research questions for ict

171+ Most Recent And Good ICT Research Topics For Students in 2024

In the fast-changing world of technology and communication, choosing good research topics is essential for students wanting to explore this always-changing field. This list of ICT research topics for students and ideas is like a starting point for students to look into the latest advancements, tackle current problems, and contribute to how technology changes our world.

From looking at how computers learn and protect them from online threats to thinking about what’s right or wrong with new technologies, these research topics cover many interesting areas. Students can explore things like using big amounts of information to help make decisions or finding out how blockchain can keep our information safe. There’s also the chance to look at how technology affects society, like who has access to it, and think about what’s fair when using our personal information.

By looking into the best ICT research topics for students , they can learn more about technology and have a say in its development. Each research topic gives a different way to think about and solve problems, helping students get into technology and communication.

Table of Contents

What Is ICT Research Topics?

ICT research topics are basically subjects that researchers study to learn more about computers and communication. It’s a wide area that includes making computers learn and decide independently, protecting them from online problems, and figuring out how to use lots of information to make better choices.

Researchers are also looking into how to keep our information safe using a special kind of technology called blockchain. They explore the fair use of technology and study how it affects different social groups. Plus, they check out the good and bad sides of using technology daily.

By looking into these topics, researchers help us understand technology better and develop new and better ways to use it. Each topic is like a different way of thinking about and solving problems, ensuring technology improves and works well for everyone.

How Can I Find Good ICT Research Topics For Students?

Trying to find good research topics in ICT for students? Here’s a simple guide to help you out:

Keep Updated: Stay informed about the latest things happening in the tech world. Read magazines, websites, and other sources to learn about new technologies and their challenges.
Think About What You Like: Consider what you enjoy in the wide tech world. Whether it’s smart machines, online safety, or working with lots of data, choosing a topic you’re passionate about will keep you interested.
Look at What Others Are Doing: Check out what scientists write about in academic sources. This can help you see what’s missing in what we know and where there’s room for more research.
Talk to Your Friends and Teachers: Chat with your friends, classmates, and teachers. They might have ideas or opinions that can help you find an interesting question to study.
Useful Tech Ideas: Find topics that can be useful in the real world. Think about how your research can help solve problems or make tech better.
Read the Rules: Check if your school has any rules about the topics you can choose. Following these rules will ensure your topic fits your school’s expectations.
Join Events: Go to tech conferences and workshops. These events often show off the newest research and might suggest what to study.
Think and Plan: Take some time to think and make a plan. Create a map of your ideas. This can help you see how different things connect.
Think About What’s Right: Consider what’s the right thing to do. Choose a topic that follows the rules and is considered fair and good.
Get Advice: Ask your teachers or other trusted adults for advice once you have ideas. They can help you make your idea better.

List of Best ICT Research Topics For Students In 2024

Here are the various Best ICT Research Topics for students it is such as;

Best ICT Research Topics

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Here is the problem of ICT students for Quantitative research titles:

What Is The Main Problem Of ICT Students For Quantitative Research Titles

Sample Research Proposal Topics In Information And Communication Technology PDF

Here are the ICT research topics for students Pdf is given below:

What Are The Best Titles In Research That Are Related To Ict?

Here are some examples of titles that represent diverse aspects of ICT research:

Great ICT Research Topics for Students open doors for exploring the world of technology in ways that are interesting and useful. These topics give students chances to learn by doing, helping them understand and solve real-world problems using Information and Communication Technology (ICT). Choosing from a variety of topics allows students to focus on what they enjoy, whether it’s artificial intelligence, keeping things safe online, or looking at how technology affects our lives.

The goal of these Good ICT Research Topics for Students is to encourage creativity and smart thinking. Whether it’s understanding how tech influences society or thinking about what’s right and fair in the digital world, these topics cover a wide range. Students can pick topics that match their interests and skills.

To sum it up, Good ICT Research Topics for Students not only make learning exciting but also give students the chance to be part of shaping the future of technology. Through these research projects, students become valuable contributors to the ongoing discussions about Information and Communication Technology, making a real impact on the ever-changing world of tech.

100+ Most Qualitative Research Topics For High School Students In 2024

99+ Astonishing Google Scholar Research Topics: The Road Less Traveled

130 Information Technology Research Topics And Quick Writing Prompts

The field of information technology is one of the most recent developments of the 21st century. Scholars argue that we are living in a technological age. Despite this buzz, however, many students still find it challenging to compose an information technology research topic.

Nonetheless, we are here to show you the way and lead you accordingly. Let us explore professional topics in information technology together then.

Quality Information Technology Topics For Research Paper

The effects of Artificial Intelligence on complex and tedious tasks
Discuss the development of computational & synthetic biology in research
What are the limitations to the study of computer architecture in colleges?
Discuss the evolution of animation, computer graphics, and game science
Critically analyze how computing is contributing to the development
What are the emerging fields of study in computer data science?
How to manage data in the age of the 5G technology
The impact of human-computer interaction on innovations
How is machine learning exposing students to more recent opportunities in life?
Evaluate molecular information systems and their role in biotechnology
How information technology has contributed to natural language processing
What are the latest developments in programming languages and software engineering
Analyze emerging opportunities in the field of Robotics

College Research Paper Topics in Information Technology

The rising security and privacy concerns with technological advancements
What are the considerations when setting up systems and networking?
Discuss the theory of computation and its contribution to information technology
Why is ubiquitous computing attracting fewer students?
The role of wireless and sensor systems in making the world a safe place
Reasons, why cloud computing has helped save on space and efficiency
Why are most computer students comprised of the male?
Discuss the essence of amorphous computing in the 21st century
How has biomedical mining impacted the health sector?
Can cyborgs relate well with the man?
How neural networking is making brain surgery a swift process
The role of swarm intelligence in collaboration and brainstorming
How are companies maximizing the use of Big Data?

List of Topics For Research Paper in Information Technology

Discuss how the Internet of Things is transforming how people conduct their activities
Challenges to software-defined networking
How are marketers and promoters taking up software as a service?
The role of augmented reality and virtual reality in healthcare systems
How intelligent apps are making life easier for man
The role of information technology in detecting fake news and malicious viral content
Long term effects of a technologically oriented world
Technological advancements that made it possible for the SpaceX shuttle to land on the International Space Station
How technology is making learning more practical and student-centered
What role has technology played in the spread of world pandemics?
How are governments able to shut down the Internet for their countries during particular events?
Does social media make the world a global village or a divided universe?
Discuss the implications of technological globalization

Unique Information Technology Research Topics

Discuss the areas of life which have been least exploited using technology
What are the considerations for setting up an educational curriculum on computer technology?
Compare and contrast between different computer processing powers
Why is Random Access Memory so crucial to the functioning of a computer?
Should computer as a subject be mandatory for all students in college?
How information technology has helped keep the world together during the quarantine period
Discuss why most hackers manage to break firewalls of banks
Are automated teller machine cards a safe way of keeping your bank details?
Why should every institution incorporate automated systems in its functions?
Who is more intelligent than the other? Man or Computer systems?
How is NASA implementing the use of Information technology to explore space?
The impact of automated message replies on smartphones.
Do mobile phones contain radiations that cause cancer?

IT Research Topics For High School Students

How does natural language processing compare with machine learning?
What is the role of virtual reality in the entertainment industry?
Discuss the application of computer vision technology in autonomous cars
How have CCTVs assisted in keeping the world safe?
Effects of phishing and spying on relationships
Why cyber espionage is on the rise in the face of the 5G technology
Compare and contrast between content-based recommendation vs. collaborative filtering
Evaluate the interconnection between the Internet of things and artificial intelligence
Analyze the amount of data generated from the Internet of things in devices
Ethical and legal implications of various technological practices
How technology has contributed to the formation of Genetically Modified Organisms
Describe in detail the vaccine development process
Why nanotechnology may be the only hope left in treating HIV

Hot Topics in IT

How companies can incorporate information technologies in their policy management systems
The role of IT in enhancing service delivery in customer care centers
How IT has made advertising more appealing and authentic to the consumer
Discuss the innovation of the Next Generation education systems
Why are there fewer Information Technology colleges and universities in developing countries?
Discuss WIFI connectivity in developed countries
What are the considerations when purchasing a Bandwidth Monitor?
How to create an effective Clinic Management System for intensive care
Factors that necessitate the development of an Enterprise Level System Information Management
Is it possible to develop fully functional Intelligent Car Transportation Systems?
Why the world should adopt E-Waste Management systems ASAP
Discuss the impact of weather and climate on internet strength and connectivity
The role of advanced information technologies preserving classified documents

Interesting Information Technology Topics

Human resource information management systems in large organizations
Evaluate the effectiveness of online enterprise resource planning
A critical analysis of object tracking using radial function networks
How has Bluetooth mobile phone technology developed over time?
Ethical challenges arising from new media information technologies
How the computer has developed over the last decade
The role of social media in enhancing communication strategies
Why new media technologies have made physical newspapers obsolete
The impact of the Internet of news sourcing, production, distribution, and sharing
Discuss the structures of various communication structures
How social media is making ads easily accessible
The impact of social networking sites on personal contact
Discuss the latest content marketing ideas in the wake of information technology

Topics Related To Information Technology

The impact of media exposure to adolescents and teenagers
How mass media is slowly but surely taking over the place of personal socialization
How to use the Internet and interactive media as advertising tools
Discuss the trends in music marketing in a digital world
The use of hype in new media technologies
The impact of using YouTube and video blogs in communication messages
Discuss the challenges that are arising as a result of new media technologies
How to build trustful relationships in virtual communication channels
Why it is impossible to maintain privacy in social media
Reasons why cyberbullying continues to persist in various communication technologies
The change in interpersonal communication with the invention of information technology
Is the future of information technologies right?
Discuss how sensationalism is persisting in the wake of new media technologies

Research Proposal Topics in Information Technology

Is it possible to live in a world without social media?
The impact of mass media on morality and decency in the 21st century
Advantages and disadvantages of renewable energy sources
How effective is hydrogen power over others?
An overview of renewable energy technologies
The impact of robots in improving food safety
How are drones useful in keeping large acres of land secure?
The impact of 3D printing on the practice of medicine
The effectiveness of having robots in infectious disease units
The impact of hydroponic farming
How to improve disease control using technology
Eliminating poisonous substances in food using technology
The effectiveness of robotic surgeries

Hot Topics in Computer Science

Distinguish between virtual reality and human perception
How are the inventions in the field of computer science transforming the world
Evaluate the effectiveness of high-dimensional data modeling
Limitations to the field of computer science
Are colleges and universities producing competent computer scientists?
How ethical hacking has turned out to be worse
The essence of having specialized banking systems
What is the most effective security measure: A serial code or fingerprint?
The development of programming languages
The effect of computational thinking on science
Is it possible to eliminate stalking?
Ways of improving patent rights for technological innovations
An overview of the different types of software security

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The Top 10 Most Interesting Technology Research Topics

With technological innovation streamlining processes in businesses at all levels and customers opting for digital interaction, adopting modern technologies have become critical for success in all industries. Technology continues to positively impact organizations , according to Statista, which is why technology research topics have become common among college-level students.

In this article, we have hand-picked the best examples of technology research topics and technology research questions to help you choose a direction to focus your research efforts. These technology research paper topics will inspire you to consider new ways to analyze technology and its evolving role in today’s world.

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What makes a strong technology research topic.

A strong research topic is clear, relevant, and original. It should intrigue readers to learn more about the role of technology through your research paper. A successful research topic meets the requirements of the assignment and isn’t too broad or narrow.

Technology research topics must identify a broad area of research on technologies, so an extremely technical topic can be overwhelming to write. Your technology research paper topic should be suitable for the academic level of your audience.

Tips for Choosing a Technology Research Topic

Make sure it’s clear. Select a research topic with a clear main idea that you can explain in simple language. It should be able to capture the attention of the audience and keep them engaged in your research paper.
Make sure it’s relevant. The technology research paper topic should be relevant to the understanding and academic level of the readers. It should enhance their knowledge of a specific technological topic, instead of simply providing vague, directionless ideas about different types of technologies.
Employ approachable language. Even though you might be choosing a topic from complex technology research topics, the language should be simple. It can be field-specific, but the technical terms used must be basic and easy to understand for the readers.
Discuss innovations. New technologies get introduced frequently, which adds to the variety of technology research paper topics. Your research topic shouldn’t be limited to old or common technologies. Along with the famous technologies, it should include evolving technologies and introduce them to the audience.
Be creative . With the rapid growth of technological development, some technology research topics have become increasingly common. It can be challenging to be creative with a topic that has been exhausted through numerous research papers. Your research topic should provide unique information to the audience, which can attract them to your work.

