thesis statement for drinking under the influence

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Effects of Drinking and Driving

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Published: Mar 19, 2024

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Introduction, the impact on individuals, the impact on families, the impact on society, prevention and solutions.

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The Main Causes of Drunken Driving Essay

Drunk driving is one of the leading causes of death in the United States of America. In 2008 alone, 11773 people were killed due to auto accidents triggered by drivers who drove under the influence of various substances, mainly alcohol (MADD, 2010). In 2002, it was found that Americans behind the wheels had abused alcohol at least 159 million times (MADD, 2010). A large number of drivers who have had their licenses revoked due to prior violations, continue to drive under alcohol influence (MADD, 2010). Indeed, since the time cars have been on the road, regulating the traffic safety aspect by curbing alcohol abuse has been the biggest challenges for various jurisdictions.

Thesis Statement: In this essay, I will highlight various issues surrounding the social problem of drunk driving and examine its causes and consequences. For this, I will assume the position that one of the leading causes for it is the social stigma attached to alcohol-consumption. The aim is to prove that alcohol beverages per se aren’t the real problem but the unnecessary restrictions in place regarding its sale and availability, which forces people to do whatever it takes to purchase and consume alcohol, leading to a rise in drunken driving incidents. If we have to curb alcoholism and the menace of drunk driving incidents, we need to relax the social rules regarding alcohol beverages, removing the stigma attached to them.

The Causes of drunkenness: At an institutional level, drunk driving is a fall-out of the important role played by beverage alcohol in American life and culture. Wherever we go, alcohol consumption has become an integral component of leisure activities and celebrations (Jacobs, 2009, p.1) even though a large cross-section of the population comprises of committed teetotalers or others who abstain from social consumption of alcohol. From cocktail parties to sporting meets, dining outs to christening ceremonies, from fraternity bashes to even charity events, alcohol consumption has become the center-stage of social life for many; a trend which is unlikely to abate anytime soon (Jacobs, 2009, p.1).

The sad part is that these events have often become a flashpoint for people to test their capacity of stretching consumption limits (Shore & Ferrari, 2008, p.12). Apart from their role in causing psychological impairments due to depression, frustration, agony and loneliness, large-scale alcohol consumption triggers an instant melt-down of consciousness which leads to reduced inhibitions, which can cause any extent of damage in the immediate aftermath.

According to recent statistics, nearly 7.2 million American kids have a tendency to binge drink (The Associated Press, 2010) which means an excessive intake of alcohol in the bloodstream over a very short period of time (Shore & Ferrari, 2008, p.34). Out of them, a large percentage comprises of underage drinkers which goes with our previous observations on the growing importance of alcohol in high school learning environments.

Recent studies have shown that the alcohol fever is also catching in fast with middle-schoolers as evidenced in growing popularity of stoner and underaged drinking genre movies such as Superbad which seem to advocate that nothing’s really wrong with consuming alcohol “as long as you don’t hurt anybody” (Jacobs, 2008, p.112). The problem begins when kids lose their temperance and sobriety under alcohol influence despite initial misplaced beliefs that they can handle it quite well (Jacobs, 2008, p.112). Indeed, a culture which puts the premium of “cool” on substance and alcohol abuse is the most prominent factor which has led to the present state of affairs.

The Causes of Drunken Driving: So far, we have outlined the major factors which cause the problem of drunkenness in this country, especially among teenagers. From here, it would be easier to follow the complexities of where the problems of drunk driving originate. The following root causes are identified.

The most important reason behind drunk driving in both teenagers and adults can be attributed to the lack of availability of a driver who will remain sober in these cocktail parties (Taylor & Oberman, 2006, p.131). Although, it is generally recommended and agreed on among participants in one of these binge drinking sessions, as soon as the alcohol starts flowing, people tend to forget their obligations, roles and responsibilities if they happen to be drivers. A common tendency is to underestimate the damaging consequences which may be caused by having even a little trace of alcohol in the bloodstream.

It has been empirically found that even 60 ml of alcohol (equal to two pints) which would otherwise be considered normal intake, can be 10 times more harmful when the person under influence is a driver (Taylor & Oberman, 2006, p.445). Indeed, the tendency among binge drinking participants to overestimate their drinking capacity proves a recipe for disaster when seen on the road from a driver’s perspective. If we are to stomp out the perils of probable accidents due to drivers being drunk at any point of time, we will have to enact swifter and stricter legislation with breath-analyzer tests to ensure drivers do not consume any alcoholic beverages while on the road.

