presentation on computer memory

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A computer is an electronic device and that accepts data, processes on that data, and gives the desired output. It performs programmed computation with accuracy and speed. Or in other words, the computer takes data as input and stores the data/instructions in the memory (use them when required). After processes the data, it converts into information. Finally, gives the output.

Here, input refers to the raw data that we want the machine to process and return to us as a result, output refers to the response that the machine provides in response to the raw data entered and the processing of data may involve analyzing, searching, distributing, storing data, etc. Thus, we can also call a computer data processing system.

What is Computer Memory?

Computer memory is just like the human brain. It is used to store data /information and instructions . It is a data storage unit or a data storage device where data is to be processed and instructions required for processing are stored. It can store both the input and output can be stored here.

Characteristics of Computer Memory

• It is faster computer memory as compared to secondary memory.
• It is semiconductor memories.
• It is usually a volatile memory, and main memory of the computer.
• A computer system cannot run without primary memory.

How Does Computer Memory Work?

When you open a program, it is loaded from secondary memory into primary memory. Because there are various types of memory and storage, an example would be moving a program from a solid-state drive (SSD) to RAM. Because primary storage is accessed more quickly, the opened software can connect with the computer’s processor more quickly. The primary memory is readily accessible from temporary memory slots or other storage sites.

Memory is volatile, which means that data is only kept temporarily in memory. Data saved in volatile memory is automatically destroyed when a computing device is turned off. When you save a file, it is sent to secondary memory for storage.

There are various kinds of memory accessible. It’s operation will depend upon the type of primary memory used. but normally, semiconductor-based memory is more related with memory. Semiconductor memory made up of IC (integrated circuits) with silicon-based metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) transistors.

Types of Computer Memory

In general, computer memory is of three types:

• Primary memory
• Secondary memory
• Cache memory

Now we discuss each type of memory one by one in detail:

1. Primary Memory

It is also known as the main memory of the computer system. It is used to store data and programs or instructions during computer operations . It uses semiconductor technology and hence is commonly called semiconductor memory. Primary memory is of two types:

• S RAM (Static RAM): S RAM uses transistors and the circuits of this memory are capable of retaining their state as long as the power is applied. This memory consists of the number of flip flops with each flip flop storing 1 bit. It has less access time and hence, it is faster.
• D RAM (Dynamic RAM): D RAM uses capacitors and transistors and stores the data as a charge on the capacitors. They contain thousands of memory cells. It needs refreshing of charge on capacitor after a few milliseconds. This memory is slower than S RAM.
• MROM(Masked ROM): Hard-wired devices with a pre-programmed collection of data or instructions were the first ROMs. Masked ROMs are a type of low-cost ROM that works in this way.
• PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory): This read-only memory is modifiable once by the user. The user purchases a blank PROM and uses a PROM program to put the required contents into the PROM. Its content can’t be erased once written.
• EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory): EPROM is an extension to PROM where you can erase the content of ROM by exposing it to Ultraviolet rays for nearly 40 minutes.
• EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory): Here the written contents can be erased electrically. You can delete and reprogramme EEPROM up to 10,000 times. Erasing and programming take very little time, i.e., nearly  4 -10 ms(milliseconds). Any area in an EEPROM can be wiped and programmed selectively.

2. Secondary Memory

It is also known as auxiliary memory and backup memory. It is a non-volatile memory and used to store a large amount of data or information . The data or information stored in secondary memory is permanent, and it is slower than primary memory. A CPU cannot access secondary memory directly. The data/information from the auxiliary memory is first transferred to the main memory, and then the CPU can access it.

Characteristics of Secondary Memory

• It is a slow memory but reusable.
• It is a reliable and non-volatile memory.
• It is cheaper than primary memory.
• The storage capacity of secondary memory is large.
• A computer system can run without secondary memory.
• In secondary memory, data is stored permanently even when the power is off.

Types of Secondary Memory

1. Magnetic Tapes: Magnetic tape is a long, narrow strip of plastic film with a thin, magnetic coating on it that is used for magnetic recording. Bits are recorded on tape as magnetic patches called RECORDS that run along many tracks. Typically, 7 or 9 bits are recorded concurrently. Each track has one read/write head, which allows data to be recorded and read as a sequence of characters. It can be stopped, started moving forward or backward, or rewound.