What’s the Difference Between a Research Topic and a Research Question?

A research topic is a subject or a problem being studied by a researcher. It is the foundation of any research paper that sets the tone of the research. It should be broad with a wide range of information available for conducting research.

On the other hand, a research question is closely related to the research topic and is addressed in the study. The answer is formed through data analysis and interpretation. It is more field-specific and directs the research paper toward a specific aspect of a broad subject.

How to Create Strong Technology Research Questions

Technology research questions should be concise, specific, and original while showing a connection to the technology research paper topic. It should be researchable and answerable through analysis of a problem or issue. Make sure it is easy to understand and write within the given word limit and timeframe of the research paper.

Technology is an emerging field with several areas of study, so a strong research question is based on a specific part of a large technical field. For example, many technologies are used in branches of healthcare such as genetics and DNA. Therefore, a research paper about genetics technology should feature a research question that is exclusive to genetics technology only.

2. Children’s Use of Social Media

Nowadays, parents allow their children to use the Internet from a very young age. A recent poll by C.S. Mott Children’s Hospital reported that 32 percent of parents allow their children aged seven to nine to use social media sites. This can expose them to cyber bullying and age-inappropriate content, as well as increase their dependence on technology.

Kids need to engage in physical activities and explore the world around them. Using social media sites in childhood can be negative for their personalities and brain health. Analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of the use of technology among young children can create an interesting research paper.

3. The Risks of Digital Voting

Digital voting is an easy way of casting and counting votes. It can save the cost and time associated with traveling to the polling station and getting a postal vote. However, it has a different set of security challenges. A research paper can list the major election security risks caused by digital voting.

Voting in an online format can expose your personal information and decisions to a hacker. As no computer device or software is completely unhackable, the voting system can be taken down, or the hacking may even go undetected.

4. Technology’s Impact on Society in 20 Years

Technological development has accelerated in the last decade. Current technology trends in innovation are focusing on artificial intelligence development, machine learning, and the development and implementation of robots.

Climate change has affected both human life and animal life. Climate technology can be used to deal with global warming in the coming years, and digital learning can make education available for everyone. This technology research paper can discuss the positive and negative effects of technology in 20 years.

5. The Reliability of Self-Driving Cars

Self-driving cars are one of the most exciting trends in technology today. It is a major technology of the future and one of the controversial technology topics. It is considered safer than human driving, but there are some risks involved. For example, edge cases are still common to experience while driving.

Edge cases are occasional and unpredictable situations that may lead to accidents and injuries. It includes difficult weather conditions, objects or animals on the road, and blocked roads. Self-driving cars may struggle to respond to edge cases appropriately, requiring the driver to employ common sense to handle the situation.

6. The Impact of Technology on Infertility

Assisted reproductive technology (ART) helps infertile couples get pregnant. It employs infertility techniques such as In-Vitro Fertilization (IVF) and Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT).

Infertility technologies are included in the controversial technology topics because embryonic stem cell research requires extracted human embryos. So, the research can be considered unethical. It is an excellent research topic from the reproductive technology field.

7. Evolution of War Technology

Military technologies have improved throughout history. Modern technologies, such as airplanes, missiles, nuclear reactors, and drones, are essential for war management. Countries experience major innovation in technologies during wars to fulfill their military-specific needs.

Military technologies have controversial ideas and debates linked to them, as some people believe that it plays a role in wars. A research paper on war technology can help evaluate the role of technology in warfare.

8. Using Technology to Create Eco-Friendly Food Packaging

Food technologies and agricultural technologies are trying to manage climate change through eco-friendly food packaging. The materials used are biodegradable, sustainable, and have inbuilt technology that kills microbes harmful to human life.

Research on eco-friendly food packaging can discuss the ineffectiveness of current packaging strategies. The new food technologies used for packaging can be costly, but they are better for preserving foods and the environment.

9. Disease Diagnostics and Therapeutics Through DNA Cloning

Genetic engineering deals with genes and uses them as diagnostics and therapeutics. DNA cloning creates copies of genes or parts of DNA to study different characteristics. The findings are used for diagnosing different types of cancers and even hematological diseases.

Genetic engineering is also used for therapeutic cloning, which clones an embryo for studying diseases and treatments. DNA technology, gene editing, gene therapy, and similar topics are hot topics in technology research papers.

10. Artificial Intelligence in Mental Health Care

Mental health is a widely discussed topic around the world, making it perfect for technology research topics. The mental health care industry has more recently been using artificial intelligence tools and mental health technology like chatbots and virtual assistants to connect with patients.

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Artificial intelligence has the potential to improve the diagnosis and treatment of mental illness. It can help a health care provider with monitoring patient progress and assigning the right therapist based on provided data and information.

Technology Research Questions

Is using technology in college classrooms a good or bad idea?
What are the advantages of cloud technologies for pharmaceutical companies?
Can new technologies help in treating morbid obesity?
How to identify true and false information on social media
Why is machine learning the future?

Choosing the Right Technology Research Topic

Since technology is a diverse field, it can be challenging to choose an interesting technology research topic. It is crucial to select a good research topic for a successful research paper. Any research is centered around the research topic, so it’s important to pick one carefully.

From cell phones to self-driving cars, technological development has completely transformed the world. It offers a wide range of topics to research, resulting in numerous options to choose from. We have compiled technology research topics from a variety of fields. You should select a topic that interests you, as you will be spending weeks researching and writing about it.

Technology Research Topics FAQ

Technology is important in education because it allows people to access educational opportunities globally through mobile technologies and the Internet. Students can enroll in online college degrees , courses, and attend online coding bootcamps . Technology has also made writing research papers easier with the tremendous amount of material available online.

Yes, technology can take over jobs as robotics and automation continue to evolve. However, the management of these technologies will still require human employees with technical backgrounds, such as artificial intelligence specialists, data scientists , and cloud engineers.

Solar panels and wind turbines are two forms of technology that help with climate change, as they convert energy efficiently without emitting greenhouse gases. Electric bikes run on lithium batteries and only take a few hours to charge, which makes them environmentally friendly. Carbon dioxide captures are a way of removing CO 2 from the atmosphere and storing it deep underground.

Technology helps companies manage client and employee data, store and protect important information, and develop strategies to stay ahead of competitors. Marketing technologies, such as Search Engine Optimization (SEO), are great for attracting customers online.

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Writing Strong Research Questions | Criteria & Examples

Writing Strong Research Questions | Criteria & Examples

Published on October 26, 2022 by Shona McCombes . Revised on November 21, 2023.

A research question pinpoints exactly what you want to find out in your work. A good research question is essential to guide your research paper , dissertation , or thesis .

All research questions should be:

Focused on a single problem or issue
Researchable using primary and/or secondary sources
Feasible to answer within the timeframe and practical constraints
Specific enough to answer thoroughly
Complex enough to develop the answer over the space of a paper or thesis
Relevant to your field of study and/or society more broadly

How to write a research question, what makes a strong research question, using sub-questions to strengthen your main research question, research questions quiz, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about research questions.

You can follow these steps to develop a strong research question:

Choose your topic
Do some preliminary reading about the current state of the field
Narrow your focus to a specific niche
Identify the research problem that you will address

The way you frame your question depends on what your research aims to achieve. The table below shows some examples of how you might formulate questions for different purposes.

Using your research problem to develop your research question

Note that while most research questions can be answered with various types of research , the way you frame your question should help determine your choices.

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Research questions anchor your whole project, so it’s important to spend some time refining them. The criteria below can help you evaluate the strength of your research question.

Focused and researchable

Feasible and specific, complex and arguable, relevant and original.

Chances are that your main research question likely can’t be answered all at once. That’s why sub-questions are important: they allow you to answer your main question in a step-by-step manner.

Good sub-questions should be:

Less complex than the main question
Focused only on 1 type of research
Presented in a logical order

Here are a few examples of descriptive and framing questions:

Descriptive: According to current government arguments, how should a European bank tax be implemented?
Descriptive: Which countries have a bank tax/levy on financial transactions?
Framing: How should a bank tax/levy on financial transactions look at a European level?

Keep in mind that sub-questions are by no means mandatory. They should only be asked if you need the findings to answer your main question. If your main question is simple enough to stand on its own, it’s okay to skip the sub-question part. As a rule of thumb, the more complex your subject, the more sub-questions you’ll need.

Try to limit yourself to 4 or 5 sub-questions, maximum. If you feel you need more than this, it may be indication that your main research question is not sufficiently specific. In this case, it’s is better to revisit your problem statement and try to tighten your main question up.

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If you want to know more about the research process , methodology , research bias , or statistics , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.

Methodology

Sampling methods
Simple random sampling
Stratified sampling
Cluster sampling
Likert scales
Reproducibility

Statistics

Null hypothesis
Statistical power
Probability distribution
Effect size
Poisson distribution

Research bias

Optimism bias
Cognitive bias
Implicit bias
Hawthorne effect
Anchoring bias
Explicit bias

The way you present your research problem in your introduction varies depending on the nature of your research paper . A research paper that presents a sustained argument will usually encapsulate this argument in a thesis statement .

A research paper designed to present the results of empirical research tends to present a research question that it seeks to answer. It may also include a hypothesis —a prediction that will be confirmed or disproved by your research.

As you cannot possibly read every source related to your topic, it’s important to evaluate sources to assess their relevance. Use preliminary evaluation to determine whether a source is worth examining in more depth.

This involves:

Reading abstracts , prefaces, introductions , and conclusions
Looking at the table of contents to determine the scope of the work
Consulting the index for key terms or the names of important scholars

A research hypothesis is your proposed answer to your research question. The research hypothesis usually includes an explanation (“ x affects y because …”).

A statistical hypothesis, on the other hand, is a mathematical statement about a population parameter. Statistical hypotheses always come in pairs: the null and alternative hypotheses . In a well-designed study , the statistical hypotheses correspond logically to the research hypothesis.

Formulating a main research question can be a difficult task. Overall, your question should contribute to solving the problem that you have defined in your problem statement .

However, it should also fulfill criteria in three main areas:

Researchability
Feasibility and specificity
Relevance and originality

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A systematic literature review of ICT integration in secondary education: what works, what does not, and what next?

Open access
Published: 16 November 2023
Volume 2 , article number 44 , ( 2023 )

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Mgambi Msambwa Msafiri 1 ,
Daniel Kangwa 1 &
Lianyu Cai 1

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This study is rigorous of peer-reviewed literature on the integration of information and communication technology (ICT) tools in secondary schools. It analyzed the impact of ICT integration on the teaching and learning process based on 51 sampled studies. The findings are thematically presented under the benefits of improving teaching and learning processes regarding curriculum coverage, equitable access, shared learning resources, and personalized learning. Furthermore, challenges were found in professional development, pedagogical and technological knowledge, and resource maintenance. Among the best practices and strategies to resolve these challenges were regular supply and systems maintenance, curricula realignment, ICT policy formulation, and engaging all stakeholders in ICT integration. Recommendations: practitioners should adopt, adapt, and innovate pedagogical approaches, strategies, and methods to facilitate the use of ICT in teaching and learning and should align and integrate ICT tools with curriculum objectives, content, or standards by exploring and using diverse and dynamic ICT tools and methods in secondary schools.

Impacts of digital technologies on education and factors influencing schools' digital capacity and transformation: A literature review

Stella Timotheou, Ourania Miliou, … Andri Ioannou

Assistive technology for the inclusion of students with disabilities: a systematic review

José María Fernández-Batanero, Marta Montenegro-Rueda, … Inmaculada García-Martínez

A literature review: efficacy of online learning courses for higher education institution using meta-analysis

Mayleen Dorcas B. Castro & Gilbert M. Tumibay

Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.

1 Introduction

Information and communication technology (ICT) is a powerful tool capable of transforming education and enhancing learning outcomes. As a result of this technology, students can access information, collaborate with peers and teachers, develop critical thinking skills and problem-solving abilities, and express their creativity and innovation. Additionally, it can assist teachers in designing and delivering more effective and personalized instruction, assessing and monitoring student progress, and engaging in continuous professional development [ 1 , 2 ]. Despite this, integrating ICT into education is not without challenges; each context and subject area has specific needs, challenges, and opportunities that must be considered during the planning, implementation, evaluation, and improvement process. This analysis, therefore, aims at identifying gaps and limitations in the literature and argues that it is essential to thoroughly review the current literature to synthesize the knowledge about what works, what does not, and the next steps to take to yield the best results out of the integration process.

