essay on kashmir ki sair

25,000+ students realised their study abroad dream with us. Take the first step today

Meet top uk universities from the comfort of your home, here’s your new year gift, one app for all your, study abroad needs, start your journey, track your progress, grow with the community and so much more.

Verification Code

An OTP has been sent to your registered mobile no. Please verify

Thanks for your comment !

Our team will review it before it's shown to our readers.

School Education /

Essay on Kashmir: History and Beauty in 600+ Words

Updated on
Jan 20, 2024

Essay on Kashmir for Students: Kashmir is a region situated between India and Pakistan in South Asia. It is believed that the name Kashmir originated from the word ‘Ka’ which means water, and ‘shimera’ to desiccate.

The story of Kashmir is complex and has historical, cultural, and political dimensions. Over the years, many rulers and empires, like the Mauryas , Kushans , and Mughals have influenced the paradise of the Earth. The region especially had the special influence of Mauryan ruler Ashoka who contributed to the cultural as well as the architectural heritage of the region.

Cultural Diversity of Kashmir

Kashmir is a region that has a rich history and ancient roots. The place has witnessed the rise and fall of many dynasties, such as the Mauryas , Kushnas , and Guptas . On top of that, these dynasties contributed to the cultural and geographic location of Kashmir, which includes the influence of the Silk Road and the blend of Hindu, Buddhist, and later Islamic influences.

Kashmir Issue

The dispute related to the sharing of borders didn’t stop after Independence. Whether it was India, Pakistan, or China, tensions related to the disputes of the region always created a heat of fire between the countries that led to wars. The list of some important wars are as follows:

1. First Indo-Pak War (1947-1948) : Fought for Jammu Kashmir shortly after India’s independence.

2. Sino-Indian War (1962): A conflict between India and China for the territorial region Aksai Chin.

3. The War of (1965): Fought mainly over Kashmir.

4. Kargil War (1999): A conflict between India and Pakistan in the Kargil district of Jammu and Kashmir.

Article 370 Scrapped

Geographically, Kashmir lies in the northwestern region of the Indian continent. Its total area is around 225,000 square kilometers, which is comparatively larger than the member countries of the United States.

Out of the total area, 85,800 square kilometers have been subject to dispute between India and Pakistan since 1947. It is important to note that the areas with conflict consist of major portions called the Northern, Southern, and Southeastern portions. The 30 percent of the northern part comprises Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan and is administered by Pakistan.

India controls the portion which is more than 55 percent of the area of the land. The area consists of Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh, Kashmir Valley, and Siachen Glacier which is located in the southern and southeastern portions of India. The area is divided by a line of control and has been under conflict since 1972.

Deepika Joshi

Deepika Joshi is an experienced content writer with expertise in creating educational and informative content. She has a year of experience writing content for speeches, essays, NCERT, study abroad and EdTech SaaS. Her strengths lie in conducting thorough research and ananlysis to provide accurate and up-to-date information to readers. She enjoys staying updated on new skills and knowledge, particulary in education domain. In her free time, she loves to read articles, and blogs with related to her field to further expand her expertise. In personal life, she loves creative writing and aspire to connect with innovative people who have fresh ideas to offer.

Connect With Us

25,000+ students realised their study abroad dream with us. Take the first step today.

Resend OTP in

Need help with?

Study abroad.

UK, Canada, US & More

IELTS, GRE, GMAT & More

Scholarship, Loans & Forex

Country Preference

New Zealand

Which English test are you planning to take?

Which academic test are you planning to take.

Not Sure yet

When are you planning to take the exam?

Already booked my exam slot

Within 2 Months

Want to learn about the test

Which Degree do you wish to pursue?

When do you want to start studying abroad.

January 2024

September 2024

What is your budget to study abroad?

How would you describe this article ?

Please rate this article

We would like to hear more.

Have something on your mind?

Make your study abroad dream a reality in January 2022 with

India's Biggest Virtual University Fair

Essex Direct Admission Day

Why attend .

Don't Miss Out

Our Contributors
For Submissions
Creative Commons
| Kashmir 2019 Siege |

V eteran civil rights activist and journalist Gautam Navlakha, who surrendered before National Intelligence Agency (NIA) in New Delhi on April 14 following a Supreme Court order on the Bhima-Koregaon case , has had a long and deep engagement with Kashmir.

As an activist and journalist, Navlakha has visited and worked in Kashmir for decades. Anyone who knows him in Kashmir knows how he’s always spoken out, and written about, their political and human rights. He’s also produced a body of work documenting the changing political situation and rights violations in Kashmir over the years. He’s also written extensively on the impact of heavy militarization on the economy and on the lives of people in Kashmir. Navlakha has equally been a part of many ground-breaking, fact-finding delegations and reports on Jammu and Kashmir, some of which are not available online.

While his writings on Kashmir largely focus on state violence and militarization in the region, his writings on the Maoist insurgency focus on both the sociology and organization of insurgency itself.

About a decade ago, I remember Navlakha speaking in a civil society seminar in Srinagar. The pain in his voice showed a rare concern and deep empathy for the struggles of people in Kashmir.

He also spoke about how it’s probably the only movement where so many people have suffered so much and over many decades without achieving anything substantial in return.

“I can’t understand why Kashmir doesn’t get anything concrete despite all the sacrifices people have made here over decades,” he said, wanting the people to also think about protecting their lives while also resisting abusive power. “You ask any sacrifice and people have made it here. You deserve a better future now.”

I’m reminded of what Belarusian writer Svetlana Alexievich, who was awarded the 2015 Nobel Prize in Literature, said in her moving Nobel Lecture which also sums up the sense of loss and pain in Kashmir.

“Suffering is our capital, our natural resource,” she said. “Not oil or gas – but suffering. It is the only thing we are able to produce consistently. I’m always looking for the answer: why doesn’t our suffering convert into freedom?”

Here’s a list of 10 essays by Gautam Navlakha on Kashmir, with short excerpts and online links to full essays, which were published in different publications, many of them in the reputed Economic and Political Weekly, dating back to the early 1990s.

10 Must-Read Essays on Kashmir by Gautam Navlakha

“Bharat’s Kashmir War” by Gautam Navlakha (EPW, December 21, 1991)

This paper attempts to clarify the Kashmir imbroglio by investigating its genesis in the context of the Indian state’s responses.

“In most Indian writings, however, the characterisation of the movement in Kashmir as communal and fundamentalist proceeds from the argument that the Kashmiri Pandits are being hounded out of Kashmir and since they do not share the desire for referendum the demand cannot be ‘nationalist’ since nationalism is a secular identity. The contrary is however true. Nationalism is not the opposite of religious identity. The point of commonality is not just the religious zeal.”

Bharat’s Kashmir War In the last two years a lot has been written on Kashmir. But arguments on all sides have been more in the nature of assertions rather than informed reasoning. J…

“Kashmir: At the Edge of the Possible” by Gautam Navlakha (Economic and Political Weekly, September 17, 1994)

“…since the Indian army cannot defeat militancy and because the government is not trying hard enough for a political solution, not even when political openings come its way, and with involvement of international agencies being increasingly perceived as the only way in which the Indian government can be dissuaded from persisting with its militaristic response to what has been and remains a political problem, the prospect of peace without the association of Hurriyet to work out the framework and modality of a referendum remains remote.”

Kashmir At the Edge of the Possible Kashmir: At the Edge of the Possible Gautam Navlakha The emergence of the militant organisation Harkatul Ansar holds the prospect of mindless violence of a kind one sees in Afghanistan, but the blame for this must rest squarely on the government, on its total lack of foresight.

“India Turns Clock Back” Back by Gautam Navlakha (EPW, May 22, 1993)

“It needs reiteration that chauvinism and anti-Muslim prejudice all over India found sustenance in lies about destruction of temples in Kashmir or in ignorance of the facts of Kashmiri Pandit migration from the valley which actually accelerated after Jagmohan took over in January 1990. This should act as a reminder that if the policy of attrition is not controlled back, the consequences point in the direction of a xenophobic build-up which will pave the way eventually for ‘demo-graphic Indianisation’.”

KASHMIR- India Turns Clock Back The decision to impose army rule in Kashmir, in effect if not formally, represents a tragic turn of policy, as much for India as for the people of Kashmir. Step by step the government has been moving in precisely the direction which the BJP and the Hindu chauvinists have been urging it to take.

“Chrar-e-Sharief: Victory for Hardliners on Both Sides” by Gautam Navlakha (EPW, May 20, 1995)

“On May 9, the day before the destruction of Chrar-e-Sharief, the right and left in parliament unitedly condemned the government for ‘kneeling’ before the militants. Not a word was said about the Kashmiri people’s alienation and the violence perpetrated against them. Indeed there was not even the usual vacuous talk of the political process.”

Chrar-e-Sharief-Victory for Hardliners on Both Sides The government’s version of the hunting of Chrar-e-Sharief and the events leading up to it are full of holes, but more important is it that the destruction of the shrine has dealt a blow to the efforts of Kashmiri leaders such as Shabir Shah and Yasin Malik who Have been working courageously to bring the gun under control in Kashmir.

“It’s Never Too Late to Do the Right Thing” by Gautam Navlakha (EPW, July 29, 2000)

“History teaches that people are not mere spectators who cannot influence the course of events. When successive governments failed the citizens by dividing the people, then it would be a mistake to leave every-thing to the discretion of the government. It is for us to fight for a just and honourable peace. Irrespective of what the government or militant leadership do in J&K, actions of solidarity can also stem the tide of communal polarisation. But before everything else we must welcome and lend unqualified support to the Kashmiris because it is the inalienable right of all of us to revolt against oppression to defend our dignity and freedom. It is only then our concerns will acquire meaning, and be taken seriously. To the extent people make their own histories the choice is ours.”

Kashmir : It’s Never Too Late to Do the Right Thing An obsession with territorial integrity has undermined the singular importance of the politics of solidarity, preventing an appreciation of the ground realities in Kashmir. The government’s current offer to hold unconditional talks with the militant leadership, while commendable, cannot succeed unless there is a recognition of the urgent need to begin the long process of gaining the confidence of the Kashmiris.

State of Jammu and Kashmir’s Economy” by Gautam Navlakha (EPW, October 6, 2007)

“The Economic Survey for J&K does show how despite the disruptions and privations caused by war, economic performance has improved. Quite apart from sweeping statements about employment in horticulture and the importance of tourism, it does, however, skirt the fact that without addressing the issue of occupation of land by troops and restrictions placed on the use of water resources, both intricately linked to a political solution, problems will remain in the path of realising the full economic potential of the state.”

State of Jammu and Kashmir’s Economy The 2006-07 Economic Survey for Jammu and Kashmir reveals that despite the privations of conflict, the performance of the economy has improved in recent years. However, unless the two political issues of occupation of land and restrictions on the use of the state’s water resources are removed, the full economic potential of the state will not be realised.

“Doctrine for Sub-conventional Operations: A Critique” (Economic and Political Weekly, April 13, 2007)

In late 2006, the Indian army released its first ever doctrine on sub-conventional operations, i e, internal operations. This article critiques the document. “It is worth nothing what the Army Chief told the students of Sainik School in Thiruvananthapuram on February 17, 2007. According to him, the army’s fight is against the “divisive forces” and “our cause is just” and “we fight to win”. Win in this context means to suppress people.”

Doctrine for Sub-Conventional Operations: A Critique on JSTOR In late 2006, the Indian army released its first ever doctrine on sub-conventional operations, i e, internal operations. This article critiques the document.

“Kashmir: State Cultivation of the Amarnath Yatra” by Gautam Navlakha (Monthly Review, Aug 08, 2008)

“Arguably, when the yatra was halted between 1991 and 1996 due to the threat by a section of the militants it played into the hands of the extreme right wing elements in Indian society who have since then played an integral role in mobilising large numbers of pilgrims. However, it is equally important to note that earlier, schoolchildren and college youth used to act as volunteers and provide assistance to the yatris. Even when this was discontinued after 1996, the main indigenous militant organisation the Hizbul Mujahideen and Muslim Janbaz Force always supported the yatra and consistently demonstrated its opposition towards those who tried to disrupt it. And even today there is no section of people who opposes the yatra. What they resent is the horrendously jingoistic turn that it has taken under the SASB.”

