reason for Similarity of a Coursework Assignment With a Research Paper

Ideally, the outline of a coursework assignment is similar to that of a research paper. In this case, an abstract serves as a brief overview of a research paper and informs readers of the writer’s focal points. More importantly, the coursework outline has a body, where writers use different paragraphs to make an argument about the topic. Also, each of the paragraphs begins with a topic sentence and ends with a concluding sentence. Like research papers, body paragraphs of a coursework assignment serve to cement the writer’s claims and arguments, which are linked to the thesis statement.

Summing Up on What Is a Coursework Assignment and How to Write a Paper

A coursework assignment is among the writing assignments that students in colleges and universities undertake in preparation for their degree. Unlike other papers, this assignment assesses students’ understanding of what they have learned in a course in a given semester. As such, students must complete and submit it before the semester closes. Moreover, the different types of coursework include essays, term papers, theses, dissertations, and report projects.

Students should master the following tips when it comes to writing a coursework assignment:

• Choose an exciting topic and stick to it. Basically, students come across tons of exciting information about their topic. However, to avoid going off-script, they should focus on their core subject and avoid the temptation of using data that may prove irrelevant.
• Use evidence (quotes and statistics) selectively. In this case, relevancy is a significant indicator of a high-grade paper. As such, where students are not going to refer to some data directly because it adds no value to their argument, they should avoid dwelling on it in their paper.
• Cite sources correctly. When citing sources, students should note the standards of the format in use – APA, MLA, Harvard, or Chicago/Turabian – as each has a unique approach.
• Revise, edit, and proofread the paper. In turn, high-quality coursework writing should be free of inconsistent arguments, irrelevant sentences, and spelling, punctuation, and grammatical mistakes.

To Learn More, Read Relevant Articles

How to cite a court case in mla 9: a simple guide with examples, how to cite a dissertation or thesis in chicago/turabian with examples.

Guidelines and steps for writing a coursework | Tips for good writing

What is a coursework and why to write a coursework.

A coursework is a written or practical work done by student in form of thesis, dissertation, project or paper as a part of course. This is often an essential requirement for being awarded a degree and counts towards successful completion of the course. A coursework is assessed by class instructors or by other teachers in the school. Many students cannot clearly define what is a coursework. In a nutshell, at the “A” and GSCE level , a coursework is written in the form of projects or essays. There are few guidelines and good practices which should be followed while writing a coursework. Perfect examples of a coursework include extended essay, field studies, practical activities, design studies and internal assessment test set. Conversely, each coursework have differing objectives from one course unit to another. In addition, a coursework may incorporate work for which the experiments, topics, themes or parameters of a project or essay have been designed by the teacher, or specified in the syllabus, or selected by the students themselves. Therefore, a coursework is presented in a form of a research assignment meant to reflect the understanding of topics and concepts by the student. Students can handle their coursework either at school under the controlled conditions in class sessions, and/or as homework.

Coursework writing varies from one subject to another as the need differs for each subject. For example, an English coursework differs from a geography coursework. Whereas the former requires the student to present coursework in an essay format where a student has to select a title of their choice. Whereas the latter highly focuses on collecting, and examining, inferring and reporting data, answering a certain geographical question. For example, in English coursework, a student is often assigned to choice of themes or text excerpt to write on a format of their choice. One can either employ a comparison approach or the cause-effect method. Conversely, coursework in subjects, such as geography coursework, requires scholars to conduct investigations. For example, students can explore on the desert features, river formation or usage of social facilities such as halls, schools and hospital and report the findings.

Some rules & guidelines for writing a coursework

So how to start a coursework? Just like any other academic piece, there are some rules and guidelines that determine what makes a coursework good and exceptional. It is significant for scholars to consider all the following points for writing a coursework to score good grade and avoid having their paper disqualified:

• Students are not allowed to seek help from the instructors or from fellow students unless it is a group coursework or instructed. Though, an instructor is only permitted to deliver directions on how to handle a coursework paper as well as pointing out specific areas that are critically checked by examiners.
• Students should avoid plagiarism. It is a rule that is considered as a serious academic offense if committed. Under this rule, a student is expected to submit an original work written and not copied from other source. This is checked by using various softwares that checks for plagiarism. Therefore, students should make sure there work is their own words by signing a declaration asserting that it is your own piece of work. Buying coursework is also an offense if it is discovered.
• Also, a student has to confirm the word count on their paper to ensure it has the instructed word limits without the consideration of the appendices, references and footnotes.
• Students have to be keen and careful when they are selecting the topics to avoid writing on a wrong topic that is not covered in the coursework. A topic already covered should also be checked or discussed with concerned faculty before writing.

 All these rules are constantly restated in coursework prompts and rubrics to ensure one does not derail and violate them when they are figuring out on how to start a coursework.

Deciding good topic for a coursework

The capability to choose a good topic to write on is a vital skill in coursework writing. All the work and efforts will revolve around the chosen topic. If given the liberty to choose, then the topic should be something you would love to write about.

• Sometimes instructors can assign you to handle a specific topic, but often, as a writer, you are required to develop or select a topic that interests you is the one you may enjoy writing about. For example, you may decide to settle on a topic from either an area you understood well in the syllabus or from an area in the course that you enjoyed.
• However, before deciding on your topic, you need to examine whether you can control, measure and change the topic by conducting a fair taste. It is advisable not to select topics that appear ambiguous or which have a wider scope as it might affect the developing of a precise thesis statement, as they make it difficult to reach the word limit as well as failing to satisfy the topic. Also, students are allowed to seek guidance and assistance on choosing suitable topic to write in a situation where you are not sure on what to write about. For example, you can check previous assignments done by other students to get idea about their approaches on particular topics.

Steps for writing a coursework

• Before writing a coursework, a student has to plan based on duration and the materials needed and as instructed in coursework tips. Concerning the deadline, a student must not wait until the last-minute for the paper to start writing. Last minute rush in completing a paper can cause students to make common grammar mistakes that will affect their final grade.
• Deadlines are normally indicated in all the  coursework assignments and a student has to understand when the deadlines are due for the final assignments as well as time for submitting a first draft for comments from your teacher.
• Proper time planning will spare you plenty of time to make corrections based on teacher’s remarks, as well as creating time for final editing and proofreading.
• To achieve this, you have to set up your own deadlines that are far or within the actual deadline to ensure you complete your coursework writing in time.
• Research is about collecting significant and supporting literature from both primary and secondary sources. You will be required to collect data and know methods of data collection as a part of this step. Conducting surveys and preparing good questionnaires will be a much needed skill in many cases.