2. Magnetic Disks: A magnetic disk is a circular metal or a plastic plate and these plates are coated with magnetic material. The disc is used on both sides. Bits are stored in magnetized surfaces in locations called tracks that run in concentric rings. Sectors are typically used to break tracks into pieces.

Hard discs are discs that are permanently attached and cannot be removed by a single user.

3. Optical Disks: It’s a laser-based storage medium that can be written to and read. It is reasonably priced and has a long lifespan. The optical disc can be taken out of the computer by occasional users.

Types of Optical Disks

CD – ROM

• It’s called compact disk. Only read from memory.
• Information is written to the disc by using a controlled laser beam to burn pits on the disc surface.
• It has a highly reflecting surface, which is usually aluminium.
• The diameter of the disc is 5.25 inches.
• 16000 tracks per inch is the track density.
• The capacity of a CD-ROM is 600 MB, with each sector storing 2048 bytes of data.
• The data transfer rate is about 4800KB/sec. & the new access time is around 80 milliseconds.

WORM-(WRITE ONCE READ MANY)

• A user can only write data once.
• The information is written on the disc using a laser beam.
• It is possible to read the written data as many times as desired.
• They keep lasting records of information but access time is high.
• It is possible to rewrite updated or new data to another part of the disc.
• Data that has already been written cannot be changed.
• Usual size – 5.25 inch or 3.5 inch diameter.
• The usual capacity of 5.25 inch disk is 650 MB,5.2GB etc.
• DVDR (writable)
• DVDRW (Re-Writable)
• DVD-ROMS (Digital Versatile Discs) : These are read-only memory (ROM) discs that can be used in a variety of ways. When compared to CD-ROMs, they can store a lot more data. It has a thick polycarbonate plastic layer that serves as a foundation for the other layers. It’s an optical memory that can read and write data.
• DVD-R : DVD-R is a writable optical disc that can be used just once. It’s a DVD that can be recorded. It’s a lot like WORM. DVD-ROMs have capacities ranging from 4.7 to 17 GB. The capacity of 3.5 inch disk is 1.3 GB.

3. Cache Memory

It is a type of high-speed semiconductor memory that can help the CPU run faster. Between the CPU and the main memory, it serves as a buffer. It is used to store the data and programs that the CPU uses the most frequently.

Advantages of Cache Memory

• It is faster than the main memory.
• When compared to the main memory, it takes less time to access it.
• It keeps the programs that can be run in a short amount of time.
• It stores data in temporary use.

Disadvantages of Cache Memory

• Because of the semiconductors used, it is very expensive.
• The size of the cache (amount of data it can store) is usually small.

FAQs on Computer Memory

Q.1: what is volatile and non volatile memory.

Volatile memory is used to store information based on power supply. If the power supply is off, all the data and information on this memory will be lost. For example, RAM (Random Access Memory). Whereas non-volatile memory is used to store information even when the power supply is off. For example, ROM (Read Only Memory). 

Q.2: How many 128 * 8 memory chips are required for a memory capacity of 4096*16?

Number of chips required = Required RAM size/ Available chip capacity  = (4096 * 16)/(128 * 8) = 64

Q.3: Explain any four differences between RAM and ROM?

RAM ROM It stands for Random access memory. It stands for read only memory. It is the fastest memory. It is slower memory as compare to RAM. It is volatile memory. It is non-volatile memory. In this memory, data will erase when the power is off In this memory, data will not erase even if the power is off

Q.4: How to erase data in EPROM?

In EPROM , using ultraviolet rays we can easily erase data.

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Download Computer Memory PPT | PDF | Presentation

Download Computer Memory PPT | PDF | Presentation: Memory is an internal storage area in a computer, which is availed to store data and programs either permanently or temporarily.  Computer memory is broadly divided into two groups and they are:

• Primary memory and
• Secondary memory

The diagrammatic representation of the classification of computer memory is shown below:

Fig1: Classification of the Computer Memory

When the main memory holds instructions and data when a program is executing, the auxiliary memory or secondary memory holds data and programs which are not currently in use and furnishes long term storage.

