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The River Tees Case Study – landforms of erosion and deposition

The River Tees is located in the north of England. It flows 137 km (85 miles) east from its source in the Pennines to its mouth on the North Sea coast.

The upper, the middle and lower course of the River Tees

The source of the River Tees is Cross Fell in the Pennines.

The River Tees flows over hard, impermeable rocks in its upper course. Vertical erosion has formed classic V-shaped valleys. The image below shows interlocking spurs close to Cauldron Snout .

Interlocking spurs close to Cauldron Snout on the River Tees.

The UK’s largest waterfall , High Force, is located in the upper course of the River Tees.  An area of hard rock, called Whin Sill (or Whinstone), is located above a layer of soft rocks (sandstone and shale), and together they create the waterfall.

High Force waterfall on the River Tees.

As the River Tees reaches its middle course, lateral erosion overtakes vertical erosion, evidenced by winding meanders . Meanders in the lower course are much larger. Oxbow lakes have formed in some areas. Evidence of past flooding can be seen in the naturally formed levees.

The River Tees has a large estuary with mudflats and sandbanks in the lower course.

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Landforms in the lower course of a river

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River Tees Example

It also provides an example of how river basins can be managed against flooding.

River Tees Catchment factors

Physical (natural Factors) The River Tees catchment is located in the north east of England. It has three main rivers, the River Tees, the River Skerne and the River Leven. The River Tees drains the eastern slopes of Cross Fell in the Pennines and flows eastward to the North Sea. The length of the channel from source to sea is approximately 160 kilometres. The River Tees rises on the slopes of Cross Fell at a height of 893metres. The area receives over 2,000 millimetres of rain each year. The rainfall reaches the river quickly because the slopes are steep and very little water can infiltrate due to the impermeable rocks and saturated peat. After heavy rainfall or when the snow melts in the spring the river level can rise quickly and the water also flows downstream quickly. This can cause the ‘Tees roll’ or ‘Tees wave’, when the river level may rise as much as a metre in 15 minutes. There is a long history of flooding along the River Tees, especially in its lower course.

The catchment has areas with distinctly different characteristics. The rivers in the Upper Tees have steep channel gradients and valley sides. In the mid-catchment, the valley widens out and channel slopes become much gentler. The lower catchment is close to sea level and predominantly tidal in nature.

Human Factors

The Tees Barrage forms an artificial barrier between the Tees Estuary and the upstream catchment. This helps maintain water levels for amenity purposes and eliminates tidal effects further upstream. Land use in the west of the area is mainly moorland and pasture. On the lower slopes and middle catchment the land use changes to a greater amount of pasture and woodland.

To the east land use is mainly arable farmland interspersed with large built up areas, including Middlesbrough and Stockton-on-Tees. Approximately 687,000 people live within the catchment area concentrated in the main towns of Darlington, Hartlepool, Middlesbrough, Redcar and Cleveland, and Stockton-on-Tees.   There are also large industrial areas such as the ICI chemical works. Flood damage can run into hundreds of thousands of pounds. There is also a huge demand for water for use in homes, industry and agriculture.

Flood events along the River Tees “ The Tees catchment has a long history of flooding with reported flooding dating back over 400 years. Over the years, a number of engineering schemes have been implemented to reduce the risk of flooding in the catchment. At present over 9,600 properties including some key infrastructure buildings are at risk of flooding (not taking into account defences) during the one per cent flood event. In the future due to climate change this number is expected to increase to 11,230 .” David Dangerfield, Director – Yorkshire and North East Environment Agency Tees Catchment Flood Management Plan

Historic events On the night of 16/17th November 1771 the North East of England suffered some of the worst and most destructive flooding on record. The river Tees burst its banks in a number of places with Yarm being one of the areas worst affected.  At the height of the flood some stretches of Yarm High Street were submerged in 20 feet of water. The floods were caused by a sudden thaw of the ice in upper Teesdale, and a cloud burst over the Pennines. The rain began in the early hours of Saturday morning and continued heavily throughout the day and night without a break. On the main street alone, six houses were completely destroyed and many more left uninhabitable.  The Shambles was washed away and the town’s main church was also damaged.  ‘The pews were upturned and tossed about, the pulpit was overturned and several windows were shattered’. Nine of the townspeople lost their lives in the floods.  In one home alone where three people were staying, two drowned, and one survived by hanging from the top of a window for nineteen hours with floodwater up to his chin. Source The river flooded again in 1995 and 2015. Within the Tees catchment the main consequences of flooding occur in the urban areas of the catchment. In total there are almost 8,500 residential properties and over 1,200 commercial properties at risk of flooding. This means almost three per cent of the catchment population is at risk from the one per cent flood event.This means that flood management is definitely needed in this catchment