• The actual writing of your paper commences after gathering sufficient data that will do justice to the topic.
• Student has to write down the paper structure before writing. Though, the outline provided in the essay instructions where students are expected to follow.
• A standard essay format comprises of an introduction, body and conclusion.  In particular, structure planning in important for big projects, because there is a likelihood of having disorganized and waffling writing since it entails a lot of information to convey that needs to be arranged. This has a significant impact on your data analysis and presentation.
• Consequently, one has to perfect their writing abilities to produce a high quality paper that bases around the standard essay format. For complex projects in science, you need to be more analytical and interpretive to get the accurate inferences of the data collected in your writing.
• In addition, you look for a quiet and conducive environment that is free from unnecessary distractions to earn the greatest concentration required for thinking and writing. Switching off TV  and logging out from all social media accounts help in reducing external distractions.

Supporting Materials – deal breaker for writing a coursework 

Supporting materials are defined as the evidencing materials that are included in the writing to reinforce the theories explained. For example table, graphs, charts, and images are mostly applicable and relevant in subjects such as geography and sciences. Supporting materials are written in the appendix part of a paper to avoid cluttering of information in the main part of the paper. For instance, the coursework focus is survey oriented, you could put the raw survey responses, survey templates, questionnaires, in an appendix and present the analysis and discussions in the main body of the coursework.

Finalizing Your Coursework

The steps on how to finish a coursework is easy as it necessitates one to edit their papers prior to the submission. Prior to the submission, students would have time to proffered and confirm features such as word count, word choice, grammar errors, spellings as well as the punctuation mistakes. It is advisable to carry out a manual proofreading as the modern spell checking and grammar checking software can overlook some common mistakes. Importantly, a student is required to include in-text citation according to the writing style used. A well-written coursework is thought-provoking, enjoyable for the reader and enhances the reader’s knowledge.

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Meaning of coursework in English

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• academic year
• access course
• Advanced Placement
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• immersion course
• on a course
• open admissions
• the national curriculum
• work placement

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acting or speaking together, or at the same time

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• Conjunctions
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COURSES in a Sentence Examples: 21 Ways to Use Courses

Want to enhance your writing skills? Consider taking writing courses! These specialized classes offer structured lessons and guidance to help improve your writing abilities.

Courses dedicated to writing cover various topics such as grammar, storytelling, and creative writing techniques. By enrolling in these courses, you can receive valuable feedback from instructors and peers, ultimately honing your writing craft. Whether you are a novice looking to learn the basics or a seasoned writer hoping to refine your skills, writing courses can provide the knowledge and practice needed to elevate your writing to the next level.

Table of Contents

7 Examples Of Courses Used In a Sentence For Kids

• Courses help us learn new things.
• We take different courses to improve our skills.
• In school, we have many courses to study.
• Courses can be fun and interesting to learn.
• We should pay attention in our courses .
• Teachers help us understand our courses better.
• Let’s work hard in our courses and do our best!

14 Sentences with Courses Examples

• Courses on personal finance management are crucial for college students to develop effective money management skills.
• The university offers a wide range of courses in the humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences for students to choose from.
• Some courses require students to complete internships or fieldwork to gain practical experience in their chosen field.
• Students can enroll in online courses to supplement their classroom learning and gain additional knowledge on specific subjects.
• The engineering department offers specialized courses in areas such as aerospace, civil, and mechanical engineering.
• Courses in entrepreneurship and innovation are becoming increasingly popular among college students looking to start their own businesses.
• Students who are interested in pursuing a career in healthcare can take courses in anatomy, physiology, and medical terminology.
• Taking courses in foreign languages can help students improve their communication skills and expand their cultural knowledge.
• The university’s mentorship program pairs students with industry professionals to provide guidance and support throughout their courses .
• Courses in data analytics and machine learning are essential for students looking to pursue a career in the field of artificial intelligence.
• Students can participate in workshops and seminars to supplement their courses and gain practical skills relevant to their field of study.
• The university library offers a wide selection of books and resources to help students with their courses .
• Courses in film production and cinematography are popular among students interested in pursuing a career in the entertainment industry.
• The university offers courses in Indian history, culture, and art to help students gain a deeper understanding of their heritage.

How To Use Courses in Sentences?

Courses are units of study undertaken by students to gain knowledge in a specific subject. When mentioning a course in a sentence, it should be written with a capital letter at the beginning, for example: “I am taking a course on history this semester.”

To correctly use Courses in a sentence, always include the name of the course and any additional information to provide context. For instance, “I completed the Biology course with an A grade.”

When referring to multiple courses in a sentence, use the plural form by adding “-s” at the end of the word. For example, “I am enrolled in three courses this semester.”

If more information is needed about the course , such as the level, department, or institution offering it, include these details in the sentence. For example, “I am taking an advanced French course at the university.”

Using Courses in a sentence should be clear and concise to effectively communicate the specific course being referenced. Make sure to double-check the spelling and grammar of the sentence to convey your message accurately.

In conclusion, sentences with courses showcase the variety of educational opportunities and subjects available for individuals to pursue their interests and enhance their skills. Whether it’s through traditional classroom instruction or online platforms, these courses offer a range of study options, from academic disciplines to practical skills training. Students can enroll in courses tailored to their specific goals, whether it be for personal enrichment or professional advancement.

By exploring sentences with courses, one can gain insight into the diverse learning possibilities that exist in today’s educational landscape. The availability and accessibility of these courses provide individuals with the flexibility to customize their learning journey and expand their knowledge in a convenient and fulfilling way.

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Coursework in a sentence

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• bail  (180+23)
• storm  (159+53)
• wharf  (102+2)
• affidavit  (55+1)
• children  (292+89)
• skunk  (45+1)
• graph  (213+4)
• belong  (183+23)
• courtesy  (285+10)
• purse  (238+22)
• nourish  (91+4)
• outrageous  (163+5)
• outcry  (141+4)
• incriminate  (24+1)
• nephew  (149+5)
• burrow  (97+8)
• annex  (74+2)
• conceptual  (210)
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• Resume and Cover Letter
• How to Include Relevant...