An associated reason behind drunk driving is the lack of use of public transportation and carpooling services. Almost all Americans are behind the wheels which ensures minimal availability of transportation services except in big cities. Even remote suburbs within these city limits are not easily accessible by public transport which lends itself to over-reliance on drivers, many of whom see nothing wrong with being under influence while driving (Taylor & Oberman, 2006, p.711).

Conclusion against Thesis Statement: The main reason for the current spate of alcohol consumption incidents can be attributed to the strong puritanical associations which characterize the American alcohol consumption scene. From a historical point of view, there is a perceived taboo against alcohol consumption due to diktats from the religious Right, anecdotes of events such as the Prohibition era and other governing aspects of our culture, which on one hand, demonize alcohol consumption as a social evil, while on the other hand, turns a blind eye to the everyday violation of those very principles. There’s a clear amount of hypocrisy in this picture.

Most people, especially rebellious teenagers, see through this failed state of affairs which leads to a backlash against governing ethical and moral norms (Shore & Ferrari, 2008, p.108). In countries such as the United Kingdom and Australia, where per capita consumption of alcohol is much higher than the States, the incidence of drunken driving is at a much lower rate (Shore & Ferrari, 2008, p.108). This is due to a lack of demonizing of alcohol as some sort of Biblical vice. There is hardly any equivalent of the Christian Right over there which allows the government to send a more clear and articulate message on why “drinking and driving should not mix” which leads to more people embracing the popular message. This also curbs binge drinking activities.

Indeed, if we have to arrest the phenomena of drunk driving, we need to remove some of the stigmas that come with even moderate consumption of alcohol. Relaxing the current social sanctions against alcohol abuse will desensitize the target audience, especially teenagers to the supposedly enchanting qualities of the beverage. There’s an urgent need to take away the “coolness” factor associated with alcohol consumption. It will also increase the probability to send a strong message to teenagers that while there is no problem at all with social drinking, the two terms “drinking” and “driving” should not mix in any condition.

• Jacobs, J.B. (2009). Drunk Driving: An American Dilemma . Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
• Mothers Against Drunk Driving. (2010). Statistics .
• Shore, E.R. & Ferrari, J.R. (2008). Preventing Drunk Driving . Binghamton, NY: The Haworth Press Inc.
• Taylor, L. & Oberman, S. (2006). Drunk Driving Defense . New York, NY: Aspen Publishers.
• The Associate Press. (2010). Study: 7.2 Million US Kids Binge Drink .
• Chicago (A-D)
• Chicago (N-B)

IvyPanda. (2021, December 28). The Main Causes of Drunken Driving. https://ivypanda.com/essays/the-main-causes-of-drunken-driving/

"The Main Causes of Drunken Driving." IvyPanda , 28 Dec. 2021, ivypanda.com/essays/the-main-causes-of-drunken-driving/.

IvyPanda . (2021) 'The Main Causes of Drunken Driving'. 28 December.

IvyPanda . 2021. "The Main Causes of Drunken Driving." December 28, 2021. https://ivypanda.com/essays/the-main-causes-of-drunken-driving/.

1. IvyPanda . "The Main Causes of Drunken Driving." December 28, 2021. https://ivypanda.com/essays/the-main-causes-of-drunken-driving/.

Bibliography

IvyPanda . "The Main Causes of Drunken Driving." December 28, 2021. https://ivypanda.com/essays/the-main-causes-of-drunken-driving/.

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The Thesis Statement in a Persuasive Text

Alys Avalos-Rivera

In another chapter, we discussed the features of an informational essay. In this chapter, we will guide you to understand the essential elements of a similar type of academic text: the persuasive essay. Although informational and persuasive writing follow similar principles such as an orderly presentation of ideas that should be supported with evidence (e.g. facts, arguments, or examples), their purposes differ. The objective is written to take a stance (specific point of view) with respect to a controversial topic and persuade the audience to adopt the writer’s position. Because of this difference, the thesis statement of the persuasive essay needs to introduce the writer’s position in the controversy featured in the essay. Also, the preview of the essay’s structure should outline the arguments that the author will use to support his/her stance.

