empirical political analysis quantitative and qualitative research methods pdf

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Empirical political analysis: Quantitative and qualitative research methods, ninth edition

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Empirical Political Analysis introduces readers to the foundations of social science research. Organized around the stages of the research process, this textbook prepares readers to conduct both quantitative and qualitative research, from the formation of theory through the design of research projects, to the collection of data and the analysis of results. It offers a clear and concise presentation of basic concepts and tools that can be applied in a wide range of research settings and highlights ethical conduct in the research process. It will help you both to achieve sound results in your own research and to critically evaluate research presented by others. Key features: ● Offers comprehensive coverage of quantitative and qualitative research methods in political science – this book is one of the key texts in the field of political research methods since it was first published over 25 years ago. ● Covers the research process from start to finish—hypothesis formation, literature review, research design, data gathering, data analysis, and research report writing. ● Includes in-depth examples of political science research to give discipline-specific instruction on political analysis. ● Features a "Practical Research Ethics" box in every chapter to make students aware of common ethical dilemmas and potential solutions to them. ● Includes learning goals, key terms, and research examples to help students engage and explore the most important concepts. New to this edition: ● Updated and international case studies. ● New material on understanding research design – what constitutes a sound research design and how this contributes to being able to justify research findings.

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• General Psychology
• General Social Sciences

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• Qualitative Research Medicine & Life Sciences 100%
• quantitative research Social Sciences 86%
• edition Social Sciences 78%
• qualitative method Social Sciences 75%
• research method Social Sciences 69%
• qualitative research Social Sciences 67%
• research process Social Sciences 35%
• research planning Social Sciences 30%

T1 - Empirical political analysis

T2 - Quantitative and qualitative research methods, ninth edition

AU - Rich, Richard C.

AU - Brians, Craig Leonard

AU - Manheim, Jarol B.

AU - Willnat, Lars

N1 - Publisher Copyright: © 2018, 2016, 2011, 2008, 2006 Taylor and Francis.

PY - 2018/1/1

Y1 - 2018/1/1

N2 - Empirical Political Analysis introduces readers to the foundations of social science research. Organized around the stages of the research process, this textbook prepares readers to conduct both quantitative and qualitative research, from the formation of theory through the design of research projects, to the collection of data and the analysis of results. It offers a clear and concise presentation of basic concepts and tools that can be applied in a wide range of research settings and highlights ethical conduct in the research process. It will help you both to achieve sound results in your own research and to critically evaluate research presented by others. Key features: ● Offers comprehensive coverage of quantitative and qualitative research methods in political science – this book is one of the key texts in the field of political research methods since it was first published over 25 years ago. ● Covers the research process from start to finish—hypothesis formation, literature review, research design, data gathering, data analysis, and research report writing. ● Includes in-depth examples of political science research to give discipline-specific instruction on political analysis. ● Features a "Practical Research Ethics" box in every chapter to make students aware of common ethical dilemmas and potential solutions to them. ● Includes learning goals, key terms, and research examples to help students engage and explore the most important concepts. New to this edition: ● Updated and international case studies. ● New material on understanding research design – what constitutes a sound research design and how this contributes to being able to justify research findings.

AB - Empirical Political Analysis introduces readers to the foundations of social science research. Organized around the stages of the research process, this textbook prepares readers to conduct both quantitative and qualitative research, from the formation of theory through the design of research projects, to the collection of data and the analysis of results. It offers a clear and concise presentation of basic concepts and tools that can be applied in a wide range of research settings and highlights ethical conduct in the research process. It will help you both to achieve sound results in your own research and to critically evaluate research presented by others. Key features: ● Offers comprehensive coverage of quantitative and qualitative research methods in political science – this book is one of the key texts in the field of political research methods since it was first published over 25 years ago. ● Covers the research process from start to finish—hypothesis formation, literature review, research design, data gathering, data analysis, and research report writing. ● Includes in-depth examples of political science research to give discipline-specific instruction on political analysis. ● Features a "Practical Research Ethics" box in every chapter to make students aware of common ethical dilemmas and potential solutions to them. ● Includes learning goals, key terms, and research examples to help students engage and explore the most important concepts. New to this edition: ● Updated and international case studies. ● New material on understanding research design – what constitutes a sound research design and how this contributes to being able to justify research findings.