How to Include Relevant Coursework on a Resume (with Examples)

13 min read · Updated on September 11, 2023

If you are a recent graduate struggling with a lack of work experience, knowing how to include relevant coursework on a resume can be one of the best ways to create a more compelling resume narrative.

One thing that many recent college graduates have in common with one another is a general lack of work experience. That lack of experience can sometimes make it difficult for them to construct a resume that sells their potential to be the best candidate for a job. Fortunately, there are ways to still create a strong and compelling resume, even without experience. For example, did you take classes that might be relevant to the position? If so, including relevant coursework on your resume may be the perfect solution to your resume challenges.

In this post, we will explain how you can identify relevant coursework and where it should be listed in your resume. We will also include several examples of relevant coursework on a resume so that you can see the best options for using these details to strengthen your job search efforts.

What is relevant coursework?

Of course, when we talk about relevant coursework, we are talking about those classes and educational activities that have direct relevance to the position you are seeking. The first thing you need to recognize is that many of the classes you took during your college career will not need to be included in your resume. After all, most degrees require that students complete any number of basic foundational courses that will have little if any relation to their chosen job — at least from a resume standpoint. 

So, what types of classes, achievements, and activities should you focus on as you identify suitable courses to add to your resume? While this sounds like a simple question, it actually requires some serious thought and evaluation. Fortunately, there are some basic rules that you can follow as you make that determination. Below are just some of the potentially relevant things that you might want to include in your resume: 

Coursework that demonstrates that you have a foundation of knowledge in a required aspect of the job you are seeking. For example, if communication skills are needed for the position, you should include courses that focused on business communications, writing, etc.

Projects that are related to particular job skills. For a marketing position, you should include any marketing-related projects you completed during your studies. Or you could include research projects you engaged in if you are seeking a job where research skills are essential.

Academic achievements can also be included, including notably high GPA scores or awards you received. Also, be sure to include any related extracurricular activities. That could include everything from clubs to sporting activities if they helped you develop skills that would be useful for the job.

Again, do not include coursework that has no bearing on the job at hand. This will require you to carefully consider each course to determine its relevance. One way to do that is to read the job posting and select keywords and phrases of import that seem to be describing the skills or educational qualifications needed for the job. Then go through your coursework and try to match courses to those skills. As you do so, remember that some basic courses like those involving communication—both written and verbal—may be included, since communication is one of those soft skills that every company values .

You can learn more about the difference between hard and soft skills by reading our excellent article, Key Differences Between Hard Skills and Soft Skills . A better understanding of those critical soft skills can help to ensure that you don't underestimate the value of any of your classes. There's a great chance that you have more marketable soft skills than you realize! 

When should you include relevant courses on your resume?

Before you add your job-related classes to your resume, you should decide whether it is necessary. For example, you can almost certainly benefit from including your relevant coursework on your resume if: 

You recently graduated from school or are beginning the process of looking for a job because you are close to graduation. Students and recent graduates typically have little or no real job experience to highlight skills. Fortunately, their studies and project assignments will likely have helped them to develop important skills that they can highlight in their resumes.

Your educational achievements are necessary to qualify for the position you are seeking. In those instances, your prospective employer will be interested in knowing that you have fulfilled those requirements and have the basic knowledge needed for the position.

There may also be times when you need to include coursework even after you have been in the workforce for some time. For example, if you are switching careers and your current work experience does not include the skills needed for your new job, that may not matter as much if you can show that your studies prepared you for the role. 

Including coursework related to your minor

As you select relevant coursework for your resume, don't forget to consider courses of study related to your minor too. Hopefully, you will have selected a minor that is at least tangentially related to your desired career path. If so, then chances are that some of the courses you completed may have some relevance that can translate to a useful resume listing. For more information about minors and when they can be added to your resume, read How to Include a Minor on Your Resume .

When should I take coursework off my resume?

Obviously, there will be times when you should forgo any mention of your courses in your resume. Some examples of situations where you might not need to list your specific coursework include:

When your coursework is not really relevant to the position you seek. Including irrelevant coursework could actually distract from your important skills and experiences.

Situations in which coursework was completed so long ago that the information is no longer useful. For instance, many technology-related courses can lose their value over time. Other examples include old marketing courses and other educational achievements that involve skills that have evolved rapidly in recent years.

If your resume is already filled with enough work experience and skills that there is no need or room for specific course details. Remember, you want to add your courses to enhance your value as an employee. If adding a particular course does nothing more than add length to the resume, skip it. 

Where should relevant coursework be listed in your resume?

In most resumes, the coursework should be placed in the education section, with a subheading titled “Relevant Coursework.” When creating this part of the education section, you should insert the subheading under the name of your degree, with a list of the courses you studied. For example:

Bachelor's in [Name of Degree]

[College Name, City, Graduation Date]

Relevant Coursework: [Course 1], [Course 2], [Course 3], [Course 4], [Course 5]

Alternatively, you can also opt to show your courses in a bullet-point list if your resume is short and you need to fill more space. You can even elaborate on each course with a few words to describe the skills you learned in class. For example:

Relevant Coursework:

If you have no actual work experience, you may even want to consider using your education section as a substitute for that experience section. If you choose that option, you may want to place the education section closer to the top of your resume and flesh out each course in the same way you would detail a job listing in your work experience section. That means using detailed descriptions that include quantifiable results highlighting your achievements.

Key tips to remember when listing relevant coursework

Before we show you some examples of how to list relevant coursework on your resume, there are a few tips that can help to ensure that your final product is as compelling as possible. By incorporating these ideas into your resume creation process, you can more effectively make that all-important great first impression on any hiring manager.

Only list relevant coursework if you lack sufficient work experience to meet the job requirements.

Always make sure that the courses you list highlight skills and knowledge needed for the position. If a course has nothing to do with your chosen line of work, it has no place in your resume.

Relevant courses may be related to hard and soft skills.

If you choose to use descriptions for each course, use that as an opportunity to insert relevant keywords from the job description. This can be a great way to ensure that your resume can get past any applicant tracking system .