MR Online | Kashmir: State Cultivation of the Amarnath Yatra The origins of the conflagration in June in Kashmir on forest land allocation for construction of facilities for the Amarnath yatra lie in open state promotion of the pilgrimage. The yatra has caused considerable damage to the economy and ecology of the area. The high-handed actions of the Shri Amarnath Shrine Board only aggravated the situation.

“From the Killing Fields of Kashmir to the Finishing Line” by Gautam Navlakha (Sanhati, October 10, 2010)

“Truth and demand for justice are on the side of the Kashmiri people. It would be a sad day were these battles won after so much of sacrifice, is allowed to be squandered for illusory gains at the behest of mealy-mouthed Indian ruling classes. There can be no replacement for right of self-determination. It is in Indian people’s interest, for our own democratic struggle, that we stand by this demand of the Kashmiri people. Defeat of oppressors in Kashmir, unlike the doomsayers, will strengthen our struggle.”

From the Killing Fields of Kashmir to the Finishing Line By Gautam Navlakha Where armed conflicts have gone on for a long period (decades) and where negotiations have been used by the State to win time or tire out opponents, or talks are deadlocked or cannot ensure compliance with whatever solution is reached, then making a reference to the people is the most sensible way […]

“The Kashmir Question: Nation-state, War, and Religion” by Gautam Navlakha (Indian Cultural Forum, Feb 2018)

“India’s working people cannot emancipate selves if they do not come out strongly against the persecution of the Kashmiri people at the hand of the same bourgeoisie nation-state which exploits and oppresses Indian people in general. While the Indian public may not influence external developments vis a vis Pakistan or China, they certainly can affect domestic perceptions and transform the terms of debate. Therefore, it matters how India’s progressives steer their political course and whether they can provide an alternate perspective on Kashmir to counter the myopic official discourse. It needs no reiteration that it is “never too late to do the right thing.”

The Kashmir Question: Nation-State, War and Religion – Gautam Navlakha Gautam Navlakha

Relevant Links

‘My Hope Rests on a Speedy and Fair Trial’: Gautam Navlakha Before His Surrender The Supreme Court recently rejected the bail applications of scholar and activist Gautam Navlakha, who was booked under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, or UAPA for allegedly fomenting violence during during the Bhima Koregaon event. The top court gave him and scholar Anand Teltumbde one week to surrender.

India Covid-19: SC Decision To Send HRDs Gautam Navlakha And Anand Teltumbde To Jail Is Cruel And Disappointing – Amnesty International India Amnesty International India Bangalore / New Delhi: 10 April 2020 12:39 pm Amid the spread of COVID-19, the Supreme Court of India’s order directing the arrest and imprisonment of two human rights defenders, Anand Teltumbde and Gautam Navlakha within a week, is disappointing.

Why is India targeting writers during the coronavirus pandemic? | Priyamvada Gopal and Salil Tripathi As a lethal virus scorches its way across continents, the leftwing Indian rights campaigner Gautam Navlakha has been reminding us of the words of Leonard Cohen, urging people to speak up for the right things: “There is a crack/a crack in everything, that’s how light gets in.”

‘New Low in India’s Political History’: PUDR Condemns Anand Teltumbde, Gautam Navlakha’s Arrests New Delhi: Condemning the arrest of social activists and intellectuals Anand Teltumbde and Gautam Navlakha on Tuesday, the People’s Union for Democratic Rights (PUDR) said that this “attempt to browbeat rights activists” marked a “deep and scathing new low in the political history of contemporary India”.

India: Activists Detained for Peaceful Dissent (New York) – Indian authorities on April 14, 2020 detained two rights activists who have been critics of government policies, Human Rights Watch said today. The government should immediately drop all charges under a counterterrorism law against Anand Teltumbde and Gautam Navlakha for allegedly inciting caste-based violence along with other activists during a demonstration in Maharashtra state in 2017.

Mounting international concern over detention of civil rights activists in India in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic Over 5,000 Individuals and 15 Organizations Sign Global Statement of Support for Dr. Anand Teltumbde and Mr. Gautam Navlakha On 16 March 2020, a Supreme Court bench comprising the judges Arun Mishra and Mukeshkumar Rasikbhai Shah rejected the anticipatory bail pleas of the civil-rights activist Gautam Navlakha and the writer Anand Teltumbde, in relation to the violence at Bhima Koregaon in January 2018.

Stand in Solidarity with Anand Teltumbde and Gautam Navlakha Stand in Solidarity with Anand Teltumbde and Gautam Navlakha Statement by Activists, Academics and Concerned Citizens In August 2018, the Pune Police implicated Prof. Anand Teltumbde and Gautam Navlakha with other human right activists and lawyers in the now-infamous fabricated Elgar Parishad case.

Journalist Gautam Navlakha tells CPJ he fears imprisonment amid COVID-19 pandemic New Delhi, April 9, 2020 — Indian authorities should stop pursuing the arrest of journalist Gautam Navlakha, and should cease holding journalists in jail during the COVID-19 pandemic, the Committee to Protect Journalists said today.

Clampdown On Dissent Continues During The Covid-19 Pandemic In India The clampdown on dissent in India continues. Even during a pandemic, the Government of India is seeing to that targeting those critical of the government are being targeted. When hard-won rights to expression and peaceful protest are weakened, everyone stands to lose.

Human Rights Defender Gautam Navlakha’s Letter Before His Arrest As I prepare to Ieave to surrender before the NIA headquarters in Delhi I am glad that Justice Arun Mishra and Justice Indira Banerjee gave me another week of freedom when they passed the order on April 8, 2020. A week of freedom means a lot in my condition, even in the age of lockdown.

Global Solidarity Staement for Dr. Anand Teltumbde and Gautam Navlakha – Jamhoor This is a time sensitive petition for the immediate release of Anand Teltumbde and Gautam Navlakha, two of India’s foremost civil rights activists and public intellectuals. Please read and sign this petition here: Global Solidarity Statement for Dr. Anand Teltumbde and Gautam Navlakha .

Human rights groups denounce Indian activists’ arrest as crackdown on dissent – La Prensa Latina Media New Delhi, Apr 15 (efe-epa).- Human rights nonprofits on Wednesday came down hard against the Indian government a day after the arrest of scholar Anand Teltumbde and rights activist Gautam Navlakha under an anti-terrorism law for allegedly inciting violence during a protest in 2018, calling it a clampdown on dissent.

96c03acb00 – United States Department of State India is a multiparty, federal, parliamentary democracy with a bicameral legislature. The president, elected by an electoral college composed of the state assemblies and parliament, is the head of state, and the prime minister is the head of government.

Under UAPA, Process Itself Becomes Punishment, Writes Activist Gautam Navlakha Before Surrendering | NewsClick As the country remembers Dr Bhimrao Ambedkar on the occasion of his birth anniversary, civil rights activists Gautam Navlakha and Anand Teltumbde, who were booked under the draconian UAPA in relation to the Bhima Koregaon violence in 2018, are set to surrender to the police.

Indian columnist arrested on trumped-up “Maoism” charge | Reporters without borders Reporters Without Borders (RSF) calls for the immediate and unconditional release of Gautam Navlakha, a well-known columnist and human rights defender who, despite serious humanitarian concerns, has been jailed on a flimsy charge brought by India’s counter-terrorism police, the National Investigation Agency (NIA).

Persecution of rights activists and voices of dissent in India Recently, in a series of synchronized raids carried throughout India, various human rights activists and vocal critics of the ruling government were arrested under the Unlawful Activities Prevention Act (UAPA), an anti-terror law. These arrests have been widely criticized for being politically motivated as they are aimed at curbing the right of free speech and dissent or criticism towards the government.

Dalit leaders condemn Anand Teltumbde’s arrest on 14 April-Ambedkar Jayanti On 16 March 2020, a Supreme Court bench comprising the judges Arun Mishra and Mukeshkumar Rasikbhai Shah rejected the anticipatory bail pleas of the civil-rights activist Gautam Navlakha and the writer Teltumbde, in relation to the violence at Bhima Koregaon in January 2018.

UK Rights Organisations condemn arrest of Anand Teltumbde and Gautam Navlakha UK Rights Organisations condemn the imminent arrest of Prof Dr Anand Teltumbde and Gautam Navlakha Demand prompt release of all political and democratic rights activists in Indian jails 08 April 2020 The police in the State of Maharashtra, India, acting at the behest of the central BJP Hindutva government, is forcing the arrest of Professor […]

Statement by Hindus for Human Rights and Global Indian Progressive Alliance Protesting the Arrest of Dr. Anand Teltumbde and Gautam Navlakha – Hindus For Human Rights Dr. Anand Teltumbde is a highly respected and revered scholar and human rights defender. Along with his comrade in justice work, Gautam Navlakha, Dr. Teltumbde will be arrested today on demonstrably fabricated charges related to the Bhima Koregaon case.

Dalit Leaders, Political Representatives Condemn Dr Teltumbde’s Imminent Arrest on Ambedkar Jayanti | NewsClick Ahead of the Anand Teltumbde’s surrender on April 14 [also the ocaasion of B R Ambedkar’s birth anniversary] in accordance with the Supreme Court order, Dalit, Adivasi, OBC and minority leaders have demanded that he be allowed “to live and write, to be a free spirit that enlivens our democratic selves”.

MASS condemn arrest of Gautam Navalakha and Anand Teltumbe Guwahati: The Manab Adhikar Sangram Samiti (MASS) is disturbed and dismayed by the Supreme Court of India’s decision to allow for the detention of civil rights activist Gautam Navalakha and Anand Teltumbe after August 14,2020. Both had been implicated in Bhima Korgoan case of 2018, where many Dalit activists were hurt in rioting by mobs supported by powerful local politicians.

‘A tragedy for India’: Author Arundhati Roy on arrests of activists Anand Teltumbde, Gautam Navlakha ‘They have both been accused of outlandish crimes.’

In Solidarity with and Appeal to Acquit Prof. Anand Teltumbde In Solidarity with and Appeal to Acquit Prof. Anand Teltumbde Statement by IIMA faculty, students and alumni Over 280 students, faculty members and alumni of Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad (IIMA), have signed a statement in solidarity with their illustrious alumnus, Anand Teltumbde who apart from being a corporate leader and teacher has done so much to the society.

About the Contributor

Majid Maqbool

Essay on Kashmir in English 100, 200, 300, 500 Words PDF

Essay on kashmir.

Short & Long Essay on Kashmir – The essay on Kashmir has been written in simple English and easy words for children and students. This English essay mentions Kashmir its beautiful land and places, Why is Kashmir beautiful? What are the challenges to the beauty of Kashmir, and why everyone should go and discover it? Students are often asked to write essay on Kashmir in their schools and colleges. If you are also looking for the same, then we have given essays on this topic in 100-word, 200-word, 300-word, and 500-word.

Short & Long Essay on Kashmir

Essay (100 words).

Kashmir is a beautiful state of India and is considered the most important part of India which is called heaven on earth, it is said that there is no place more beautiful than Kashmir, it is also called Switzerland of India.

The capital of Jammu and Kashmir is Srinagar. There are many high Himalayan peaks, glaciers, valleys, rivers, evergreen forests, hills, etc., and many other places. Snowfall occurs throughout the year in Kashmir.

The weather here is always pleasant. Many tourists come every year to see the beauty of this place. During summer one can see very good greenery here. During snowfall, it seems as if a white sheet has been spread over Kashmir. Apple trees can be seen here which are very beautiful to look at.

Essay (200 Words)

Kashmir is known as “Paradise on Earth” which is a top-class tourist destination. Its picturesque view of snow-capped peaks, lush green valleys, and tranquil lakes attracts tourists from all over the world.

Tourism is an important sector for the economy of Kashmir, its unique attractions include Dal Lake which is known for its houseboats, and Amarnath Cave an important pilgrimage site that also attracts a large number of tourists. Furthermore, the Mughal Gardens reflect the brilliance of Persian architecture.

Kashmir creates innumerable employment opportunities for the local people ranging from hotel and restaurant services to handicrafts and transportation which contributes significantly to its GDP.

