pathology of speech

What is an SLP & What do they do?

Speech-language pathology is the scientific study of speech, fluency, feeding and swallowing, and all the mechanisms of speech and language, along with the therapeutic application of corrective and augmentative measures to help people with speech disorders speak and communicate better. It falls under the communication sciences and disorders discipline, which also include the closely aligned—but separate—study of audiology.

Speech-language pathology is focused on a range of human communication and swallowing disorders affecting people of all ages.

• Calvin University - Calvin University's Online Speech and Hearing Foundations Certificate - Helps You Gain a Strong Foundation for Your Speech-Language Pathology Career.
• Emerson College - Master's in Speech-Language Pathology online - Prepare to become an SLP in as few as 20 months. No GRE required. Scholarships available.
• NYU Steinhardt - NYU Steinhardt's Master of Science in Communicative Sciences and Disorders online - ASHA-accredited. Bachelor's degree required. Graduate prepared to pursue licensure.
• Arizona State University - Online - Online Bachelor of Science in Speech and Hearing Science - Designed to prepare graduates to work in behavioral health settings or transition to graduate programs in speech-language pathology and audiology.

According to The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association , the following disorders fall under the umbrella of speech-language pathology:

• Speech Disorders : Occurs when individuals have difficulty producing speech sounds correctly or fluently (e.g., stuttering)
• Language Disorders : Occurs when individuals have difficulty understanding others, sharing thoughts, feelings, and ideas, and/or using language in functional and socially appropriate ways; language disorders may also be in the written form
• Communicating with others socially (e.g., greeting others, asking questions, etc.)
• Changing their way of communicating depending on the listener or setting
• Following socially acceptable rules of conversation and story telling
• Cognitive-Communication Disorders : Occurs when individuals have difficulties paying attention, planning, problem-solving, or organizing their thoughts. Many times, these disorders occur as a result of a traumatic brain injury, stroke, or dementia.
• Swallowing Disorders: Occurs when individuals have difficulty eating and swallowing. Swallowing disorders are often a result of an illness, injury, or stroke.

The practice of speech-language pathology includes those who want to learn how to communicate more effectively, such as those who want to work on accent modification or improve their communication skills. It also includes the treatment of people with tracheostomies and ventilators.

Speech-Language Pathology: The Synthesis of Two Fields of Study

Language differs from speech, which is why speech-language pathology is actually the study of two fields.

Speech is the verbal means of communication. It consists of:

• Articulation: How speech sounds are made
• Voice: The use of breathing and vocal cords to produce sounds
• Fluency: The rhythm of speech

Speech problems often occur because a person has difficulty producing sounds due to the incorrect movement of the lips, tongue, and mouth.

Speech problems include:

• Childhood speech apraxia : Neurological childhood speech sound disorder resulting from neuromuscular difficulties, such as abnormal reflexes or abnormal tone
• Adult speech apraxia : Speech disorder caused by neuromuscular difficulties, such as abnormal reflexes or abnormal tone; usually as a result of stroke, traumatic brain injury, dementia, or other progressive neurological disorders
• Dysarthia : Impaired movement of the muscles used for speech production, including the vocal cords, tongue, lips, and/or diaphragm
• Stuttering : Involuntary repetition of sounds
• Speech sound disorders : Includes articulation and phonological processes difficulties
• Orofacial myofunctional disorders : Tongue moves forward in an exaggerated way during speech or swallowing (called tongue thrusts)
• Voice disorders : Includes vocal cord nodules and polyps, vocal cord paralysis, spasmodic dysphonia, and paradoxical vocal fold movement

Language consists of socially shared rules that include how to put words together, how to make new words, what words mean, and what word combinations are best in what situations. Language disorders include:

• Difficulty understanding others: receptive language disorder
• Difficulty sharing thoughts, ideas, and feelings: expressive language disorder

Although speech and language disorders can occur by themselves, they often exist together, which is why speech-language pathology is a combined field of study.

Speech and language disorders are often a result of medical conditions, such as:

• Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
• Huntington’s Disease
• Multiple sclerosis (MS)
• Laryngeal and oral cancers
• Right hemisphere brain injury
• Traumatic brain injury

In children, this may also include selective mutism and language-based learning disabilities resulting from:

• Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
• Syndromes, such as Down’s syndrome and Fragile X syndrome
• Cerebral palsy
• Failure to thrive
• Low birth weight or premature birth
• Hearing loss
• Intellectual disabilities
• Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
• Stroke/brain injury
• Cleft lip/palate

What is a Speech-Language Pathologist?

Speech-language pathologists evaluate, diagnose, and treat speech, language, communication, and swallowing disorders. These highly trained clinicians work as part of a collaborative, interdisciplinary team of professionals, which includes physical therapists, occupational therapists, social workers, teachers, physicians, audiologists, and psychologists, among others.

Their job duties include:

• Developing and implementing treat plans based on their professional assessment and recommendation from members of the interdisciplinary team
• Monitoring their patients’ progress and adjusting their treatment plans accordingly
• Documenting patient care and writing reports regarding patient evaluation, treatment, progress, and discharge
• Ordering, conducting, and evaluating hearing, speech, and language tests and examinations
• Educating patients and family members on treatment plans, communication techniques, and strategies for coping with speech/language barriers
• Designing, developing, and employing diagnostic and communication devices or strategies
• Developing and implementing speech and language programs

Though a majority of speech-language pathologists are involved in direct patient care, these professionals also fulfill a number of other roles in areas such as:

• Program coordination and administration
• Teaching at the post-secondary level
• Supervision
• Product development and evaluation
• Consultation

Speech-Language Pathologist Education and Certification

Speech-language pathologists are highly educated and trained clinicians, educators, researchers, and administrators. Speech-language pathologists, at a minimum, hold a master’s degree in Communication Sciences and Disorders (CSD).