Always proofread your entire resume to eliminate spelling mistakes, punctuation and grammar errors, and style or formatting discrepancies.

Make sure that you tailor your resume to fit the job you want. Since you will likely be applying for different jobs during your job search, you may need to modify your educational coursework details to align with the needs of each position.

Do not forget to include important skill information in your coursework descriptions. Again, try to use those job description keywords.

If you are maintaining an updated resume throughout your educational career, be sure to continually edit your resume as your coursework evolves over time. This can make it easier to keep it updated and can save you some time when your job search begins.

3 Examples of relevant coursework on a resume

In this final section, we will explore some different examples to show you how you can successfully incorporate relevant coursework into your resume. We have included a couple of examples of the most basic listing options, as well as an expanded sample that enables you to provide more details and skills. You can refer to these samples and use them as guides as you create your own relevant coursework section.

Example #1: The Basics

Bachelor's in Information Technology

My College, Anytown 2022

Relevant Coursework: Cyber Security 101, Business Intelligence, Application Development, Networking and Telecom, Artificial Intelligence

This simple listing would be a good option for anyone who has at least some relevant work experience but who still needs an additional boost to meet the job requirements. In this case, the job seeker's coursework listing is presented in a minimalist format, documenting the specific courses and areas of focus—but without any other information about those studies.

Example #2: Bulletpoint List of Courses

Cyber Security 101

Business Intelligence

Application Development

Networking and Telecom

Artificial Intelligence

This option is similar to the first example but presents the classes and areas of focus as separate bullet points. This provides additional emphasis for each area of study, while also taking up a bit more space in the resume. This can be a great option if your resume is a little short and you need to expand the content.

Example #3: Detailed Format

My College, Anytown

Completed in 2022

Certified Cyber Security Expert, skilled in protecting data, information, and infrastructure.

Coursework included training on risk analysis, threat mitigation, compliance assurance, and cloud security.

Completed multiple projects and research assignments designed to test knowledge and adaptability to various types of cyber threats.

 Business Intelligence

Business analytics certificate, training focused on data interpretation and communication to resolve business problems with a data mindset.

Course included 3 projects testing analytical skills using hypothetical business challenges based on real-world business scenarios.

 Application Development

Courses focused on the development of software coding skills used for web application creation, troubleshooting, and debugging.

Final course project involved the creation of an independent web app to streamline online sales processes for a test company.

Training focused on routing, packet switching, and cybersecurity needs.

Spent eight weeks as a volunteer networking intern for a local ISP, receiving hands-on training from experienced networking professionals.

AI and machine learning studies, emphasizing tech integration into business processes, impact on sales and marketing, and ethical concerns.

Conducted study for the course final, evaluating potential AI benefits for enhanced marketing in the digital age and impact on online sales.

This more detailed example is a superior option for those who have no work experience and need their educational credentials to highlight their skills. In this sample, each area of interest is accompanied by bullet point details describing the types of courses studied and the lessons or skills developed during those classes. In addition, bullet points are added to highlight specific achievements, describe studies and real-world application of skills, and demonstrate competency in the subject matter.

This type of format can enable your coursework section to serve as a replacement for work experience if you have never been employed. When used for that purpose, you can expand on each course listing to include additional skills and keywords from the job post. Simply add new bullet points where needed to flesh out each area of emphasis.

Again, if you choose to replace your work experience section with this relevant coursework section, make sure that you move this section closer to the top of your resume so that it receives more prominence. Basically, if your strongest selling point is your education, then make sure that your important courses are one of the first things that a prospective employer sees. Also, you may want to highlight your educational qualifications in your resume summary so that the reader expects to see those coursework details.

Don't underestimate the power of a well-crafted and compelling resume

Finally, it is important to reiterate just how vital it is that your resume makes the best possible impression. When you approach the labor market with little or no work experience, you are usually already at a competitive disadvantage. There will almost always be someone else who has a similar level of skill and educational background, as well as real-world experience. To compete against a qualified rival, you need a resume that can effectively sell you as the best candidate for the job.

For recent graduates and job seekers moving to entirely new careers, a lack of relevant work experience can be a major impediment to landing job interviews and employment offers. One way to overcome this obstacle is to learn how to use relevant educational coursework on your resume to highlight your qualifications and skills. Hopefully, this post and its resume examples can provide you with the inspiration and help you need to translate your educational experience into a compelling resume narrative. Fortunately, there are ways to ensure that your resume effectively positions you to have the best chance at landing any interview and job. To make sure that your resume is up to par, get a  free resume review  today. And if you really want to be sure that your resume is ready for prime time, take a few moments to discover just how easy it is to get professional resume assistance from our team of experts!

Recommended Reading:

What Should I Say About My Education On My Resume?

Ask Amanda: What's the Best Way to List Education on a Resume?

14 Reasons This is a Perfect Recent College Grad Resume Example

Related Articles:

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How to Create a Resume With No Education

From Bland to Beautiful: How We Made This Professional's Resume Shine

See how your resume stacks up.

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Learn more about Grammar:

How to use "of course" in a sentence.

We use of course to refer to things that are obvious or already known to the speaker and listener, or to everybody:

'A tropical climate is, of course, very humid, so we sweated all the time.'

We use of course when a situation or piece of information is not surprising:

'Our car broke down on the way to the station so, of course, we missed the train and had to buy new tickets. It cost us £80!'

We use of course to mean ‘yes’ when we are giving permission to someone to do something:

A: Can I borrow your newspaper for a minute?

B: Of course. Go ahead.

Warning: We don’t use of course when we answer a question and give the listener information they do not already know. This can sound impolite. Instead, we use the same verb in our answer that was used in the question:

A: When you were in London, did you go to any shows?

B: Yes, we did. We went to three.

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Jennifer Crumbley's lawyer blasts prosecution's narrative, seeks leniency in sentence

In the court of public opinion, Jennifer Crumbley is a damned woman.

For raising a school shooter. For being a cold mom. For not crying enough or crying too much. For booze bingeing, having an affair and loving horses — more than her family in the prosecutors' telling — and not being home enough for her child.

It's a narrative the prosecution has hammered away at for more than two years, though the embattled mother's lawyer and family are trying to dispel that image as they plead for a judge to show mercy when she sentences Crumbley for her role in the 2021 Oxford High School shooting committed by her son.