Despite its natural beauty, the tourist destination of Kashmir has been affected by conflict. Due to security concerns, there has been a decline in the number of tourists which has impacted the local economy. The government is continuously making concerted efforts to revive and promote tourism in Kashmir.

Tourism in Kashmir is a blend of cultural richness, natural beauty, and thrilling adventure. Despite many challenges, its potential is immense. With the right strategies, it can become a symbol of economic growth and cultural exchange while preserving its natural splendor for future generations.

Essay (300 Words)

Introduction

Jammu and Kashmir is the most beautiful and important part of the earth which is located in the northern part of India. Kashmir is also called heaven on earth. It has Pakistan on its western border and China on its northern and eastern borders. About 8 languages are spoken in Kashmir, while the area is about 54571 square miles and its population is about 1,01,43,700. ,

Beauty of Kashmir

The weather of Kashmir is always very pleasant, during snowfall it seems as if a white sheet has been spread over Kashmir. Many tourists keep coming from India and abroad to see the beauty of this place. During summer one can see very good greenery here. Apples are grown here the trees are very beautiful to look at.

Heaven on Earth

Kashmir is called heaven on earth because it has very high hills, dense forests, and lakes flowing between the valleys. Therefore it is considered like the crown of India, there is a sudden change in the weather here which enhances its beauty, due to its beauty people are attracted here and often come to visit.

Kashmir a Tourist Destination

Kashmir is one of the most famous places in India. People often come here throughout the year for their holidays. Whoever visits Kashmir says that the real heaven is in Kashmir. There are many tourist places here for the people – like Sonamarg, Pahalgam, Patna Top, Srinagar, Gulmarg, Sonamarg, etc. There are many lakes here which add to the beauty of Kashmir.

Kashmir which is called heaven on earth is very beautiful. Impressed by its beauty, people from all over the country and abroad come to visit here. If you too are looking for a hill station to spend your holidays, then there cannot be a better option than Kashmir. Despite its conflicts, Kashmir is an ideal tourist destination for the people. You can go here and enjoy everything as per your wish.

Essay (500 Words)

Kashmir is an important part of India which is also considered as heaven on earth. It is known for its spectacular beauty, snow-clad hills, amazing snow-covered mountain ranges, beautiful lakes, lush green farming, evergreen gardens, and a mesmerizing beauty that cannot be described in words. Kashmir has always been a center of attraction for many reasons – be it its enchanting beauty, issues of cross-border terrorism, political issues, or the terror and fear associated with the place, these are the reasons why Kashmir is always in the news.

The Beauty of Kashmir Valley

The Kashmir Valley is surrounded by the Himalayan mountain ranges which remain covered with snow almost throughout the year. It is surrounded by China and Tibet in the east while it is surrounded by Pakistan in the west. Kashmir Valley is one of the largest valleys in the country which extends over an area of 105 square km. There are many rivers here in which Jhelum River is the main river of Kashmir and it flows in different areas of Kashmir by making branches at different places. Other important rivers of the valley include the Indus and Chenab rivers.

Kashmir Weather

Summers in Kashmir are very mild between the months of May and August while the monsoon season occurs from September to November and becomes cold with the onset of winter by the end of November. The actual winter season occurs between December and February when temperatures drop extremely low. Visiting snow-capped mountains during this time leaves one in awe of the power of nature.

Spring season occurs in Kashmir between March and April. Tourists can visit this place to see the valley covered and adorned with the finest colors of nature and lush greenery.

Trees and Animals

Almond trees, walnut trees, poplar or maple trees, cedar, birch trees, and blue cedar are found in abundance in this region. Apart from this, animals like leopards, mountain foxes, jackals, hangul, musk deer, langur, black bears, etc. live in the wildlife. This valley is home to 120 species of birds and some of them are pheasants and bulbuls.

Terrorism in Kashmir

The Kashmir issue is still unresolved and both India and Pakistan have been shedding blood for years over its rights. Kashmir Valley is infamous for political disputes. People living in the valley are still living a life full of struggle. Bloodshed and imposition of curfew are common in the valley and the problems of the people increase due to the deployment of the army throughout the year in sensitive areas.

Some unresolved disputes have given rise to terrorist attacks and cross-border terrorist activities continue to occur between the two countries. The governments of both countries have tried several times to resolve the disputes and free the area from terrorist activities, but have not been successful yet.

Despite the controversies, Kashmir is a very beautiful place which is called heaven on earth. People from all over the country and abroad come to visit here. Although there are many beautiful places in India the best place among them is Kashmir. You can go here and enjoy everything as per your wish. But Kashmir is an area affected by terrorism. So we need to be alert and careful there.

Essay on Newspaper 500 Words | PDF

Essay On Women Empowerment 500 Words | PDF

Essay On Nature 500 Words | PDF

My Brother Essay in 100, 150, 200, 250 Words

Legacy Of Kashmir, The Forgotten Land Of Beauty And Knowledge — Part I

Subhash Kak

Aug 06, 2016, 10:01 AM | Updated 09:48 AM IST

Save & read from anywhere!

Bookmark stories for easy access on any device or the Swarajya app .

This is the first essay in a four-part series about the important contributions of Kashmir to Indian culture. It throws light on the early history of the region and the expertise of the Kashmiris in the areas of grammar, music and dance.

This is the first essay in a four-part series about the important contributions of Kashmir to Indian culture. It throws light on the early history of the region and the expertise of grammarians Panini and Patanjali, and Bharata Muni in music and dance.

Kashmir’s geographical location partly explains its cultural history. It may be that its natural beauty and temperate climate are the reasons that Kashmiris have a strong tradition in the arts, literature, painting, drama and dance. Its relative isolation, the security provided by the ring of mountains around it, and its distance from the heartland of Indian culture in the plains of North India might explain the originality of Kashmiri thought. Its climate and the long winters may explain the Kashmiri fascination for philosophical speculation.

Kashmir is at the centre of the Puranic geography. In the Puranic conception, the earth’s continents are arranged in the form of a lotus flower. Mt Meru stands at the center of the world, the pericarp or seed-vessel of the flower, as it were, surrounded by circular ranges of mountains. Around Mt Meru, like the petals of the lotus, are arranged four island-continents ( dvipas ), aligned to the four points of the compass: Uttarakuru to the north, Ketumala to the west, Bhadrashva to the east and Bharata or Jambudvipa to the south. The meeting point of the continents is the Meru mountain, which is the high Himalayan region around Kashmir, Uttarakuru represents Central Asia including Tocharia, Ketumala is Iran and lands beyond, Bhadrashva is China and the Far East. Kashmir’s centrality in this scheme was a recognition that it was a meeting ground for trade and ideas for the four main parts of the Old World. In fact, it became more than a meeting ground; it was the land where an attempt was made to reconcile opposites by deeper analysis and bold conception.

Kashmir’s nearness to rich trade routes brought it considerable wealth and emboldened Kashmiris to take Sanskrit culture out of the country as missionaries. Kashmiris also became interpreters of the Indian civilisation and they authored many fundamental synthesising and expository works. Some of these works are anonymous encyclopaedias; in many other works, the author’s name is known but the details of the life and circumstances in Kashmir are hardly remembered.

Kalhana’s Rajatarangini (River of Kings), written in about 1150 AD, provides a narrative of successive dynasties that ruled Kashmir. Kalhana claimed to have used eleven earlier works as well the Nilamata Purana. Of these earlier books, only the Nilamata Purana survives. The narrative in the Rajatarangini becomes more than mere names with the accession of the Karkota dynasty in the early seventh century.

The political boundaries of Kashmir have, on occasion, extended much beyond the valley and the adjoining regions. According to Hiuen Tsang, the Chinese traveller, the adjacent territories to the west and south down to the plains were also under the direct control of the king of Kashmir. With Durlabhavardhana of the Karkota dynasty, the power of Kashmir extended to parts of Punjab and Afghanistan. It appears that during this period of Kashmiri expansion the ruling elite, if not the general population, of Gilgit, Baltistan, and West Tibet spoke Kashmiri-related languages. Later, as Kashmir’s political power declined, these groups were displaced by Tibetan speaking people.

In the eighth century, Lalitaditya Muktapida (reigned 724-760 AD), conquered most of North India, Central Asia and Tibet. His vision and exertions mark a new phase of Indian empire-building. Kashmir had become an important player in the rivalries amongst the various kingdoms of North India.

The jostling of the Kashmiri State within the circle of the North Indian powers led to an important political innovation. The important Vishnudharmottara Purana, believed to have been written in Kashmir of the Karkota kings, recommends innovations regarding the rajasuya and the ashvamedha sacrifices, of which the latter in its medieval interpretations was responsible for much warfare amongst kings. In the medieval times, the horse was left free to roam for a year and the king’s soldiers tried to establish the rule of their king in all regions visited by the horse, leading to clashes. The Vishnudharmottara Purana replaced these ancient rites by the rajyabhisheka (royal consecration) and surapratishtha (the fixing of the divine abode) rites.

This essay presents an overview of the most important Kashmiri contributions to Indian culture, emphasising some of the lesser known aspects of these contributions. Specifically, we consider the contributions to the arts, sciences, literature and philosophy. Our historical assessment of Kashmiri culture is hampered by the nature of our records. The texts and objects of art do not always indicate their provenance and the connections with Kashmir emerge only from indirect evidence. We are on sure ground when we come to Buddhist sources, the texts of the Kashmir Shaivism, and the names mentioned in the Rajatarangini and other early narratives.

Early Period

During the Vedic period, Kashmir appears to be an important region because it appears that the Mujavant mountain, the region where Soma grew, was located there. It is possible that in the Vedic era a large part of the valley was still under a lake. Kalhana’s history begins with the Mahabharata War, but it is very hazy with regard to the events prior to the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka.

The great grammarian Panini lived in northwest Punjab, not too far from Kashmir and the university at Taxila (Takshashila) was also close to the valley. At the time of Hiuen Tsang, Takshashila was a tributary to Kashmir. It is generally accepted that Patanjali, the great author of the Mahabhashya commentary on Panini’s Ashtadhyayi , was a Kashmiri, as were a host of other grammarians like Chandra. According to Bhartrihari and other early scholars, Patanjali also made contributions to Yoga (the yoga-sutras) and to Ayurveda.

It is believed that Patanjali’s mother was named Gorika and he was born in Gonarda. He was educated in Takshashila and he taught in Pataliputra. From the textual references in his works, it can be safely said that he belonged to second century BC. The Charaka Samhita of Ayurveda that has come down to us is due to the editing of Dridhabala from Kashmir, who also added 17 chapters to the sixth section and the whole of the eighth section. Patanjali may have been involved in this editing process. But it is likely that the identity of the Kashmiris as a distinct group had not solidified in the Vedic period and to speak of ethnicity at that time is meaningless.

In any event, Kashmir of these early times was a part of the larger northwest Indian region of which Takshashila was a center of learning. The early levels of buildings in Takshashila have been traced to 800 BC. The first millennium BC was a period of great intellectual activity in this part of India and attitudes that later came to be termed Kashmiri were an important element of this activity. Amongst these attitudes was a characteristic approach to classification in the arts, and the interest in grammar.

Panini’s grammar remains one of the greatest achievements of the human intellect. It described the grammar of the Sanskrit language by a system of 4,000 algebraic rules— a feat that has not been equalled for any other language to this day. It also set the tone for scientific studies in India with their emphasis on algorithmic explanations. Patanjali’s commentary on the Panini grammar was responsible for the exaltation of its reputation. It appears that Panini arose in the same intellectual climate that characterised Kashmir during its Classical period.

Drama And Music: The Natyasastra

An early name seen as belonging to Kashmir is Bharata Muni of the Natyasastra . The indirect reasons for this identification are that the rasa idea of the Natyasastra was discussed by many scholars in Kashmir. Another reason is that the Natyasastra has a total of 36 chapters and it is suggested that this number may have been deliberately chosen to conform to the theory of 36 tattvas which is a part of the later Shaivite system of Kashmir. Many descriptions in this book seem especially true for Kashmir. The bhana , a one-actor play described by Bharata, is still performed in Kashmir by groups called bhand pather ( bhana patra , in Sanskrit).