Should the US drinking age be lowered?

In the US, drinking alcoholic beverages is illegal for people under 21 years of age (minimum legal drinking age or MLDA). This law has long caused a great deal of disagreement and debates. While some people think it is paradoxical that young people of 18 cannot enter a bar but still go to war, others believe that the law is the best way to keep youth away from irresponsible and heavy drinking episodes (also called binge drinking). The following texts were written by readers of the New York Times” Room for Debate page to express their opinions about the subject. [1]

• Read the comments and underline the readers’ main arguments (reasons to support one position or the other).
• Identify which readers are against lowering the minimum drinking age (CON) and which are in favor (PRO)?
• Which arguments seem the least convincing? Which are the most persuasive? Why?

Content focus: Rating thesis statements

Considering these features, in the following task you will analyze how six college students drafted their thesis statements for a persuasive essay on the MLDA controversy. In the prompt used by the instructor for this assignment, students were required to address the following purposes:

• Present the PROs and CONs of the MLDA to a group of college students’ parents.
• Persuade the parents to vote in favor of lowering the MLDA to 18 years of age.

In other words, the writers need to take a stance on the issue. Read the Thesis Statement and assess how well each one fulfills the purposes given above and to what extent. Rate the Thesis Statement using a scale from 1 to 6, where 6 will stand for the best Thesis Statement and 1 will be given to the poorest. Be prepared to explain the reasons you have to support your rating.

a. The United States has more accidents caused by drivers under the influence of alcohol than other countries where there is no MLDA (        )

b. Young people should be allowed to drink without legal restrictions based on their age, which is ridiculous (        )

c. Parents should teach their children how to drink alcohol in moderation.  (        )

d. Lowering the MLDA will allow parents to introduce their children to alcohol use under the supervision and reduce the rate of accidents caused by drunken drivers (        )

e. A reduction in the MLDA will help neutralize teenagers’ obsession with drinking, allow parents to monitor their children first encounters with alcohol, and reduce the rate of accidents caused by irresponsible drinking.   (        )

f. Having the MLDA fixed at 21 is only increasing young people’s fascination with drinking in unsafe environments and using false IDs.     (        )

Guidelines for a thesis statement

What should be considered when drafting a thesis statement for an essay that aims to persuade the audience to take a stand in a controversial issue? Think of some possible guidelines to write an effective persuasive TS taking into account the following:

• How should you address your audience?
• Where in your text should you introduce your stance?
• What language features (words, phrases) could be useful?
• How can you connect your TS with the main arguments you will use in your essay?

Write your guidelines below and discuss them with your colleagues and your instructor:

In some of the thesis statements listed above, the writers use modal verbs such as will and should . The first one ( will ) is used to predict the results that could be achieved if the authorities follow a specific course of action regarding the MLDA. The second one ( should ) is used to recommend what should be done with respect to the MLDA. These and other modal verbs that express advice, convey an obligation, or predict an outcome are often used to introduce the writer’s stance because they are useful to express the speaker’s desires, or his/her ideas of how the world should be. Other modal verbs that are also used with these purposes are: must, can, could, ought to, and also the semi-modal have to .

When using modal verbs to compose your thesis statement, however, you should be careful to select the one that best represents your purpose. The meaning of your thesis statement can change a great deal if you use one or the other. Read the following examples and explain how the meaning has changed with each modal (in bold):

*Although ought to and must are accepted as standard forms, they are not used in Academic English very often because they imply a strong and categorical position. Scientists usually abstain from categorical statements because these expressions do not convey that the writer remains open to new possibilities. Scientist prefer to maintain a more open attitude in their writing in case new evidence is discovered in the future that can change their points of view about the world.

Although the participants in the Room for Debate’s and Star Wars pages hold different points of view regarding very different topics, they all engaged in their online discussions with a common purpose: persuading their audience of their point of view. They do so in a succinct fashion because their audience does not usually invest much time in reading blog posts that are too long and complex. Therefore, effective blog/forum posters try to be direct and present one single point per post. On the contrary, academic persuasive writing needs to be more detailed and provide the audience with more than just the author’s point of view.