Crumbley and her husband, James, are the first parents in America to be held criminally responsible for a school shooting by their child. They are to be sentenced Tuesday for their separate convictions on four counts of involuntary manslaughter — one for each classmate their son murdered.

In a rare and unconventional request, defense attorney Shannon Smith has offered to let her client live in her guest house — on a tether — to spare her from going to prison.

Jennifer Crumbley is not the woman the prosecution has portrayed her to be, Smith argues, and has suffered enough already: She has been locked up for 23 hours a day for more than two years, with no contact with her son or husband.

"The victims and their families have suffered beyond what words can explain," Smith argues in her sentencing memo but adds: "Mrs. Crumbley has also suffered significantly."

Defense lawyer: Jennifer Crumbley 'in reality has lost everything'

She lost her family life, home, career, reputation, many friends and most notably, her son: Ethan Crumbley, who was 15 when he carried out his massacre, pleaded guilty to his crimes and is serving a life sentence without the possibility of parole.

"She in reality has lost everything," Smith maintains. "And she is saddled with extra baggage knowing the horrific acts her son did to others and always second guessing every choice she made as a parent."

She added: "Mrs. Crumbley’s son is, in reality, gone forever."

And locking up his mother doesn't change anything or fix anything, Smith argues, maintaining Jennifer Crumbley can work remotely while on house arrest, and will not have any contact with the victims or their families.

"Further prison time does nothing to protect society — Mrs. Crumbley is not a threat to the community," Smith wrote, adding: "Putting Mrs. Crumbley in prison does nothing to further deter others from committing like offenses. There is no person who would want the events of November 30, 2021, to repeat themselves."

'A sexist and misogynistic attack on a mother'

And despite what the prosecution has said about Jennifer Crumbley — her lawyer and family maintain — she was a loving and involved parent who monitored her son's studies, enrolled him in multiple sports, taught him to ski, took him on trips, camping, kayaking, bragged about and posted his artwork on social media, and was the breadwinner who worked two jobs to meet her family's needs.

"Criticizing Mrs. Crumbley for being 'rarely home' is a sexist and misogynistic attack on a mother. It’s certainly not criminal, nor would it be expected to lead to criminal behavior by a child, particularly when it was a two-parenthousehold where Mr. Crumbley mostly worked from home — and was very close to home — even when he was DoorDashing in between jobs," wrote Smith, who also scoffed at the prosecution's claim that Jennifer Crumbley has shown "a complete lack of remorse by minimizing any role she had in the matter."

"The fact of the matter is that Mrs. Crumbley did have a minimal role in the matter," Smith wrote in her sentencing memo, which echoed the arguments she has made all along: What happened to the Crumbleys could happen to any parent in America.

In the end, Smith argues, the Crumbleys were manipulated by a teenage son who hid his dark side from his parents and later from school officials, revealing it only after committing his act of terror that no one, she stressed, saw coming.

"Any gross negligence on her part can only be found to be parenting mistakes that any parent could make," Smith wrote. "The shooter manipulated his parents to buy a gun, made detailed plans to commit a school shooting that he kept from his parents — even according to his own admission at his sentencing — found the hidden weapon where his father had stored it, stole the weapon, took it to school, was confronted about concerning drawings, liedeffectively enough to convince school officials it was really a non-issue, and chose to open fire on his classmates and teachers."

Smith argued that while Jennifer Crumbley "obviously never shot or killed anyone," the actions or inactions that she is criticized for "are easily actions any parent could take, especially when dealing with a child who has never exhibited disciplinary issues or mental health issues to them, aside from typical arguments between parents and teenagers over little things like missing school assignments."

An Oakland County jury, however, disagreed, and convicted her in February of four counts of involuntary manslaughter, concluding her actions and inactions caused the deaths of four students murdered by her son.

On Tuesday, Jennifer and James Crumbley will learn their fate before Oakland County Circuit Judge Cheryl Matthews, who will sentence them for their part in the deaths of Tate Myre, 16; Hana St. Juliana, 14; Madisyn Baldwin, 17, and Justin Shilling, 17 .

Jennifer Crumbley's family rallies for leniency

Each count carries a potential prison sentence of up to 15 years, though the sentences are expected to be served concurrently.

The prosecution, in sentencing memos filed last week , sought 10- to 15-year prison sentences for both Crumbleys. Both Crumbleys are asking to be sentenced to time served.

In an 80-page sentencing memo filed late Friday, Jennifer Crumbley's lawyer, mom, dad, pastor and several other relatives pleaded with the judge to show Jennifer Crumbley mercy, maintaining she is not the neglectful mother as she has been portrayed.

"Contrary to how the prosecution and media depicted Jennifer, Ethan was the focus of her life," her father, a retired schoolteacher in Florida, wrote in a letter to the judge, stressing that his daughter "was absolutely distraught" after the shooting.

"She was devastated that people were hurt and killed, scared and appalled by what Ethan did, worried about him, terrified by threats and the public's outrage with her," the father's letter states, noting he has spoken to his daughter numerous times during her incarceration. "I can hear in her voice how this has taken an emotional and mental toll on her health. She has undeniably suffered and been punished."

Mother: Jennifer Crumbley wishes 'she were the one dead'

In closing, the father, whose name was blocked out in the letter due to continued fears for his safety, pleaded with the judge: "I am requesting that you can find it in your heart to extend some mercy."

Jennifer Crumbley's mother, also a former schoolteacher, asked for the same, stressing that her daughter — and the entire family — is heartbroken over the tragedy.

"She has spent countless hours on the phone with us devastated, crying hysterically and wishing she were the one dead, not the children," her mother wrote, noting this has taken an especially hard toll on her, given her job as a teacher.

"All of us still cannot reconcile with what Ethan did," Jennifer Crumbley's mother writes in her letter. "Jennifer, along with us, will never be the same. We will have to live the rest of our lives heartbroken for the families, community and for the students and staff for the excruciating pain Ethan has caused."

Her mother added, "She was so paralyzed with fear, and for the first time in her life, she did not have a safe place to go. We were the ones recommending for her to take the money out of the bank, so she could stay safe until they both turned themselves in the morning with their attorneys."