Furthermore, education has become more integrated with ICT in the twenty-first century, thriving on advancements in computer technology; teaching and learning in secondary schools can be improved in various ways. There is a possibility to support, enhance, or alter the processes and outcomes of teaching and learning in secondary schools through the efficient and successful implementation of ICT [ 3 ]. As a result of the use of ICT in the classroom, particularly in secondary schools, students' learning outcomes, motivation, engagement, and skill development are improved, as well as teachers' attitudes, practices, and beliefs about teaching and learning [ 4 , 5 ]. It is, therefore, imperative that stakeholders work together to overcome the obstacles and problems that prevent secondary schools from fully integrating ICT by addressing challenges such as a lack of resources, training, time, support, curriculum alignment, and pedagogical change [ 6 , 7 ] that interfere with successful integration.

Hence, providing a comprehensive analysis of empirical studies relevant to ICT in secondary schools and learning, the purpose of this systematic literature review is to provide a comprehensive review of the empirical studies. This is because secondary education is integral in preparing young people for life, work, and higher education in the twenty-first century, making integrating ICT into various subjects to be indispensable for improved teaching and learning.

1.1 Research question

The systematic review will analyze the included studies to attain its objective by addressing the following questions:

RQ1: Which benefits of ICT integration exist in secondary schools for teaching and learning?

RQ2: What challenges and barriers hinder ICT’s practical and meaningful integration in teaching and learning?

RQ3: Which best practices and strategies have been implemented for effective ICT integration in secondary schools?

The study contributes to the existing knowledge base on ICT integration in secondary schools by providing a comprehensive overview of the current state of the art and highlighting the gaps and areas for further research. The study also offers practical implications and recommendations for policymakers, educators, researchers, and stakeholders interested in ICT integration in secondary schools. The study is particularly relevant for developing countries, where ICT integration in secondary school education is still in its early stages of implementation and faces many challenges [ 8 ]. Developing countries are home to many young people who need quality education to achieve their potential and contribute to their nation’s social and economic development. Hence, this exploration is timely and essential.

Therefore, to achieve this objective, a systematic literature review was conducted using a six-step process, including team selection, protocol creation, extensive search, screening and selection of studies, data extraction and analysis, and reporting and dissemination of findings. The recommendations from the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews served as the foundation for the procedure [ 9 ]. Both narrative and quantitative approaches were employed for the data synthesis. The PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) framework was used to prepare this study [ 10 ].

The structure of this article includes Sect. 1 , which is the background information on ICT integration in secondary education, and an overview of the systematic review methodology is provided in Sect. 2 , encompassing a search strategy, inclusion and exclusion criteria, quality assessment, extraction, and synthesis of data. The results are presented in Sect. 3 as descriptive statistics, thematic analysis, and synthesis. Section 4 discusses the main findings, the implications of this rigorous analysis, and its limitations and directions for possible future research. Finally, Sect. 5 presents the synthesized results and discussion.

This study applies a rigorous and transparent methodology based on the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews [ 11 ] and the PRISMA guidelines [ 10 ]. The study procedure progressed through six steps: selecting the team, developing the protocol, conducting a comprehensive literature search, screening and selecting studies, extracting and analyzing data, and reporting the results. The main objective was to investigate information and communication technology (ICT) use in secondary school education. Furthermore, the research aimed to understand better the impact and challenges of integrating ICT tools in secondary education. To sufficiently address the research problem and the stated objective, we selected a qualitative methodology based on a systematic literature review (SLR) guided by the PRISMA framework protocol [ 10 ] on integrating ICT in secondary school. The research questions were formulated to address the integration of ICT, the impact, and challenges faced in the process of integrating ICT in secondary schools, as shown in Table 1 .

2.1 Eligibility criteria

The sampled articles were considered eligible based on the document characteristics of being published:

in peer-reviewed journals,

in the English language,

between 2008 and July 11, 2023.

Additionally, content criteria and empirical studies with quantitative and qualitative methods were included, discarding theoretical studies dealing with ICT in settings other than secondary school.

2.2 Data sources and search strategy

The included studies were identified and retrieved from Scopus and Eric electronic databases. For the search and selection of articles, we used the search terms and their combinations as “integration”, “technology”, “secondary”, “school”, “ICT” “ICT in secondary education”, “ICT in secondary schools”, “implication of ICT in education”, “implication of ICT in secondary schools”, “benefits of ICT in secondary school”, “challenges in the implementation of ICT”, “challenges in the implementation of ICT in secondary school”, “impact of ICT in secondary school”, and “best practices in ICT implementation in secondary schools”.

2.3 Quality appraisal

The sample was selected using the JBI Checklist for Systematic Reviews and Research Syntheses. The checklist contains 11 questions, and the inclusion criteria were scored as "yes", "no", "unclear", or "not applicable" [ 12 ]. The automated inclusion and exclusion criteria were conducted by the three researchers who examined the search results by evaluating the abstracts to determine whether the study was suitable for the analysis of the benefits, challenges, and strategies employed to enhance ICT integration in secondary schools. In addition, studies were excluded if they did not meet the criteria after an objective comparison of the decisions of the independent researchers. The researchers' independent decisions had an interrater reliability of 94%, which was increased to 100% after the discussion among the three researchers to resolve and determine the suitability of the disputed studies.

2.4 Data analysis

The identified articles were 1363 from Scopus and Eric electronic databases, which were later cleaned up for duplicate records before screening. After the automated inclusion and exclusion process, 553 records were selected for further screening and eligibility assessment, which resulted in 51 sampled studies for this systematic analysis, as presented in Fig. 1 .

Flowchart for inclusion and exclusion process

The results section is a descriptive and thematic analysis and presentation of the 51 included studies.

3.1 Description of the articles under analysis

The systematic review included studies from 2008 to 2023 to establish the trends and gaps in the integration and impact of ICT in secondary schools. According to the article distribution in Fig. 3 , most of our sampled studies were published in 2020 and 2022, followed by 2023. However, 2023 will likely receive more publications since the literature search was conducted in June 2023. The findings indicate that most of the included studies were published in 2022 and were distributed as in Fig. 2 .

Publications by year (n = 51)

Furthermore, the studies were analyzed based on the methodology used. It was established that mainly quantitative methods were used in most of the sampled studies, and the least used method was the survey, as shown in Fig. 3 .

Sampled studies by methodology

The systematic review categorized the included studies according to the country in which they were published. The article distribution by country indicates that many studies were conducted in Malaysia, as shown in Fig. 4 .

Distribution by country

3.2 Thematic analysis

This section presents the findings according to the identified themes in relation to the research questions. The theme identification process involved the two authors independently analyzing the included studies with regard to the research questions and eligibility for the full-text screening. There was consultation with a third author in settling any disputes. This procedure of screening the full text and extracting the data was conducted thoroughly, as illustrated in the PRISMA flow diagram in Fig. 1 . Then, the initial coding for key terms was summarized into themes that emerged from the process, categorized according to the research questions as in Table 2 .

3.2.1 Themes in ICT integration

ICT integration in secondary education is characterized by some common themes, patterns, distinctions, and variations across subjects. The analyzed studies highlight that ICT integration is not only an essential tool to make teaching more interesting and sufficiently transmit twenty-first century skills to learners in current secondary schools but also plays a vital role in enhancing student’s learning outcomes, motivation, engagement, and critical and innovative thinking development [ 13 , 18 ]. Therefore, this study identified three themes surrounding the integration of ICT in secondary schools: the benefits, the challenges, and the best practices and strategies for making ICT an integral and beneficial tool for teaching and learning. Indeed, several factors have influenced and impacted the successful integration of ICT in various subject areas.

These factors can be loosely classified as student factors and teacher factors. Student factors can be termed those that affect students' learning processes, while teacher factors impede the teacher’s abilities to deliver the learning experiences in the teaching process. This analysis discovered that student factors can be minimized by integrating appropriate ICT tools, especially tools and methods that align with the subject's learning objectives, content, and pedagogy [ 4 , 31 ]. For ICT integration to be effective, a number of considerations need to be made, such as the quality of the ICT tools and methodologies, student involvement, learning interaction, and the assessment methods to be used [ 16 , 28 ].

On the other hand, teacher factors such as inadequate professional development, lack of sufficient school support, and pedagogical knowledge influence teachers' attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors, which determine their desire and actual ICT integration in various subjects. Based on the findings, instructors can use ICT tools in a variety of ways, and how they adapt and use them can affect how they view, adopt, and use these tools [ 27 , 29 ]. ICT integration skills can be developed through professional development [ 32 ], while school leadership and support can also assist teachers with ICT integration by providing them with resources, guidance, and motivation [ 21 , 33 ]. The teacher’s pedagogical expertise and views may also contribute to the tactics they use to integrate ICT into their classrooms, such as whether they prefer student- or teacher-centered approaches [ 25 ]. The integration of ICT tools may be affected not only by student and teacher factors but also by the nature of the subject area and its associated learning experiences. Therefore, the distribution of ICT integration of the sample by subject areas demonstrates that the highest integration level of ICT tools was recorded at 33% in ICT as a subject, followed by STEM subjects at 17%, as shown in Fig. 5 .

Distribution of ICT tools integration in subjects

4 Discussion

Based on this systematic literature review, we provide insights into how ICT is used in schools to improve teaching and learning. To comprehensively explain the findings, the research questions that guided this study have been categorized and discussed.

RQ1: What are the benefits of using ICT in secondary education?

RQ1 examined how ICT integration impacts secondary schools' learning outcomes, motivation, engagement, and skill development. About Eleven studies covering mathematics, science, language, and social studies addressed this question based on the rigorous inclusion criteria. The integration of ICT in secondary schools has been found to benefit the teaching and learning processes by improving the quality and pace of curriculum coverage. It is without doubt that integrating computers in the teaching and learning process, if well done, may translate into efficiency, but if not well done, it becomes disruptive. It may disorient both the teachers and learners from attaining their academic goals.

Therefore, this study aimed at synthesizing the benefits of effective ICT integration, which would foster impactful advances in secondary schools’ educational attainments. The twenty-first century has registered considerable advancements in computer technology, transforming various sectors of society and increasing demand for advanced computer skills. This requires that teaching and learning at all levels, particularly in secondary schools, be improved to support, enhance, and alter the processes and outcomes of teaching and learning through the efficient and successful implementation of ICT tools in schools [ 3 ]. As a result, using ICT in the classroom improves students' learning outcomes, motivation, engagement, skill development, and teachers' attitudes, practices, and beliefs about the teaching and learning process [ 4 , 31 ]. Therefore, stakeholders must work together to promote fully effective and practical integration of ICT tools by addressing issues such as a lack of resources, training, time, support, curriculum alignment, and pedagogical change [ 6 , 7 ] that interfere with successful integration. Apart from human resource skills development, other suitable resources and tools, such as software packages, should be made available to secure a meaningful integration.

According to Latifi [ 34 ], GeoGebra software, for instance, was used to teach geometry in Mathematics, improving students' geometry knowledge and performance. Furthermore, it showed that academic achievement, conceptual understanding, problem-solving skills, and creativity were all positively affected by the ICT integration on student learning outcomes. Indeed, Woodrich [ 13 ] confirmed that students' writing skills, creativity, motivation, and achievement in biology increased using Moodle LMS [ 6 ]. In a study conducted by Thibaut [ 20 ], students' inquiry skills and scientific literacy were also improved through WebQuest. It is clear that effective ICT integration in different subjects positively influences the motivation, engagement, and skill development of both the teacher and the learners, making their work more exciting and easier to understand. Therefore, when ICT tools are appropriately used, curriculum content and information are accurately and diversely presented, enhancing learners' ability to grasp concepts and ideas more efficiently and accurately, making the teaching and learning process easier and more interesting.

Another set of benefits can be presented under access to the learning process. Furthermore, the effective integration of ICT in the educative process gives learners better access to curriculum content and information; for example, a teacher can make the learning experiences available for learners at all times. That is, learners are made to conveniently access online learning experiences as they enjoy the freedom to continue learning at their convenience. In addition, effective ICT integration enables learners to collaborate with peers and teachers, develop critical thinking and problem-solving abilities, and express their creativity and innovation during their learning. Moreover, effective ICT integration can also enhance and make learning more personalized. In this regard, ICT tools can assist teachers in designing and delivering more effective and personalized instruction assessments, monitoring student progress, and engaging them in different learning activities.