Most master’s degrees in CSD are Master of Arts (MA) or Master of Science (MS) programs. Master of Education (MEd) programs prepare speech-language pathology educators.

National certification and states licensure require the completion of a program that has been accredited by the Council on Academic Accreditation in Audiology and Speech Language Pathology (CAA) .

In most states, additional state licensure requirements include completing a supervised postgraduate professional experience and passing a national exam.

Language-speech pathologists can earn the Certificate of Clinical Competence in Speech-Language Pathology (CCC-SLP) through the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Certification requirements are similar to state licensing requirements, so state licensed language-speech pathologists generally qualify for the CCC-SLP designation.

The History of Speech-Language Pathology

Speech-pathology as a recognized field of study had its origins in the early part of the twentieth century, when the scientific, academic, and clinical foundations began to take shape and a number of organizations (such as the American Academy of Speech Correction in 1926) focused on speech disorders and speech correction were established.

From 1945 to 1965, speech-language pathology began to evolve, thanks to the introduction of a number of assessment and therapy approaches focused on underlying communication disorders. It was during this time that speech-language pathology researchers and clinicians began focusing their attention on the many WWII soldiers returning from war with brain injuries resulting in aphasia.

This period also gave rise to brain studies, technological advances, and the development of standardized testing procedures, including receptive and expressive language assessment and treatment techniques.

Between 1965 and 1975, advancements in linguistics spurred researchers to begin distinguishing language disorders from speech disorders. Their work enhanced the work of speech-language pathologists, allowing them to begin more effectively treating a variety of language delays and disorders.

Today, speech-language pathology continues to evolve as high-quality research evidence is integrated into practitioner expertise and clinical decision making. The increased national and international exchange of professional knowledge, information, and education in communication sciences and disorders continues to strengthen research collaboration and improve clinical services.

Speech-Language Pathology Resources

• Council on Academic Accreditation in Audiology and Speech Language Pathology (CAA)
• American Speech-Language-Hearing Association
• American Academy of Private Practice in Speech Pathology and Audiology
• International Clinical Phonetics and Linguistics Association
• National Student Speech Language Hearing Association
• National Aphasia Foundation
• Childhood Apraxia of Speech Association of North America
• The Cherab Foundation
• The Voice Foundation
• Selective Mutism Foundation
• Stuttering Foundation of America
• National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders

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• Voice Therapy
• Dual Certification in SLP and Lactation Consultancy
• Continuing Education is Key to Career Versatility and Longevity in This Field
• Do You Speak with an Accent? … You Can Still Be an Outstanding SLP
• The Challenges and Rewards of Working with English Language Learners
• Some Advice on How to Approach Your Clinical Fellowship
• 4 Things a Job Description Can’t Tell You About the Profession
• 5 Things I Love Most About Being an SLP
• Your Guide to Getting Started in Telepractice
• Why Team Player SLPs are Even More Effective Than Superstars
• Why Working With the Entire Family Gets the Best Results in Kids Struggling with Speech-Language Issues

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Speech Pathology Overview

Adults and children with speech, language, cognitive and swallowing disorders find the compassionate, comprehensive care they need with the experts of the Division of Speech Pathology.

Our speech-language pathologists are skilled and continually trained in the latest medical, surgical and behavioral techniques for diagnosing and managing all speech, language, cognitive and swallowing disorders. They work closely with doctors trained in brain, spine and nervous system conditions ( neurologists ); ear, nose and throat conditions ( otolaryngologists ); laryngology and voice disorders ; rehabilitation concerns ( physical medicine and rehabilitation specialists ); children's medical conditions ( pediatricians , pediatric neurologists , craniofacial team experts).

Conditions and symptoms

• Apraxia of speech, including childhood apraxia of speech
• Cognitive disorders associated with acquired brain injury , stroke and dementia
• Craniofacial disorders (for example, cleft lip and palate )
• Developmental speech, language and communication disorders (for example, specific language disability, speech-sound delay, autism spectrum disorder , stuttering )
• Voice disorders (for example, spasmodic dysphonia, laryngectomy)
• Unexplained acquired voice or speech disorders

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What Is a Speech Pathologist?

Also Known as a Speech-Language Pathologist (SLP) or Speech Therapist

• What They Do
• Conditions Treated

Training for Speech Pathologists

• When to See an SLP

A speech pathologist, also known as a speech therapist, is a healthcare professional who helps you improve your speech and communication if you have been ill, injured, or have a chronic disability. Speech pathologists may also be called speech-language pathologists (SLP).

Speech pathologists also work with people who have difficulty swallowing food or drink to help them stay safe while eating.

This article examines the important work that speech pathologists do as part of a rehabilitation team of professionals. You will learn what conditions they treat and when you should seek out the services of an SLP.

What a Speech Pathologist Does

A speech pathologist is a trained medical professional who works with patients who are injured or ill and are having difficulty speaking or swallowing. They work to prevent, assess, and treat these disorders in adults and children.

Speech pathologists help people communicate, and this may involve:

• Expressive communication : The ability to communicate verbally and nonverbally
• Receptive communication : The ability to understand verbal and nonverbal communications

Some speech therapists work closely with audiologists (healthcare professionals who treat hearing and balance problems) to ensure that you can hear and understand language correctly. Others work with otolaryngologists , also called ear, nose, and throat physicians (ENTs), to help patients swallow food and drink safely and to assist patients with oral motor function.