This latter comment challenges the prosecution narrative that the Crumbleys emptied their bank accounts after the shooting because they were fleeing to avoid prosecution, a particularly sore point with the defense.

Jennifer Crumbley's parents also told the judge that their daughter could live with them in Florida, should she be sentenced to house arrest.

'Mrs. Crumbley was damned no matter what she did'

In her sentencing memo, Smith rehashed much of the trial, and held strong to her defense that Jennifer Crumbley never saw any signs that her son was mentally struggling, that he would ever hurt himself or anyone else and that she never knew of his plan to shoot up his school. She especially lashed out at the prosecution for its handling of the case from the get-go, alleging it made up a story that her client was fleeing, when, she maintains, that wasn't the case, then portrayed her client as a horrible mother.

"(T)he prosecution repeatedly characterized and continues to present Mrs. Crumbley as a selfish, callous, evil person and horrible mother who '… prioritize[ed] her own convenience over the safety to everyone in the school that day,' " Smith writes. "Mrs. Crumbley was damned no matter what she did or did not do."

For example, Smith argues, Jennifer Crumbley's reaction to the tragedy was criticized "at every turn" during trial.

"The prosecution certainly tried to convey that Mrs. Crumbley did not care enough about what was going on, that she did not cry enough, and that she did not behave the way a mother of a school shooter would behave — despite the fact that there really is no formula about how a mother of a school shooter would behave after such a shocking and disturbing event was committed by their child," Smith wrote "Ironically, as trial progressed, when Mrs. Crumbley did cry, watching the videos of her son’s horrific actions for the first time, the prosecution objected that 'she was crying.' "

Smith also sought to explain her client's testimony at trial, when Jennifer Crumbley told the jury that looking back, she would not have changed anything. Smith said her client was referring to what she knew before the shooting — that she would not have acted differently because she had no idea her son was planning to shoot up the school.

Lawyer: Of course shooter's mom would do things differently

In hindsight, however, Smith stressed that Jennifer Crumbley would have done a lot of things differently — which Jennifer Crumbley also stated in an interview with state officials preparing her presentencing report.

“At trial, when I was on the stand I was asked if I would have done anything differently, I testified that I would not have — and that is true without the benefit of of (sic) hindsight that I have now. With the information I have now, of course my answer would be hugely different. There are so many things that I would change if I could go back in time," Jennifer Crumbley said in the interview.

Smith argued that by expressing grief for herself or her family, Jennifer Crumbley "is taking nothing from thevictims in this case."

"It is possible to be sad for the victims AND the Crumbleys," Smith writes. "While this is a situation that has always been certain to end in disappointment for everyone, there is nothing that can rewind the events of November 30, 2021, which created irreparable damage, unimaginable loss and a nightmare that will continue for eternity."

Two juries, however, have sided with the prosecution's assessment that the Crumbleys ignored a child who was mentally spiraling, bought him a gun instead of getting him help and never disclosed that gun to the school when given the chance.

"The prosecution has put on a narrative that they are righteous and virtuous throughout this case. As they have done this, they have misled the public and the media from the beginning of this case and through trial," Smith wrote, noting her client will appeal her conviction.

A look at Jennifer Crumbley's life in jail

Among those who hoped Jennifer Crumbley would be exonerated is her former cellmate, a young woman who shared a cell with Crumbley for 17 months.

"I loved Jenn from the moment we met," the former cellmate wrote the judge.

According to her letter, when she arrived at the Oakland County jail, she was 18, the youngest inmate at the jail. Jennifer Crumbley greeted her with a basket containing snacks and other items. The woman said she did not know what to think of the woman at first — she had friends who were affected by the tragedy at Oxford High, and she knew of Jennifer Crumbley only from the news.

But Jennifer Crumbley quickly became her mother figure, a woman who supported her when she got teased by other inmates, despite the taunts she put up with in jail herself. She recalled seeing inmates scream threats toward Jennifer Crumbley, and Crumbley walking over to an inmate one day "in tears and expressed how sorry she was and how she wishes she could change everything her son had done."

During their time in jail together, the woman said Jennifer Crumbley — who promised the young woman's mother she would look after her — colored with her, taught her how to cook, held her as she cried and tried to help her through difficult times.

For the cellmate's mother, this meant everything, as she also wrote the judge a letter, to let her know about the Jennifer Crumbley who she believes saved her daughter's life. The two women's names also were withheld.

"Mrs. Crumbley was there for my daughter when I could not be," the mother wrote. "If not for Mrs. Crumbley, I know my beautiful daughter would have tried to attempt suicide many times. ... I love her with all my heart."

Contact Tresa Baldas: [email protected] .

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Breakpoints in responsive design.

April 5, 2024 2024-04-05

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In This Article:

Grids, layouts, and responsive design, what are breakpoints, four common breakpoints, examples of breakpoints in use, tips for designing with breakpoints.

Both grids and layouts are essential components of  responsive web design . In responsive design, the design adapts and reacts to device characteristics and screen sizes.  

Grids provide an organized way to efficiently create layouts in web and mobile designs. A grid is made up of columns, gutters, and margins that provide a structure for the layout of elements on a page.

A layout refers to how the different content and UI elements that make up a page are positioned on a screen. Layouts allow designers to utilize the space available on a screen or device to make the design and content most meaningful for users.  

Grids are the structure that layouts are designed on. In addition to grids, breakpoints are fundamental in creating responsive designs.

Breakpoints are the building blocks of responsive design. They allow designers to adjust the layout to fit the needs of various screen sizes and devices.

A breakpoint defines a screen size where the design should adjust to a different layout.

 Technically, a breakpoint is a specific screen size. When a window size hits that specific value, (for example, when because the user resized their browser window), the layout will change.

In practice, however, designers tend to use the word “breakpoint” to refer to the screen-size range (minimum and maximum width) for which a specific layout will be shown, because that is what they have to specify in media queries.  For example, a desktop breakpoint might range from 1200px to 1400px — meaning that the desktop layout will be shown on any screen with the width in that range.

The more breakpoints you have, the more your design will be able to adapt to granular screen-size variations properly and gracefully. However, having many layouts corresponding to a plethora of screen sizes may not work in practical situations, where design resources are limited. In practice, designers usually accommodate only 2–3 breakpoints.