Furthermore, personalized learning enables the equitable sharing of learning resources such as e-textbooks, course wares, computers, digital media, and other resources available to learners according to their learning needs. The equitable sharing of learning resources has been confirmed by different studies to positively affect students' interest, curiosity, confidence, and satisfaction in learning when ICT tools are effectively integrated into the teaching and learning processes. For example, learning resources shared through WebQuest promoted active participation, collaboration, communication, and self-regulation among students, while Lie [ 14 ] found that equitably shared digital libraries also increased student engagement and reading comprehension. In this case, digital storytelling increased students' motivation and collaboration, as supported by Smeda [ 4 ] and Karahan [ 15 ], who stated that the Autograph software stimulated students' curiosity and confidence in mathematics. These and many other benefits can be accrued from an effective ICT integration in secondary schools, as shown in Table 2 and further discussed under RQ3 below on the effectiveness of ICT tools and different strategies and practices that have been implemented in the school environment.

The results identified some limitations and challenges associated with using ICT in secondary schools. There were technical challenges, such as lack of access, reliability, compatibility, and security of ICT tools and resources. Some concerns were pedagogical issues related to curriculum alignment, assessment methods, and instructional strategies. Students and teachers were sometimes not motivated, interested, or ready to use ICT due to psychological problems.

Therefore, a total of 16 studies, among the included studies in this review, identified barriers and challenges to effective and meaningful integration of ICT in secondary schools. They identified factors that negatively affect ICT integration, such as lack of resources, training, time, support, curriculum alignment, and lack of pedagogical change. According to Chen [ 17 ], technical difficulties or insufficient guidance contributed to some students' frustrations with WebQuest, while Toma [ 18 ] discovered that teachers had negative attitudes toward digital storytelling because they had not been properly trained or supported. Further, Dockendorff [ 19 ] highlighted that some curricula did not adequately include or evaluate ICT integration and evaluation.

Inadequate ICT tools and resources: inadequate, inaccessible, unreliable, and insecure ICT tools pose challenges for teachers and students to use ICT effectively and efficiently. It was found by Planinc [ 7 ] that some preservice mathematics teachers lacked access to GeoGebra software and computers at school or home. According to Smeda [ 4 ], some language teachers face technical difficulties when using digital storytelling tools. At the same time, the Moodle Learning Management System (LMS) had compatibility issues and security concerns for some in-service science teachers [ 23 ].

Insufficient or inadequate training: Teachers lack access to adequate, relevant, high-quality, or frequent professional development opportunities to enhance their abilities to integrate ICT effectively. According to Mohd Ayub [ 28 ], some in-service mathematics teachers lacked the training and experience to use GeoGebra effectively, and in-service biology teachers were not given enough support or training when using Moodle LMS [ 6 ]. Similarly, preservice language teachers lacked training and feedback while using digital storytelling in their classrooms [ 24 ].

Insufficient Planning Time: There is a lack of time for teachers to plan, implement, evaluate, or improve their ICT integration practices because of insufficient allocation, management, or flexibility of time. Mostly, teachers face this challenge, as they are not always able to use ICT effectively or efficiently due to a lack of time. Lie [ 14 , 20 ] found a lack of time for designing and implementing WebQuest projects in the classroom among preservice science teachers. Some in-service language teachers did not have adequate time to explore digital libraries or use them to enhance their teaching; according to Lie [ 14 ] in their study, Bratland [ 25 ] reported that some in-service mathematics teachers did not have time to learn and use GeoGebra software.

Inadequate Technical Support: There is a lack of support for teachers on technical, pedagogical, and emotional levels in terms of provision, quality, relevance, or frequency to improve their ability and competence in integrating ICT. Usually, this is coupled with a lack of appropriate ICT support for teachers, resulting in their inability to use ICT effectively or efficiently. Karahan [ 15 ] found that in-service math teachers lacked technical support when using Autograph software. When using WebQuest for teaching social studies, some in-service teachers lacked sufficient pedagogical support [ 16 ].

Misaligned Curriculum: ICT tools and methods are not aligned, integrated, or coherent with curriculum objectives, content, or standards for teaching and learning when they are not aligned, integrated, or coherent. There may be an inconsistency between the use of ICT and curriculum goals or expectations, which affects both teachers and students. Chen [ 17 ] found that WebQuest was not aligned or integrated with curriculum standards and objectives among in-service language teachers. It has been reported by Toma [ 18 ] that some in-service language teachers lack coherence between digital storytelling and curriculum content. The use of ICT in teaching and learning is not adequately incorporated or evaluated in some curricula [ 19 ].

Inadequate ICT Pedagogic Skills: ICT may not be sufficient for supporting, enhancing, or transforming teaching and learning if pedagogical approaches, strategies, or methods are not adopted, adapted, or innovated. This challenge mainly affects teachers, who may not have enough pedagogical changes to use ICT effectively. Several preservice mathematics teachers were not sufficiently adopting GeoGebra software or adapting it to their existing pedagogical practices [ 7 ]. Digital storytelling did not lead to enough innovation in pedagogical practices for some in-service language teachers [ 4 ]. For some in-service teachers, ICT was ineffective in shifting science teachers from teacher-centered to student-centered learning [ 35 ].

According to the research conducted on RQ3, teachers' attitudes, beliefs, and practices regarding the integration of ICT are influenced by professional development, school support, leadership, pedagogical understanding, and technical knowledge. The review included 14 studies that addressed this question. These studies covered various aspects of teacher education, including preservice training, in-service training, mentoring, coaching, collaboration, reflection, feedback, evaluation, and certification. Most studies indicate that enhancing teachers' ICT integration skills and competencies requires professional development opportunities. Professional development significantly influenced teacher attitudes, beliefs, and practices related to ICT integration, as in the following examples:

Planinc and Kolnik [ 7 ] found that GeoGebra workshops improved preservice mathematics teachers' technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) and confidence in using GeoGebra.

Ilona-Elefteryja [ 6 ] established that biology teachers who attended a Moodle LMS course were more self-efficacious and motivated to use Moodle LMS in the classroom.

Thibault [ 20 ] identified that preservice science teachers who worked on WebQuest designed projects improved their inquiry skills as well as their pedagogical reasoning and

Lie [ 14 ] reported that mentored in-service language teachers became more proficient in digital literacy and pedagogical strategies for utilizing digital libraries.

Furthermore, school support, leadership, and culture can facilitate or hinder ICT integration in secondary education. In addition to providing adequate resources, infrastructure, and technical assistance for ICT integration, school support includes creating a shared vision, mission, and goals for ICT integration; fostering a supportive, collaborative, and innovative school climate for ICT integration; and rewarding, and recognizing teachers and students for their efforts and achievements. School leadership modeled, promoted, and advocated ICT integration, empowering, encouraging, and inspiring teachers and students. It also involved monitoring, evaluating, and improving the effectiveness and quality of integrating ICTs in the teaching and learning process, as itemized in the following examples which;

teachers' attitudes and practices regarding using Autograph software in mathematics were positively correlated with school support and leadership, as Karahan [ 15 ] observed,

Ruggiero and Mong [ 16 ] stated that obtaining school support and leadership was one of the most critical factors in implementing WebQuests to teach social studies and finally,

strong school leadership and school support can foster a culture of innovation and collaboration among teachers and students in the use of ICT, as Ramos and de Andrade [ 21 ] suggested.

Therefore, there should be a holistic and systemic approach to incorporating ICT tools in secondary education to achieve effective ICT integration. This empirical review shows that ICT integration involves changing teachers' and students' beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors, not just pedagogical or technical issues. Hence, the sampled studies attempted to address this issue by investigating how ICT tools could be meaningfully integrated into the learning environment in a quest to integrate useful ICT tools to improve the learning process and the well-being of its users. Sampled studies investigated the integration of a variety of ICT tools and methods, such as digital storytelling, WebQuest, GeoGebra, Moodle LMS, Autograph, and digital libraries. The studies described ICT tools and methods in terms of their features, functions, advantages, and disadvantages and granting examples of the impacts of these ICT tools in the learning environment.

As an example, Multimedia stories can be created and shared using digital tools and platforms. Through the study of digital literacy, students can improve their writing skills, creativity, motivation, collaboration, and communication skills. Moreover, it allows students to express their opinions, emotions, and experiences meaningfully. Language, social studies, and the arts are all possible applications of this technique [ 4 , 13 , 18 , 29 ]. Online resources are used to create and complete WebQuests, which are inquiry-based tasks. Student learning can be enhanced by improving inquiry skills, scientific literacy, critical thinking, problem-solving, and self-regulation. It also allows students to explore everyday issues, questions, and problems in a structured environment. In addition to science, mathematics, and social studies, this approach benefits all subjects [ 16 , 17 ].

Furthermore, GeoGebra uses algebraic expressions to create geometric constructions that can be modified dynamically. Students will learn geometry concepts more deeply, become more curious, and gain greater self-confidence through the program. Besides, it may be used to visually represent, explore, or prove geometric relationships, properties, and theorems. This approach may teach mathematical subjects [ 7 , 25 , 28 ]. You can manage and deliver online courses with multiple modules and activities with the Moodle Learning Management System. When students are motivated, engaged, and collaborate during the learning process, they are more likely to achieve, be motivated, and be engaged. Teachers can also use this software for designing, delivering, assessing, and monitoring online courses. It can cover various topics [ 6 , 23 ].

In addition, Using an Autograph program, dynamic graphs can be manipulated using numerical data and functions. Exposure to graphing concepts results in students performing better, understanding more, feeling more confident, and being more curious. Also, students can interact with graphs by visualizing, exploring, and analyzing them. To practice mathematics, users can access digital resources such as books, articles, images, and videos through digital libraries [ 14 , 15 ] and students can become more engaged, read more, and understand digital literacy better. As a result of a digital resource management system [ 14 ] digital resources can also be provided, organized, and recommended for use in a wide variety of subjects. In secondary education, ICT tools and methods suggest that it is a dynamic phenomenon that requires an adaptable and flexible approach to address diverse topics and situations. ICT integration is used to develop, implement, evaluate, and improve ICT-based learning activities to support, enhance, and transform teaching and learning. Based on our systematic review, Table 3 summarizes our discussion of challenges and possible solutions associated with the integration of ICT in secondary schools.

4.1 Implications for policy and practice

The implications of this systematic literature review for policy and practice in secondary education are numerous. Policymakers should consider implementing ICT integration in secondary education with clear, coherent, comprehensive policies and guidelines addressing various dimensions and factors. These factors are associated with ICT integration, including resources, training, support, curriculum alignment, and pedagogical changes. In secondary education, providing adequate and appropriate resources, infrastructure, and technical assistance is essential to ensuring that ICT tools and resources are available, accessible, reliable, compatible, and secure. Improving teachers' attitudes, beliefs, and practices related to ICT integration should support and facilitate effective and meaningful professional development opportunities. In addition, a shared vision, mission, and goals for ICT integration in secondary education should be created by cultivating a supportive, collaborative, and innovative school culture and climate. A culture and climate that inspires teachers and students to use ICT in education and recognizes, rewards, and celebrates teachers and students' ICT integration achievements.

Practitioners should incorporate ICT tools in teaching and learning to enhance, support, and transform student learning outcomes, motivation, engagement, and skills development. This can be achieved by adopting and adapting strategies and pedagogical methods to integrate ICT tools into the secondary school learning environment efficiently. The integration should be aligned and well coordinated with the curriculum's objectives, content, and standards for teaching and learning purposes. Therefore, Table 3 outlines how the practitioners can address the different issues surrounding the ICT tools integration in the learning process. For example, various topics and situations in teaching and learning may require practitioners to explore, use, or suggest ICT tools and methods to address each context and subject area's specific needs, challenges, and opportunities. There should be effective mechanisms for monitoring, assessing, and improving the quality and effectiveness of ICT integration in teaching and learning by planning, implementing, evaluating, and improving ICT-based learning activities. It is evident from this systematic literature review that a framework is needed to promote better computer-aided learning in secondary schools and to integrate ICT effectively. Therefore, to ensure an effective and beneficial integration of ICT tools in schools, the researchers have proposed the ICT integration framework as in Fig. 6 , illustrating how different aspects of an effective integration interact within an integration system.