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Doing Qualitative Research in Politics pp 1–14 Cite as

Introduction: Doing Qualitative Research in Politics: Building Theory and Formulating Policy

• Angela Kachuyevski 3 &
• Lisa M. Samuel 4  
• First Online: 06 March 2018

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Within the social sciences, a robust epistemological debate exists over how the study of social phenomena should be conducted in order to build empirical understanding and theoretical knowledge, and to inform policy making. In political science the result has been a tendency toward quantitative analysis, including large-n studies and formal models, given their purported relative strength in external validity. Qualitative researchers have been counseled to approximate the “scientific” approach, defined as following the conventions of quantitative models as closely as possible. Yet, many contextual and process-oriented research questions within political science are not conducive to quantitative analysis. In this introductory chapter, Kachuyevski and Samuel present the conceptual framework of the book, outlining both the validity and the utility of in-depth qualitative analysis, particularly in policy-relevant research.

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Given the scope of this work, while we make this acknowledgment we do not engage with this debate.

We use the term “politics of knowledge ” to refer not simply to the so-called quantitative/qualitative divide, but also to the politics associated with the use by researchers of one approach versus the other, and the corresponding effect this may have on their advancing in academe. As Yanow and Schwartz-Shea ( 2006 ) quite rightly note, for junior faculty who conduct qualitative research, there are problems of publication and tenure and promotion; for all faculty, problems may arise in the form of contentions with departmental colleagues who do not value qualitative research and who are resistant to hiring new faculty with qualitative orientations. However, given the parameters of this project, we will not engage with this latter aspect of the politics of knowledge.

Indeed, feminists using this approach have been inspired to do so when they seek to get away from existing theoretical accounts of the matter at hand. In so doing, they work within a broad, non-specific theoretical framework that may include influences from postpositivist, critical, and/or queer theories, among others (Ackerly and True 2010 ).

Ackerly, Brooke A., and Jacqui True. 2010. Doing Feminist Research in Political and Social Science . Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.

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Arcadia University, Glenside, PA, USA

Angela Kachuyevski

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Kachuyevski, A., Samuel, L.M. (2018). Introduction: Doing Qualitative Research in Politics: Building Theory and Formulating Policy. In: Kachuyevski, A., Samuel, L. (eds) Doing Qualitative Research in Politics. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72230-6_1

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Introduction to Political Science Research Methods - 1st Edition

(4 reviews)

Josh Franco, Rancho San Diego, CA

Charlotte Lee, Berkeley, CA

Kau Vue, Fresno, CA

Publisher: Academic Senate for California Community Colleges

Language: English

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Reviewed by Eliot Dickinson, Professor, Western Oregon University on 4/5/24

I can compare it to a major research methods textbook that I used for years. That book has 15 chapters, while this one has ten, which is actually more conducive to the 11-week quarter system still found on the West Coast. read more

Comprehensiveness rating: 4 see less

I can compare it to a major research methods textbook that I used for years. That book has 15 chapters, while this one has ten, which is actually more conducive to the 11-week quarter system still found on the West Coast.

Content Accuracy rating: 5

The book is factually accurate, free of significant errors, and objective in its analysis.

Relevance/Longevity rating: 5

This text can be used for years, as the examples and cases are relevant for our times.

Clarity rating: 5

The text is written in a way that the average college freshman will be able to understand.

Consistency rating: 5

The text is consistent from chapter to chapter, from beginning to end, with a glossary of key terms at the end of each chapter.

Modularity rating: 5

The text is broken up into very readable chapters that are not overwhelming. Students will appreciate this aspect of the text, since it is succinct and offers units of reasonable length.

Organization/Structure/Flow rating: 5

It is organized like most other research methods textbooks. It includes opening chapters on the history and development of political science, so that it can also be used in a "Scope and Methods of PS" course.

Interface rating: 5

The text is easy to navigate with both a brief table of contents and a detailed table of contents, and the images and charts are clear throughout.

Grammatical Errors rating: 4

It reads well although there there is a typo in the first paragraph of the first page and another typo on the third page. It would be helpful to correct these in future editions.

Cultural Relevance rating: 5

The text is culturally and politically correct. It's perfectly accessible to everyone.

This is a valuable contribution to higher education and, being an open resource, is helpful to students.

Reviewed by Hakseon Lee, Professor, James Madison University on 3/23/24

Most materials that are supposed to be taught at an introductory political science research methods are covered. Quantitative analysis section is relatively short, but considering it is an "intro" textbook, it's understandable. BTW Including Ch. 9... read more

Most materials that are supposed to be taught at an introductory political science research methods are covered. Quantitative analysis section is relatively short, but considering it is an "intro" textbook, it's understandable. BTW Including Ch. 9 Research Ethics is very helpful for students understand research on “human subjects” more in depth.