Typically, designers will consider designing for 4 basic breakpoints.  We use T-shirt sizing (small, medium, large) as there is no specific standard for each size. As mentioned previously, each breakpoint usually contains a minimum and maximum width that is customizable to fit the design’s layout needs. (A starting point for determining the exact values for these breakpoints would be to analyze the range of devices that your audience uses when accessing your site and then establish the breakpoints so you optimally accommodate the more common display sizes.)

• Extra-small: This range is intended for mobile and generally is up to 500px (if you include the device when in landscape orientation). A 4-column grid is commonly used at this breakpoint size.
• Small: This range accounts for tablet devices and ranges from 500 px to 1200 px. An 8-column grid is commonly used at this tablet size.
• Medium: This range is meant for laptop devices and typically ranges from 1200 px to 1400px. A 12-column grid is generally used at this size.
• Large: This range considers the large external monitor size and is 1400px and larger. The 12-column grid is generally continued at this size.

Layout Changes

 The following layout changes commonly occur when shifting between breakpoint sizes:

• Different navigation: For example, the left navigation may collapse under a hamburger icon when transitioning from a medium to small or extra-small breakpoint.
• Collapsing columns: A right column, if present, may collapse into the main content area or become available elsewhere.
• Different amounts of visible content: Layout columns may increase or decrease, resulting in more or fewer elements (cards, files, products, etc.) in a given row.

Example 1: Web to Mobile

Warby Parker is an eyewear brand. Its responsive website used a column grid to create an attractive visual experience.

At the medium screen size, 3 consistently sized columns made up the grid structure, and elements were aligned to and within these columns. On mobile (small screen size), Warby Parker’s 3-column grid reflowed into a one-column grid structure.

Example 2: Desktop to Laptop

On IBM’s website, the left navigation was visible by default in the layout corresponding to the large screen sizes, but at medium screen sizes, it was collapsed under a hamburger icon in the top bar.

Example 3: Desktop to Tablet

Our third example is from Airbnb, a travel-booking site. At the large screen size, both a list of properties and a map with their locations were displayed on the screen. At the small size (corresponding to tablet devices), the list became the default display and the map was hidden behind a button.

Breakpoints are fundamental to responsive design and to creating usable layouts and experiences.

Define Your Breakpoints

If you don’t already have breakpoints determined, take some time to set them up. Think about the common ranges discussed above and refine them as needed. Decide on a sensible naming convention (like T-shirt sizing) that can adapt if you need to change your breakpoints. For example, if you discover that most of your mobile users now use larger smartphones, you may need to adjust your breakpoints for mobile to accommodate these larger display sizes.

Involve your development team in defining your breakpoints, because that team will set up the website's breakpoints.

If you’re working with an existing website, the breakpoints will most likely be established. In this case, take time to understand the different breakpoints so you can design layouts appropriately.

Design with Breakpoints in Mind

Once you have your breakpoints defined, think through how the design (including content) will flow and rearrange at these different sizes. Ask yourself:

• Is there something that your users need to know at a particular size?
• Are those crucial pieces of information easily available in the layout, at that size ?
• Is there anything that needs to change from the standard flow of content and layout?

For example, at the extra-small size (mobile), space is limited. Collapsing a left navigation under a hamburger icon will allow the user to focus on important content.

Or, if at large screen sizes, your main call to action was in the rightmost column, will this still be accessible on mobile, if your columns are stacked? Creating an exception from regular column stacking to make the call to action more discoverable (for example by making some preceding content collapsible under accordions) may be needed. These kinds of questions will help you decide how the layout will change from breakpoint to breakpoint. Once you created and tested your design, communicate to developers how the design will change based on the established breakpoints.

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Jennifer Crumbley's lawyer seeks leniency ahead of sentencing: She's 'also suffered significantly'

DETROIT — Jennifer Crumbley's lawyer has asked a judge to allow the mother of the Oxford High School shooter to serve her involuntary manslaughter sentence under house arrest instead of going to prison, reiterating that Crumbley's criminal prosecution has painted a misleading narrative.

Crumbley and her husband, James, are the first parents in America to be held criminally responsible for a school shooting by their child. They are to be sentenced Tuesday for their separate convictions on four counts of involuntary manslaughter — one for each classmate their son murdered.

In a rare and unconventional request, defense attorney Shannon Smith has offered to let her client live in her guest house — on a tether — to spare her from going to prison.

Jennifer Crumbley is not the woman the prosecution has portrayed her to be, Smith argued, and has suffered enough already: She has been locked up for 23 hours a day for more than two years, with no contact with her son or husband.

"The victims and their families have suffered beyond what words can explain," Smith said in her sentencing memo but added: "Mrs. Crumbley has also suffered significantly."

Defense lawyer: Jennifer Crumbley 'in reality has lost everything'

Her son, Ethan Crumbley, who was 15 when he carried out his massacre, pleaded guilty to his crimes and is serving a life sentence without the possibility of parole. "She in reality has lost everything," Smith said. "And she is saddled with extra baggage knowing the horrific acts her son did to others and always second guessing every choice she made as a parent."

She added: "Mrs. Crumbley’s son is, in reality, gone forever."

And locking up his mother doesn't change anything or fix anything, Smith argued, maintaining Jennifer Crumbley can work remotely while on house arrest, and will not have any contact with the victims or their families.

"Further prison time does nothing to protect society — Mrs. Crumbley is not a threat to the community," Smith wrote, adding: "Putting Mrs. Crumbley in prison does nothing to further deter others from committing like offenses. There is no person who would want the events of November 30, 2021, to repeat themselves."

'A sexist and misogynistic attack on a mother'

Despite what the prosecution has said about Jennifer Crumbley, her lawyer and family maintain that she was a loving and involved parent who monitored her son's studies, enrolled him in multiple sports, took him on trips, and bragged about and posted his artwork on social media. She also was the breadwinner who worked two jobs to meet her family's needs.

"Criticizing Mrs. Crumbley for being 'rarely home' is a sexist and misogynistic attack on a mother. It’s certainly not criminal, nor would it be expected to lead to criminal behavior by a child, particularly when it was a two-parent household where Mr. Crumbley mostly worked from home — and was very close to home — even when he was DoorDashing in between jobs," wrote Smith, who also scoffed at the prosecution's claim that Jennifer Crumbley has shown "a complete lack of remorse by minimizing any role she had in the matter."