ICT integration framework

According to the sampled studies, effective integration of ICT depends on students' and teachers' motivation [ 13 , 18 , 19 , 28 ] Additionally, the authors recommend that secondary schools align ICT integration with their curricula [ 6 , 20 ] and learning objectives as well as maintaining ICT tools [ 4 , 14 ] and develop appropriate ICT skills for teachers as well as learners [ 15 , 16 , 17 ]. Therefore, ICT integration depends mainly on capacity development [ 6 , 7 ], which should be focused on harnessing technological knowledge with pedagogical understanding [ 16 , 21 ] in a conducive learning environment supported by all stakeholders [ 15 , 20 , 29 ]. Finally, capacity development should further enable students, teachers, and other experts to identify challenges and address them efficiently [ 23 , 25 , 26 ]. This framework is a cyclic model of effectively integrating ICT in a learning context.

4.2 Limitations and future research

A systematic literature review has several limitations, including that the scope of the review was limited to the use of information and communication technology in secondary schools for teaching and learning. Therefore, the study findings cannot be generalized or applied to any other level or setting of education, such as primary schools, higher education, or informal education. Studies that are included in a review determine its quality. Methodological aspects such as sample size, design, measurement, or analysis may affect the included studies' results. Thus, the strengths and weaknesses of the synthesis methods may affect the synthesis results.

ICT integration in secondary education should be explored in more diverse and dynamic ways to accommodate various topics and situations in secondary education. Every context and subject area may present different needs, challenges, and opportunities, which require tools that can be applied to them. Examine holistic and systemic approaches to integrating ICT into secondary school teaching and learning that address the resource, training, support, curriculum alignment, and pedagogical changes associated with ICT integration.

5 Conclusion

This study was conducted to comprehensively and rigorously review peer-reviewed studies on integrating information and communication technology in secondary schools. This study followed PRISMA guidelines and the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews [ 9 ] as the framework, assuring rigor and transparency. In this analysis, three research questions on ICT integration in secondary education were explored with regard to benefits, challenges, best practices, and barriers. As this systematic review highlights, several types and characteristics of ICT tools and methods can be utilized in teaching various secondary education topics. For adequate and appropriate ICT integration resources, infrastructure, and technical assistance, policymakers should develop and implement clear, coherent, and comprehensive policies and guidelines. To foster a supportive, collaborative, and innovative school climate, teachers must be able to participate in practical and meaningful professional development opportunities. For information and communication technology to be effectively utilized for teaching and learning, practitioners must adopt, adapt, or innovate pedagogical approaches, strategies, and methods that align and integrate ICT tools with curriculum objectives, content, or standards. They should explore, use, and propose diverse and dynamic ICT tools and methods for a wide range of topics to ensure that learners get the best out of the learning process.

Data availability

Not applicable. The data for this study originated from secondary desk research.

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1.1 Appendix 1: Summary of included studies highlighting ict integration and impacts in secondary schools

1.2 appendix 2: highlights on the impact of ict in secondary schools, rights and permissions.

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Msafiri, M.M., Kangwa, D. & Cai, L. A systematic literature review of ICT integration in secondary education: what works, what does not, and what next?. Discov Educ 2 , 44 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s44217-023-00070-x

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54 Most Interesting Technology Research Topics for 2023

May 30, 2023

Scrambling to find technology research topics for the assignment that’s due sooner than you thought? Take a scroll down these 54 interesting technology essay topics in 10 different categories, including controversial technology topics, and some example research questions for each.

Social technology research topics

Whether you have active profiles on every social media platform, you’ve taken a social media break, or you generally try to limit your engagement as much as possible, you probably understand how pervasive social technologies have become in today’s culture. Social technology will especially appeal to those looking for widely discussed, mainstream technology essay topics.

How do viewers respond to virtual influencers vs human influencers? Is one more effective or ethical over the other?
Across social media platforms, when and where is mob mentality most prevalent? How do the nuances of mob mentality shift depending on the platform or topic?
Portable devices like cell phones, laptops, and tablets have certainly made daily life easier in some ways. But how have they made daily life more difficult?
How does access to social media affect developing brains? And what about mature brains?
Can dating apps alter how users perceive and interact with people in real life?
Studies have proven “doomscrolling” to negatively impact mental health—could there ever be any positive impacts?

Cryptocurrency and blockchain technology research topics

Following cryptocurrency and blockchain technology has been a rollercoaster the last few years. And since Bitcoin’s conception in 2009, cryptocurrency has consistently showed up on many lists of controversial technology topics.

Is it ethical for celebrities or influential people to promote cryptocurrencies or cryptographic assets like NFTs ?
What are the environmental impacts of mining cryptocurrencies? Could those impacts ever change?
How does cryptocurrency impact financial security and financial health?
Could the privacy cryptocurrency offers ever be worth the added security risks?
How might cryptocurrency regulations and impacts continue to evolve?
Created to enable cryptocurrency, blockchain has since proven useful in several other industries. What new uses could blockchain have?

Artificial intelligence technology research topics

We started 2023 with M3GAN’s box office success, and now we’re fascinated (or horrified) with ChatGPT , voice cloning , and deepfakes . While people have discussed artificial intelligence for ages, recent advances have really pushed this topic to the front of our minds. Those searching for controversial technology topics should pay close attention to this one.

OpenAI –the company behind ChatGPT–has shown commitment to safe, moderated AI tools that they hope will provide positive benefits to society. Sam Altman, their CEO, recently testified before a US Senate He described what AI makes possible and called for more regulation in the industry. But even with companies like OpenAI displaying efforts to produce safe AI and advocating for regulations, can AI ever have a purely positive impact? Are certain pitfalls unavoidable?
In a similar vein, can AI ever actually be ethically or safely produced? Will there always be certain risks?
How might AI tools impact society across future generations?
Countless movies and television shows explore the idea of AI going wrong, going back all the way to 1927’s Metropolis . What has a greater impact on public perception—representations in media or industry developments? And can public perception impact industry developments and their effectiveness?

Beauty and anti-aging technology

Throughout human history, people in many cultures have gone to extreme lengths to capture and maintain a youthful beauty. But technology has taken the pursuit of beauty and youth to another level. For those seeking technology essay topics that are both timely and timeless, this one’s a gold mine.

With augmented reality technology, companies like Perfect allow app users to virtually try on makeup, hair color, hair accessories, and hand or wrist accessories. Could virtual try-ons lead to a somewhat less wasteful beauty industry? What downsides should we consider?
Users of the Perfect app can also receive virtual diagnoses for skin care issues and virtually “beautify” themselves with smoothed skin, erased blemishes, whitened teeth, brightened under-eye circles, and reshaped facial structures. How could advancements in beauty and anti-aging technology affect self-perception and mental health?
What are the best alternatives to animal testing within the beauty and anti-aging industry?
Is anti-aging purely a cosmetic pursuit? Could anti-aging technology provide other benefits?
Could people actually find a “cure” to aging? And could a cure to aging lead to longer lifespans?
How might longer human lifespans affect the Earth?

Geoengineering technology research topics

An umbrella term, geoengineering refers to large-scale technologies that can alter the earth and its climate. Typically, these types of technologies aim to combat climate change. Those searching for controversial technology topics should consider looking into this one.

What benefits can solar geoengineering provide? Can they outweigh the severe risks?
Compare solar geoengineering methods like mirrors in space, stratospheric aerosol injection, marine cloud brightening, and other proposed methods. How have these methods evolved? How might they continue to evolve?
Which direct air capture methods are most sustainable?
How can technology contribute to reforestation efforts?
What are the best uses for biochar? And how can biochar help or harm the earth?
Out of all the carbon geoengineering methods that exist or have been proposed, which should we focus on the most?

Creative and performing arts technology topics

While tensions often arise between artists and technology, they’ve also maintained a symbiotic relationship in many ways. It’s complicated. But of course, that’s what makes it interesting. Here’s another option for those searching for timely and timeless technology essay topics.

How has the relationship between art and technology evolved over time?
How has technology impacted the ways people create art? And how has technology impacted the ways people engage with art?
Technology has made creating and viewing art widely accessible. Does this increased accessibility change the value of art? And do we value physical art more than digital art?
Does technology complement storytelling in the performing arts? Or does technology hinder storytelling in the performing arts?
Which current issues in the creative or performing arts could potentially be solved with technology?

Cellular agriculture technology research topics

And another route for those drawn to controversial technology topics: cellular agriculture. You’ve probably heard about popular plant-based meat options from brands like Impossible and Beyond Meat . While products made with cellular agriculture also don’t require the raising and slaughtering of livestock, they are not plant-based. Cellular agriculture allows for the production of animal-sourced foods and materials made from cultured animal cells.

Many consumers have a proven bias against plant-based meats. Will that same bias extend to cultured meat, despite cultured meat coming from actual animal cells?
Which issues can arise from patenting genes?
Does the animal agriculture industry provide any benefits that cellular agriculture may have trouble replicating?
How might products made with cellular agriculture become more affordable?
Could cellular agriculture conflict with the notion of a “ circular bioeconomy ?” And should we strive for a circular bioeconomy? Can we create a sustainable relationship between technology, capitalism, and the environment, with or without cellular agriculture?

Transportation technology research topics

For decades, we’ve expected flying cars to carry us into a techno-utopia, where everything’s shiny, digital, and easy. We’ve heard promises of super fast trains that can zap us across the country or even across the world. We’ve imagined spring breaks on the moon, jet packs, and teleportation. Who wouldn’t love the option to go anywhere, anytime, super quickly? Transportation technology is another great option for those seeking widely discussed, mainstream technology essay topics.

Once upon a time, Lady Gaga was set to perform in space as a promotion for Virgin Galactic . While Virgin Galactic never actually launched the iconic musician/actor, soon, they hope to launch their first commercial flight full of civilians–who paid $450,000 a pop–on a 90-minute trip into the stars. And if you think that’s pricey, SpaceX launched three businessmen into space for $55 million in April, 2022 (though with meals included, this is actually a total steal). So should we be launching people into space just for fun? What are the impacts of space tourism?
Could technology improve the way hazardous materials get transported?
How can the 5.9 GHz Safety Band affect drivers?
Which might be safer: self-driving cars or self-flying airplanes?
Compare hyperloop and maglev Which is better and why?
Can technology improve safety for cyclists?

Gaming technology topics

A recent study involving over 2000 children found links between video game play and enhanced cognitive abilities. While many different studies have found the impacts of video games to be positive or neutral, we still don’t fully understand the impact of every type of video game on every type of brain. Regardless, most people have opinions on video gaming. So this one’s for those seeking widely discussed, mainstream, and controversial technology topics.

Are different types or genres of video games more cognitively beneficial than others? Or are certain gaming consoles more cognitively beneficial than others?
How do the impacts of video games differ from other types of games, such as board games or puzzles?
What ethical challenges and safety risks come with virtual reality gaming?
How does a player perceive reality during a virtual reality game compared to during other types of video games?
Can neurodivergent brains benefit from video games in different ways than neurotypical brains?

Medical technology

Advancements in healthcare have the power to change and save lives. In the last ten years, countless new medical technologies have been developed, and in the next ten years, countless more will likely emerge. Always relevant and often controversial, this final technology research topic could interest anyone.

Which ethical issues might arise from editing genes using CRISPR-Cas9 technology? And should this technology continue to be illegal in the United States?
How has telemedicine impacted patients and the healthcare they receive?
Can neurotechnology devices potentially affect a user’s agency, identity, privacy, and/or cognitive liberty?
How could the use of medical 3-D printing continue to evolve?
Are patients more likely to skip digital therapeutics than in-person therapeutic methods? And can the increased screen-time required by digital therapeutics impact mental health

What do you do next?

Now that you’ve picked from this list of technology essay topics, you can do a deep dive and immerse yourself in new ideas, new information, and new perspectives. And of course, now that these topics have motivated you to change the world, look into the best computer science schools , the top feeders to tech and Silicon Valley , the best summer programs for STEM students , and the best biomedical engineering schools .

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Mariya holds a BFA in Creative Writing from the Pratt Institute and is currently pursuing an MFA in writing at the University of California Davis. Mariya serves as a teaching assistant in the English department at UC Davis. She previously served as an associate editor at Carve Magazine for two years, where she managed 60 fiction writers. She is the winner of the 2015 Stony Brook Fiction Prize, and her short stories have been published in Mid-American Review , Cutbank , Sonora Review , New Orleans Review , and The Collagist , among other magazines.