It should be mentioned here, parenthetically, that a few scholars take Bharata to be a Southerner. It is also interesting that there exist some very close connections between Kashmir and South India, in the cultural tradition, like the worship of Shiva, Pancharatra, Tantra and the arts. Recently, when I pointed this out to Vasundhara Filliozat, the art historian who has worked on Karnataka, she said that the inscriptional evidence indicates a continuing movement of teachers from Kashmir to the South, and that Kashmir is likely to have been the original source of many of the early Shaivite, Tantric and Sthapatya Agamas.

Bharata Muni’s Natyasastra not only presents the language of creative expression, it is the world’s first book on stagecraft. It is so comprehensive that it lists 108 different postures that can be combined to give the various movements of dance. Bharata’s ideas are the key to proper understanding of Indian arts, music and sculpture. They provide an insight into how different Indian arts are expressions of a celebratory attitude to the universe. Manomohan Ghosh, the modern translator of the Natyasastra , believes that it belongs to the fifth century BC. He bases his assessment on the archaic pre-Paninian features of the language and the fact that Bharata mentions the Arthashastra of Brihaspati, and not that of the fourth century BC Kautilya.

The term “natya” is synonymous with drama. According to Bharata, the natya was created by taking elements from each of the four Vedas: recitation ( pathya ) from the Rigveda, song or melody ( gita ) from the Samaveda, acting ( abhinaya ) from the Yajurveda, and sentiments ( rasa ) from the Atharvaveda. By this synthesis, the Natyasastra became the fifth Veda, meant to take the spirit of the Vedic vision to the common man. Elsewhere, Bharata says: “The entire nature of human beings as connected with the experiences of happiness and misery, and joy and sorrow, when presented through the process of histrionics (abhinaya) is called natya.”

Five of the 36 chapters of the Natyasastra are devoted to music. Bharata speaks of the 22 shrutis of the octave, the seven notes and the number of shrutis in each of them. He explains how the veena is to be tuned. He also describes the dhruvapada songs that were part of musical performances.

The concept of rasa , enduring sentiment, lies behind the aesthetics of the Natyasastra . There are eight rasas : heroism, fury, wonder, love, mirth, compassion, disgust and terror. Bharata lists another 33 less permanent sentiments. The artist, through movement, voice, music or any other creative act attempts to evoke them in the listener and the spectator.This evocation helps to plumb the depths of the soul, thereby, facilitating self-knowledge.

The algorithmic approach to knowledge became the model for scientific theories in the Indic world, extending from India to the East and Southeast Asia. The ideas of the Natyasastra were in consonance with this tradition and they provided an overarching comprehensiveness to sculpture, temple architecture, performance, dance and storytelling. But, unlike other technical shastras that were written for the scholar, Bharata’s work influenced millions directly. For these reasons alone, the Natyasastra is one of the most important books ever written.

To appreciate the pervasive influence of the Natyasastra, just consider music. The comprehensiveness of the Natyasastra forged a tradition of tremendous pride and resilience that survived the westward movement of Indian musical imagination, through the agency of itinerant musicians. Several thousand Indian musicians, of which Kashmiri musicians are likely to have been a part, were invited by the fifth century Persian king, Behram Gaur. Turkish armies used Indians as professional musicians.

Bharata stresses the transformative power of creative art. He says, “It teaches duty to those who have no sense of duty, love to those who are eager for its fulfilment, and it chastises those who are ill-bred or unruly, promotes self-restraint in those who are disciplined, gives courage to cowards, energy to heroic persons, enlightens men of poor intellect and gives wisdom to the learned.”

Our life is spent learning one language or another. Words in themselves are not enough, we must learn the languages of relationships, ideas, music, games, business, power and nature. There are some languages that one wishes did not exist, like that of evil. But evil, resulting from the ignorance that makes one act like an animal, is a part of nature and it is best to recognise it so that one knows how to confront it. Creative art show us a way to transcend evil because of its ability to transform. This is why religious fanatics hate art.

This essay has been taken from Kashmir and its People: Studies in the Evolution of Kashmiri Society . M.K. Kaw (ed.), A.P.H., New Delhi, 2004.

To Be Continued.

Subhash Kak is Regents professor of electrical and computer engineering at Oklahoma State University and a vedic scholar.

Indian culture
Kashmir Valley
Kashmir History
Natyasastra

Join our WhatsApp channel - no spam, only sharp analysis

Introducing ElectionsHQ + 50 Ground Reports Project

The 2024 elections might seem easy to guess, but there are some important questions that shouldn't be missed.

Do freebies still sway voters? Do people prioritise infrastructure when voting? How will Punjab vote?

The answers to these questions provide great insights into where we, as a country, are headed in the years to come.

Swarajya is starting a project with an aim to do 50 solid ground stories and a smart commentary service on WhatsApp, a one-of-a-kind. We'd love your support during this election season.

Click below to contribute.

Get Swarajya in your inbox.

If BJP wins '2024' it becomes India's natural party of governance. What next?

Bhagwant Mann's Steady Hold In Punjab Amid Turmoil In AAP

Pm modi dashboard: last 10 years were just an appetiser, the main course is yet to come, says modi in churu, in thakur-dominated garhwal, it's brahmin versus brahmin, with advantage bjp.

Finance Commission Chairman Dr Arvind Panagariya. (Sonu Mehta/Hindustan Times via Getty Images)

'They Made Careers Out Of Sounding Alarm On Rising Inequality But Failed To Do Anything About It,' Arvind Panagariya On Inequality Labs Report

'could have spared ourselves the tedium of ploughing through 85 pages': cea anantha nageswaran rebuts inequality report on india, this category in e-commerce can fuel india's journey to $1 trillion in exports by 2030, infrastructure, subsidies and pipelines: the double-engine working to expand gas usage in india, inside paradip port: how it surpassed deendayal to become india's biggest port, how goa's sea bridges and elevated roads are reshaping the state's roadway map, steering back onto track: rrts derailment explained.

India building infrastructure at a brisk pace along the China border.

New Road To Ladakh: Chinese Aggression On LAC Hasn't Dampened India's Resolve To Build Border Infrastructure At Feverish Pace

Explained: all about china's new kj-600 aircraft-carrier capable 'eye-in-the-sky' radar plane, the tejas success story in one picture.

National Maritime Day: How Walchand Hirachand Pioneered Indian Shipping Against British Hegemony

West's historical emissions — what guyana's president didn't tell the 'bbc' in his viral takedown of it's climate hypocrisies, australia’s new submarine building programme aukus may have run into trouble before even hitting waters.

Fast bowlers are grabbing the headlines in 2024.

Need For Speed: Boosted By Two-Bouncer Rule, Fast Bowlers Intimidate Batsmen In IPL 2024

Holi in haridwar: new trivendra singh rawat, new slogan, new beginning, bangladesh's sacred shakti peeths: exploring history, heroes and spiritual significance.

Captain Brijesh Chowta is fighting for the first time from Dakshina Kannada Lok Sabha constituency.

From Olive Green To Shades Of Saffron — Dakshina Kannada BJP Candidate Capt Brijesh Chowta On His Vision For Karnataka's Coast

Karnataka: 'winnability' is an excuse, congress fielding kin of ministers, mlas because no good candidates would bet on it, mysore maharaja in, pratap simha out — why the bjp may have arrived at this decision.

BJP's list of candidates for Karnataka is likely to be made public on March 8, Friday.

What To Expect From BJP's Karnataka List — Key Issues, Possible Candidates, Likely Outcome

Bengaluru cafe blast: karnataka home minister suspects intention to deter investors, bjp says congress hiding facts, 'pakistan zindabad': fsl report says video original; congress defends itself amid heavy criticism.

leaders meeting about India and Pakistan independence in 1947

The Kashmir conflict: How did it start?

The dispute between India and Pakistan over Kashmir was sparked by a fateful decision in 1947, and has resulted in decades of violence, including two wars.

Since 1947, India and Pakistan have been locked in conflict over Kashmir, a majority-Muslim region in the northernmost part of India. The mountainous, 86,000-square-mile territory was once a princely state. Now, it is claimed by both India and Pakistan.

The roots of the conflict lie in the countries’ shared colonial past. From the 17th to the 20th century, Britain ruled most of the Indian subcontinent, first indirectly through the British East India Company, then from 1858 directly through the British crown. Over time, Britain’s power over its colony weakened, and a growing nationalist movement threatened the crown’s slipping rule.

Though it feared civil war between India’s Hindu majority and Muslim minority, Britain faced increasing pressure to grant independence to its colony. After World War II, Parliament decided British rule in India should end by 1948.

Britain had historically had separate electorates for Muslim citizens and reserved some political seats specifically for Muslims; that not only hemmed Muslims into a minority status, but fueled a growing Muslim separatist movement. Mohammad Ali Jinnah , a politician who headed up India’s Muslim League, began demanding a separate nation for India’s Muslim population.

“It is high time that the British Government applied their mind definitely to the division of India and the establishment of Pakistan and Hindustan, which means freedom for both,” Jinnah said in 1945 .

As religious riots broke out across British India, leaving tens of thousands dead , British and Indian leaders began to seriously consider a partition of the subcontinent based on religion. On August 14, 1947, the independent, Muslim-majority nation of Pakistan was formed. The Hindu-majority independent nation of India followed the next day.

Under the hasty terms of partition, more than 550 princely states within colonial India that were not directly governed by Britain could decide to join either new nation or remain independent.

The maharaja of Kashmir, Hari Singh, in June 1946.

At the time, the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, which had a majority Muslim population, was governed by maharaja Hari Singh, a Hindu. Unlike most of the princely states which aligned themselves with one nation or the other, Singh wanted independence for Kashmir. To avert pressure to join either new nation, the maharaja signed a standstill agreement with Pakistan that allowed citizens of Kashmir to continue trade and travel with the new country. India did not sign a similar standstill agreement with the princely state.

As partition-related violence raged across the two new nations , the government of Pakistan pressured Kashmir to join it. Pro-Pakistani rebels, funded by Pakistan, took over much of western Kashmir, and in September 1947, Pashtun tribesmen streamed over the border from Pakistan into Kashmir. Singh asked for India’s help in staving off the invasion, but India responded that, in order to gain military assistance, Kashmir would have to accede to India, thus becoming part of the new country.

Singh agreed and signed the Instrument of Accession , the document that aligned Kashmir with the Dominion of India, in October 1947. Kashmir was later given special status within the Indian constitution—a status which guaranteed that Kashmir would have independence over everything but communications, foreign affairs, and defense. This special status was revoked by the Indian government in August 2019.

The maharaja's fateful decision to align Kashmir with India ushered in decades of conflict in the contested region, including two wars and a longstanding insurgency.

FREE BONUS ISSUE

How the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict has been shaped by past empires

Why the Partition of India and Pakistan still casts a long shadow over the region

How a tiny line on a map led to conflict in the Himalaya

How climate change can help heal conflicts—not just fuel them

Conflict in Kashmir Takes a Grim Toll on Unwitting Victims

History & Culture
Environment
Paid Content

History & Culture

History Magazine
Mind, Body, Wonder
Terms of Use
Privacy Policy
Your US State Privacy Rights
Children's Online Privacy Policy
Interest-Based Ads
About Nielsen Measurement
Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information
Nat Geo Home
Attend a Live Event
Book a Trip
Inspire Your Kids
Shop Nat Geo
Visit the D.C. Museum
Learn About Our Impact
Support Our Mission
Advertise With Us
Customer Service
Renew Subscription
Manage Your Subscription
Work at Nat Geo
Sign Up for Our Newsletters
Contribute to Protect the Planet

100 Words Essay On The Kashmir Issue In English

The Kashmir Issue is one that is complex. It can be traced back to the time of partition.

With the end of British rule, conflicts emerged between the Hindus and the Muslims, with the latter wanting a separate country of their own.

After the Partition in 1947, Pakistan emerged as a Muslim-dominated country while India emerged as a secular, democratic country. The province of Kashmir, situated at the border of the two countries, got tangled and entrapped between them.