Above - Properties at risk of flooding on River Tees

Flood Management along the Tees

The Flood defence scheme in Yarm Since the 1995 flood event a new flood defence scheme costing £2.1 million has been built. They have also used improved flood warning systems which liaise with the Meteorological Office, police and other emergency services. New development has discouraged building on low-lying and flood-prone land (land is used for activities not damaged by inundation e.g. playing fields, parks, urban forests/walks etc.) In the Yarm area the Environment Agency have;

    Put in Reinforced concrete walls with metal flood gates for access by people and vehicles     Used Earth Embankments     Put in Gabions to protect walls and embankments from erosion Included Fishing platforms, street lighting and replanting to improve the environment Kept building materials in keeping with existing architecture

Cow Green Reservoir

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Case Study: River Tees

The River Tees, located in Northern England, flows from its source at Cross Fell in the Pennines travelling 130 km until it reaches its mouth at Teesside, where it meets the North Sea.

With a drainage basin spanning 1,800 km², the River Tees undergoes various processes that shape its course, influenced by both natural and human factors.

Upper Section: Steep-Sided Valleys and High Force Waterfall

In the upper course of the River Tees (near its source), the landscape is characterised by mountains, hills and steep slopes.

There are V-shaped valleys in this region that form as the river descends rapidly through the moorlands. The force of the water erodes the rock, resulting in the formation of steep-sided valleys with a distinctive V-shape. Large rocks within the riverbed contribute to abrasion, which vertically erodes the riverbed.

A notable feature in the upper course is the High Force waterfall. This waterfall is formed by the interaction of a resistant igneous rock called dolerite, locally known as Whin Sill, with a softer rock called limestone.

The hydraulic action erodes the softer rock more rapidly, causing undercutting and leaving the harder rock to overhang. Over time, the unsupported hard rock collapses, causing the waterfall to move upstream and gradually leaving behind a gorge.

Middle Section: Meanders and Flood Plains

As the River Tees enters its middle section, adding tributaries increases its water volume, making the river wider and deeper.

Attrition in the upper section reduces large rocks to smaller pebbles. This reduces friction in the river, allowing it to flow faster. The increased energy from faster flow leads to more hydraulic action.

This process contributes to the formation of meanders, characterised by lateral erosion and the development of a floodplain. These features can be observed around Barnard Castle along the river’s course.

Lower Section: Enlarged Meanders and Levees

In the lower course of the River Tees, the meanders continue to grow, and the floodplain expands further.

This transformation is evident in the areas of Darlington and Yarm. In some locations, meanders may evolve into oxbow lakes.

Another feature present in the lower section is the formation of levees. Levees form when the river overflows during floods and deposits sediment along its banks. Over time, this repeated deposition builds up the levees, which help contain the river within its channel during future flood events.

Estuary: River Tees’ Meeting with the North Sea

Finally, the River Tees reaches its estuary, the point where it flows into the North Sea.

The estuary serves as a transition zone between the freshwater river and the sea’s saltwater, displaying unique ecological characteristics.

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River Valley Case Study - River Tees

River valley in the uk – river tees.

The River Tees is located in northeast England. The River Tees flows from the Pennine Hills to the North Sea.

Landforms of erosion

• The High Force is a 20 m high waterfall on the River Tees.
• The High Force was formed by the erosion of limestone (less resistant) which lies underneath a layer of dolerite (more resistant).

Landforms of deposition

• Landforms of deposition are found in the lower course of the River Tees.
• Floodplains.