Overall, explanations of abstract and complex concepts are well presented. The concepts and definitions provided in the glossary are accurate as well.

The textbook is written for undergraduate political science major students, and the level of complexity is quite relevant to them. Research methods materials are not fast changing subject and the textbook’s contents have longevity.

The textbook is written very clearly and easy to understand. After each chapter, summary of each subsection in chapters are provided in a very succinct and clear way, and I believe the summary sections are beneficial to students

Even though the textbook is written by several authors, they followed the same format of each chapter: providing clear learning objectives, summary, review questions, critical thinking questions, suggestions for further study, and references. Students will not be confused at all reading chapter by chapter.

Having total of 10 chapters, the textbook can be easily used module by module structure. Each chapter has subsections which have clear learning objectives, and this will be helpful for instructors who plan to use the textbook sequentially.

Overall organization and structure follow conventional existing textbooks’ organization/structure. Majority of undergraduate research methods class are taught from history and development of research methods to quantitative analysis step by step, and the textbook follows the usual organization/structure.

The book is very much reader friendly. Table of contents are very well organized and readers can have an easy overlook of the textbook.

Grammatical Errors rating: 5

I have not found significant or consistent grammatical errors at all.

Introducing diverse coauthors with cartoon images at the beginning of the textbook is helpful for students to learn about diverse authors. Also, examples used have diverse backgrounds.

Reviewed by Huei-Jyun Ye, Assistant Professor, Wabash College on 10/23/23

This textbook covers the scientific method of studying politics, theory and hypothesis building, conceptualization and operationalization, elements of research design, qualitative methods, quantitative methods, and research ethics. For the very... read more

This textbook covers the scientific method of studying politics, theory and hypothesis building, conceptualization and operationalization, elements of research design, qualitative methods, quantitative methods, and research ethics. For the very intro level (for freshmen or sophomores), this textbook will serve well. For advanced undergraduate courses, this textbook lacks an introduction to specific research methods like surveys, experiments, case comparisons, etc. This textbook touches a little bit on qualitative and quantitative approaches but does not explain the methods political scientists use. I feel this is a tradeoff for an introduction textbook. Instructors who are seeking materials explaining methods will need to find other supplements. Other than that, I would recommend using this book to explain the process of doing political science research.

The explanations of political science research methods are spot-on and comprehensible. I do not find big mistakes in the chapters.

I believe we can use this textbook for a long time as most of the concepts are standards of the field. Some examples address timely concerns that political scientists have been working on. The studies referred to in the textbook are also not obsolete.

The textbook is overall clear and easy to read. The authors make good efforts to explain the jargon in plain language. For example, when introducing conceptualization and operationalization, the author asks questions as if they were students and provides answers to explain the ideas. Different from throwing all the jargon and definitions to readers’ faces, students may find this conversation style more accessible.

The authors do a good job of setting a tone for this textbook, even though it is written by multiple authors. Each chapter starts with an outline, followed by content, glossary, summary, review questions, and suggestions for further study. Readers can expect all these elements in every chapter.

The chapters can be easily turned into sequential modules. What is even better is that the authors provide learning objectives for each section, not just for chapters. This design makes it easier for instructors to break down each chapter into smaller tasks. Students can know what to expect or take away from the subsections in each module. The summary and review questions at the end of each chapter also serve as a good wrap-up for individual modules.

The organization of the chapters is logical and straightforward. The subsections within each chapter are well-connected. Students would not have any problem building up their understanding of the research inquiry process when they read over the textbook.

The Introduction to Political Science Research Methods is reader-friendly. I have no difficulty in following the sections, and the formatting, including figures and tables, does not go off the place. Also, the PDF keeps the bookmarks so that readers can clearly see the structure on the sidebar and jump to different sections easily.

I do not notice major grammatical errors.

This book uses studies on various topics and has broad cultural implications. I appreciate that the examples and studies that the authors choose to demonstrate how to do political science research cover diversity and equity in society. The authors also present different schools of view without imposing a specific paradigm on the readers.

I recommend this book.