Today, POK, PoK, or Pakistan-occupied Kashmir, in India remains the portion of Kashmir under the Pakistani administration.

Parsi Identity in Ice Candy Man
Random Phrase Generator [English]
Michael Poem by William Wordsworth Summary, Notes and Line by Line Explanation in English
Random University Name Generator
Essay on Communal Harmony
Random Muslim Name Generator [Female]

Essay on Jammu and Kashmir Issue

Students are often asked to write an essay on Jammu and Kashmir Issue in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Jammu and Kashmir Issue

Introduction.

Jammu and Kashmir is a region in northern India with a complex history. It has been a subject of dispute between India, Pakistan, and China since 1947.

Historical Background

Jammu and Kashmir was a princely state during British rule. During partition in 1947, it had the option to join either India or Pakistan.

The Dispute

The ruler of Jammu and Kashmir chose to accede to India. This decision led to a conflict between India and Pakistan, sparking several wars.

Current Scenario

Today, the region is divided between the three nations. The issue remains unresolved, causing tension and conflict.

250 Words Essay on Jammu and Kashmir Issue

Jammu and Kashmir (J&K), a region of immense geopolitical significance, has been a contentious issue between India and Pakistan since their partition in 1947. The dispute originates from the complex historical, political, and socio-cultural dynamics of the region.

Historical Context

The princely state of J&K, predominantly Muslim but ruled by a Hindu Maharaja, acceded to India post-partition under certain conditions. The Instrument of Accession, signed by Maharaja Hari Singh, promised a high degree of autonomy to J&K, which was later enshrined in Article 370 of the Indian Constitution.

Conflict and International Dimensions

The region has witnessed multiple wars, insurgency, and a constant state of tension. Pakistan, claiming the entire state based on its Muslim majority, has sought international intervention, while India insists it’s a bilateral issue. The conflict has also caught the attention of global powers, given its strategic location and nuclear dimension.

Recent Developments

In August 2019, the Indian government abrogated Article 370, revoking J&K’s special status. This move has added a new layer to the dispute, intensifying the debate on autonomy, integration, and human rights.

The Jammu and Kashmir issue is not merely a territorial dispute but a complex mesh of historical, political, and socio-cultural aspects. It is a challenge that demands a nuanced understanding and an approach that respects the aspirations of the people of J&K, while ensuring geopolitical stability.

500 Words Essay on Jammu and Kashmir Issue

Jammu and Kashmir, an idyllic region nestled in the northernmost part of India, has been a hotbed of political and territorial disputes since the partition of India and Pakistan in 1947. The issue is complex, involving historical, political, and socio-cultural aspects that have shaped the region’s current dynamics.

At the time of partition, the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, under the rule of Maharaja Hari Singh, chose to remain independent. However, an invasion by tribal militias from Pakistan prompted the Maharaja to accede to India, which led to the first Indo-Pak war. The United Nations intervened, leading to a ceasefire and the establishment of a Line of Control (LoC), dividing the region into Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir and Pakistan-administered Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan.

Political Dimensions

The political dimension of the Jammu and Kashmir issue is characterized by divergent narratives. India maintains that the region is an integral part of its territory, while Pakistan asserts that the majority-Muslim region should have been part of its territory post-partition. There is also a third narrative, primarily advocated by separatist groups within the region, demanding complete independence or self-determination.

Article 370 and 35A

Article 370 and 35A of the Indian Constitution granted Jammu and Kashmir a special status, allowing it to have its own constitution and flag, and restricting outsiders from buying property in the state. However, in August 2019, the Indian government abrogated these articles, integrating the region fully into India. This move sparked widespread criticism and protests, both domestically and internationally.

Socio-Cultural Implications

The dispute over Jammu and Kashmir has profound socio-cultural implications. The region has witnessed several bouts of violence, leading to loss of life and property, and creating deep-seated fear and mistrust among communities. The issue has also led to the displacement of several communities, most notably the Kashmiri Pandits, who were forced to flee the valley during the insurgency in the 1990s.

International Aspects

The Jammu and Kashmir issue has significant international ramifications. Apart from being a point of contention between India and Pakistan, it has also drawn the attention of global powers, particularly China, which controls the Aksai Chin area of Ladakh. The region’s strategic location, coupled with its rich natural resources, makes it a focal point in geopolitics.

The Jammu and Kashmir issue is a complex amalgamation of historical, political, and socio-cultural factors. Resolution of this dispute requires a nuanced understanding of these dimensions, coupled with a commitment to dialogue and diplomacy. It is essential to prioritize the welfare of the region’s inhabitants, ensuring their rights, aspirations, and cultural identities are respected in any future settlement.

That’s it! I hope the essay helped you.

If you’re looking for more, here are essays on other interesting topics:

Essay on Winter in Kashmir
Essay on Protect Nature
Essay on Living in Harmony With Nature

Apart from these, you can look at all the essays by clicking here .

Happy studying!

कश्मीर पर निबंध- Essay on Kashmir in Hindi

In this article, we are providing information about Kashmir in Hindi- Essay on Kashmir in Hindi. कश्मीर- भारत की सुंदरता. Essay on Kashmir Beauty in Hindi.

कश्मीर उत्तर भारत में झेलम नदी की घाटी पर स्थित है। कशमीर की सुंदरता देखते ही बनती है इसे दुनिया का स्वर्ग भी कहा जाता है। माना जाता है कि पहले यहाँ पर शिवजी की पत्नी सती रहती थी और चारों तरफ पानी ही पानी हुआ करता था लेकिन वहा पर राक्षस के वद के बाद सारा पानी झेलम नदी के माध्यम से बहा दिया गया और तभी से इसका नाम सतीवर से कश्मीर पड़ा।

कश्मीर हर मौसम में बहुत ही सुंदर दिखाई देता है। इसकी इसी सुंदरता को देखने दुर दुर से लोग आते है। गर्मीयों में यहाँ पर हरियाली देखने को मिलती है तो सर्दीयों में चारों तरफ बर्फ और बर्फ में खेलते लोग। पेड़ो पर लगे लाल लाल सेब बहुत ही अच्छे लगते है। आंतकवाद के समय में भी कश्मीर का बर्फ से ढका हुआ नजारा लोगों को अपनी ओर आकर्षित कर ही लेता है। वहाँ पर जाने वाला हर व्यक्ति यही कहता है कि असली जन्नत को यहीं पर है।

कश्मीर में घुमने के लिए अनेकों पर्यटक स्थल है जैसै गुलमार्ग, सोनमर्ग, पटनाटाप आदि। गुलमर्ग को कश्मीर की जान कहा जाता है। कोई भी व्यक्ति कश्मीर जाए तो यहाँ पक्का ही जाता है। कश्मीर में वूलर जैसे बहुत से सरोवर है जो इसकी सुंदरता में चार चाँद लगाते है।

कश्मीर में रहने वाले लोगों को कश्मीरी पंडीत कहा जाता है जो कि मांसाहारी भी होते है। उनके खाने के व्यंजन मुख्यतः कबाब आदि होते है। कश्मीर में खाने के बाद मिठाई में फिरनी दी जाती है। कश्मीर के लोग देखने में बहुत ही खुबसुरत होते है। कश्मीर के सेब पूरे भारत में प्रसिद्ध है। अगर कोई भी वहाँ घुमने जाता है तो अखरोट की लकड़ी से बने शौ पीस, पशमीना शाल,केसर,सेब आदि पक्का खरीद कर लाता है।

कश्मीर में आंतकवाद बहुत ही ज्यादा है। आजादी के बाद से कश्मीर भारत का हिस्सा रहा है लेकिन पाकिस्तान उस पर अपना हक जमा रहा है जिसके चलते कश्मीर में हर रोज आंतकवाद के किस्से सुनने को मिलते है।

जम्मु कश्मीर का अपना अलग झंडा है और भारत के सविधान की धारा 370 के तहत कश्मीर का अपना अलग सविधान है। वैसे तो कश्मीर में हिंदु और मुस्लमान मिल जुलकर रहते है लेकिन कई लोग मजहब के नीम पर जिहाद छेड़ देते है। कोई भी गैर कश्मीरी व्यक्ति वहाँ पर जमीन नहीं खरीद सकता। कश्मीर में सबसे ज्यादा केसर की खेती की जाती है। अगर धरती पर कहीं स्वर्ग है तो कश्मीर में ही है।

#Kashmir Essay in Hindi

Mere Sapno Ka Bharat Essay

Essay on Parvatiya Yatra in Hindi- पर्वतीय यात्रा पर निबंध

ध्यान दें – प्रिय दर्शकों Essay on Kashmir in Hindi आपको अच्छा लगा तो जरूर शेयर करे ।

Kashmir hamari shah rag hai essay in urdu pdf

Zahid Notes has now published this essay in Urdu for 2nd year smart syllabus 2021. The essay is given in the topic of "کشمیر ہماری شہ رگ ہے" written in Urdu.

Kahmir hamari shah rag essay in Urdu for 2nd year

The essay includes relevant quotations and poetry in Urdu. The students who were asking for smart syllabus Urdu essays can now also download complete smart syllabus essays notes in a single pdf file. The pdf files is ready and it will be uploaded soon.

کشمیر پر مضمون اردو میں شائع کر دیا گیا ہے۔ یہ مضمون بارھویں جماعت کے طلبہ کے لیے ہے۔ مضمون میں شاعری اور اقوال برابر شامل کیے گئے ہیں۔ آپ کمینٹ میں اپنی رائے کا اظہار کر سکتے ہیں۔

مضمون ایک تصویر کی شکل میں دیا گیا ہے۔ آپ تصویر پر کلک کیے رکھیں ۔ ڈاون لوڈ کرنے کی آپشن ظاہر ہو جائے گی۔

You can also download Kashmir day speech in English in pdf.

Kashmir essay in Urdu

An image file is better than a pdf file. Image can open without any pdf reader. It can be downloaded easily. So, you don't need to have a pdf reader. Just long-press on the picture and select the option "save image"

Kahmir hamari shah rag essay in Urdu for 2nd year

You can also see the following Essays in Urdu for 2nd year too:

1. Mohsin E Insaniyat

2. Ittehad E Alam

3. Taleem E Nuswan

4. Walidain Ka Ehtram

5. Shajar Kari ki zaroorat O Ehmiyat

6. Maholiyati Aloodgi: Asbaab or Tadaarak

7. Bachpan Ek sunehri dor

8. coronavirus or hamari zimmadariyan

9. Mera Nasbul Ain

10. Urdu Zuban Zaroorat O Ehmiyat

No comments:

Kashmir Day in Pakistan Essay Speech in English

In the today world, Kashmir issue is one of the biggest unresolved International issues. This conflict has been a major bone of disputation since the Independence Day, which results in three major wars, causing various conflicts and rigorously severe diplomacy between Pakistan and India. This issue has been raised many times even the United Nations Security Council made efforts to resolve this oldest and biggest issue by announcing that the accession of Jammu and Kashmir to Pakistan or India must be done through democratic way by organizing a fair plebiscite but India don’t want any arbitration its claim about Kashmir.

The basic purpose of celebrating Kashmir Day is to seek a peaceful and nonviolent solution against this biggest problem, and give a pragmatic image to the International community. Furthermore, it is the essential duty of International community to raise this issue and to realize the stability and peace in Asia. This could only be happen if all the biggest disputes are resolve between Pakistan and India as Kashmiri people are residing in the heart of every Pakistani People.

Pakistan will always be in the front line for providing Political, Moral and diplomatic support to this biggest cause. Moreover, everyone knows that Kashmiri’s should have freedom of expression for their decision as this biggest issue is not able to resolve without the involvement of people of Kashmir.

In 1990, Kashmir Day become a major concern on the call of the Prime Minister of that time. So in Pakistan, 5 th February of every year, the unity day is celebrated against the India state terrorism and to show the unity with the people of Kashmir and acknowledge the efforts of local people. It is day to raise the voice against the annihilation ranging in Kashmir since 64 years.

In this day rallies, processions, seminars and conferences are conducted by numerous religious and Political parties where heads of politicians and religious organizations, opinion leader’s addresses against the masses and to support the Kashmiri freedom movement. Kashmir day is a publically non working day in AJK and Pakistan.