"The fact of the matter is that Mrs. Crumbley did have a minimal role in the matter," Smith wrote in her sentencing memo, which echoed the arguments she has made all along: What happened to the Crumbleys could happen to any parent in America.

In the end, Smith argues, the Crumbleys were manipulated by a teenage son who hid his dark side from his parents and later from school officials, revealing it only after committing his act of terror that no one, she stressed, saw coming.

"Any gross negligence on her part can only be found to be parenting mistakes that any parent could make," Smith wrote. "The shooter manipulated his parents to buy a gun, made detailed plans to commit a school shooting that he kept from his parents — even according to his own admission at his sentencing — found the hidden weapon where his father had stored it, stole the weapon, took it to school, was confronted about concerning drawings, lied effectively enough to convince school officials it was really a non-issue, and chose to open fire on his classmates and teachers."

Smith argued that while Jennifer Crumbley "obviously never shot or killed anyone," the actions or inactions that she is criticized for "are easily actions any parent could take, especially when dealing with a child who has never exhibited disciplinary issues or mental health issues to them, aside from typical arguments between parents and teenagers over little things like missing school assignments."

But an Oakland County jury disagreed and convicted her in February of four counts of involuntary manslaughter , concluding her actions and inactions caused the deaths of four students murdered by her son. On Tuesday, Jennifer and James Crumbley will learn their fate before Oakland County Circuit Judge Cheryl Matthews, who will sentence them for their part in the deaths of Tate Myre, 16; Hana St. Juliana, 14; Madisyn Baldwin, 17, and Justin Shilling, 17 .

Jennifer Crumbley's family rallies for leniency

Each count carries a potential prison sentence of up to 15 years, though the sentences are expected to be served concurrently.

The prosecution, in sentencing memos filed last week , sought 10- to 15-year prison sentences for both Crumbleys. Both Crumbleys are asking to be sentenced to time served.

In an 80-page sentencing memo filed late Friday, Jennifer Crumbley's lawyer, mom, dad, pastor, and several other relatives pleaded with the judge to show Jennifer Crumbley mercy, maintaining she is not the neglectful mother as she has been portrayed.

"Contrary to how the prosecution and media depicted Jennifer, Ethan was the focus of her life," her father, a retired schoolteacher in Florida, wrote in a letter to the judge, stressing that his daughter "was absolutely distraught" after the shooting.

"She was devastated that people were hurt and killed, scared and appalled by what Ethan did, worried about him, terrified by threats and the public's outrage with her," the father's letter states, noting he has spoken to his daughter numerous times during her incarceration. "I can hear in her voice how this has taken an emotional and mental toll on her health. She has undeniably suffered and been punished."

Jennifer Crumbley's mother, also a former schoolteacher, asked for the same, stressing that her daughter — and the entire family — is heartbroken over the tragedy.

Her mother added, "She was so paralyzed with fear, and for the first time in her life, she did not have a safe place to go. We were the ones recommending for her to take the money out of the bank, so she could stay safe until they both turned themselves in the morning with their attorneys."

This latter comment challenges the prosecution narrative that the Crumbleys emptied their bank accounts after the shooting because they were fleeing to avoid prosecution.

Jennifer Crumbley's parents also told the judge that their daughter could live with them in Florida, should she be sentenced to house arrest.

'Mrs. Crumbley was damned no matter what she did'

In her sentencing memo, Smith rehashed much of the trial, and held strong to her defense that Jennifer Crumbley never saw any signs that her son was mentally struggling, that he would ever hurt himself or anyone else, and that she never knew of his plan to shoot up his school. She especially lashed out at the prosecution for its handling of the case, alleging it made up a story that her client was fleeing and then portrayed her client as a horrible mother.

"(T)he prosecution repeatedly characterized and continues to present Mrs. Crumbley as a selfish, callous, evil person and horrible mother who '… prioritize[ed] her own convenience over the safety to everyone in the school that day,' " Smith writes. "Mrs. Crumbley was damned no matter what she did or did not do."

For example, Smith argues, Jennifer Crumbley's reaction to the tragedy was criticized "at every turn" during the trial.

"The prosecution certainly tried to convey that Mrs. Crumbley did not care enough about what was going on, that she did not cry enough, and that she did not behave the way a mother of a school shooter would behave — despite the fact that there really is no formula about how a mother of a school shooter would behave after such a shocking and disturbing event was committed by their child," Smith wrote. "Ironically, as trial progressed, when Mrs. Crumbley did cry, watching the videos of her son’s horrific actions for the first time, the prosecution objected that 'she was crying.' "

Smith also sought to explain her client's testimony at trial, when Jennifer Crumbley told the jury that looking back, she would not have changed anything. Smith said her client was referring to what she knew before the shooting — that she would not have acted differently because she had no idea her son was planning to shoot up the school.

Lawyer: Of course shooter's mom would do things differently

In hindsight, however, Smith stressed that Jennifer Crumbley would have done a lot of things differently — which Jennifer Crumbley also stated in an interview with state officials preparing her presentencing report.

“At trial, when I was on the stand I was asked if I would have done anything differently, I testified that I would not have — and that is true without the benefit of (sic) hindsight that I have now. With the information I have now, of course my answer would be hugely different. There are so many things that I would change if I could go back in time," Jennifer Crumbley said in the interview.

Smith argued that by expressing grief for herself or her family, Jennifer Crumbley "is taking nothing from the victims in this case."

"It is possible to be sad for the victims AND the Crumbleys," Smith writes. "While this is a situation that has always been certain to end in disappointment for everyone, there is nothing that can rewind the events of November 30, 2021, which created irreparable damage, unimaginable loss and a nightmare that will continue for eternity."

Two juries have sided with the prosecution's assessment that the Crumbleys ignored a child who was mentally spiraling, bought him a gun instead of getting him help and never disclosed that gun to the school when given the chance.

"The prosecution has put on a narrative that they are righteous and virtuous throughout this case. As they have done this, they have misled the public and the media from the beginning of this case and through trial," Smith wrote, noting her client will appeal her conviction.

Contact Tresa Baldas: [email protected] .

Contributing: Thao Nguyen, USA TODAY