Reviewed by Lindsay Benstead, Professor of Politics & Global Affairs, Portland State University on 8/12/23

This textbook covers topics in a comprehensive overview of methodology used in Political Science. It is suitable for an introductory course (e.g., 100-200 level), in that it covers the 'History and Development of the Empirical Study of Politics,"... read more

Comprehensiveness rating: 5 see less

This textbook covers topics in a comprehensive overview of methodology used in Political Science. It is suitable for an introductory course (e.g., 100-200 level), in that it covers the 'History and Development of the Empirical Study of Politics," which includes basic facts about the history of the field of Politics. It then covers topics in quantitative and qualitative analysis. Importantly, it includes a section on ethics.

In my review of the textbook and use in designing a new course, I found the information presented in the textbook to be accurate.

Since this textbook covers foundational topics in research methods, it is likely to remain relevant for a decade or more.

This textbook is written in a clear way that will be understood by students in introductory political science methods courses (e.g., 100-200 level). This is not to say that more advanced students would not benefit from reading this textbook, but only if they are undergraduate or graduate students just beginning their study of research methods in the field.

This book is internally consistent. In addition to content in each chapter, it includes m/c questions, open-ended questions, and resources for further study. These are presented at the end of each chapter in such a way that they can consistently be assigned to students on a weekly basis and used in the preparation of exams and quizzes.

Each chapter is broken up into multiple sections, making it easy for instructors to present the material in modular and easily digestible ways.

The book is well organized, proceeding in a logical way from introductory material through quantitative topics, followed by qualitative methods and research ethics.

The pdf interface is easily navigated.

There are not grammatical errors in the book that I noted.

The textbook has several authors. The authors provide cartoon images of themselves. The group of authors come from diverse backgrounds, making the book more likely to help students from diverse backgrounds know that Political Science is their field of study.

Table of Contents

• About the Authors
• History of this OER
• Table of Tables
• Table of Figures
• Chapter 1- Introduction
• Chapter 2- History and Development of the Empirical Study of Politics
• Chapter 3- The Scientific Method
• Chapter 4- Theories, Hypotheses, Variables, and Units
• Chapter 5- Conceptualization, Operationalization, Measurement
• Chapter 6- Elements of Research Design
• Chapter 7- Qualitative Methods
• Chapter 8- Quantitative Research Methods and Means of Analysis 
• Chapter 9- Research Ethics
• Chapter 10- Conclusion

Ancillary Material

• Academic Senate for California Community Colleges

About the Book

Welcome to the official website for  Introduction to Political Science Research Methods  and  Polimetrics: A Stata Companion to Introduction to Political Science Research Methods  workbook!

Introduction to Political Science Research Methods,  authored by Dr. Josh Franco, Dr. Charlotte Lee, Kau Vue, Dr. Dino Bozonelos, Dr. Masahiro Omae, and Dr. Steven Cauchon, is an Open Education Resource textbook licensed CC BY-NC that surveys the research methods employed in political science. The textbook includes chapters that cover: history and development of the empirical study of politics; the scientific method; theories, hypotheses, variables, and units; conceptualization, operationalization and measurement of political concepts; elements of research design including the logic of sampling; qualitative and quantitative research methods and means of analysis; and research ethics.

Polimetrics: A Stata Companion,  authored by Dr. Josh Franco, is an Open Education Resource workbook licensed CC BY-NC and designed as a Stata companion to  Introduction to Political Science Research Methods . This workbook provides a tour of the Stata software, an introduction to cross-sectional, time series, and panel data, and an introduction to a variety of models. I review models where the outcome is linear, binary, ordinal, categorical, and count. Additionally, I have an interpretation chapter on survival models.

About the Contributors

Dr. Josh Franco, Cuyamaca College, Political Science: Josh Franco is a full-time, tenure-track Assistant Professor at Cuyamaca College in east San Diego County, California. He holds a Ph.D. and M.A. in Political Science, B.A. in public policy, and A.A. in economics and political science. Dr. Franco has five years of experience working in the California State Government and U.S. House of Representatives. Additionally, he was recently published in the peer-reviewed Journal of Political Science Education.

Dr. Charlotte Lee, Berkeley City College, Political Science: Charlotte Lee is full-time faculty at Berkeley City College. She teaches courses in political science and global studies. She has conducted fieldwork in Eastern Europe and China, culminating in several peer-reviewed publications in comparative politics, and will draw on that research in writing OER materials on qualitative research methods. Dr. Lee has participated in several Peralta district wide OER workshops. In February 2019, she co-facilitated an ASCCC OER Task Force webinar on resources in political science. Her Ph.D. is in political science from Stanford University.