All the Government offices, institutions and business remained closed during this day to show solidarity with people. And in this day every Pakistani should remember the Kashmir martyrs in their special prayers and must pray for victory of the freedom struggle.

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

Joyland Lahore Entry Ticket Price 2024 Wristband Rates
Important English Essays For 10th Class 2024
How much is Fidya for Ramadan 2024 in Pakistan for…
Lal Qila Karachi Buffet Price 2024
FDE 8th Class Result 2024 Federal Board Islamabad
LSM Lakhani Winter Collection 2017-2018
Price And Specifications Of Qmobile Noir A10 In Pakistan
Royal Tag Summer Collection for Men 2015
Suzuki Swift 2024 Price in Pakistan, Fuel Average, Petrol Tank…
Bise FSD 9th 10th Class Date Sheet 2015 Faisalabad Board…
How To Wear A Tie
How Sun Effects The Skin
History of Gujjar Caste in Pakistan in Urdu
Best Female Male Psychiatrist in Lahore Psychiatric Doctor List
Vitiligo Treatment in Pakistan in Urdu at Home

Ghumakkar – Inspiring travel experiences. - Traveling is good

Pahalgam, the real beauty of Kashmir

It was after assurances from my friend that is was absolutely safe to visit Kashmir, did i make up my mind to plan a trip to Kashmir in end October 2012. It was something like a dream come true. I prepared the tour programme, booked the flights about 6 months in advance and then finalised the hotels after thorough re-search in the net. We would travel straight to Pahelgam from Srinagar airport and spend 3 nights in Pahelgam. From there we would come to Srinagar and spent 4 days there before returning to kolkata.

Day 1 Everything was in place. On the date of the journey we had to wake up at 3.30 am in the morning to catch our flight to Delhi and connecting flight to Srinagar.I had read in reviews that the view of the snow capped mountains from the aircraft just before landing at Srinagar was awesome. I was prepared with my still camera and camcorder and oh my god what a view it was. It was sheer delight. We could see the peaks of the Pir Panjal range (part of the Himalayas) with all its full family, the white clouds floating around like big fields of cotton.

View from plane

It was the day of Eid, a local holiday. It was sunny and bright and we started for Pahelgam 97 kms away. Roads were good and since it was a holiday there was hardly any sign of people on the streets and all shops were closed. We sped past Pampore, Avantipura, Sangrama, Khanabal, Anantnag. Pampore is famous for its Saffron plantations (the only place in the world other than Spain) and we passed big stretches of land where we could see purple saffron flowers all over.

Saffron flowers

Sangrama is famous for its cricket bats but since it was a holiday, all shops were closed.

Way to Pahalgam

We planned to stop at these places on our return journey to Srinagar 3 days later. We reached Pahelgam at 2.30 pm and checked into Mantoo Cottages. The first sight of the resort and its surroundings created a nice feeling in us. The resort is located at Laripora village about 2 kms from the main market area. I chose this place to stay in the midst of nature.

Our cottage

The beautiful lawn, flower plants, the hills with snow capped peaks surrounding all four sides and the Lidder river flowing gently created a mystic picture. We went to our room and after some rest and hot coffee, came out to wander around the village to get the taste of the rustic atmosphere which we miss in the city.

By the lidder river

There were goats and chickens running around the street, people doing their household work, horses strolling lazily. It was much colder there than in Srinagar. After sunset we returned to our room. Our exploration begins next day. The good news -after trying hard i was able to bring my camcorder to work again, i was happy.

Day 2 Next morning, had early break fast and went out to look for ponies as we shall explore Pahelgam on horseback. After some bargaining with the local pony owners we decided to visit Baisaran, Dabian, Kashmir valley & Pahelgam valley.We hired 3 ponies, one each for us and started off at a gentle pace. The pony attendants walked beside us guiding the animals. These places are some of the most beautiful locales in Pahelgam but can be explored only on horseback. So aged people and those who are not capable to ride ponies will be deprived from such scenic places. we moved on through the hilly trails and reached Pahelgam valley, a point from where the city can be viewed. Then we moved across streams, hilly terrain, boulders and reached a vast grassland called Baisaran or mini Switzerland.

The lush green grasslands, lined with pine trees and mountains beyond, were a treat for the eyes.After running around for some time we mounted on our ponies again and started moving down the slope of the mountains through the pine forest. By this time we had learnt to control the ponies with the reins. My son particularly was very excited. It was really an amazing experience. Next we arrived at Dabian.

This too is a grassland with step cultivation, pine trees and mountains beyond. We had some hot noodles from a local shanty and then moved on to Kashmir valley where we could see a water fall far away dry at this point of time. It was now time to return. The pony attendants took us through zig-zag trails, woods and villages and finally arrived at the main market place. We got off our ponies, our backs aching with the bumpy ride we had all day.

Village trail

It was about 4 pm and we were very hungry. We headed straight to Nathu’s Rasoi, a very popular vegetarian restaurant.

Market place – Pahalgam

We had our lunch and also packed food for dinner which we shall ask the waiter at the resort to serve us hot at night.We walked around the market place, there were shops selling all kinds of items from clothes, fruits & vegetables to medicines.We bought apples, ripe small ones but very sweet and juicy.

Chinar – Pahalgam

Since our resort was at the end of the bus route 2 km away we decided to return by local bus instead of hiring a taxi. The local buses are one of a kind here. The footstep is so high that you need to push a person into the bus from behind and when you are inside the ceiling is so low that you cannot stand without bending your back.

We got into the bus bought tickets at throw away prices. The locals including men, women in salwar, elderly men, girls stared at us while i took photos. The bus stand was at a small ground near the Lidder river at the edge of the village. We got down and spent some time at the river bank. There is not much water in it at this time of the year. We walked back to the resort and into the comfort of our room.

Power supply in the village is hardly steady and most hotels and resorts have their own backup generators. Next day we shall explore Pahelgam by car.

Day 3 After breakfast we called the Tourist Taxi Association and hired a Maruti Omni, a small van like car for us. Today we would be visiting Betab Valley, Aru Valley, Chandanwari and Mamleswar Temple. In Pahelgam you shall have to hire a car only from the Association for going places, even if you have you own vehicle it cannot be used. This rule is to provide earnings to the local people. The Association has its Rate chart fixed depending on the number of places to be visited and the type of vehicle required. The car arrived at our resort within 10 minutes and we were climbing up hill through the winding roads in no time. The climb was quite steep, we went past villages and after about 25 minutes we arrived at Betab Valley.

Betab Valley

We bought entry tickets and entered the area. This is basically a huge park for shooting movies. The movie of ester years ‘Betab’ was shot in this park and hence the name. There is a beautiful stream flowing in the middle and a log hut beside it, complete with small bridge over the stream. The park has paved walkways around the entire edge and there are places of thick bushes and trees giving a look of the woods. Small hutments are there here and near. The area is huge and is surrounded by tall mountains with the snow peaks visible. On the slopes we could see herds of sheep grazing around – thus the name ‘Pahelgam’ meaning Village of Shepherds. The entire scenery was very beautiful.

After spending around half an hour,we walked back to our car for our next destination – Chandanwari. The climb was now steeper and the we felt colder. From the top we could see the Betab Valley below. After travelling for almost 45 minutes we reached Chandanwari. This place is the starting point of the famous pligrimage to Amarnath temple. During the month of June hundreds of devotees make their journey to Amarnath Temple through this place.

Chandanwari

At that time the quite villages buzz with pilgrims. Many tourists had already reached this place. A few shops selling their wares and owners shouting to attract customers. We took hot coffee from a shop, it was quite refreshing in the cold. The journey to Amarnath is about 35 kms from here. The first few kms are rocks cut on the mountains in the form of steps and then later on thin trail going through the mountains. Most tourists climbed a few stairs paid their respect to God and came down. We walked a few steps and felt how tiring and difficult it was for the pilgrims to follow this journey. On the right side river Shesh Nag was flowing with sound of water breaking through the stones and boulders filled the atmosphere. There were hills all around, blocks of snow could be seen glistening in the sun. We spent some time beside the river taking photos and left for our next place – Aru valley. Now we had to come down hill and back to Laripora village passed our resort and moved on to the other direction. Road condition was bad as we moved on through villages. After some time we again started going up hill, by this time the Lidder river was on our left side. We noticed that almost the entire river bank was beautified in the form of parks or picnic spots. We traveled for about an hour and arrived at a vast grassland called Aru valley. There were ponies available for rides through the slopes and pine trees, few shops and a couple of hotels.There is nothing in particular to see except the scenery. The Jammu Kashmir Tourism- Eco Cottage stood amongst the back drop of hills and pine forest as the only building in the locality.

The Cottage was closed at that time. Many travelers had suggested a night stay at Aru but i never found it justified. The Lidder river flowing well below was a treat to watch from the cliff at one side. Tourists were busy taking snaps in traditional attire of the Kashmiri men and women being given on hire by the locals. My wife too tried some colourful outfits complete with jewelry and posed for photos. The place was absolutely calm and quiet and also lonely. It was noon already and we were hungry. We started our journey back to the market place to visit Mamleswar Temple. This temple was built in the twelfth century and has archaeological importance. It is a small temple with railings all around. There is a small reservoir in the centre, with flower plants and other trees. The deity inside is of Lord Shiva.

Mamleswar temple

Having finished our tour we headed for lunch at Nathu’s again. Though there is another good vegetarian restaurant – Danapani, most of the tourists prefer Nathu’s because of its sprawling interior. We availed the local bus again and returned to our resort. We spent the evening siting in the lawn enjoying the sunset and sipping hot coffee. It was our last night at Pahelgam. We shall move on to Srinagar the next day. Car has been booked for the same. I shall write about Srinagar in a separate Post.

Latest Posts

I am a bengali from Kolkata. I am a fun loving person with a passion for travel. I have been to many places across India and abroad. I also love photography and edit my travel videos into film like stories. Exploring new areas, diverse culture, people are my driving force to my hectic marketing job.I am an avid reader of travel magazines and also member of various travel groups

Rambha and Barkul – The flavours of Chilka

12 Comments

Hi Sumit, A warm welcome to ghumakkar dot com. Your debut post to ghumakkar is a treat to soul. Beautifully narrated and adorned with captivating snaps this post is really praiseworthy. Thanks for sharing……

Keep traveling…Keep writing.

Thanks. i shall keep writing…yes i have much more to share, but the constraint is time.

Welcome aboard Sumit.

Kashmir, I have never been there, as they say is the ‘Paradise on Earth’. The visual are tempting.

Please also share the tariff of Mantoo cottage and other Omni, would help people to plan. It is not heartening to hear that one can not drive their own vehicle for sight seeing. Though I have heard from people that Taxi associations are pretty fierce over there. Look fwd to your Srinagar trip.

Mantoo cottages generally charge 2500+ for a night, but this is negotiable. Mr. Faizan Mantoo is a good person and can be reached over phone. They have a website also which is not much useful. We did’nt experience any difficulty with the Taxi Assocn as rates are fixed as per chart.

Will write for Srinagar soon. I have lots of stunning photos to share.

Nandan thanks for publishing my post. I still cant understand why my photo is not appearing from Gravatar. Can u help?

Sumit, welcome to Ghumakkar. You have started with a bang with a post on one of the most beautiful regions of India-Kashmir. I don’t recall such a detailed post on Pahalgam in Ghumakkar. Thanks for all the beautiful pictures and details.

Welcome to Ghumakkar Community, Very nice post about Pahelgam (most beautiful tourist attraction in India).

Journey photos with locals also very nice. Thanks for sharing.

nice post,great pics.

Thanks all for welcoming me to Ghumakkar. I shall keep sharing my travel stories.

Welcome to Ghumakkar.

It is a very interesting d�but post with nice pics. Saffron flowers – never realised they looked like that …..

Nice description about your journeys.

Keep travelling, keep writing,

welcome to Ghumakkar family with a wonderful log with beautiful fotos. Hope some more fotos will be seen in 2nd part ?

saffron flower = autumn crocus right?

Welcome to Ghumakkar! Pahalgam is indeed beautiful.