The primary memory and secondary memory are further classified into distinct groups and those are explained in the below diagram:

Fig2: Classification of Primary Memory and Secondary Memory

Primary memory:

Primary memory is the only type of memory which is directly accessed by the CPU. The CPU continuously reads instructions stored in the primary memory and executes them. Any data that has to be operated by the CPU is also stored. The information is transferred to various locations through the BUS. Primary memories are of two types. They are:

• RAM: It stands for Random Access Memory. Here data can be stored temporarily, so this type of memory is called as temporary memory or volatile memory because when power fails the data from RAM will be erased. The information stored in the RAM is basically loaded from the computer’s disk and includes information related to the operating system and applications that are currently executed by the processor. RAM is considered random access because any memory cell can be directly accessed if its address is known. RAM is of distinct types like SRAM, DRAM, and VRAM.
• ROM: It stands for Read Only Memory. In this, the data will be furnished by the manufacturers regarding the system, so this information can simply be read by the user but cannot add new data or it cannot be modified. ROMs are of distinct types:
• PROM – Programmable Read Only Memory
• EPROM – Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
• EEPROM – Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory

Secondary memory:

Secondary memory or auxiliary memory consists of slower and less expensive device that communicates indirectly with CPU via main memory. The secondary memory stores the data and keeps it even when the power fails. It is used to store or save large data or programs or other information. The secondary storage devices are explained below:

• Magnetic disks
• Magnetic tape
• Optical disk
• USB flash drive
• Mass storage devices

1.Magnetic disks: Magnetic disks are made of rigid metals or synthetic plastic material. The disk platter is coated on both the surfaces with magnetic material and both the surfaces can be used for storage. The magnetic disk furnishes direct access and is for both small and large computer systems. The magnetic disk comes in two forms:

• Floppy disks

2. Magnetic tape: magnetic tape is serial access storage medium and it can store a large volume of data at low costs. The conventional magnetic tape is in reels of up to 3600 feet made of Mylar plastic tape. The tape is one-half inch in width and is coated with magnetic material on one side. The reel of tape is loaded on a magnetic tape drive unit. During any read/write operation, the tape is moved from one spool to another in the same way as in the audiocassette tape recorder. The magnetic tape is densely packed with magnetic spots in frames across its width.

3. Optical drives: optical drives are a storage medium from which data is read and to which it is written by lasers. Optical disks can store much more data up to 6GB. Optical store devices are the most widely used and reliable storage devices. The most widely used type of optical storage devices are explained below:

• CD – RECORDABLE
• CD – REWRITABLE

4. USB flash drives: USB flash drives are removable, rewritable and are physically much smaller drives, which have the weight of less than 30g. In the year of 2010, the storage capacity of the USB flash drives was as large as 256GB. Such devices are a good substitute for floppy disks and CD – ROMs as they are smaller, faster, have thousands of times more capacity, and are more durable and reliable. Until 2005, most desktop and laptop computers had floppy disk drives, but nowadays floppy disk drives have been abandoned in favor of USB ports. The USB connector is often protected inside a removable cap, although it is not likely to be damaged if unprotected. USB flash drives draw power from the computer through external USB connection. The most widely used USB flash drives are the memory cards.

5. Mass storage devices: Mass storage devices refer to the saving of huge data in a persistent manner. Mass storage machines can store up to several trillion bytes of data and hence are used to store or save large databases, such as the information of customers of a big retail chain and library transactions of students in a college. Some of the commonly used mass storage devices are explained below:

• Automated tape
• CD – ROM jukebox

Content of the PPT and PDF Report for Computer Memory

• Memory Hierarchy
• Memory Chip Organization
• Flash Memory

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Computer memory.

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Presentation on theme: "Computer memory."— Presentation transcript:

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The best guide on computer memory

Memory is used to run programs fast and efficiently on the computer. computer memory is like a human brain. a computer has three memories primary, secondary, and cache memory. – powerpoint ppt presentation.