Kau Vue, M.A. M.P.A., Fresno City College, Political Science: Kau Vue is an instructor of political science at Fresno City College in Fresno, California. She holds an M.A. in political science, a Master’s in Public Administration (M.P.A.) and a B.A. in political science and economics.

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Empirical Political Analysis: International Edition 9th Edition

Purchase options and add-ons.

Empirical Political Analysis introduces readers to the foundations of social science research. Organized around the stages of the research process, this textbook prepares readers to conduct both quantitative and qualitative research, from the formation of theory through the design of research projects, to the collection of data and the analysis of results. It offers a clear and concise presentation of basic concepts and tools that can be applied in a wide range of research settings and highlights ethical conduct in the research process. It will help you both to achieve sound results in your own research and to critically evaluate research presented by others.

Key features:

• Offers comprehensive coverage of quantitative and qualitative research methods in political science – this book is one of the key texts in the field of political research methods since it was first published over 25 years ago.
• Covers the research process from start to finish―hypothesis formation, literature review, research design, data gathering, data analysis, and research report writing.
• Includes in-depth examples of political science research to give discipline-specific instruction on political analysis.
• Features a "Practical Research Ethics" box in every chapter to make students aware of common ethical dilemmas and potential solutions to them.
• Includes learning goals, key terms, and research examples to help students engage and explore the most important concepts.

New to this edition:

• Updated and international case studies.
• New material on understanding research design – what constitutes a sound research design and how this contributes to being able to justify research findings.
• ISBN-10 1138088765
• ISBN-13 978-1138088764
• Edition 9th
• Publication date June 11, 2018
• Language English
• Dimensions 7 x 0.9 x 10 inches
• Print length 398 pages
• See all details

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About the author.

Richard C. Rich, PhD, studies and teaches about environmental policy, public policy analysis, and research methods. He was Editor of the State University of New York Press Urban Public Policy book series that won the Aaron Wildavsky Award for Contributions to Policy Analysis. He was formerly Chair of the Department of Political Science, Director of the Center for Environmental and Energy Studies, and Director of the School of Public and International Affairs at Virginia Tech.

Product details

• Publisher ‏ : ‎ Routledge; 9th edition (June 11, 2018)
• Language ‏ : ‎ English
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• ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-1138088764
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Empirical Methods in Political Science: An Introduction

1 introduction, 1.1 what is political science.

This textbook focuses upon empirical methods used in political science. Before turning to the methods, it can be helpful to understand what political science is and what political science research can look like. Broadly, the discipline focuses on power and events throughout history. Some scholars focus on modern issues (e.g. Brexit) while others focus on historical ones (e.g. the New Deal in the U.S.). There are a variety of methods used and scholars are typically organized around the area/region they study. 1

1.1.1 Subfields in Political Science

There are four primary subfields in political science (although we can consider many subdivisions, additional groupings, and so on): comparative politics, American politics, international relations/world politics, and theory. For this text, we will focus on quantitative political science and so we will consider the first three subfields.

Comparative politics as a subfield focuses upon comparisons of countries or regions to one another. Typically, ‘comparativists’ have expertise that enables them to dig deeply into their region. However, the questions they ask are broadly relevant beyond the researcher’s region of expertise.

American politics focuses upon.…American politics. Here, scholars typically focus on behavior (e.g. voting), institutions (e.g. Congress), or history (American Political Development, a.k.a. ‘APD’). In other countries (e.g. Australia, Americanists are considered ‘comparativists’ ... so it’s all relative). Here, scholars typically focus on one of the approaches (e.g. institutions), but increasingly more scholars focus on both behavior and institutions, for example.

International relations , also known as IR or world politics, focuses on large-scale global questions. Questions here are often about trade, economic development, and/or political economy. There are different branches of IR. Focusing on the quantitative side, many IR scholars work with large datasets, perhaps only slightly more so than in other fields. Qualitative work, specifically, case studies, represents approximately 45% of the field as measured by ( Bennett, Barth, and Rutherford 2003 ) .

Methods Quantitative Methods is sometimes considered a subfield of political science and it is devoted to the development of quantitative methods, such as statistics, computational social science, and game theory. Methods scholars focus on tasks such as developing new methods for answering questions where previous ones had failed. For example, if you wanted to study something that either happens or doesn’t, then a regression wouldn’t be appropriate. You would need a new/different research method. Similarly, if you’re looking at something that unfolds over different stages, you might need to develop a strategic model to understand how the actors are incentivized to act.