Great post and location to start with. The autumn leaves look beautiful. Its been a long time. I think Kashmir is calling for a visit.

Keep writing!

Featured Author Interview with the Unstoppable Ajay Sharma

Once in a while it happens that even before you speak to someone you know it is going to be special. I had that lingering feeling when I was getting ready to interview Ajay Sharma

Your Article Library

Essay on kashmir: here is your essay on kashmir.

ADVERTISEMENTS:

‘Kashmiri’ is a wider term. It consists of numerous ethnic and cultural groups. Though living and scattered in different parts of the state, their major concentration lies in the Valley of Kashmir, Bhadarwah, Doda, Kishtwar, Banihal, and Ramban Tehsils of Jammu Division. They are also found in Kargil, Leh (Ladakh), Rajauri, Poonch, and Udhampur districts of the Jammu Division.

The word ‘Kashmiri’ has been loosely applied for several streams of immigrants, mainly from Afghanistan, Iran, Turkey and Central Asia, There is a close bearing of the Indo-Aryan culture on the ethnic composition of Kashmiris. In fact, the Kashmir language has its origin from the Proto-Indo- European family, also known as the Kurgan language.

Moreover, Kashmir has also received racial impulses from the Indo-Greeks which have influenced the ethnic structure of Kashmiris significantly. The influence of Dards, Ladakhis, Punjabis, Sikhs, Rajput’s, Gujjars has also molded the cultural ethos of the Kashmiris’.

Kashmiris are generally broad-shouldered and usually medium to tall stature. They are much dolichocephalic, having a well-developed forehead, a long narrow face, regular features and prominent straight, finely cut nose, attractive personality and graceful figures. They have keen trading instinct, and are deeply attached to their country.

A large number of unemployed Kashmiris will not seek jobs outside of Kashmir. They wear short pyjamas, a long loose large-sleeved gown, locally known as pheran and a skull cap. In intellect, they are considered to be superior to their neighbours. In disposition they are talkative, jolly and humorous.

About 95 per cent of the total population of Kashmir consists of Muslims. Every Kashmiri Hindu, with the exception of Khatri shopkeepers of Srinagar, who are known as Bohras, is called a Pandit or learned Brahman. Though not all learned, they are all Brahmins, and chiefly the followers of Shiva, the Lord of the Mountain and the God of the hill people. Khir- Bhawani at the mouth of the Sindh Valley is their favourite goddess.

The Pandits divide themselves into three classes:

(i) The astrologer class (Jotish),

(ii) The priest class (Guru or Bachahat), and

(iii) The working class (Karkun).

The priest class generally do not marry with any of the other classes, partly because they are regarded as divine and cut off from mankind, and partly because the laity abhor their practice of accepting the apparel of deceased Hindus. But the Jotish and Karkun pandits intermarry.

The Pandits are broken up into numerous Gotras. There are 18 Gotras among the Shivites Brahmans and 103 among the other Brahmans in Kashmir. Marriage is forbidden within the Gotra. The Leading Gotras are: Tikku, Razdan, Kak, Munshi, Mathu, Kachru, Pandit, Sapru, Bhan, Zutshi, Raina, Dhar, Fotedar, Madan, Thusu, Wangnu, Muju, Hokku, and Dulu.

The Kashmiri Muslims are predominantly cultivators, living in rural areas except those who are in urban places like Srinagar, Baramulla, Anantnag Sopore, Pulwama, etc. Among the Muslims, the largest number consists of Sheikhs. The Kashmir Muslims, by and large, are the descendants of original Hindus. The Saiyes, Mughals, and Pathans are the other major Muslim ethnic groups.

The Muslims of the valley may have retained, some of the customs of endogamy within the caste and exogamy outside the Gotra. But there is no trace now of these customs and only the different Gotra names are named and nothing more.’ It would be interesting to trace the origin of the Gotras (Kram) names , although by intermarriage the Krams have ceased to have and individuality or distinction. It is supposed by many that Muslims of the Pandit, Kol, Butt, Aitu, Rishi, Mantu, and Ghanai Krams are the descendants of Brahmans. Other Krams are believed to have sprung from Khatri origin . The Magres, Tantres, Dars, Dangers, Raina, Rathors, Thakurs and Naiks are from the Khatri Krams. Only one Kram, the Lone, is generally are signed a Vaisya origin, and the Damras are said to be the descendants of Sudras, the lowest of the Hindu castes.

In recent years, especially after 1947, it has become difficult to distinguish between the high and the low Krams as the men of low occupation are arrogating high sounding names. Thus of late years the Dums of Kashmir have steadily assumed the Kram of Ghanai, much to the annoyance of the original Ganar. The Hanjis (boatmen) of Kashmir have assumed the named Dar as a patent of respectability. Some Krams are, however, restricted to men of menial pursuits and the Kram name Sufi, which is said by some to be the Brahman origin, is mainly found among market-gardeners, bakers and servants.

Among the Sheikhs, the Pirzadas, who are the descendants of zealous converts of Islam, consider themselves to be the Saiyeds and intermarry with them. The Babas, also descended from zealous converts, are now chiefly religious mendicants. The Rishis are the attendants at shrines. The Mullas or priesthood of Kashmir are Sheikhs, and may be divided into two classes.

The first includes Mullas learned in the law, and variously designated as Maulvi, Qazi, Akhund or Mufti. The second class consists of Mullas who have fallen in social position and are known as Mals. These wash and prepare the bodies of the dead for burial and dig grave. Many Dums and Hanjis have adopted Kram ‘Mai’ but the Hanjis is regard the name as a corruption of the Hindi word for boatmen (Mallah).

The Saiyeds constitute the other important ethnic group in Kashmir. They may be divided into those who follow the profession of Piri-Muridi and those who have taken to agriculture and other pursuits. Some Saiyed families are highly respected in the villages, but those who have taken to agriculture are practically on a level with other villagers and intermarry with them.

Mir is the Kram name of the Saiyeds, while he retains his saintly profession, the Mir is prefixed to his name, when he takes to mundane pursuits the Mir is suffixed to his name. There are not many Mughals in Kashmir, and have so intermarried with the ordinary Kashmiri Muslims that all trace of descent is lost. They came to j Kashmir during the period of Mughals. Their Krams are Mir (a corruption of Mirza), Beg, Bande, Bach, and Ashaye.

In comparison to Mughals, the number of Pathans is large. Many of the Pathans retain all the old Pathan customs and still speak Pashtu language. They pride themselves on their bravery. They have large concentration in Uttar Machipura, Haval (Hamal). Most of the Pathans came to Kashmir in the time of Durrani. The Pathans are always given the title of Khan.

The Bombas are believed to have immigrated in Kashmir from Turkey. They are chiefly confined to Machipura. Originally a warlike tribe, they have degenerated into a feeble and most pitiable condition. They intermarry among themselves. Batkot is the old home of the Bombas in Kashmir, and when they die they are brought back to the beautiful burial ground, still kept up in Batkot. The heads of Bomba families are addressed as Raja, and the tract in which they live is known as Rajwara.

There are several villages of Faqirs or professional beggars. They work as agriculturist during the summer season and beg during the winter season. They regard the profession of begging as most honourable. They are not aggressive in their calling and are liked by the people.

In addition to these, there are numerous inferior castes who assumed their krams from the occupations they are engaged in. The market gardeners, herdsmen, shepherds, boatmen, minstrels, cobblers, leather workers, and scavengers. These small castes are scattered all over the state.

The Dums of Kashmir is an important caste, and have upto quite recent times had great power in the villages. The village watchman was always a Dum, and in addition to his police functions he was entrusted by the state with the duty of looking after the crops. The Dums, like Galawan and Batal generally, have darker complexion.

The Dums are much dreaded and disliked. Many stories are told by the Dums about their origin, and they always claim descent from a Hindu king, who afraid of his numerous sons, scattered them all over the valley, but it is believed that they are of Sudra origin.

The Galawans, or horse-keepers of Kashmir are by some considered to be the descendants of the Dums, and their dark complexion suggests that they are not of the same race as the Kashmiri peasants. Others think that the Galawans are the descendants of the Task Tribe.

Originally they used to earn their livelihood by grazing ponies but with the advent of time they found it more remunerative to steal them and they eventually developed into an established criminal tribe. They achieved notoriety in the days of Pathan rule, and when the Sikhs took over Kashmir, the Galawans were a terror to the country.

They used to move about in large parties, all mounted and armed with long, heavy clubs. They used to raid threshing-floors and frequently attacked a wedding party, and carried off the bride. Khaira Galawan is the hero of many a legends. The term ‘Galawan’ is now used to describe a man of violent and predatory habits.

The shepherds of Kashmir are known as Chaupans or Pohls. They are considered to be a separate ethnic group. A Chaupan is generally a cheery, active man with a most characteristic whistle, and his healthy life in the high mountains makes him strong and robust.

They occupy different Margs (alpine pastures) in which they graze their goats and horses during the summer season. In the autumn season they descend in the lower altitudes and live in villages. Band or Bhaggat combine the profession of singing and acting with that of begging and are great wanderers. They are much in request at marriage feasts and at harvest time they move about the villages. They sing songs in Kashmiri, Persian, Panjabi, Urdu and Hindi. They are very pleasant people.

Hanjis– An Ethnic Group Found in the Kashmir Valley
Sericulture in Jammu and Kashmir: Production of Raw Silk

No comments yet.

Leave a reply click here to cancel reply..

You must be logged in to post a comment.

aaj ik aur baras biit gayā us ke baġhair

jis ke hote hue hote the zamāne mere

shahi sair-e-kashmir

READ NOW See Book Index

Editor : Mohammaduddin Fauq

V4ebook_editionnumber : 002, publisher : matba kareemi press, lahore, origin : lahore, pakistan, year of publication : 1930, language : urdu, contributor : suman mishra.

More From Author

Read the author's other books here.

Azan-e-Butkada

Bharat Ki Deviyan

Butan-e-Haram

Kashmir Megezzine October 1911-SVK

Kashmiri Megezzine Jild 7 No 10 October 1912-SVK

Tazkira Khawateen-e-Dakan

Tohfa-e-Charaghan

Zanana Hazir Jawabiyan

Guru Nanak Dev

Hindi Adab Ki Tareekh

Altaf-ul-Qudus fi Marfat Lataif-un-Nafs

Maqalat-e-Sir Syed

Bahr-ul-Fasahat

Taubat-un-Nusuh

Sher-ul-Hind

Congress Ya Muslim League

Gulistan-e-Saadi

Urdu Ki Nasri Dastanen

Write a review.