Common Specialty Areas

Some speech pathologists have a more generalized practice, while others have a more narrow focus on specific areas or problems such as:

• Social communication
• Voice and vocal hygiene
• Speech sound disorders

Some of the official certifications that a speech pathologist may receive include:

•  Intraoperative monitoring
•  Fluency disorders
•  Swallowing and feeding disorders
•  Child language disorders

Speech pathologists seeking specialty certification have to meet education, experience, and clinical practice requirements as established by independent specialty certification boards.

Where Speech Therapists Work

There are a variety of settings in which speech pathologists work. This may include:

• Schools: Speech therapists working in schools help children with speech disorders learn to overcome their communication challenges.
• Nursing homes: Speech therapists in nursing homes help patients with dementia or communication issues caused by other conditions like stroke learn communication strategies. They also work with staff on ways to help residents communicate more effectively.
• Hospitals: A speech pathologist working in a hospital may help diagnose and treat language communication problems and swallowing disorders in hospitalized patients. 
• Private practices: Speech pathologists may also work in private practices where they may specialize in one or more language problems or health conditions in specific populations.

Speech pathologists can also work as educators in colleges and universities, and they may be involved in research.

Conditions Speech Therapists Treat

Speech pathologists work with people of various ages and with a variety of conditions. They sometimes work with young children who are having problems speaking properly, or they may help older adults with cognitive communication (communication that is affected by memory, attention, organization, and problem-solving, which are examples of executive functioning ).

A stroke can cause damage to the part of the brain responsible for language and communication. Depending on the extent of the stroke, this loss of ability may be short-term or long-term. A speech pathologist can help someone who is recovering from a stroke regain their ability to speak and understand language.

What is aphasia?

Aphasia is a condition of the brain that affects how you communicate with others. It is caused by damage to the part of the brain responsible for language and can affect your ability to speak and understand what is being said.

Hearing Loss

A speech pathologist may work with other professionals such as audiologists and ENTs to help assess, manage, and treat someone with hearing loss. Some of the things a speech pathologist might do to help someone with hearing loss include evaluating the person's speech, helping them improve listening skills, and working with them to develop alternative communication strategies.

Vocal Damage

Vocal cords can become damaged in various ways including persistent coughing and voice overuse. A speech pathologist can teach you muscle strengthing and voice rehabilitation excercises and other strategies to help your vocal cords heal (such as cough modification). 

English Language Learners

If you are learning a new language and wish to alter your accent, you may benefit from the services of a speech-language pathologist, as well. They can help you form words and sounds correctly to alter your normal speech in learning a new language.

Traumatic Brain Injury

Traumatic brain injury after a blow to the head or an accident that affects the parts of the brain that control language can also lead to problems with communication. A speech therapist can help someone with this type of injury recover lost speech and language skills.

Swallowing Disorders

Dysphagia is the medical term for difficulty swallowing. It can be caused by several different medical conditions including muscular problems, a narrowed esophagus, damage caused by gastroesophageal reflux disease, or esophageal cancer. 

Untreated dysphagia can lead to problems eating and drinking including choking. A speech pathologist can help you develop strategies for safe chewing and swallowing, including exercises, correct body position, and food preparation recommendations. 

People with autism can have difficulty with both written and spoken communication as well as body-language forms of communication such as pointing and waving. Autism is also associated with difficulties relating to and socializing with other people. 

A speech pathologist can help people with autism understand communication norms and improve their written and spoken communication skills. They can also work with the families of people with autism on strategies that can help develop communication skills.

Alzheimer's Disease

People with dementia or Alzheimer's disease may develop communication problems as the disease progresses. A speech therapist can help the person develop memory skills and other strategies that will help them communicate.

Speech pathologists also work with the family and caregivers of people with dementia so they can help the person implement communication tools and strategies.   

Fluency Disorders

Fluency disorder describes speech patterns characterized by differences in rate and rhythm compared to how most people speak. 

Stuttering is the most common example of a fluency disorder. Another example is cluttering, which describes speech that is atypically fast and irregular.

Speech pathologists usually develop an individualized treatment plan for someone with a fluency disorder, which may include strategies such as:

• Minimizing negative reactions to the problem
• Increasing the person's acceptance of the problem
• Improving confidence
• Reducing avoidance behavior

Speech Sound Disorders

Speech sound disorders describe problems articulating words. People with speech sound disorders may be hard for others to understand. This can result in problems with social relationships, at work, or at school. 

Speech sound disorders are common in childhood and can be treated with the help of a speech pathologist. The pathologist will look at how the person moves their tongue, lips and jaw and help them learn the correct way to make sounds. 

People with speech sound disorders often have other problems with language; their speech therapist can also help them develop strategies to overcome these problems.

Gender-Affirming Voice Therapy

Voice therapy for transgender people can be an important part of gender-affirming healthcare. Learning to speak in ways that align with gender identity can improve a transgender person's quality of life as well as their social and psychological well-being.

A speech pathologist can help a transgender person learn to modify the pitch of their voice in ways that limit fatigue and damage to the vocal cords. They can also help the person learn nonverbal communication, articulation, and other strategies that can help their voice align with their gender identity.

To be a speech pathologist, a person must have a master's degree in communication disorders from a program accredited by the Council on Academic Accreditation in Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology (CAA).

Many undergraduate and graduate programs in speech pathology require time spent observing a speech therapist at work prior to admission. This satisfies the requirement for entry into school and provides a good understanding of what a speech pathologist's job is like.

The first year of work as a speech therapist is called a clinical fellowship year. During this time, aspiring speech pathologists will work under the supervision of a licensed speech pathologist.