1.2 Questions in Political Science

Questions in political science span the globe and often consider power: who has power, how that power is used and/or abused, and how power is specified. Here are a few questions that are or have been frequently studied: 2

Why are some countries democratic and others aren’t?

Does democratic rule make people better off? How?

What sort of political institutions lead to best outcomes?

What policies and institutions help diverse groups to live in peace?

What are causes of war? How can we prevent war?

What leads to cooperation between countries?

What are best ways to promote prosperity and avoid poverty?

Why do people vote and participate in politics as they do?

Is there a ‘resource curse’?

These are big questions. While progress has been made toward answering many of them, they are often so large and broad that a different interpretation can lead to a different finding: for example, what would be a best outcome for a political institution, Stability (and thus low turnover) or a responsive government?

As we go through the text, we’ll introduce different research questions and topics that span subfields and methods to demonstrate the range of political science research.

1.3 What are Empirical Political Science Methods?

In this textbook, we will focus on empirical research methods – meaning how political scientists use and think about quantitative data. These methods are how political scientists go from their initial question to being able to find an answer. They can be a regression/statistics, but they can also involve interviews, or mapping out social networks.

Political scientists use a range of methods to answer their research questions, with the key focus being whether the tool is appropriate for the job. Often, political scientists will specialize in one primary method, and receive training in a few others. This will shape how the researcher sees questions (for example, my own training is quantitatively-focused and so I tend to think about things from a quantitative mindset while a friend of mine has a qualitative background, so to her, she thinks about things like process as a key driver) and how that researcher is able to answer those questions.

1.3.1 Types of Methods

There are many types of methods used in political science. In the realm of quantitative political science, common methods include the following approaches listed below. There is one chapter that focuses upon techniques like interviews and participant observation, but the broad focus of the book is on quantitative data. Discussion about quantitative and qualitative methods is an important distinction within the discipline.

Surveys: Perhaps the most accessible or well-known approach. Surveys are questions asked of respondents. We will focus on how surveys are designed and how respondents are selected.

Experiments: Experiments are often described as the ‘gold standard’ for research and are common in many areas outside political science. In an experiment, there are frequently two groups that are identical to one another except that one group gets the ‘treatment’ and the other group does not. For example, one group might be exposed to a political ad of a certain type while the remaining group is not, to understand the connection between politics and emotions as in ( Karl 2019 ) .

Large N: In cases where there are a wealth of data, scholars may opt for statistical research. What this looks like can depend upon the size of the data.

Small N: Studies that have fewer observations or use approaches like interviews often focus on the mechanisms behind a process. For example, under what circumstances do institutions evolve and change? See: ( Mahoney and Thelen 2009 ; Ostrom 2015 ) .

Game Theory: In game theoretic approaches we represent the strategic choices actors make as a series of interdependent choices. There are frequently two key actors who must make decisions (such as cooperation or defection or the imposition of sanctions ( Pond 2017 ) ). These actions weigh the utility of certain choices dependent upon what and how their opponent(s) behave.

Social Networks: In social network research, it is the connections between individuals that become the items of interest. How do different actors relate to one another? How might information move around/through a community? These communities can be real (high school social networks, families) or virtual (who follows whom on twitter, whose work is cited by others).

Machine Learning: In this approach, very large datasets are used. Frequently, the aim is to discover patterns and connections in the data or to otherwise harness the power of many observations to discern the hidden order in the data.

1.3.2 Qualitative and Quantitative Political Science

Empirical research methods typically use quantitative data. These data are frequently numerical and can often show broad trends that are happening within the question of interest. Other scholars use qualitative methods. In a qualitative framework, the ‘data’ can be anything from noticing how spaces are shared by individuals at the Paris Climate Summit ( Marion Suiseeya and Zanotti 2019 ) to interviews ( Helmke 2005 ) . Often (but not always; see: Pearlman ( 2017 ) ) qualitative researchers work with fewer cases (small-n data) and quantitative researchers look at larger datasets (large-n data).

1.3.2.1 Multiple or Mixed Methods

Mixed or multiple methods refers to how many different approaches a scholar or scholars use in their analysis. Although they often specialize in one method, researchers may still combine methods – either through their own training and/or background – or through collaborating with others. For example, the use of experiments and surveys ( Teele, Kalla, and Rosenbluth 2018 ; Bonilla and Mo 2018 ) or interviews and observation ( Vargas 2016 ) ).