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Information and communication technology (ICT) in education

Information and communications technology (ict) can impact student learning when teachers are digitally literate and understand how to integrate it into curriculum..

Schools use a diverse set of ICT tools to communicate, create, disseminate, store, and manage information.(6) In some contexts, ICT has also become integral to the teaching-learning interaction, through such approaches as replacing chalkboards with interactive digital whiteboards, using students’ own smartphones or other devices for learning during class time, and the “flipped classroom” model where students watch lectures at home on the computer and use classroom time for more interactive exercises.

When teachers are digitally literate and trained to use ICT, these approaches can lead to higher order thinking skills, provide creative and individualized options for students to express their understandings, and leave students better prepared to deal with ongoing technological change in society and the workplace.(18)

ICT issues planners must consider include: considering the total cost-benefit equation, supplying and maintaining the requisite infrastructure, and ensuring investments are matched with teacher support and other policies aimed at effective ICT use.(16)

Issues and Discussion

Digital culture and digital literacy: Computer technologies and other aspects of digital culture have changed the ways people live, work, play, and learn, impacting the construction and distribution of knowledge and power around the world.(14) Graduates who are less familiar with digital culture are increasingly at a disadvantage in the national and global economy. Digital literacy—the skills of searching for, discerning, and producing information, as well as the critical use of new media for full participation in society—has thus become an important consideration for curriculum frameworks.(8)

In many countries, digital literacy is being built through the incorporation of information and communication technology (ICT) into schools. Some common educational applications of ICT include:

One laptop per child: Less expensive laptops have been designed for use in school on a 1:1 basis with features like lower power consumption, a low cost operating system, and special re-programming and mesh network functions.(42) Despite efforts to reduce costs, however, providing one laptop per child may be too costly for some developing countries.(41)
Tablets: Tablets are small personal computers with a touch screen, allowing input without a keyboard or mouse. Inexpensive learning software (“apps”) can be downloaded onto tablets, making them a versatile tool for learning.(7)(25) The most effective apps develop higher order thinking skills and provide creative and individualized options for students to express their understandings.(18)
Interactive White Boards or Smart Boards : Interactive white boards allow projected computer images to be displayed, manipulated, dragged, clicked, or copied.(3) Simultaneously, handwritten notes can be taken on the board and saved for later use. Interactive white boards are associated with whole-class instruction rather than student-centred activities.(38) Student engagement is generally higher when ICT is available for student use throughout the classroom.(4)
E-readers : E-readers are electronic devices that can hold hundreds of books in digital form, and they are increasingly utilized in the delivery of reading material.(19) Students—both skilled readers and reluctant readers—have had positive responses to the use of e-readers for independent reading.(22) Features of e-readers that can contribute to positive use include their portability and long battery life, response to text, and the ability to define unknown words.(22) Additionally, many classic book titles are available for free in e-book form.
Flipped Classrooms: The flipped classroom model, involving lecture and practice at home via computer-guided instruction and interactive learning activities in class, can allow for an expanded curriculum. There is little investigation on the student learning outcomes of flipped classrooms.(5) Student perceptions about flipped classrooms are mixed, but generally positive, as they prefer the cooperative learning activities in class over lecture.(5)(35)

ICT and Teacher Professional Development: Teachers need specific professional development opportunities in order to increase their ability to use ICT for formative learning assessments, individualized instruction, accessing online resources, and for fostering student interaction and collaboration.(15) Such training in ICT should positively impact teachers’ general attitudes towards ICT in the classroom, but it should also provide specific guidance on ICT teaching and learning within each discipline. Without this support, teachers tend to use ICT for skill-based applications, limiting student academic thinking.(32) To support teachers as they change their teaching, it is also essential for education managers, supervisors, teacher educators, and decision makers to be trained in ICT use.(11)

Ensuring benefits of ICT investments: To ensure the investments made in ICT benefit students, additional conditions must be met. School policies need to provide schools with the minimum acceptable infrastructure for ICT, including stable and affordable internet connectivity and security measures such as filters and site blockers. Teacher policies need to target basic ICT literacy skills, ICT use in pedagogical settings, and discipline-specific uses. (21) Successful implementation of ICT requires integration of ICT in the curriculum. Finally, digital content needs to be developed in local languages and reflect local culture. (40) Ongoing technical, human, and organizational supports on all of these issues are needed to ensure access and effective use of ICT. (21)

Resource Constrained Contexts: The total cost of ICT ownership is considerable: training of teachers and administrators, connectivity, technical support, and software, amongst others. (42) When bringing ICT into classrooms, policies should use an incremental pathway, establishing infrastructure and bringing in sustainable and easily upgradable ICT. (16) Schools in some countries have begun allowing students to bring their own mobile technology (such as laptop, tablet, or smartphone) into class rather than providing such tools to all students—an approach called Bring Your Own Device. (1)(27)(34) However, not all families can afford devices or service plans for their children. (30) Schools must ensure all students have equitable access to ICT devices for learning.

Inclusiveness Considerations

Digital Divide: The digital divide refers to disparities of digital media and internet access both within and across countries, as well as the gap between people with and without the digital literacy and skills to utilize media and internet.(23)(26)(31) The digital divide both creates and reinforces socio-economic inequalities of the world’s poorest people. Policies need to intentionally bridge this divide to bring media, internet, and digital literacy to all students, not just those who are easiest to reach.

Minority language groups: Students whose mother tongue is different from the official language of instruction are less likely to have computers and internet connections at home than students from the majority. There is also less material available to them online in their own language, putting them at a disadvantage in comparison to their majority peers who gather information, prepare talks and papers, and communicate more using ICT. (39) Yet ICT tools can also help improve the skills of minority language students—especially in learning the official language of instruction—through features such as automatic speech recognition, the availability of authentic audio-visual materials, and chat functions. (2)(17)

Students with different styles of learning: ICT can provide diverse options for taking in and processing information, making sense of ideas, and expressing learning. Over 87% of students learn best through visual and tactile modalities, and ICT can help these students ‘experience’ the information instead of just reading and hearing it. (20)(37) Mobile devices can also offer programmes (“apps”) that provide extra support to students with special needs, with features such as simplified screens and instructions, consistent placement of menus and control features, graphics combined with text, audio feedback, ability to set pace and level of difficulty, appropriate and unambiguous feedback, and easy error correction. (24)(29)

Plans and policies

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Research Questions, Paradigms and Methods in ICT for Development: Content Analysis of Selected ICTD Literature, 2000-2010

In this study, we report some of the results of a content analysis of 948 papers from peer-reviewed journals and conferences published between 2000 and 2010 in the academic literature on Information and Communication Technologies for Development (ICTD or ICT4D). In particular, we present our analysis of types of research questions asked, preferred research methods, and paradigmatic stances exhibited in the published literature.. The dominant types of research questions are of descriptive, measurement or social change nature, while the preferred paradigmatic stances overall are interpretivist, positivist and pragmatic. The preferred research methods are qualitative, mixed methods and quantitative. Differences over time and differences across different journals and conferences are examined, and an exploratory analysis of combinations of these variables is suggested, to help define the nature of ICTD inquiry in the first decade of the 21st Century.

Related Papers

Judy Van Biljon

The Information and Communication for Development (ICT4D) research landscape can be described as a dynamic, fragmented adhocracy and hence, predictably, attempts at producing a shared conceptual framework for the field have had mixed success. Given the multi-, interand trans-disciplinary nature of ICT4D it may be impossible to reach complete consensus on such a framework. However, many basic research activities, such as guiding novice researchers and structuring information sources for efficient access, necessitate a shared vocabulary and generally agreed concepts and hence the quest continues. The purpose of this paper is to propose a non-prescriptive, dynamic conceptual framework for ICT4D. An initial representation was developed based on a literature review and an informal expert interview and this was used to categorize the papers in the ICTD2013 conference proceedings. The results were then used to refine the initial framework from the Computer Science and Information Systems p...

GlobDev 2008

Åke grönlund

Ricardo Gomez , Brittany Fiore-Gartland

In this study, we report the results of a content analysis of 948 papers from selected peer reviewed journals and conferences published between 2000 and 2010 in the academic literature on the interdisciplinary field of Information and Communication Technologies for Development (ICTD or ICT4D). Results indicate that the majority of the literature focuses on business and empowerment as the primary domains of ICTD work, and on ICT in general and on information systems as the most common technology objects of analysis, with a growing trend toward mobile phones. Furthermore, most of the literature consists of studies of individual countries or of organizations, and the most frequent contributions are field studies and best practices, with a growing trend towards contributing theory and policy recommendations. This is the first-ever comprehensive analysis of the ICTD literature across multiple sources over ten years; it offers important insights about the trends and directions of research in the ICTD field. Further analysis will explore additional dimensions, such as the goals of development, the relationship between ICT and society, and the epistemological stances in the research, in order to offer a better understanding of the changes over time and the differences across the different journals and conferences studied.

Information Technology for Development

Yingqin Zheng

Yingqin Zheng , Mathias Hatakka , Annika Andersson

ICT4D research is faced with the challenge of rapidly changing technologies and increasingly complex social dynamics and development processes. We argue that ICT4D research requires a more acute sense of where our research is situated within a broader picture of development, e.g. with a better understanding of development processes, their ideological nature, the power structures and driving forces, and the mechanisms through which ICTs may be embedded in and shape these processes. Such a reflexivity is crucial not least in justifying our claims of contribution, but also in understanding the implications and potential impact of our research and practice. This editorial seeks to explore key conceptual components in ICT4D and their relationships, including dimensions of development, perspectives of development, conceptions of artefacts, and theory of change. A tentative conceptual schema is presented that connects these conceptual components.

Sunil Reddy

ICT for development (ICT4D) research seeks to examine the social and economic changes in developing countries brought about by the deployment and use of ICT. This intent of ICT4D research parallels that of the critical research paradigm in IS, since both focus on transformation and change. The overall goals of this paper are to(1)understand the extent of critical research in ICT4Dand (2)propose an approach, the"strong critical" approach, to conduct critical research in ICT4D. The proposed approach is based on the writings of two social theorists, Arturo Escobar and Gayatri Spivak, and consists of four concepts-the nature of the post-colonial state, provenience or local history of the ICT phenomena, the influence of the Washington Consensusand the issues of representation and subjectivity of subaltern subjects. A review of ICT4D papers showed that only about 20% follow the critical research approach. In-depth reviews ofeight papers that follow the critical approach showed that the"strong critical" lens can enable a deeper and richer analysis. The main contribution of this paper is in addressing a gap in the ICT4D literature about theorizing in the context of developing countries. The paper also reveals, through in-depth reviews, the value of the strong critical approach.

jonathan donner

“Information and communication technologies for development”(ICT4D) is the name given to a range of activity which considers how electronic technologies can be used towards socio-economic development of developing communities worldwide. Typical technologies considered in ICT4D include PCs, the Internet, and mobile phones, and the domains of application are as broad as global development itself: public health, education, agriculture, microfinance, sanitation, political activism, and so on.

Øystein Sæbø

Edda T Lwoga

This systematic review of reviews aimed to explore the contribution of information and communication technologies (ICTs) for development in developing countries. This systematic review of reviews determines and summarizes ICTD research trends, and methodologies and conceptual frameworks used in ICTD research discuss the findings and evidence and then suggest approaches for further research. We reviewed existing systematic reviews published on ICT and development between January 1990 and July 2017. The review of reviews shows that a growing number of ICTD research works have used qualitative research approaches for data collection and analysis. We note several attempts to develop and apply models/frameworks over explanatory and predictive theories, most notably in the area of social, sociotechnical, and technical. Nevertheless, there is limited evidence on the long‐term contribution of ICT use on livelihoods, patterns of economic inequality, human freedom, and well‐being in developing countries. This review of reviews synthesizes existing systematic reviews on the contribution of ICT for development than was previously available for developing countries. This review has the potential for several stakeholders, including the public and private sector, intermediaries, and nonprofit organizations, to utilize the accumulated evidence from selected systematic reviews to enable/improve the appropriate and sustainable use of ICTs for development.

Hans Akkermans

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Welcome to ictresearchmethods.nl

As an ICT student or professional, you need to solve all kind of ICT challenges. Answering the questions and tackling the problems or opportunities of your ICT project requires research and often a combination of various ICT research methods. The toolkit on this website offers you a set of possible research methods and a framework to select the appropriate (combination of) methods .