Additional steps to becoming a speech pathologist include:

• Obtaining a certificate of clinical competence in SLP (CCC-SLP)
• Passing a national Praxis examination for Speech-Language Pathology
• Applying for SLP licensure in the state in which you will be working

A speech pathologist's education does not end when they leave school and pass the national examination. They must also fulfill continuing education requirements from the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) to maintain their license.

When to See a Speech Pathologist

There are certain instances in which you may need to see a speech pathologist. For example, parents commonly notice small speech or language impairments in their children and seek out an SLP.

Adults may want to work with a speech pathologist to help with new or existing communication or language problems.

If you become hospitalized, you may have a speech pathologist come to your room and work with you at your bedside. They can help you with speech and language, swallowing and diet issues, and can work with other members of a rehab team to ensure that it is safe and appropriate for you to return home.

When to see a medical professional

Many speech and language disorders benefit from the help of a speech therapist, but some are more urgent than others. Any sudden onset of impaired speech should be considered an emergency, as the person may be experiencing a life-threatening problem such as a stroke.

Children should be closely monitored for speech and language development. If your child does not have the language skills expected for their age, it is a good idea to see a speech pathologist as soon as you can.

If you or a loved one is having trouble communicating or understanding language, then working with a speech pathologist may be a good idea.

SLPs treat children and adults with a variety of conditions, including Alzheimer's disease, stroke, neurological injuries, autism, and more. They are trained to assess your condition and offer strategies to improve your expressive and receptive communication and swallowing function.

Pascoe A, Breen LJ, Cocks N. What is needed to prepare speech pathologists to work in adult palliative care?: What is needed to prepare SPs to work in adult palliative care? .  International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders . 2018;53(3):542-549. doi:10.1111/1460-6984.12367

American Speech Language Hearing Association. Who are speech pathologists, and what do they do? .

American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Social communication .

American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Speech sound disorders .

American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Clinical specialty certification .

Reilly S, Harper M, Goldfeld S. The demand for speech pathology services for children: Do we need more or just different? . J Paediatr Child Health . 2016;52(12):1057-1061. doi:10.1111/jpc.13318

National Aphasia Association. Stroke .

Johns Hopkins Medicine. Aphasia .

American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Hearing loss in adults .

American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Autism (autism spectrum disorder) .

Alzheimer's Association. Strategies to support changes in memory, language and behavior in the early stages of dementia .

American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Fluency disorders .

American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Gender-affirming voice therapy advocacy .

SpeechPathologyGraduatePrograms.org. How to become a speech pathologist .

Johns Hopkins Medicine. Identifying speech and language concerns about your child and when should you seek help?  

Salary.com. Speech Pathologist Salary in the United States .

By Brett Sears, PT Brett Sears, PT, MDT, is a physical therapist with over 20 years of experience in orthopedic and hospital-based therapy.

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The ASHA-Accredited Online Master’s Program in Speech-Language Pathology from NYU Steinhardt The ASHA-Accredited Online Master’s Program in Speech-Language Pathology from NYU Steinhardt The ASHA-Accredited Online Master’s Program in Speech-Language Pathology from NYU Steinhardt

Request information today.

Speech@NYU is the online SLP master’s program offered by the Department of Communicative Sciences and Disorders.  It is designed for aspiring speech-language pathologists who want the flexibility to pursue fulfilling careers in a variety of settings.

The online modality of the SLP master’s program is accredited by the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) and prepares you to work toward speech-language pathology certification. The curriculum is grounded in evidence-based practice and enables you to provide person-centered care for diverse populations with communication and swallowing disorders.

Online SLP Master’s Program Highlights

graduate-level credits

foundation courses offered online

direct clinical contact hours

No GRE Required. This program does not require GRE scores for admission.

Clinical Training in the Online Master’s in Speech Pathology

In the speech-language pathology program, you are assigned a dedicated placement specialist who will work with you to find NYU Steinhardt faculty-approved clinical field placement sites in or near your community.

With Speech@NYU, you will receive the in-depth training to provide forward-thinking, culturally competent care to clients of all ages without having to relocate.

As a student, you will complete a five-part sequence of on-campus clinical practicum and clinical field placement experiences at your placement site.

• Practicum I (Pre-Clinic and Immersion)
• Practicum II (Diagnostic Assessment and Immersion)
• Clinical Field Placement III (Treatment)
• Clinical Field Placement IV (Pediatrics)
• Clinical Field Placement V (Adults)

Clinical Immersions

Before beginning field placements, you will attend two immersions to help adequately prepare you to conduct clinical diagnostics in speech pathology and work more independently in your clinical experiences.

During these immersions, you will:

• Provide language, hearing, cognitive, and/or swallowing screens to diverse communities.
• Receive dedicated supervision and receive on-the-spot feedback from speech-language pathologists.
• Participate in specialized workshops relating to topics such as language screening, instrumental assessment of voice disorders, dysphagia screening, and aphasia treatment.

Learn more about clinical practicum and field training.

Ready to Take the Next Step? Ready to Take the Next Step? Ready to Take the Next Step?

Receive the clinical training you need to pursue a career as a licensed, certified speech-language pathologist. Learn more about the online master’s in speech-language pathology from NYU Steinhardt. Receive the clinical training you need to pursue a career as a licensed, certified speech-language pathologist. Learn more about the online master’s in speech-language pathology from NYU Steinhardt. Receive the clinical training you need to pursue a career as a licensed, certified speech-language pathologist. Learn more about the online master’s in speech-language pathology from NYU Steinhardt.

Support and Flexibility for Aspiring Speech Pathologists

Earn Your Online SLP Master’s Degree Full Time or Part Time

You have the flexibility to pursue your SLP graduate degree  full time or part time based on your scheduling needs . You can earn your master’s in speech-language pathology in as few as six or seven terms attending full time, or set a slower pace by attending part time until your field placement begins.