1 The Challenge of Natural Hazards

1.1 Natural Hazards

1.1.1 Types of Natural Hazards

1.1.2 Hazard Risk

1.1.3 Consequences of Natural Hazards

1.1.4 End of Topic Test - Natural Hazards

1.1.5 Exam-Style Questions - Natural Hazards

1.2 Tectonic Hazards

1.2.1 Tectonic Plates

1.2.2 Tectonic Plates & Convection Currents

1.2.3 Plate Margins

1.2.4 Volcanoes

1.2.5 Effects of Volcanoes

1.2.6 Responses to Volcanic Eruptions

1.2.7 Earthquakes

1.2.8 Earthquakes 2

1.2.9 Responses to Earthquakes

1.2.10 Case Studies: The L'Aquila & Kashmir Earthquakes

1.2.11 Earthquake Case Study: Chile 2010

1.2.12 Earthquake Case Study: Nepal 2015

1.2.13 Living with Tectonic Hazards 1

1.2.14 Living with Tectonic Hazards 2

1.2.15 End of Topic Test - Tectonic Hazards

1.2.16 Exam-Style Questions - Tectonic Hazards

1.2.17 Tectonic Hazards - Statistical Skills

1.3 Weather Hazards

1.3.1 Global Atmospheric Circulation

1.3.2 Surface Winds

1.3.3 UK Weather Hazards

1.3.4 Tropical Storms

1.3.5 Features of Tropical Storms

1.3.6 Impact of Tropical Storms 1

1.3.7 Impact of Tropical Storms 2

1.3.8 Tropical Storms Case Study: Katrina

1.3.9 Tropical Storms Case Study: Haiyan

1.3.10 UK Weather Hazards Case Study: Somerset 2014

1.3.11 End of Topic Test - Weather Hazards

1.3.12 Exam-Style Questions - Weather Hazards

1.3.13 Weather Hazards - Statistical Skills

1.4 Climate Change

1.4.1 Evidence for Climate Change

1.4.2 Causes of Climate Change

1.4.3 Effects of Climate Change

1.4.4 Managing Climate Change

1.4.5 End of Topic Test - Climate Change

1.4.6 Exam-Style Questions - Climate Change

1.4.7 Climate Change - Statistical Skills

2 The Living World

2.1 Ecosystems

2.1.1 Ecosystems

2.1.2 Ecosystem Cascades & Global Ecosystems

2.1.3 Ecosystem Case Study: Freshwater Ponds

2.2 Tropical Rainforests

2.2.1 Tropical Rainforests - Intro & Interdependence

2.2.2 Adaptations

2.2.3 Biodiversity of Tropical Rainforests

2.2.4 Deforestation

2.2.5 Case Study: Deforestation in the Amazon Rainforest

2.2.6 Sustainable Management of Rainforests

2.2.7 Case Study: Malaysian Rainforest

2.2.8 End of Topic Test - Tropical Rainforests

2.2.9 Exam-Style Questions - Tropical Rainforests

2.2.10 Deforestation - Statistical Skills

2.3 Hot Deserts

2.3.1 Overview of Hot Deserts

2.3.2 Biodiversity & Adaptation to Hot Deserts

2.3.3 Case Study: Sahara Desert

2.3.4 Desertification

2.3.5 Case Study: Thar Desert

2.3.6 End of Topic Test - Hot Deserts

2.3.7 Exam-Style Questions - Hot Deserts

2.4 Tundra & Polar Environments

2.4.1 Overview of Cold Environments

2.4.2 Adaptations in Cold Environments

2.4.3 Biodiversity in Cold Environments

2.4.4 Case Study: Alaska

2.4.5 Sustainable Management

2.4.6 Case Study: Svalbard

2.4.7 End of Topic Test - Tundra & Polar Environments

2.4.8 Exam-Style Questions - Cold Environments

3 Physical Landscapes in the UK

3.1 The UK Physical Landscape

3.1.1 The UK Physical Landscape

3.2 Coastal Landscapes in the UK

3.2.1 Types of Wave

3.2.2 Weathering & Mass Movement

3.2.3 Processes of Erosion & Wave-Cut Platforms

3.2.4 Headlands, Bays, Caves, Arches & Stacks

3.2.5 Transportation

3.2.6 Deposition

3.2.7 Spits, Bars & Sand Dunes

3.2.8 Case Study: Landforms on the Dorset Coast

3.2.9 Types of Coastal Management 1

3.2.10 Types of Coastal Management 2

3.2.11 Coastal Management Case Study - Holderness

3.2.12 Coastal Management Case Study: Swanage

3.2.13 Coastal Management Case Study - Lyme Regis

3.2.14 End of Topic Test - Coastal Landscapes in the UK

3.2.15 Exam-Style Questions - Coasts

3.3 River Landscapes in the UK

3.3.1 The River Valley

3.3.2 River Valley Case Study - River Tees

3.3.3 Erosion

3.3.4 Transportation & Deposition

3.3.5 Waterfalls, Gorges & Interlocking Spurs

3.3.6 Meanders & Oxbow Lakes