Make sure to combine strategies to tackle trade-offs between overview and certainity , and between expertise and fit . Also think of mixing methods that are more data- or inspiration oriented. The Research Pattern Navigator helps you to combine strategies.

In most cases, every phase of your project requires research. An example of phasing and possible methods can be found here . You can also start at this list of methods ordered by research strategy .

Note that a physical copy of the card set can be obtained from Studie Bijdehand .

View all methods here

This website and the card set have been realised as, and are maintained by, HBO-i projects .

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224 Research Topics on Technology & Computer Science

Are you new to the world of technology? Do you need topics related to technology to write about? No worries, Custom-writing.org experts are here to help! In this article, we offer you a multitude of creative and interesting technology topics from various research areas, including information technology and computer science. So, let’s start!

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🔝 Top 10 Topics

👋 Introduction

💾 Top 10 Computer Science Topics

⚙ Artificial Intelligence

💉 biotechnology, 📡 communications and media.

💻Computer Science & Engineering

🔋 Energy & Power Technologies

🍗 food technology, 😷 medical devices & diagnostics, 💊 pharmaceutical technologies.

🚈 Transportation

✋ Conclusion

🔍 references, 🔝 top 10 technology topics.

The difference between VR and AR
Is genetic engineering ethical?
Can digital books replace print ones?
The impact of virtual reality on education
5 major fields of robotics
The risks and dangers of biometrics
Nanotechnology in medicine
Digital technology’s impact on globalization
Is proprietary software less secure than open-source?
The difference between deep learning and machine learning

Is it a good thing that technologies and computer science are developing so fast? No one knows for sure. There are too many different opinions, and some of them are quite radical! However, we know that technologies have changed our world once and forever. Computer science affects every single area of people’s lives.

Just think about Netflix . Can you imagine that 24 years ago it didn’t exist? How did people live without it? Well, in 2024, the entertainment field has gone so far that you can travel anywhere while sitting in your room. All you would have to do is just order a VR (virtual reality) headset. Moreover, personal computers give an unlimited flow of information, which has changed the entire education system.

Every day, technologies become smarter and smaller. A smartphone in your pocket may be as powerful as your laptop. No doubt, the development of computer science builds our future. It is hard to count how many research areas in technologies and computer science are there. But it is not hard to name the most important of them.

Artificial intelligence tops the charts, of course. However, engineering and biotechnology are not far behind. Communications and media are developing super fast as well. The research is also done in areas that make our lives better and more comfortable. The list of them includes transport, food and energy, medical, and pharmaceutical areas.

So check out our list of 204 most relevant computer science research topics below. Maybe one of them will inspire you to do revolutionary research!

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💾 Top 10 Computer Science Research Topics

💡 technologies & computer science: research ideas.

Many people probably picture robots from the movie “I, Robot” when they hear about artificial intelligence. However, it is far from the truth.

AI is meant to be as close to a rational way of thinking as possible. It uses binary logic (just like computers) to help solve problems in many areas. Applied AI is only aimed at one task. A generalized AI branch is looking into a human-like machine that can learn to do anything.

Applied AI already helps researchers in quantum physics and medicine. You deal with AI every day when online shops suggest some items based on your previous purchases. Siri and self-driving cars are also examples of applied AI.

Generalized AI is supposed to be a copy of multitasking human intelligence. However, it is still in the stage of development. Computer technology has yet to reach the level necessary for its creation.

One of the latest trends in this area is improving healthcare management. It is done through the digitalization of all the information in hospitals and even helping diagnose the patients.

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Also, privacy issues and facial recognition technologies are being researched. For example, some governments collect biometric data to reduce and even predict crime.

Research Topics on Artificial Intelligence Technology

Since AI development is exceptionally relevant nowadays, it would be smart to invest your time and effort into researching it. Here are some ideas on artificial intelligence research topics that you can look into:

What areas of life machine learning are the most influential?
How to choose the right algorithm for machine learning ?
Supervised vs. unsupervised machine learning : compare & contrast
Reinforcement machine learning algorithms
Deep learning as a subset of machine learning
Deep learning & artificial neural networks
How do artificial neural networks work?
A comparison of model-free & model-based reinforcement learning algorithms
Reinforcement learning: single vs. multi-agent
How do social robots interact with humans?
Robotics in NASA
Natural language processing: chatbots
How does natural language processing produce natural language?
Natural language processing vs. machine learning
Artificial intelligence in computer vision
Computer vision application: autonomous vehicles
Recommender systems’ approaches
Recommender systems: content-based recommendation vs. collaborative filtering
Internet of things & artificial intelligence: the interconnection
How much data do the Internet of things devices generate?

Biotechnology uses living organisms to modify different products. Even the simple thing as baking bread is a process of biotechnology. However, nowadays, this area went as far as changing the organisms’ DNA. Genetics and biochemistry are also a part of the biotechnology area.

The development of this area allows people to cure diseases with the help of new medicines. In agriculture, more and more research is done on biological treatment and modifying plants. Biotechnology is even involved in the production of our groceries, household chemicals, and textiles.

There are many exciting trends in biotechnology now that carry the potential of changing our world! For example, scientists are working on creating personalized drugs. This is feasible once they apply computer science to analyze people’s DNA.

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Also, thanks to using new technologies, doctors can collect exact data and provide the patients with correct diagnosis and treatment. Now, you don’t even need to leave your place to get a doctor’s check-up. Just use telehealth!

Data management is developing in the biotechnology area as well. Thanks to that, doctors and scientists can store and access a tremendous amount of information.

The most exciting is the fact that new technology enables specialists to assess genetic information to treat and prevent illnesses! It may solve the problem of some diseases that were considered untreatable before.

Research Topics on Biotechnology

You can use the following examples of research questions on biotechnology for presentation or even a PhD paper! Here is a wide range of topics on biotechnology and its relation to agriculture, nanotechnology, and many more:

Self-sufficient protein supply and biotechnology in farming
Evaporation vs. evapotranspiration
DNA cloning and a southern blot
Pharmacogenetics & personalized drugs
Is cloning “playing God”?
Pharmacogenetics : cancer medicines
How much can we control our genetics, at what point do we cease to be human?
Bio ethics and stem cell research
Genetic engineering: gene therapy
The potential benefits of genetic engineering
Genetic engineering: dangers and opportunities
Mycobacterium tuberculosis : counting the proteins
Plant genetic enhancement: developing resistance to scarcity
Y-chromosome genotyping: the case of South Africa
Agricultural biotechnology: GMO crops
How are new vaccines developed?
Nanotechnology in treating HIV
Allergenic potential & biotechnology
Whole-genome sequencing in biotechnology
Genes in heavy metal tolerance: an overview
Food biotechnology & food-borne illnesses
How to eliminate heat-resistant microorganisms with ultraviolet?
High-throughput screening & biotechnology
How do new food processing technologies affect bacteria related to Aspalathus Linearis?
Is sweet sorghum suitable for the production of bioethanol in Africa?
How can pesticides help to diagnose cancer?
How is embelin used to prevent cancer?

One of the first areas that technologies affected was communications and media. People from the last century couldn’t have imagined how easy it would be to get connected with anyone! Internet connection starts appearing even in the most remote places.

Nowadays, media is used not only for social interaction but for business development and educational purposes as well. You can now start an entirely online business or use special tools to promote the existing one. Also, many leading universities offer online degrees.

In communications and media, AI has been playing the role of enhancement recently. The technology helps create personalized content for always demanding consumers.

Developing media also create numerous job opportunities. For instance, recently, an influencer has become a trending career. Influencers always use the most relevant communication tools available. At the moment, live videos and podcasting are on the top.

Now, you just need to reach your smartphone to access all the opportunities mentioned above! You can apply for a college, find a job, or reach out to all your followers online. It is hard to imagine how far communication and media can go…

Communications and Media Technology Research Topics

There are quite a few simple yet exciting ideas for media and communications technology research topics. Hopefully, you will find THE ONE amongst these Information and Communications Technology (ICT) research proposal topics:

New media: the importance of ethics in the process of communication
The development of computer-based communication over the last decade
How have social media changed communication?
Media during the disasters : increasing panic or helping reduce it?
Authorities’ media representations in different countries: compare & contrast
Do people start preferring newspapers to new media again?
How has the Internet changed media?
Communication networks
The impact of social media on super bowl ads
Communications: technology and personal contact
New content marketing ideas
Media exposure and its influence on adolescents
The impact of mass media on personal socialization
Internet and interactive media as an advertising tool
Music marketing in a digital world
How do people use hype in the media?
Psychology of videoblog communication
Media & the freedom of speech
Is it possible to build trustful relationships in virtual communication?
How to maintain privacy in social media ?
Communication technologies & cyberbullying
How has the interpersonal communication changed with the invention of computers?
The future of the communication technologies
Yellow journalism in new media
How enterprises use ICT to get a competitive advantage?
Healthcare and ICT
Can we live without mass media ?
Mass media and morality in the 21st century

💻 Computer Science & Engineering

If you have ever wondered how computers work, you better ask a professional in computer science and engineering. This major combines two different, yet interconnected, worlds of machines.

Computer science takes care of the computer’s brain. It usually includes areas of study, such as programming languages and algorithms. Scientists also recognize three paradigms in terms of the computer science field.

For the rationalist paradigm, computer science is a part of math. The technocratic paradigm is focused on software engineering, while the scientific one is all about natural sciences. Interestingly enough, the latter can also be found in the area of artificial intelligence!

On the other hand, computer engineering maintains a computer’s body – hardware and software. It relies quite heavily on electrical engineering. And only the combination of computer science and engineering gives a full understanding of the machine.

If talking about trends and innovations, artificial intelligence development is probably the main one in the area of computer science technology. Big data is the field that has been extremely popular in recent years.

Cybersecurity is and will be one of the leading research fields in our Information Age. The latest trend in computer science and engineering is also virtual reality.

Computer Science Research Topics

If you want to find a good idea for your thesis or you are just preparing for a speech, check out this list of research topics in computer science and engineering:

How are virtual reality & human perception connected?
The future of computer-assisted education
Computer science & high-dimensional data modeling
Computer science: imperative vs. declarative languages
The use of blockchain and AI for algorithmic regulations
Banking industry & blockchain technology
How does the machine architecture affect the efficiency of code?
Languages for parallel computing
How is mesh generation used for computational domains?
Ways of persistent data structure optimization
Sensor networks vs. cyber-physical system
The development of computer graphics: non-photorealistic rendering case
The development of the systems programming languages
Game theory & network economics
How can computational thinking affect science?
Theoretical computer science in functional analysis
The most efficient cryptographic protocols
Software security types: an overview
Is it possible to eliminate phishing?
Floating point & programming language

Without energy, no technological progress is possible. Scientists are continually working on improving energy and power technologies. Recently, efforts have been aimed at three main areas.

Developing new batteries and fuel types helps create less expensive ways of storing energy. For example, fuel cells can be used for passenger buses. They need to be connected to a source of fuel to work. However, it guarantees the constant production of electricity as long as they have fuel.

One of the potential trends of the next years is hydrogen energy storage. This method is still in the stage of development. It would allow the use of hydrogen instead of electricity.

A smart grid is another area that uses information technology for the most efficient use of energy. For instance, the first-generation smart grid tracks the movement of electric energy on the go and sends the information back. It is a great way to correct the consumption of energy in real-time. More development is also done on the issue of electricity generation. It aims at technologies that can produce power from the sources that haven’t been used. The trends in this area include second-generation biofuels and photovoltaic glass.

Energy Technologies Research Topics

Since humanity cannot be using fossil fuels forever, the research in the area of energy can be extremely fruitful. The following list of energy and power technology research paper topics can give you an idea of where to dig:

How can fuel cells be used for stationary power generation?
Lithium-ion vs. lithium-air batteries: energy density
Are lithium-air batteries better than gasoline ?
Renewable energy usage: advantages and disadvantages
The nuclear power usage in the UAE
India’s solar installations
Gas price increasing and alternative energy sources
How can methods of energy transformation be applied with hydrogen energy?
Is hydrogen energy our future?
Thermal storage & AC systems
How to load balance using smart grid?
Distributed energy generation to optimize power waste
Is the smart energy network a solution to climate change ?
The future of the tidal power
The possibility of 3D printing of micro stirling engines
How can robots be used to adjust solar panels to weather?
Advanced biofuels & algae
Can photovoltaic glass be fully transparent?
Third-generation biofuels : algae vs. crop-based
Space-based solar power: myth or reality of the future?
Can smaller nuclear reactors be more efficient?
Inertial confinement fusion & creal energy
Renewable energy technologies: an overview
How can thorium change the nuclear power field?