Both quantitative and qualitative approaches offer valuable insight into any given research question and there has been a bit of a divide that’s arisen within the discipline as technology evolves. With the increasing availability of quantitative data and low barriers to data gathering, it can be tempting to emphasize quantitative methods. Given the additional training often needed to hone and refine one’s skillset, individuals frequently rely on a primarily quantitative or qualitative approach. However, there is some movement toward what is termed a ‘mixed method’ or ‘multi-method’ approach in which both quantitative and qualitative data are used in a research project ( Seawright 2016 ) . As it will become clear at the end of the text, each method has advantages and disadvantages: combining methods can help leverage the strengths of each chosen method while minimizing the disadvantages when including a complementary method. Of course, this approach is not without a high cost – individuals must then be trained and proficient in multiple methods, something that can be challenging and time consuming.

Because of our (Clipperton et al) own background and training, we emphasize empirical approaches, but there are still many different ways to approach a question. A common trope regards advanced methodological training as equating to obtaining a hammer so that everything looks like a nail. Our hope is that you’ll develop an understanding of the different tools available in the political scientist’s tool kit so that you will be able to appreciate and interpret existing work while thinking critically about how to approach your own research questions. The research question itself can help you choose an appropriate method–rather than the reverse.

1.4 Scientific Method

Regardless of the question and the method, political scientists need a way to work through the evaluation of their question. For that, we will thank Karl Popper and his push not only for falsification but for urging that scholars have a method for their inquiry.

In this text, we rely on an adaptation of the scientific method. This is something we will use for each research article and every research proposal, so it’s important to understand each component fully. Below, we lay out the different elements of the scientific method. 3

Puzzle: This is the research question. It must be something that needs answered – often in the format, ‘research leads us to expect x, but we observe y’ or ‘here are two contradictory arguments, which is right?’ In any case, a puzzle is something that is not only unanswered, but interesting. It can somehow tell us about the world in a broader way, even if the question itself is quite narrow.

Theory: This is the explanation or answer to the question. Typically, you will have an outcome that you wish to explain with some important factor. In the following chapter, we’ll introduce theory more fully.

Hypotheses & Implications: while a theory is more broad and about the relationship of factors, hypotheses are often testable implications that stem directly from the theory.

Evidence/Test: evidence is how the authors support their theory and conclusions. It might be longitudinal data with a regression; it might be survey data with differences of means; it might be interview data. Here, you’ll explain how they are evaluating their argument.

Falsifiablity: Is it possible to disprove the theory? Sometimes articles might focus on a new paradigm for approaching a research area. These would not be falsifiable as they’re an approach or suggestion. Falsifiable questions can be proven wrong – for example, if I argue that voters prefer candicates who made a promise and kept it over those how made no promises or did not follow through, I could easily evaluate this with empirical evidence. Did voters elect someone who made promises over someone who did not? ( Bonilla 2022 ) .

Conclusions: This is what the study concludes – what are the major findings? Be specific about the findings and whether/how they generalize. For example, if the article is focusing on the 1980 Ugandan elections, what are the findings and what does that tell us overall?

Do I buy it?: This is where you’ll enter your critique of the article. You might wonder about the method they chose, how it was executed, or their particular case study. This is the point where you’ll describe your concerns and then evaluate whether the evidence presented is sufficient enough to overcome those objections.

Note that the scientific method is a helpful means to organize an article (minus the last element), but it’s an even more helpful way to organize your notes about an article. Using the scientific method can help provide a consistent, clear, organized structure that focuses on the essential elements of an article or book. In all but the last stage, you will want to be as objective as possible–laying out only the relevant elements/details. In the final portion, ‘do I buy it’, you will put down your critique. But to criticize something, you must first understand what is being argued.

1.5 What Can Research Tell Us?

When reading or conducting research, there are twin goals at play: the first is what relationships can be established in the research project/dataset itself; the second is how the question answered by the research project can speak about a broader population than just the data in the research project.

1.5.1 Support for hypotheses

This first component has to do with what can be established within the framework of the question and data. For example, suppose your research question has to do with political attitudes of young Americans. To answer this, you collect data from a random sample of Americans ( ch04 , ch05 ) your findings would pertain to your research question within your data. If you had a statistically significant relationship, you would find support for your hypotheses. If you failed to have a statistically significant relationship, you would not find support for your hypotheses. You would make conclusions about the individual data points within your dataset.