An academic advisor will work with you to choose the plan of study that is the best fit for your lifestyle while ensuring you continue to make appropriate academic progress.

Academic, Placement, and Career Support

As an online SLP student, you will  have access to the same resources as on-campus students , including the NYU Bobst Library, Wellness Exchange, Writing Center, and Wasserman Center for Career Development, which provides one-on-one coaching, webinars, and virtual career fairs to help you in your speech pathologist career.

In addition to continuous mentorship from faculty, you’ll also work with field placement specialists, academic advisors, and a technology support team to ensure your success as a Speech@NYU student.

Study Abroad Opportunities

Students in both the on-campus and online modalities of the SLP master’s program have the opportunity to complete a  study abroad program in countries like Sweden or Ghana  to study communication disorders from a cross-cultural perspective.

The program includes participating in local site visits, studying with local guest lecturers, and immersing yourself in a linguistically and culturally distinct setting.

Apply to the Online SLP Master’s Program Throughout the Year

Speech@NYU offers multiple cohort start dates every year in January and September. The admissions committee reviews applications on a rolling basis.  Take a look at the application requirements  to prepare what you need ahead of time.

The sooner you apply, the sooner you can receive an admissions decision and begin planning for your career as a speech-language pathologist.

The final application deadline for the September 2024 cohort is May 15, 2024.

A Comprehensive SLP Master’s Curriculum

Speech@NYU’s curriculum prepares you to become a well-rounded speech-language pathologist and treat clients with a variety of communication disorders across the life span.

In addition to foundation courses, instrumentation and research courses, and disorder courses,  Speech@NYU offers a diverse set of electives so you can tailor your educational experience to your interests.  You can take electives in specialized topics such as aphasia, and language and communication in children with autism spectrum disorders.

View the full list of Speech@NYU course descriptions .

Taught by Award-Winning Faculty

Online and on-campus students in the Department of Communicative Sciences and Disorders (CSD) are taught by scholars, published researchers, and active clinicians who constantly seek opportunities to interact with professionals from other disciplines.

CSD faculty  have extensive research funding from organizations such as the National Institutes of Health and the National Science Foundation and have received numerous teaching awards, such as the Steinhardt Teaching Excellence Award.

Our faculty members are all  active in the field, are dedicated to supporting and mentoring students  in their collective and individual pursuits, and help create new clinical and research initiatives at the Department, School, University, and community levels.

What Students Are Saying

“If you are looking for a program that will challenge you to  pursue excellence, develop strong research-based clinical skills , and  learn from a diverse group of individuals , this is the program for you. There are so many opportunities for students to grow and become strong speech-language pathologists.” Lynlee Bates, Speech@NYU Class of 2019 Meet some of the students of Speech@NYU , and see how the program is helping them achieve their personal and professional goals.

Join the Next Cohort of the SLP Master’s Program Join the Next Cohort of the SLP Master’s Program Join the Next Cohort of the SLP Master’s Program

Learn how Speech@NYU prepares you to provide person-centered care for diverse populations with communication and swallowing disorders. Take the next step today. Learn how Speech@NYU prepares you to provide person-centered care for diverse populations with communication and swallowing disorders. Take the next step today. Learn how Speech@NYU prepares you to provide person-centered care for diverse populations with communication and swallowing disorders. Take the next step today.

NYU Steinhardt Prepares Leaders in Speech Pathology

Speech@NYU’s online speech pathology master’s program is delivered through the  NYU Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development.

We facilitate internships and partnerships with schools and organizations across the United States,  helping our students develop their careers and pursue leadership opportunities .

Department of Communicative Sciences and Disorders

The  NYU Steinhardt Department of Communicative Sciences and Disorders  (CSD) aims to understand, assess, and treat speech, language, voice, and swallowing disorders in people of all ages.

Alumni of the CSD Department have gone on to work in a number of settings, such as:

• Hospitals/medical centers
• Early intervention settings
• Rehabilitation centers
• Skilled nursing facilities and long-term care centers
• Specialized centers for children with autism, language impairment, and developmental disabilities
• Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) technology companies

CSD alumni have held a variety of leadership roles, including positions such as director of rehabilitation, senior speech-language pathologist, staff speech-language pathologist, full-time faculty, clinic/field placement director, clinical supervisor, and others.

Speech-Language Pathology Careers across the United States

Speech-language pathologists are needed in  cities across the United States to treat speech and swallowing disorders such as apraxia, dysphagia, cleft palate, and stuttering .

Each state has its own standards for speech-language pathology certification and licensure, and different cities have different opportunities for employment in the field.

Why Become a Speech-Language Pathologist?

Job Growth between 2020 and 2030 1

in 100 Best Jobs 2

in Best Health Care Jobs 3

Accreditation and Licensure

New York University is regionally accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education, one of six regional accrediting associations in the country. Accreditation is granted every 10 years, and NYU is accredited through 2024.

The master of science (MS) education program in speech-language pathology (residential and distance education) at New York University is accredited by the Council on Academic Accreditation in Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, 2200 Research Boulevard, #310, Rockville, MD, 20850, 800-498-2071 or 301-296-5700.

Help people in your community live healthier lives as a speech-language pathologist. Earn your master’s in speech-language pathology online from NYU Steinhardt. Have questions about Speech@NYU? Contact an admissions counselor at  888-698-0462  or  by email at  [email protected] . Help people in your community live healthier lives as a speech-language pathologist. Earn your master’s in speech-language pathology online from NYU Steinhardt. Have questions about Speech@NYU? Contact an admissions counselor at  888-698-0462  or  by email at  [email protected] . Help people in your community live healthier lives as a speech-language pathologist. Earn your master’s in speech-language pathology online from NYU Steinhardt. Have questions about Speech@NYU? Contact an admissions counselor at  888-698-0462  or  by email at  [email protected] .