• https://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2015/02/10/you-must-be-21-to-drink ↵

The Thesis Statement in a Persuasive Text Copyright © 2020 by Alys Avalos-Rivera is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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Knowledge and Practice towards Alcohol Consumption in a Sample of University Students

Marisa patrizia messina.

1 Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Urology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; [email protected] (M.P.M.); [email protected] (A.D.)

Gemma Battagliese

2 Centro di Riferimento Alcologico della Regione Lazio, Mental Health Department, ASL Roma 1, 00185 Rome, Italy; [email protected]

Alessio D’Angelo

Rosaria ciccarelli, fabiola pisciotta.

3 Società Italiana per il Trattamento dell’Alcolismo e le sue Complicanze (SITAC), ASL Roma1, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; [email protected] (R.C.); [email protected] (F.P.)

Luigi Tramonte

4 Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; [email protected]

Marco Fiore

5 Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBCN-CNR), 00185 Rome, Italy; [email protected]

Giampiero Ferraguti

6 Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; [email protected]

Mario Vitali

7 ASUR Marche, AV4, 60122 Ancona, Italy; ti.oohay@oiramilativ

Mauro Ceccanti

Associated data.

Data available on request due to restrictions eg privacy or ethical.

Objective: Alcohol affects many human systems and is involved in the pathogenesis of other diseases. Particular attention must be paid to alcohol consumption among young people. It has been shown that 25% of young people’s deaths are attributable to alcohol, and around 35 million people aged over 11 had consumed at least one alcoholic beverage in 2015. Study Design: Young people aged 18–24 were the most vulnerable to binge drinking in Italy, and 50.6% of teenagers drunk alcohol. Only a few studies in the literature have investigated those habits in university students. This study aims to examine alcohol use habits in a population of university students in Italy. Methods: Between 2018 and 2019, an anonymous online questionnaire was randomly sent to university students from 17 different universities in a network of research centres to study alcohol use disorders. The survey included socio-demographic information, questions about alcohol use, knowledge about alcohol consumption, and related risks. Used questionnaires were the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-Consumption (AUDIT-C) and the Drinking Motive Questionnaire-Revised (DMQ-R). Results: the AUDIT-C revealed that 53.3% of students were high-risk drinkers. Regarding binge drinking habits, 13.1% of students admitted to binge drinking behavior at least once a month. In our sample, male students are more likely to be low-risk drinkers than female peers ( p < 0.008). Students from northern Italy are more likely to be high-risk drinkers ( p = 0.003). Beer (65.9%) and wine (60.9%) were the most consumed alcoholic beverages. The most common places to drink alcohol were pubs (85.5%). The most likely motivations to drink alcohol were enhancement (40.43%), social (38.39%), coping (15.63%), and social pressure or conformity (5.55%). Only 43.8% of participants reported having attended an educational course on alcohol. Conclusions: University students were not fully aware of the implications of alcohol misuse and will be part of the adult society as critical figures and future leaders. It is imperative to inform students about alcohol consumption risks and investigate the motivations to drink. Stress, anxiety, and social pressure are only a few issues young people are exposed to. Special attention must be paid to young people and their coping strategies that involve substance abuse by using educative, preventive, and motivational approaches.

1. Introduction

Although a large body of evidence about the detrimental effects of alcohol on behavioral [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ] and physical health [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 ] has been provided, a significant amount of people in Europe are still drinking [ 13 ] and it is still considered part of a Mediterranean diet [ 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 ]. The most affected human systems are the nervous, digestive, and cardiovascular systems [ 12 , 21 , 22 ]. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has determined that alcohol consumption is causally related to the oral cavity, oropharyngeal, hypopharyngeal, esophageal, colon, rectal, laryngeal, liver and intrahepatic bile duct, and breast cancers [ 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 ]. Chronic alcohol consumption has been observed to lead to insulin resistance, resulting in a higher risk of diabetes mellitus by disrupting glucose homeostasis in drinkers [ 32 , 33 ]. Alcohol has a clear impact on hemorrhagic strokes (causing 9.5% of all hemorrhagic stroke deaths), hypertensive heart diseases (7.4% of all hypertension deaths), cardiomyopathies (6.8% of all cardiomyopathy deaths), ischemic heart diseases (2.7% of all ischemic heart disease deaths), and other cardiovascular disorders [ 12 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 ]. Moreover, alcohol can affect the innate and the acquired immune systems and may increase vulnerability to infectious diseases [ 21 , 22 , 41 , 42 ]. Alcohol consumption was proved to push people into adventurous sexual behaviors and increase the likelihood of unsafe sex, contributing to sexually transmitted diseases [ 42 , 43 ]. There is also evidence that, in the alcohol-use-disorder population, 50.3% of patients had psychiatric comorbidity during their lifetime [ 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 ].