Jashn-e-Rekhta | 8-9-10 December 2023 - Major Dhyan Chand National Stadium, Near India Gate - New Delhi

Rekhta Foundation

Devoted to the preservation & promotion of Urdu

Rekhta Dictionary

A Trilingual Treasure of Urdu Words

Online Treasure of Sufi and Sant Poetry

World of Hindi language and literature

The best way to learn Urdu online

Rekhta Books

Best of Urdu & Hindi Books

Mera Yadgar Safar Essay In Urdu

Back to: Urdu Essays List 3

یادگار سفر پر مضمون

آج بھی وہ دن بھلائے نہیں بھولتا جب ہم سب پورے گھر کے لوگ بنارس کے کچھوا گاؤں میں شادی میں جانے کے لیے تیار ہوئے تھے۔ بنارس کے کچھوا گاؤں میں ہماری خالہ اور خالو رہتے ہیں۔ ان کے بیٹے کی شادی تھی جس میں ہم سب کو شرکت کرنا تھا۔ خیر ! صبح کی ٹرین سے روانہ ہونے کے لئے امی، بڑی آپا، بڑی آپا کے شوہر اور ان کے بچے، ہم سب بہنیں اور ہمارا چھوٹا بھتیجہ جانے کے لیے تیار ہوئے۔ آپا کے شوہر یعنی بھائی صاحب نے سب کا ٹکٹ لیا اور ہم سب ٹرین میں بیٹھ گئے۔

ٹرین چلنا شروع ہوئی اور خوبصورت نظارے دکھنے لگے۔ لہلہاتے ہوئے کھیت٬ ندی اور ندی میں چلتی ہوئی کشتیاں٬ اینٹ کی فیکٹریاں، ہرے بھرے آم کے پیڑ اور پیڑوں میں ڈلے ہوئے جھولے، یہ سب بہت ہی خوبصورت مناظر تھے۔ یہ سب دیکھنے کے لئے سارے بچے ایک دوسرے سے جھگڑ رہے تھے۔ کوئی کہہ رہا تھا ہم کھڑکی کے پاس بیٹھینگے تو کوئی کہہ رہا تھا کہ ہم بیٹھینگے۔ پھر کسی طرح سے سب کی جگہ مقرر ہوئی اور سبھی نے ان مناظر کا لطف اٹھایا۔

پھر کچھ دیر کے بعد مونگپھلی والا مونگپھلی بیچنے آتا ہے۔ ویسے تو بہت ساری کھانے کی چیزیں ٹرین میں بکنے کو آتی ہیں لیکن مونگ پھلی ایک ایسی چیز ہے جس سے سفر بہت آسان ہوجاتا ہے۔اب سب نے مونگپھلی لے لی اور کھاتے ہوئے کچھوا جنکشن کا انتظار کرنے لگے۔

اب بس کچھ ہی وقت باقی تھا اس سفر کو مزے دار بننے می۔ ویسے تو ہم کافی مرتبہ ایک ساتھ سفر کرچکے ہیں لیکن یہ سفر واقعی بہت مزے دار اور یادگار بن گیا۔ اس کی ایک وجہ یہ ہے کہ کچھ وقت ہی بچا تھا کچھوا جنکشن آنے میں۔ اتنے میں ہم بہنوں میں سے ایک بہن نے کہا کہ آگیا کچھوا جنکشن! اتنا سنتے ہی سب لوگ ایک ایک بچہ ٹرین سے اتر گیا اور جیسے ہی ٹرین سے اُترے کیا دیکھتے ہیں کہ یہ کچھوا جنکشن ہے ہی نہیں بلکہ کٹکا جنکشن ہے۔ کٹکا جنکشن کچھوا جکشن سے پہلے پڑتا ہے اور اتفاق کی بات یہ ہے کہ اس جنکشن پر ٹرین 30-40 سیکنڈ سے زیادہ نہیں رکتی۔

اب جتنے لوگ کٹکا جنکشن پر اترے تھے سب بالکل گھبرا گئے اور الٹے پیر آؤ دیکھا نہ تاؤ جلدی جلدی ٹرین پر چڑھنے لگے اور جیسے ہی سب لوگ ٹرین پر چڑھے ویسے ہی ٹرین چل پڑی۔

جب سب کے سب ٹرین پر چڑھ چکے تب جاکر سب کی جان میں جان آئی۔ اگر ایک بچہ بھی چھوٹ جاتا تو بڑی مصیبت ہو جاتی۔ پہلے تو سب بڑے لوگ غصہ کرنے لگے کہ کون اتنا لاپرواہ ہے جس نے بنا دیکھے کہہ دیا کہ آگیا کچھوا جنکشن؟ لیکن جب سب بہنوں کا دل مایوس ہونے لگا تو بھائی صاحب نے کہا کوئی بات نہیں کبھی کبھی ایسا دھوکا ہو جاتا ہے۔

اس کے بعد پھر کچھ ہی دیر میں کچھوا جنکشن آگیا۔ جب خالہ کے گھر پہنچے اور ان سب کو ٹرین والا قصہ بتایا تو سب کی ہنسی کا ٹھکانہ ہی نہیں رہا۔ اس بات کو لے کر اتنا مذاق بنا کہ کوئی بھی آتا وہ بار بار یہی کہتا کہ کٹکا جنکشن میں بھی دعوت کھانا تھا کیا؟ بس تب کیا تھا ہمارا یہ سفر سب سے زیادہ مزے دار اور یادگار بن گیا۔

ویسے تو ہم سب نے بہت سے سفر کیے ہیں اور بہت مزے بھی کیے ہیں لیکن اس کے جیسا مزہ اور اس کے جیسا یادگارسفر کبھی نہیں کیا۔ ہم سب جب دسترخوان پر ایک ساتھ کھانا کھانے بیٹھتے ہیں تو اکثر یہی بات نکل آتی ہے اور ہم سب اس دن کو یاد کرکے بہت زیادہ ہنستے ہیں۔

COMMENTS

Essay on Kashmir: History and Beauty in 600+ Words
The list of some important wars are as follows: 1. First Indo-Pak War (1947-1948): Fought for Jammu Kashmir shortly after India's independence. 2. Sino-Indian War (1962): A conflict between India and China for the territorial region Aksai Chin. 3. The War of (1965): Fought mainly over Kashmir. 4.
10 Must-Read Essays on Kashmir by Gautam Navlakha
The contrary is however true. Nationalism is not the opposite of religious identity. The point of commonality is not just the religious zeal.". "Kashmir: At the Edge of the Possible" by Gautam Navlakha (Economic and Political Weekly, September 17, 1994) "…since the Indian army cannot defeat militancy and because the government is not ...
Kashmir
Kashmir, region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent. It is bounded by the Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang to the northeast and the Tibet Autonomous Region to the east (both parts of China), by the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab to the south, by Pakistan to the west, and by Afghanistan to the northwest. The region, with a total area of some 85,800 square miles (222,200 ...
Essay on Kashmir in English 100, 200, 300, 500 Words PDF
Essay (300 Words) Introduction. Jammu and Kashmir is the most beautiful and important part of the earth which is located in the northern part of India. Kashmir is also called heaven on earth. It has Pakistan on its western border and China on its northern and eastern borders. About 8 languages are spoken in Kashmir, while the area is about ...
Legacy Of Kashmir, The Forgotten Land Of Beauty And Knowledge
This is the first essay in a four-part series about the important contributions of Kashmir to Indian culture. It throws light on the early history of the region and the expertise of the Kashmiris ...
The Kashmir conflict: How did it start?
The dispute between India and Pakistan over Kashmir was sparked by a fateful decision in 1947, and has resulted in decades of violence, including two wars. Since 1947, India and Pakistan have been ...
100 Words Essay On The Kashmir Issue In English
The Kashmir Issue is one that is complex. It can be traced back to the time of partition. With the end of British rule, conflicts emerged between the Hindus and the Muslims, with the latter wanting a separate country of their own. After the Partition in 1947, Pakistan emerged as a Muslim-dominated country while India emerged as a secular ...
Essay on Jammu and Kashmir Issue
The dispute over Jammu and Kashmir has profound socio-cultural implications. The region has witnessed several bouts of violence, leading to loss of life and property, and creating deep-seated fear and mistrust among communities. The issue has also led to the displacement of several communities, most notably the Kashmiri Pandits, who were forced ...
Special Issue: Writing about Kashmir
In a world that continues to be carved up into the false binary of West vs. East, there is an abundance of scholarly work on history and memory, history and gender, and trauma and art in Europe and the United States (Khan Citation 2021, 2).But such substantial and scholarly work on Jammu and Kashmir - which connects the past with the present by weaving the nuances of history, fiction, and ...
(PDF) An Analysis of the Kashmir Issue: Past, Present ...
Ismail Khan †. Fazli Rehman ‡. An Analysis of the Kashmir Issue: Past, Present and Future. Recommendations. Abstract: In this paperwork, we at first presented the basic introduction to the ...
कश्मीर पर निबंध- Essay on Kashmir in Hindi
ध्यान दें - प्रिय दर्शकों Essay on Kashmir in Hindi आपको अच्छा लगा तो जरूर शेयर करे ।. In this article, we are providing information about Kashmir in Hindi- Essay on Kashmir in Hindi. कश्मीर- भारत की सुंदरता. Essay ...
The Multiple Narratives of the Kashmir Conflict
The Kashmir conflict, already an inextricable part of international politics, is getting more complicated now with attempts to cast conflict resolution in a Hindu nationalist framework, including suggestions of subdividing the State along religious lines. In this essay, Human rights lawyer and author of Many Faces of Kashmiri Nationalism: From Cold War to Present Day (2015), <b>Nandita Haksar ...
Masla e Kashmir Essay In Urdu
عالمی عدالت انصاف اس مسئلہ کا فیصلہ کرے۔. دونوں ملک دوطرفہ مذاکرات کے ذریعے اس مسئلہ کا حل تلاش کریں۔. دونوں ملک کشمیر سے نکل جائیں اور خود مختیار کشمیر کی ریاست قائم کر دی جائے۔. کشمیر عوام کے ...
Kashmir hamari shah rag hai essay in urdu pdf
Kahmir hamari shah rag essay in Urdu for 2nd year. The essay includes relevant quotations and poetry in Urdu. The students who were asking for smart syllabus Urdu essays can now also download complete smart syllabus essays notes in a single pdf file. The pdf files is ready and it will be uploaded soon. کشمیر پر مضمون اردو میں ...
Kashmir Day in Pakistan Essay Speech in English
In 1990, Kashmir Day become a major concern on the call of the Prime Minister of that time. So in Pakistan, 5 th February of every year, the unity day is celebrated against the India state terrorism and to show the unity with the people of Kashmir and acknowledge the efforts of local people. It is day to raise the voice against the annihilation ranging in Kashmir since 64 years.
Essay on "Kashmir" (1000 Words)
Essay on "Kashmir" (1000 Words) Article shared by. The word ' Kashmir' is derived from the Sanskrit word meaning Land of Kashyap. Rishi Kashyap was one of the Saptarishis who was a Saraswat Brahmin and formalized the ancient Historical Vedic Religion. His descendants or the Kashmiri Pandits as they are commonly known named the valley in ...
Pahalgam, the real beauty of Kashmir
BySumit Chowdhury. Pahalgam, the real beauty of Kashmir. It was after assurances from my friend that is was absolutely safe to visit Kashmir, did i make up my mind to plan a trip to Kashmir in end October 2012. It was something like a dream come true. I prepared the tour programme, booked the flights about 6 months in advance and then finalised ...
Essay on Kashmir: Here is your Essay on Kashmir
Essay on Kashmir: Here is your Essay on Kashmir. 'Kashmiri' is a wider term. It consists of numerous ethnic and cultural groups. Though living and scattered in different parts of the state, their major concentration lies in the Valley of Kashmir, Bhadarwah, Doda, Kishtwar, Banihal, and Ramban Tehsils of Jammu Division.
shahi sair-e-kashmir
Bharat Ki Deviyan 1921. Butan-e-Haram 1927. Kashmir Megezzine October 1911-SVK 1911. Kashmiri Megezzine Jild 7 No 10 October 1912-SVK 1912. Tazkira Khawateen-e-Dakan ... Urdu Essays 1957. Review. Be the first person to Review this ebook. Read More Reviews Write a Review . Write a Review. SUBMIT.
Urdu Essays List
Essay On Subah Ki Sair In Urdu. 0 . 8 of 20 FREE Essay on Seerat-e-Nabvi in Urdu. 0 . 9 of 20 FREE Essay On Childhood In Urdu. 0 . 10 of 20 FREE Essay on Tree Plantation in Urdu. 0 . ... Masla e Kashmir Essay In Urdu. 0 . 5 of 29 FREE Mera School Essay In Urdu. 0 . 6 of 29 FREE Essay On Jahez In Urdu. 0 . 7 of 29 FREE Essay On School Uniform In ...
Mera Yadgar Safar Essay In Urdu
Mera Yadgar Safar Essay In Urdu- In this article we are going toread essay on mera yadgar safar in urdu language. Mera Yadgar Safar Essay In Urdu | یادگار سفر پر مضمون, mera yadgar safar urdu mein, mera yadgar safar urdu main mazmoon, ek yadgar safar essay in urdu for class 10, aik yadgar waqia urdu essay, mera yadgar din essay in urdu for class 4, rail ka safar essay in urdu
कश्मीर की कली
कश्मीर की कली 1964 में बनी हिन्दी भाषा की फिल्म है। यह शक्ति सामंत द्वारा निर्मित और निर्देशित है। संगीत ओ॰ पी॰ नय्यर का है और गीत एस॰ एच॰ बिहारी के हैं। इस ...