• By MyTechTrick
• Memory is the storage of data, instructions, and results received from various sources. It is also called remembering in common language, that is, memory. The device used by the computer to remember is called computer memory. It is like the human brain.
• There are three types of computer memory
• Primary Memory
• Secondary Memory
• Cache Memory
• The main memory of the computer is primary memory. Which stores the type of program or data, which is currently being processed by a Central Processing Unit (CPU). There are mainly two types of primary memory which include RAM, and ROM. Their storage capacity is very less but it provides much faster access to data than secondary storage (SDD and HDD).
• Secondary memory is designed to achieve this limit of primary memory. It meets our needs for long-term and permanent storage. Therefore, the data which has to be stored for a long time is stored in the secondary memory. This is the computer memory that is not directly inbuilt in the computer. It is connected to the motherboard of the computer by some wires etc. In this, the data is recorded permanently.
• MAGNETIC DISKS MAGNETIC TAPES OPTICAL DISCS
• Cache memory is more high-speed memory. Sometimes it is used to increase the speed of processing by building programs. This memory is used in computer systems to relieve the speed differential between main memory access times and processor logic. Cache memory is used in the CPU to store the fast-executed programs and the data needed for the current calculations.
• Source MyTechTrick

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Memory Presentation templates

Memory is our only way of travelling to the past. on it, we store our best moments, interesting knowledge (and also that silly fun fact you once read in a tweet). memory is very important because it helps us take better decisions and it connects us with people who aren’t by our side anymore. this mysterious ability from our brain is very complicated and we still haven’t discovered everything there is to know about it. where is it stored how can we repair it once it's broken with this collection of slides you will be able to speak about everything that has to do with memory are you looking for medicine templates about the brain and its functions maybe you want to hold a memorial for a loved one or remember the importance of a day there’s a template waiting for you here.

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Computer memory

Mar 29, 2019

330 likes | 755 Views

Computer memory. Bits and bytes . Data can be stored and measured in bytes One bytes can contains 8 bytes A bits can only be 0 or 1 A series of 0 and 1 is known as a binary code Every key character has a binary code Computers only understand binary code

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• large organizations
• random access memory
• most home dvd player

Presentation Transcript

Bits and bytes • Data can be stored and measured in bytes • One bytes can contains 8 bytes • A bits can only be 0 or 1 • A series of 0 and 1 is known as a binary code • Every key character has a binary code • Computers only understand binary code e.g. the word BAG will occupy 3 byte memory • each storage location contains data such as a number, a character or a string of characters, computer instruction, part of a picture or another address of data • One thousand and twenty four bytes make up a kilo bits

Types of memory • ROM (Read Only Memory) • Its permant, which means it doesn’t change or erase • Its know as a “Non Volatile Memory”, because it doesn’t disappear after switching your computer off • ROM are not device or physical things • RAM (Random Access Memory) • Its different because its temporary • Only works when the computer is switched on • Its know as a “Volatile Memory” • Nothing is stored permant on RAM • They both store data inside the computer

Data storage

Internal Backing Store • Hard disk are the main Internal Backing Store • Hard disks have large storage capacity • Are found inside the computer

Floppy disk drive • Are not common anymore • It can be easily stored • Its not recommended • Is a magnetic device

Flash drive • They are small and light • They are portable, removable and re-writable • They use a USB port on the computer to transmit or receive data • They are more fashionable looking • Easy to transmit viruses • if you put it near a metal all your data will be erases • You can easily lose your Flash Drive • Its more expensive than CDs and DVDs • It’s a optical device

DVD • DVD- Digital Versatile disk • Very similar to CD’s • The memory contains more space • You can store on one side and on the other side • Make sure you buy the right format • Produces a better quality of sound and image • Are now very cheap • A DVD player can read CDs and DVDs, but a CD player cant read a DVD • There are many DVD formats • Also they can be easily damaged • Is a optical devices Types of DVD’s: • DVD minus R • DVD plus R • DVD minus W • DVD plus W

DVD-R and DVD + R • DVD-R can be played on most home DVD player • DVD-R media is at the moment the cheapest most common • Can only be used in DVD Recorders and Burners that support DVD-R recording or multi-format recording • Its rewriteable • Has a 4.7gb DVD disc • The DVD+R disc type does not compare well with DVD-R as far as DVD playback compatibility • They can only be used in DVD Recorders and Burners that support DVD+R

Magnetic tape • It’s a magnetic device • It can store large amount if data • Used to backup data • Large organizations use it • It uses serial access to data • Needs a special type of equipment to read or record data • Over 100 GB memory capacity • Its cheaper to store data on them

CD-ROM and CD- Write • CD-ROM (Compact Disk Read Only Memory) • You can store data once, you cant add • You can burn music and movies on to it • They are optical devices • Memory capacity 700 MG • Make sure you buy the right format Types of CD’s: • CD write or also known as CDW

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