Another crucial point is that alcohol consumption during pregnancy has been shown to provoke in newborns fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD), the leading cause of mental retardation in western countries, and in the most severe case (FAS, fetal alcohol syndrome), physical dysmorphology [ 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 ] as shown in humans and FASD animal models [ 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 ]. The social costs of such preventable conditions are still countless. The lifetime cost per child with FASD in the US was $2,000,000 in 2002 [ 63 ].

Particular attention must be paid to alcohol consumption among young people [ 4 , 49 , 64 ]. According to the WHO (2014), 25% of young people’s deaths are attributable to alcohol. The Italian Ministry of Health reported that in 2015 [ 65 ], around 35 million people aged over 11 had consumed at least one alcoholic beverage, with a great preponderance of males over females (77.9% vs. 52.0%). In particular, the age group between 11 and 24 years old shows a widespread custom of drinking between meals, with a frequency of at least once a week, and often binge drinking. In 2015, around 15.6% of young people aged 18 and 24 experienced binge drinking (22.2% males, 8.6% females). This percentage reached the 17% in 2016 (21.8% males and 11.7% females) [ 66 ]. Young people aged 18 and 24 are the most vulnerable to binge drinking in Italy [ 67 ].

Although it is legally forbidden to sell alcoholic beverages to minors in Italy (law n.189 of 2012), the Adolescent Observatory of Blue Telephone and DoxaKids [ 68 ] confirmed that 50.6% of respondent teenagers, aged 11 to 19 years old, happened to drink alcohol, and 49.9% got drunk at least once.

These frightening data indicate that alcohol abuse is widespread among young people exposed to both short- and long-lasting repercussions of such lifestyle over health.

However, only a few studies in the literature investigated those habits in young people, such as university students, and this is the first study on the awareness of alcohol-related risks in students from different universities in Italy. After investigating alcohol consumption, knowledge, and practices among adult healthcare professionals [ 54 , 69 ], our study group examined alcohol use habits in a sample of university students in Italy by using an anonymous online questionnaire.

2.1. Subjects’ Recruitment

Between 2018 and 2019, an anonymous online questionnaire was randomly sent via web to university students from 17 different universities belonging to a network of research centres aimed at studying alcohol use disorders and coordinated by SITAC (Società Italiana per il Trattamento dell’Alcolismo e le sue Complicanze). These university students of different nationalities were geographically distributed between the northern, central, and southern areas. We randomly sent 2,835 questionnaires via the web to a sample of Italian university students and 1,928 returned (68.01%) of these were returned. This survey included socio-demographic information, questions about alcohol use and knowledge towards alcohol consumption, and related risks. The used questionnaire was the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-Consumption (AUDIT-C). Motivations for drinking were investigated through the Drinking Motive Questionnaire-Revised (DMQ-R). The system used did not permit cheating attempts, for example, consulting online resources to answer the questions. Moreover, students were also asked if they ever attended a lesson or any other training tutorial on topics related to the risks of alcohol consumption. The ASL Roma 1 ethical committee approved the study (Prot. N. 337/CE Lazio 1), each participant signed informed consent, and all the study procedures followed the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 1983, for human experimentation.

2.2. AUDIT-C

The AUDIT-C (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-Consumption) is a validated tool [ 70 ] to assess alcohol consumption through three short questions that estimate alcohol consumption in a standard, meaningful, and non-judgmental manner. The total score from these questions indicates the health risks and addresses the conversations about alcohol habits. The AUDIT-C is a shortened version [ 71 ] of the 10-item AUDIT tool developed in a WHO collaborative project [ 72 ] and has been extensively used and researched.