1  Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Outlook Handbook, Speech-Language Pathologists, https://www.bls.gov/ooh/healthcare/speech-language-pathologists.htm (accessed October 6, 2021) arrow_upward Return to footnote reference

2  100 Best Jobs of 2021, U.S. News & World Report, https://money.usnews.com/careers/best-jobs/rankings/the-100-best-jobs (accessed October 6, 2021) arrow_upward Return to footnote reference

3  Best Health Care Jobs of 2021, U.S. News & World Report, https://money.usnews.com/careers/best-jobs/rankings/best-healthcare-jobs (accessed October 6, 2021) arrow_upward Return to footnote reference

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Speech-language pathology is a competitive field for those who wish to help people with communication disorders, swallowing difficulties, voice pitch problems and more. These are the top master’s programs in speech-language pathology. Each school's score reflects its average rating on a scale from 1 (marginal) to 5 (outstanding), based on a survey of academics at peer institutions. Read the methodology »

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Home » Blog » How Do I Become a Speech-Language Pathologist?

How Do I Become a Speech-Language Pathologist?

GRADUATE STUDIES  | 4 MIN READ

Communication is a basic human need. Speech and language help us connect with others and interact with the world around us. When you choose to become a speech-language pathologist, you have the unique opportunity to enhance the quality of life for those who struggle with speech, language and swallowing difficulties by helping them improve their ability to communicate and their quality of life.

Speech-language pathology is a dynamic and rewarding career that affords you a range of employment settings and opportunities to specialize. Pursuing a master’s in speech-language pathology or communication sciences and disorders jumpstarts your journey to becoming a speech-language pathologist. An advanced degree prepares you with hands-on experience and cutting-edge practical knowledge to go and try to improve other people’s lives.

What Exactly Is a Speech-Language Pathologist?

Speech-language pathologists, also referred to as speech therapists, are health professionals who diagnose and treat speech, language, communication, fluency and swallowing problems that occur from birth, injury or other medical condition.

Communication problems occur across all age groups, and as a speech-language pathologist, you have the freedom to focus on a particular group, such as toddlers or adults, or to work with people of all ages.

Speech-language pathologists are highly trained, licensed professionals. To enter this vibrant field, you must:

• Hold a master’s degree in speech-language pathology or communication sciences and disorders from an accredited program.
• Complete hands-on clinical experience.
• Earn a passing grade on the Praxis Speech-Language exam.
• Receive National American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) certification and state licensing.

All states require speech-language pathologists to be licensed, though specific requirements vary from state to state.

Speech-language pathology is a fast-growing career path that offers high job satisfaction and an average annual salary of $79,060 — and is expected to grow at a rate of 21%, much faster than the average for all occupations, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Further exemplifying how rewarding this career path is, U.S. News and World Report recently ranked speech-language pathology as No. 3 in Best Jobs in Healthcare and No. 10 in overall Best Jobs.

Roles and Responsibilities of a Speech Pathologist

As a credentialed speech-language pathologist, you can build a flexible work schedule depending on your employment setting and the population you serve. It also provides you with a variety-filled career working with clients to address a range of issues and disorders, including:

• Dysarthria: difficulty with the muscles used in speech.
• Aphasia: difficulty speaking or understanding others because of damage to the brain.
• Dysphagia: swallowing disorders.
• Stuttering: repetition and pauses that break the flow of speech.

Many speech-language pathologists work in schools with children and adolescents. However, other settings need their skills and compassion. That includes hospitals, nursing homes, rehabilitation centers, doctors’ offices, community health clinics, colleges and universities and private practices.

Research is critical to the advancement of speech-language pathology, and you may also want to apply your science background and entrepreneurial spirit by conducting research and developing new treatments or equipment that advance your field.

Unlock Your Potential to Change Lives

Selecting a master’s degree that matches your goals, interests, and career aspirations is the first step in becoming a speech-language pathologist. At Elmhurst University, the Master of Science in Communication Sciences and Disorders (CSD) degree can be your launching pad.

You will study alongside a cohort of peers who are at similar points in their career journeys and who will support you as you advance together through your master’s studies.

Students attend classes full-time and are able to complete the program in less than two years.

Elmhurst’s CSD master’s program provides students with critical clinical experiences in a variety of settings. In the on-campus Speech-Language-Hearing Clinic, students work alongside professionals to assess and treat clients. In a state-of-the-art simulation center at Elmhurst Hospital, students practice clinical skills on high-tech mannequins in a realistic hospital setting. Nursing and occupational therapy students learn in the simulation center along with CSD students, creating opportunities for collaborative learning and interdisciplinary problem-solving.

Not only will you be well-prepared for national certification by ASHA and state licensure, 100% of students from Elmhurst’s Communication Sciences and Disorders master’s program to date have earned passing scores on the Praxis exam and received job offers upon graduation.

Prepare for a Rewarding Speech Pathology Career with a CSD Master’s

As a speech-language pathologist, you not only help people communicate effectively, you also give them confidence in themselves, their abilities, and their potential. Elmhurst’s Master’s in Communication Sciences and Disorders degree provides the first step toward achieving your goal to become a speech-language pathologist, so you can help others achieve their dreams. Request information below to get started.

Illustration by Telegramme Posted Feb. 14, 2023

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StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-.

StatPearls [Internet].

Speech assessment.

Yasmin Naqvi ; Ryan Winters .

Affiliations

Last Update: May 1, 2023 .