The way we get our food has changed drastically with the technological development. Manufacturers look for ways to feed 7.5 billion people more efficiently. And the demand is growing every year. Now technology is not only used for packaging, but for producing and processing food as well.

Introducing robots into the process of manufacturing brings multiple benefits to the producer. Not only do they make it more cost-efficient, but they also reduce safety problems.

Surprisingly enough, you can print food on the 3D printer now! This technology is applied to produce soft food for people who can’t chew. NASA decided to use it for fun as well and printed a pizza!

Drones now help farmers to keep an eye on crops from above. It helps them see the full picture and analyze the current state of the fields. For example, a drone can spot a starting disease and save the crop.

The newest eco trends push companies to become more environmentally aware. They use technologies to create safer packaging. The issue of food waste is also getting more and more relevant. Consumers want to know that nothing is wasted. Thanks to the new technologies, the excess food is now used more wisely.

Food Technology Research Topics

If you are looking for qualitative research topics about technology in the food industry, here is a list of ideas you don’t want to miss:

What machines are used in the food industry?
How do robots improve safety in butchery?
Food industry & 3D printing
3D printed food – a solution to help people with swallowing disorder?
Drones & precision agriculture
How is robotics used to create eco-friendly food packaging ?
Is micro packaging our future?
The development of edible cling film

Technology & food waste : what are the solutions?
Additives and preservatives & human gut microbiome
The effect of citric acid on the orange juice: physicochemical level
Vegetable oils in mass production: compare & contrast
Time-temperature indicators & food industry
Conventional vs. hydroponic farming
Food safety: a policy issue in agriculture today
How to improve the detection of parasites in food?
What are the newest technologies in the baking industry?
Eliminating byproducts in edible oils production
Cold plasma & biofilms
How good are the antioxidant peptides derived from plants?
Electronic nose in food industry and agriculture
The harm of polyphenols in food

Why does the life expectancy of people get higher and higher every year? One of the main aspects of it is the promotion of innovation in the medical area. For example, the development of equipment helps medical professionals to save many lives.

Thanks to information technology, the work is much more structured now in the medical area. The hospitals use tablets and the method of electronic medical records. It helps them to access and share the data more efficiently.

If talking about medical devices, emerging technologies save more lives than ever! For instance, operations done by robots are getting more and more popular. Don’t worry! Doctors are still in charge; they just control the robots from the other room. It allows operations to be less invasive and precise.

Moreover, science not only helps treat diseases but also prevent them! The medical research aims for the development of vaccines against deadly illnesses like malaria.

Some of the projects even sound more like crazy ideas from the future. But it is all happening right now! Scientists are working on the creation of artificial organs and the best robotic prosthetics.

All the technologies mentioned above are critical for successful healthcare management.

Medical Technology Research Topics

If you feel like saving lives is the purpose of your life, then technological research topics in the medical area are for you! These topics would also suit for your research paper:

How effective are robotic surgeries ?
Smart inhalers as the new solution for asthma treatment
Genetic counseling – a new way of preventing diseases?
The benefits of the electronic medical records
Erythrocytapheresis to treat sickle cell disease
Defibrillator & cardiac resynchronization therapy
Why do drug-eluting stents fail?
Dissolvable brain sensors: an overview
3D printing for medical purposes
How soon will we be able to create artificial organs?
Wearable technologies & healthcare
Precision medicine based on genetics
Virtual reality devices for educational purposes in medical schools
The development of telemedicine
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats as the way of treating diseases
Nanotechnology & cancer treatment
How safe is genome editing?
The trends in electronic diagnostic tools development
The future of the brain-machine interface
How does wireless communication help medical professionals in hospitals?

In the past years, technologies have been drastically changing the pharmaceutical industry. Now, a lot of processes are optimized with the help of information technology. The ways of prescribing and distributing medications are much more efficient today. Moreover, the production of medicines itself has changed.

For instance, electronic prior authorization is now applied by more than half of the pharmacies. It makes the process of acquiring prior authorization much faster and easier.

The high price of medicines is the number one reason why patients stop using prescriptions. Real-time pharmacy benefit may be the solution! It is a system that gives another perspective for the prescribers. While working with individual patients, they will be able to consider multiple factors with the help of data provided.

The pharmaceutical industry also adopts some new technologies to compete on the international level. They apply advanced data analytics to optimize their work.

Companies try to reduce the cost and boost the effectiveness of the medicines. That is why they look into technologies that help avoid failures in the final clinical trials.

The constant research in the area of pharma is paying off. New specialty drugs and therapies arrive to treat chronic diseases. However, there are still enough opportunities for development.

Pharmaceutical Technologies Research Topics

Following the latest trends in the pharmaceutical area, this list offers a wide range of creative research topics on pharmaceutical technologies:

Electronic prior authorization as a pharmacy technological trend
The effectiveness of medication therapy management
Medication therapy management & health information exchanges
Electronic prescribing of controlled substances as a solution for drug abuse issue
Do prescription drug monitoring programs really work?
How can pharmacists help with meaningful use?
NCPDP script standard for specialty pharmacies
Pharmaceutical technologies & specialty medications
What is the patient’s interest in the real-time pharmacy?
The development of the vaccines for AIDS
Phenotypic screening in pharmaceutical researches
How does cloud ERP help pharmaceutical companies with analytics?
Data security & pharmaceutical technologies
An overview of the DNA-encoded library technology
Pharmaceutical technologies: antibiotics vs. superbugs
Personalized medicine: body-on-a-chip approach
The future of cannabidiol medication in pain management
How is cloud technology beneficial for small pharmaceutical companies?
A new perspective on treatment: medicines from plants
Anticancer nanomedicine: a pharmaceutical hope

🚈 Transportation Technologies

We used to be focused on making transportation more convenient. However, nowadays, the focus is slowly switching to ecological issues.

It doesn’t mean that vehicles can’t be comfortable at the same time. That is why the development of electric and self-driving cars is on the peak.

Transportation technologies also address the issues of safety and traffic jams. There are quite many solutions suggested. However, it would be hard for big cities to switch to the other systems fast.

One of the solutions is using shared vehicle phone applications. It allows reducing the number of private cars on the roads. On the other hand, if more people start preferring private vehicles, it may cause even more traffic issues.

The most innovative cities even start looking for more eco-friendly solutions for public transport. Buses are being replaced by electric ones. At the same time, the latest trend is using private electric vehicles such as scooters and bikes.

So that people use public transport more, it should be more accessible and comfortable. That is why the payment systems are also being updated. Now, all you would need is to download an app and buy a ticket in one click!

Transportation Technologies Research Topics

Here you can find the best information technology research topics related to transportation technologies:

How safe are self-driving cars ?
Electric vs. hybrid cars : compare & contrast
How to save your smart car from being hijacked?
How do next-generation GPS devices adjust the route for traffic?
Transportation technologies: personal transportation pods
High-speed rail networks in Japan
Cell phones during driving: threats and solutions
Transportation: electric cars effects
Teleportation: physics of the impossible
How soon we will see Elon Musk’s Hyperloop?
Gyroscopes as a solution for convenient public transportation
Electric trucks: the effect on logistics
Why were electric scooters banned in some cities in 2018?
Carbon fiber as an optional material for unit load devices
What are the benefits of the advanced transportation management systems?
How to make solar roadways more cost-effective?
How is blockchain applied in the transportation industry
Transportation technologies: an overview of the freight check-in
How do delivery companies use artificial intelligence?
Water-fueled cars: the technology of future or fantasy?
What can monitoring systems be used to manage curb space?
Inclusivity and accessibility in public transport: an overview
The development of the mobility-as-a-service

All in all, this article is a compilation of the 204 most interesting research topics on technology and computer science. It is a perfect source of inspiration for anyone who is interested in doing research in this area.

We have divided the topics by specific areas, which makes it easier for you to find your favorite one. There are 20 topics in each category, along with a short explanation of the most recent trends in the area.

You can choose one topic from artificial intelligence research topics and start working on it right away! There is also a wide selection of questions on biotechnology and engineering that are waiting to be answered.

Since media and communications are present in our everyday life and develop very fast, you should look into this area. But if you want to make a real change, you can’t miss on researching medical and pharmaceutical, food and energy, and transportation areas.

Of course, you are welcome to customize the topic you choose! The more creativity, the better! Maybe your research has the power to change something! Good luck, and have fun!

This might be interesting for you:

280 Good Nursing Research Topics & Questions
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178 Best Research Titles about Cookery & Food
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Databases for Research & Education: Gale
The Complete Beginners’ Guide to Artificial Intelligence: Forbes
8 Best Topics for Research and Thesis in Artificial Intelligence: GeeksForGeeks
Technology Is Changing Transportation, and Cities Should Adapt: Harvard Business Review
Five Technology Trends: Changing Pharmacy Practice Today and Tomorrow (Pharmacy Times)
Recent papers in Technology: Academia
Research: Michigan Tech
What 126 studies say about education technology: MIT News
Top 5 Topics in Information Technology: King University Online
Research in Technology Education-Some Areas of Need: Virginia Tech
Undergraduate Research Topics: Department of Computer Science, Princeton University
Student topics: QUT Science and Engineering
Developing research questions: Monash University
Biotechnology: Definition, Examples, & Applications (Britannica)
Medical Laboratory Science Student Research Projects: Rush University
Clinical Laboratory Science: Choosing a Research Topic (Library Resource Guide for FGCU Clinical Lab Science students)
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Thanks so much for this! Glad I popped by and I sure did find what I was looking for.

Thanks for your kind words, Sanny! We look forward to seeing you again!

Thank you very for the best topics of research across all science and art projects. The best thing that I am interested to is computer forensics and security specifically for IT students.

Thanks for stopping by!

Hello, glad to hear from you!

Computer science focuses on creating programs and applications, while information technology focuses on using computer systems and networks. What computer science jobs are there. It includes software developers, web developers, software engineers, and data scientists.

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[News] Taiwanese AI Server Production Lines Shifting from China to Mexico

As American tech giants depart from China and relocate their production of artificial intelligence (AI) server to Mexico, according to a report from UDN , some major AI players have urged their Taiwanese manufacturing partners to enhance their investments in production in Mexico.

Reportedly, Taiwanese manufacturing giants like Foxconn and Inventec are increasingly attentive to this trend, ramping up their investments in Mexico and leveraging the advantages provided by the US-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA) that came into effect in 2020.

As per a report by The Wall Street Journal , the USMCA has already attracted billions of dollars in investment in the manufacturing sector, aimed at shifting production operations from China to Mexico.

James C. F. Huang, from the Taiwan External Trade Development Council, stated that the three North American countries aim to minimize imports from Asia as much as possible. Based on this consensus, Mexico is expected to become the most significant production base within the USMCA for the production of goods.

In February, Foxconn, the world’s largest electronics manufacturing services provider, announced a USD 27 million investment in purchasing land in the western state of Jalisco, Mexico . According to the report citing sources, this move is aimed at significantly expanding the company’s production of AI servers. Foxconn stated that it has invested approximately USD 690 million in Mexico over the past four years.

Sources cited by UDN also revealed that Foxconn’s Mexican facility manufactures AI servers for American tech giants such as Amazon, Google, Microsoft, and NVIDIA. However, the US companies have declined to confirm this claim.

Last year, the chairman of Mexico’s largest private organization, Francisco Cervantes, pointed out that increased investment by Taiwanese businesses in Mexico will significantly reshape the country’s industrial structure over the next decade.

The production volume of AI server is on the rise, and American companies are hoping to avoid repeating the history of smartphones. Many core components and parts of smartphones ended up being produced in China, particularly in factories operated by companies like Foxconn, for the assembly of iPhones.

Foxconn’s Chairman Young Liu previously indicated a strong demand for AI servers, with Foxconn securing new projects continuously.

Foxconn spokesperson James Wu noted that Foxconn Group commands over 40% market share in the server industry , particularly in the mid-to-high-end products related to AI servers. Foxconn closely collaborates with customers and aims to maintain its dominance, anticipating substantial contributions once the entire supply chain stabilizes.

[News] Foxconn Capitalizes on AI Opportunities? Reportedly Looking at Apple’s AI Server Market, B200 Also Poised to Succeed
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(Photo credit: Foxconn )

Please note that this article cites information from UDN , CNA and The Wall Street Journal .

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