The score for each question is from 0 to 4 on a five-point scale. The score of the single items summed makes the total score maximum of 12. The optimal AUDIT-C thresholds for alcohol misuse in the USA are ≥4 points for men and ≥3 for women [ 73 , 74 ].

The AUDIT questions/scores and a chart illustrating the approximate number of standard drinks in different alcoholic beverages are available online https://www.drugabuse.gov/sites/default/files/files/AUDIT.pdf (accessed on 8 August 2021) Information about the sensitivity and specificity of the test can be found at the following address: https://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh25-3/204-209.htm (accessed on 8 August 2021).

2.3. Drinking Motives Questionnaire (DMQ-R)

The Drinking Motives Questionnaire-Revised (DMQ-R) [ 75 ] is a self-administered questionnaire with 12 items. The test is reflecting the frequency of occurrence of specific drinking motives that evaluates four possible classes of drinking motives: internal positive reinforcement (Enhancement), external positive reinforcement (Social), internal negative reinforcement (Coping), and external negative reinforcement (Conformity). DMQ-R is fully displayed in Table 1 .

Classes of Drinking Motives and Questions.

2.4. Knowledge towards Alcohol Consumption

A 14-items questionnaire was used to investigate the knowledge of those professionals towards alcohol consumption ( Table 2 ). The 14-items questionnaire was developed by SITAC (Società Italiana per il Trattamento dell’Alcolismo e le sue Complicanze-Italian Society for the Treatment of Alcoholism and its Complications) and is used in the network of Italian research centres coordinated by SITAC for the study of alcohol use disorders.

14 items question on alcohol and FASD.

2.5. Statistical Analysis

ANOVA with Tamhane correction was used to analyse age and gender factors according to methods previously described [ 76 , 77 , 78 ]. Post-hoc comparisons were analysed by the Tukey’s HSD test. The Chi squared test for linear trend was used to analyse the answers to the fourteen questions concerning the “Knowledge Towards Alcohol Consumption”. The SPSS software was used to perform all statistical analyses (version 21; IBM SPSS Statistics, Chicago, IL, USA).

3.1. General Description of the Recruited Subjects

The characteristics of subjects included in the study are shown in Table 3 . All the participants were Italian, but the 1% were Italian speaking strangers. The sample’s mean age was 21.8 ± 2.4 years, ranging from 18 to 26 years old. The sample was composed mainly of male participants (79.9% vs 20.1%). The higher number of students were located in central Italy (42%).

Characteristics of study population: Gender, Age, Location and Faculties. Humanities (Letters, Philosophy, DAMS, Tourism, Languages, Scenography, Communication, Training, Goods cultural, Political Science, Sociology, Anthropology), Medical studies (Medicine and Dentistry); Scientific and Technological Studies (Engineering, Graphics, Architecture, Chemistry for Pharmaceutical Technologies, Physics, Agriculture, Design, Geology, Mathematics, Biology, Biotechnology, Veterinary, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Statistics, Optics, Oenology, Sciences Motor, Aviation); Healthcare studies (Nursing, Physiotherapy, Psychology, Obstetrics, Dental Hygiene, Radiology, Neuropsychomotricity, and Rehabilitation); Economic studies (Economy, Marketing, management, Banking Sciences, Finance); Legal studies (Law and Legal Services); Artistic studies (Academy of Fine Arts, Multimedia Arts, and Conservatory).

3.2. Drinking Habits

The AUDIT-C assessed drinking habits, and it revealed only 7.0% of no drinkers, 39.5% of low-risk drinkers, and 53.3% of high-risk drinkers ( Table 4 ). Concerning binge drinking habits, 37.2% reported having never assumed more than five drinks on a single occasion. The 0.6% of students admitted binge drinking behavior at least once a day, 3.3% at least once a week, 13.1% once a month, 45.5% less than once a month. Significant differences were found between women and men in alcohol consumption: male students were more likely to be low-risk drinkers than female peers ( p < 0.008). Moreover, students from northern Italy are more likely to be high-risk drinkers ( p = 0.003).

Drinking Risks, Alcoholic Beverages, Drinking Locations and Drinking Motivations.

It was also asked what kind of alcoholic beverages they used to drink and in what locations: beer and wine were the most consumed alcoholic beverages (65.9% and 60.9%, respectively), followed by cocktails (58.2%), spirits (31.0%), and other alcoholic drinks (18.4%). The most common places to drink alcohol were pubs (85.5%) and parties (69.2%), followed by friends’ houses (53.7%), the home (34.1%), disco (32.1%), and others (11%) ( Table 3 ).