• Definition/Introduction

Speech is a communicative skill that enables us to understand each other and to interact. It becomes a means of communication, allowing us to share ideas, beliefs, and opinions. When this process is disrupted, and the normal flow of receptive and expressive aspects of speech is compromised, a speech assessment is carried out to assess a disturbance in any part of this process. Disturbances of speech can come in the form of content formation (i.e., the patient has difficulty expressing the desired ideas in the form of spoken words) or of articulation (i.e., the patient can express their ideas in spoken form but has one or more problems physically producing the sounds necessary for intelligible speech). A speech assessment, together with formal neurological evaluation, can identify specific speech problems or patterns of speech problems, as well as propose solutions. [1]

Speech assessment is a method to evaluate and diagnose problems in adults and children of speaking, swallowing, comprehension, and writing. Such evaluation may be warranted due to neurological diseases, stroke, trauma, injury, tumors, cerebral palsy, cleft palate, orofacial musculature, hearing impairment, stammering, articulation errors, motor speech disorders, and many other conditions. [2]

Formal speech assessment is performed by a trained speech and language pathologist, and begins with a consultation in the office with the patient and potentially with family members. Reviews of prior records and treatment will be conducted, and formal characterization of receptive and expressive speech will be conducted, including articulation, fluency, content, and clarity of speech, and potentially evaluate breathing and swallowing. Objective testing such as videostroboscopy, nasometry, or rhinomanometry may be obtained, depending on the specific disorder under investigation. [3]

• Issues of Concern

Speech is the verbal expression of thoughts and ideas. In many cases, speech is used to communicate via a shared language. Language is an agreed-upon rule-based code we use to communicate. Parents may present with a range of concerns regarding their children when they choose to consult a speech-language pathologist (SLP). These may include but are not limited to, the child’s patterns of speech, cognitive, and social skills in contrast to their peer group. Some parents may be concerned that their child does not match up to other children their age and appears to be lagging in milestones. These may include behavioral and hearing issues also.

Multiple tests have been devised to assess oral motor disorders. One of them is the Fletcher time-by-count test of diadochokinetic syllable rate. The diadochokinetic (DDK) rate is an assessment tool used by SLPs to measure the repetitions of sounds within a set period of time. It measures how rapid one can correctly repeat a series of rapid, alternating sounds. These are called 'tokens.' Words with one, two, or three syllables are included in tokens. For e.g. 'puh', 'puh-tuh', or 'puh-tuh-kuh'. DDK rates vary between different age groups and patients with varying neurological conditions. [4]

Normal speech depends on the functional and structural integrity of the velopharynx. This is a complex and dynamic structure that uncouples the oral and nasal cavities during sound production. Dysfunction of the velopharyngeal valve leads to hypernasality, nasal air emission, and compensatory articulation errors, all of which may impair speech intelligibility. Functional voice disorders also come under speech pathology and therapy services, in both professional and casual voice-users.

When we speak or swallow, a thin sheet of musculo-mucosal tissue called velum disunites the oropharynx and nasopharynx during speaking and swallowing. Cleft palate is a congenital deformity commonly causing velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI), though VPI can exist independent of cleft palate also. VPI compromises speech sounds, decreases the comprehension of speech and swallowing efficacy due to improper closure of soft palate that is closed during swallowing and speaking. If the velum is not closed fully against the posterior wall of the pharynx at Passavant's ridge, this poor closure will result in nasal regurgitation and resonance disorders (hypernasality and/or hyponasality). [5]  

Speech pathologists continue to develop rehabilitative strategies under swallowing management programs also. As speech and swallowing rely on many of the same sensory and motor facilities, they are necessarily related. Oral medications may also need modification in texture so the patient can swallow them safely. Likewise, daily diet modifications may be required in patients suffering from dysphagia. As patients progress through such swallowing management programs, nasogastric tube feeding, a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy may also be suggested via speech assessment depending on the type and severity of swallowing difficulty. Swallowing difficulties are also very common in neonatal populations, and there is a distinct sub-specialty of speech pathology dedicated to neonatal feeding. Since speech assessment is a multifactorial process, it is inclusive of the individual, their family history, health, and socio-economic status enabling insight into the circumstances relevant to individual patients' needs. For example, a child who is not responsive to the parents' or the clinician’s verbal commands may be suffering from hearing impairment, or other auditory dysfunctions. Autism Spectrum Disorder and other disorders might also be underlying issues that have not been diagnosed prior, but can be elucidated through a thorough speech assessment. Clinical conditions and communication disorders are coexisting conditions in cases of cleft palate, hearing deficit, traumatic or congenital brain injury, and anomalies of the orofacial structure and difficulty in deglutition (dysphagia). [6] [7]

Milestones are the markers that represent a standard of normal development, and there are well-defined speech, swallowing, and language skills milestones. If a child’s speech, understanding, cognition is not age-appropriate or is not like their peer group, then further investigation is warranted. There are many potential culprits, and a formal assessment of the child's hearing ability, cognition, anatomy, and home/family environment will be investigated.