1.5.2 Generalizability

The second component has to do with how your research fits into a broader picture: what can your research tell us about young Americans and how does that fit into a larger context? Supposing you conducted your sample appropriately ( ch04 ), you would be able to speak to not only the individuals in your sample, but the population they are intended to represent. This is the important component of research and why we will spend a large amount of time discussing sampling approaches and appropriate methodology. While your sample of, say, 1600 data points may be interesting, it’s really only interesting in that it can tell us about the 327 million other data points we don’t know anything about.

1.6 Overview of the Textbook

The textbook proceeds with an introduction to theory and concept building, moves to an explanation of causal inference (how do we ‘know’ whether something is causal?), and then provides a quick introduction to data and hypothesis testing. Following that, each chapter is devoted to a particular research method used within political science: surveys, experiments, large N, small n, game theory, social network analysis, and machine learning. Each chapter follows a similar format and layout to help introduce the method, its advantages, disadvantages, and different applications.

A note about this textbook: in its creation, we have worked to balance our references across subfields (see next subsection) and the race and gender of cited scholars. Our aim is to provide a diverse look at political science, incorporating as many different perspectives as possible. We use a tool developed by Jane Sumner ( Sumner 2018 ) that came out of a project with ( Dion, Sumner, and Mitchell 2018 ) to evaluate the balance in each chapter in the textbook. ↩︎

thank you to Andrew Roberts whose original list has been adapted here ↩︎

These questions adapted from ( Clark, Golder, and Golder 2017 ) ↩︎

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2016. 'Qualitative Methods in Political Science', in: Handbook of Research Methods and Applications in Political Science, Edward Elgar Publishing, in press.

A qualitative method refers to the way of studying the social and political world that seeks to understand the meaning underlying an intention, action, object or phenomenon. In Political Science research, qualitative methods are usually contrasted with quantitative methods, which typically deal with large amount of data, using surveys and statistical methods, with the aim of establishing causal relationships between social phenomena. Given such differences, qualitative and quantitative methods have usually been conceived as two mutually exclusive modes of generating and analysing data. In this chapter, we challenge these assumptions, but argue that the most important distinction between different methods of analyses relates to the ontological and epistemological position they rely on, rather than the type of data they seek to analysis. We also outline examples of the use of qualitative methods in Political Science research to show that such methods cannot be associated with an 'anything goes approach'

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This essay reviews classic works on the philosophy of science and contemporary pedagogical guides to scientific inquiry in order to present a discussion of the three logics that underlie qualitative research in political science. The first logic, epistemology, relates to the essence of research as a scientific endeavor and is framed as a debate between positivist and interpretivist orientations within the discipline of political science. The second logic, ontology, relates to the approach that research takes to investigating the empirical world and is framed as a debate between positivist qualitative and quantitative orientations, which together constitute the vast majority of mainstream researchers within the discipline. The third logic, methodology, relates to the means by which research aspires to reach its scientific ends and is framed as a debate among positivist qualitative orientations. Additionally, the essay discusses the present state of qualitative research in the discipline of political science, reviews the various ways in which qualitative research is defined in the relevant literature, addresses the limitations and trade-offs that are inherently associated with the aforementioned logics of qualitative research, explores multimethod approaches to remedying these issues, and proposes avenues for acquiring further information on the topics discussed.

Qualitative Research in Political Science

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Shifting debates on what constitutes " science " reveal competing claims about methodology. 2 Of course, in its origin the term " science " means " knowledge, " and researchers obviously hold a wide spectrum of positions on how to produce viable knowledge. Within this spectrum, we compare two alternative meanings of science, advanced by scholars who seek to legitimate sharply contrasting views of qualitative methods. This comparison points to a sea change in political science methodology. 3 1 This article draws on the Introductions to Parts I and II of Brady and Collier, Rethinking Social Inquiry: Diverse Tools, Shared Standards, 2nd edn. (Lanham, MD.: Rowman & Littlefield, 2010). 2 Morgan (1996) provides a broad overview of rival views of science, encompassing the natural, biological, and social sciences. 3 For our own work, we share David Freedman's (2010a) view of plurality in scientific methods, and we also recognize social versus natural science as partially different enterprises. Yet the two can and should strive for careful formulation of hypotheses, intersubjective agreement on the facts being analyzed, precise use of data, and good

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