The most likely motivations to drink alcohol were investigated through the DMQ-R questions: 38.39 % used to drink to be sociable or to celebrate parties (social), 15.63 % used to drink to forget about problems (coping), the 40.43 used to drink to feel better or to be able to do things otherwise impossible (enhancement), the 5.55 % used to drink because other people do (social pressure or conformity) ( Table 3 ). ANOVA demonstrated that high-risk drinkers drank a higher amount of alcohol compared to the low-risk drinker for coping (F = 79.9; p < 0.001) , social (F = 95.6; p < 0.001), and enhancement (F = 81.9; p < 0.001). On the other hand, lower-risk drinkers drank more for conformity (F = 7.4; p < 0.001) than high-risk drinkers.

3.3. Knowledge towards Alcohol Consumption

Only 43.8% of participants reported having attended a course about alcohol. The SITAC 14-item questionnaire was used to investigate the knowledge of those professionals towards alcohol consumption ( Table 2 ). Table 5 shows the results about knowledge towards alcohol.

Percentage of correct answers to the knowledge about alcohol and FASD between groups of drinking-risk according to the AUDIT-C (World Health Organization, 2000. International guide for monitoring alcohol consumption and related harm. World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/66529 ) (accessed on 8 August 2021).

The most incorrect answers were given to items 7 and 10, “ Where is the alcohol located on the scale of cancerogenic substances? ” and “ In Alcohology, what is meant by the age of risk consumption? ” scoring low values for correct answers. On the other hand, the correct answers were given to item 1, “ Is in Italy requested a minimum age for the administration and sale of alcohol? ” and item 6, “ What is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome? ”. Quite interestingly, the at-risk group of drinkers displayed better performances on items 5 “ Which is the alcoholic level in the blood (grams) beyond which a novel driver or a person under 21 years old could be sanctioned? ”, 8 “ Which pathology can chronic alcohol abuse cause? ”, 11 “ How many alcoholic units have to be consumed to define ’Heavy Drinking’? ” and 12 “ In Alcohology, what is meant by year of risk consumption? ” but a low percentage of correct answers on item 7 “ Where is the alcohol located on the scale of cancerogenic substances? ”. To confirm the displayed knowledge of the at-risk group in some answers, the Chi-squared test for linear trend for all answers does not differ significantly from linearity but for the answers to the questions number 5 and 12 significant values emerged for the at-risk group, Pearson’s χ 2 = 9.82, dF(2), p = 0.0072; χ 2 = 11.51, dF(2) p = 0.0032.

4. Discussions

Investigating alcohol consumption is critical for the scientific community and health institutions [ 12 , 20 ]. Its repercussions on health have been extensively provided, and its social and economic implications are still downrated [ 79 ]. Very few studies were found about alcohol consumption among university students: a systematic review [ 80 ] examined 29 scientific articles investigating alcohol consumption by Irish and English university students. This study showed that most students are high-risk drinkers, and about 20% of students declare high alcohol consumption during weekdays. Our data substantially agrees with the English data, confirming that most students in Italy are high-risk drinkers (53.3%).

Davoren and colleagues [ 81 ] identified four categories of drinkers among university students: (1) The controlled drinkers, (2) the hedonists; (3) students who consume alcohol in social situations because influenced by their peers; (4) the uncontrolled drinkers to handle adverse conditions.

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first web interview-based study on the knowledge about alcohol-related risks (including FASD) on students from different universities of Italy. A research conducted in 2011 by the University of Camerino [ 82 ] reported that among 345 university students attending different faculties, only 14.4% stated abstinence. However, among the students who were assessed to be regular consumers, a percentage of 34.4% of males and 14.9% of females were estimated to consume alcohol several times a week or per day. Furthermore, 50.4% of the participants already had illegal psychotropic substances, and 53.1% were smokers.