• Clinical Significance

Speech assessment, through its multifactorial approach, includes the child or individual’s family history, health, and socioeconomic status. It gives an insight into the circumstances they stem from, including cultural and ethnic backgrounds, which is especially relevant in multi-lingual households. [8]

A child, for example, who is not responsive to the parents or the clinician’s verbal command, may be suffering from hearing impairment or other auditory dysfunctions. Autism Spectrum Disorder and other disorders might also be underlying issues that have not been diagnosed but can be done so through thorough speech assessment. Clinical conditions and communication disorders are coexisting conditions in cases of cleft palate, hearing deficit, traumatic or congenital brain injury, and anomalies of the orofacial structure and difficulty in deglutition (dysphagia). [9]

SLPs are trained in the management of swallowing disorders as well, and there is a significant overlap with speaking difficulties. In addition to the phonatory functions of the vocal folds, they serve a protective function during deglutition. Impaired oropharyngeal phase leads to aspiration of saliva or other pathogens, including liquids/food. Poor bolus control or weak oral musculature can affect the optimum intraoral pressure that is essential for food propulsion in the esophagus. Patients with neurologic deficits may have poor oral hygiene, which acts as a medium for bacterial and fungal growth. Oral thrush is a common finding in hospitalized patients that have suffered from cerebral vascular accidents or have other neurological conditions that have impaired their speaking and swallowing ability. SLPs are consulted before a patient is started on a solid or semi-solid diet. A proper bedside swallowing test can give a general risk of aspiration in the patient. [10]

Acquired swallowing disorders are prevalent among intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Such patients face potential malnutrition, as well as problems with the administration of medications. A speech-language pathologist assesses all stages of the swallowing mechanism. In the case of poor oral hygiene, there is an increased chance of vulnerability for developing dysphagia. Early detection of oropharyngeal dysfunction will improve the prognosis and outcome of patients as they say early intervention leads to an early cure in most cases.

In the ICU, when patients are extubated, the first oral intake trial for the assessment of intact swallowing efficacy is conducted by the speech-language pathologist, after which they give the go-ahead for the provision of safe and smooth oral feeding. If any physical symptoms of deglutition are found like coughing, throat clearing during or after the oral trial, or drop in saturation, other ways of feeding are then recommended to fulfill nutritional requirements and medication intake. Rehabilitative strategies are also guided to improve the strength of oral musculature. [11]

Silent aspiration is another important feature when dysphagia is addressed. Patients suffering from dysphagia do not exhibit noticeable symptoms of swallowing difficulties. The observers that include nursing staff, attendants, and even primary consultants are not unaware of the fact that food particles and liquids have entered in patient’s lungs. Specially trained speech pathologists can suggest videofluoroscopy, also known as a modified barium swallowing test. [12]

Stroboscopy is a method of examination of a fast-moving vibrating object, such as the vocal folds. A bright flashing light lasting a fraction of a second (10 microseconds) illuminates the vocal folds. It 'freezes' the movement of the vibrating vocal folds when synchronized with a known frequency of vibration of normal vocal folds. SLPs are trained in the management of swallowing disorders as well, and there is a significant overlap with speaking difficulties. The diagnostic practice of SLPs has been revolutionized by high-speed digital imaging. This method runs at 4000 frames per second. This rate is fast enough to easily visualize the complete movement and behavior of the vocal tract. Multiple procedures like nasometry, stroboscopy, videofluoroscopy, vital stimulation therapy aid in the assessment of speech and swallowing disorders, and improving patient outcome. [13] [14]

Nasometry is a method or term used to describe noninvasive techniques for measuring the size of the velopharyngeal opening. During the articulation of speech using vowel sounds, nasometry measures the nasalance of speech. The nasality of speech is usually determined by the size of the velopharyngeal opening. [15]

• Nursing, Allied Health, and Interprofessional Team Interventions

Speech-language pathologists are essential components of the interprofessional team caring for patients with voice or swallowing complaints. This team will often include one or more physicians, nurses, occupational therapists, physical therapists, mid-level providers, and many others. [16]  Working in collaboration and communication with each other will help in early identification of patients in need of SLP evaluation and therapy, and help improve patient outcomes. [Level 5]

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Disclosure: Yasmin Naqvi declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.

Disclosure: Ryan Winters declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.

This book is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ), which permits others to distribute the work, provided that the article is not altered or used commercially. You are not required to obtain permission to distribute this article, provided that you credit the author and journal.

• Cite this Page Naqvi Y, Winters R. Speech Assessment. [Updated 2023 May 1]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-.

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• The speech of reality and the speech of the stage: life, science and art. [Coll Antropol. 2005] The speech of reality and the speech of the stage: life, science and art. Elezović S. Coll Antropol. 2005 Jun; 29(1):381-4.
• Spoken Vocabulary Outcomes of Toddlers With Developmental Delay After Parent-Implemented Augmented Language Intervention. [Am J Speech Lang Pathol. 2021] Spoken Vocabulary Outcomes of Toddlers With Developmental Delay After Parent-Implemented Augmented Language Intervention. Walters C, Sevcik RA, Romski M. Am J Speech Lang Pathol. 2021 May 18; 30(3):1023-1037. Epub 2021 Mar 31.
• Dutch translation and validation of the Communicative Participation Item Bank (CPIB)-short form. [Int J Lang Commun Disord. 2023] Dutch translation and validation of the Communicative Participation Item Bank (CPIB)-short form. van Sluis KE, Passchier E, van Son RJJH, van der Molen L, Stuiver M, van den Brekel MWM, Van den Steen L, Kalf JG, van Nuffelen G. Int J Lang Commun Disord. 2023 Jan; 58(1):124-137. Epub 2022 Sep 5.
• Review Long-term impact of tongue reduction on speech intelligibility, articulation and oromyofunctional behaviour in a child with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. [Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol...] Review Long-term impact of tongue reduction on speech intelligibility, articulation and oromyofunctional behaviour in a child with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. Van Lierde KM, Mortier G, Huysman E, Vermeersch H. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2010 Mar; 74(3):309-18. Epub 2010 Jan 15.
• Review Non-speech oral motor treatment for children with developmental speech sound disorders. [Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015] Review Non-speech oral motor treatment for children with developmental speech sound disorders. Lee AS, Gibbon FE. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Mar 25; 2015(3):CD009383. Epub 2015 Mar 25.

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