3.3.7 Floodplains & Levees

3.3.8 Estuaries

3.3.9 Case Study: The River Clyde

3.3.10 River Management

3.3.11 Hard & Soft Flood Defences

3.3.12 River Management Case Study - Boscastle

3.3.13 River Management Case Study - Banbury

3.3.14 End of Topic Test - River Landscapes in the UK

3.3.15 Exam-Style Questions - Rivers

3.4 Glacial Landscapes in the UK

3.4.1 Erosion

3.4.2 Landforms Caused by Erosion

3.4.3 Landforms Caused by Transportation & Deposition

3.4.4 Snowdonia

3.4.5 Land Use in Glaciated Areas

3.4.6 Tourism in Glacial Landscapes

3.4.7 Case Study - Lake District

3.4.8 End of Topic Test - Glacial Landscapes in the UK

3.4.9 Exam-Style Questions - Glacial Landscapes

4 Urban Issues & Challenges

4.1 Urban Issues & Challenges

4.1.1 Urbanisation

4.1.2 Urbanisation Case Study: Lagos

4.1.3 Urbanisation Case Study: Rio de Janeiro

4.1.4 UK Cities

4.1.5 Case Study: Urban Regen Projects - Manchester

4.1.6 Case Study: Urban Change in Liverpool

4.1.7 Case Study: Urban Change in Bristol

4.1.8 Sustainable Urban Life

4.1.9 End of Topic Test - Urban Issues & Challenges

4.1.10 Exam-Style Questions - Urban Issues & Challenges

4.1.11 Urban Issues -Statistical Skills

5 The Changing Economic World

5.1 The Changing Economic World

5.1.1 Measuring Development

5.1.2 Classifying Countries Based on Wealth

5.1.3 The Demographic Transition Model

5.1.4 Physical & Historical Causes of Uneven Development

5.1.5 Economic Causes of Uneven Development

5.1.6 How Can We Reduce the Global Development Gap?

5.1.7 Case Study: Tourism in Kenya

5.1.8 Case Study: Tourism in Jamaica

5.1.9 Case Study: Economic Development in India

5.1.10 Case Study: Aid & Development in India

5.1.11 Case Study: Economic Development in Nigeria

5.1.12 Case Study: Aid & Development in Nigeria

5.1.13 Economic Development in the UK

5.1.14 Economic Development UK: Industry & Rural

5.1.15 Economic Development UK: Transport & North-South

5.1.16 Economic Development UK: Regional & Global

5.1.17 End of Topic Test - The Changing Economic World

5.1.18 Exam-Style Questions - The Changing Economic World

5.1.19 Changing Economic World - Statistical Skills

6 The Challenge of Resource Management

6.1 Resource Management

6.1.1 Global Distribution of Resources

6.1.2 Food in the UK

6.1.3 Water in the UK 1

6.1.4 Water in the UK 2

6.1.5 Energy in the UK

6.1.6 Resource Management - Statistical Skills

6.2.1 Areas of Food Surplus & Food Deficit

6.2.2 Food Supply & Food Insecurity

6.2.3 Increasing Food Supply

6.2.4 Case Study: Thanet Earth

6.2.5 Creating a Sustainable Food Supply

6.2.6 Case Study: Agroforestry in Mali

6.2.7 End of Topic Test - Food

6.2.8 Exam-Style Questions - Food

6.2.9 Food - Statistical Skills

6.3.1 The Global Demand for Water

6.3.2 What Affects the Availability of Water?

6.3.3 Increasing Water Supplies

6.3.4 Case Study: Water Transfer in China

6.3.5 Sustainable Water Supply

6.3.6 Case Study: Kenya's Sand Dams

6.3.7 Case Study: Lesotho Highland Water Project

6.3.8 Case Study: Wakel River Basin Project

6.3.9 Exam-Style Questions - Water

6.3.10 Water - Statistical Skills

6.4.1 Global Demand for Energy

6.4.2 Factors Affecting Energy Supply

6.4.3 Increasing Energy Supply: Renewables

6.4.4 Increasing Energy Supply: Non-Renewables

6.4.5 Carbon Footprints & Energy Conservation

6.4.6 Case Study: Rice Husks in Bihar

6.4.7 Exam-Style Questions - Energy

6.4.8 Energy - Statistical Skills

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The River Valley

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(New) AQA: Rivers - Tees Case Study

Subject: Geography

Age range: 14-16

Resource type: Lesson (complete)

Last updated

2 November 2018

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