Another study [ 83 ] conducted in Brazil on 281 nursing students revealed that 90% of the students had consumed alcohol at least once in life and the age of first-time drinking was 15.4 years (20.6). It has also been hypothesized that the amount of stress university students are put under could enhance alcohol consumption in this population [ 84 ]. It has been reported that healthcare student’s positions and beliefs about alcohol are still unclear and probably stereotyped [ 85 ]. Furthermore, specific clinical placements in alcohol rehab facilities were proved effective in sensitizing students about alcohol abuse disorder [ 86 ].

Male students are more likely to be low-risk drinkers than females, and students from northern Italy usually drink more. Our data are substantially in agreement with international data, confirming that most students are high-risk drinkers. Although, no significant association between alcohol consumption and age was found. Our sample students drink beer and wine predominately in bars and pubs and generally not close to meals. A significant percentage of high-risk drinkers consume alcoholic drinks to manage negative emotions (coping). In contrast, low-risk drinkers are more likely to drink to feel part of the group (social), showing better ability to manage their consumption.

Although our system could not enable cheating attempts, only 50% of the analysed sample answered the knowledge questions correctly demonstrating that students of the present cohort aren’t sufficiently informed. We do want to stress the point that our data clearly show no differences among faculties. Being part of the medical area or healthcare professions is not enough to provide efficient information about the risks of unhealthy lifestyles and acquired habits. However, we have demonstrated an association between the consumption levels detected with the Audit-C and a more correct response to questions relating to the knowledge of the years at risk and the blood alcohol levels that can be sanctioned. Therefore, the mere knowledge of the effects of alcohol is not sufficient to prevent the onset of alcohol use disorders. The results of the Drinking Motives Questionnaire (DMQ-R) show that most of the students in the sample examined also drink for a strong inner discomfort to overcome their difficulties (15.63% used to drink for coping, 40.43% used to drink to feel better, for enhancement. About 45% then drink for compliance or social pressures. These results provide indications for a better preventive action that must be addressed not only to the knowledge of alcohol but above all to intervene precociously on the sources of stress that cause the discomfort that occurs in adolescence and grows over time Finally, particular attention must be paid to the influence that the environment can exert through direct and indirect pressures.

5. Implications

The main implication of this study is that the inclusion of information on alcohol risk in the educational curricula of all university degree courses is worth considering, with specific reference to addiction to alcohol, psychoactive substances and addictive behaviors. It is important to update the current methods of intervention through the proper training of students with the aim of creating professional figures capable of adequately addressing issues connected with alcohol-related problems.

6. Conclusions

University students are going to be part of the adult society as critical figures and future leaders. It is imperative to inform students about alcohol consumption risks and investigate their motivations to drink. This is particularly important for future health professionals who could develop problems associated with alcohol abuse. Stress, anxiety, and social pressure are only a few of the young people are exposed to. Special attention must be paid to young people and their coping strategies that involve substance abuse. On the other hand, legal restrictions are not sufficient to reduce alcohol use in young people who have easy access to alcohol. Educative, preventive, and motivational approaches to reduce alcohol abuse are urgently needed

Acknowledgments

Authors do thank IBBC-CNR, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy and SITAC, Società Italiana per il Trattamento dell’Alcolismo Rome, Italy, for the financial and logistic support.

Author Contributions

M.P.M., G.B., A.D., R.C., L.T., M.F., F.P., M.F., G.F., M.V. and M.C.: Protocol/project development-Data analysis; M.P.M., G.B., A.D., F.P., R.C., L.T.: Data collection or management; M.C., G.B., G.F., A.D. and M.F.: Subtle Data Analysis; M.F., G.B., M.C. and A.D.: Manuscript writing. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Institutional Review Board Statement

The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the Ethics Committee of the ASL Rome 1, Rome, Italy ((Prot. N. 337/CE Lazio 1, 16 March 2021).

Informed Consent Statement

Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.

Data Availability Statement

Conflicts of interest.

The authors have no conflict of interest to disclose.

Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

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public drinking

Paper instructions: Instructions: Please carefully read the following assignment details in its entirety. There are many components to this particular assignment, and each component is graded.

This essay should be between 900 and 1000 words.  It must include an annotated bibliography.

This essay must include a minimum of five sources.  Three should peer-reviewed sources. Make the essay is written in third person.

An outline has been attached to follow

Topic: Several public places encourages the consumption of alcohol.  Serving alcohol in public places such as the bowling alley, bars, night clubs, and restaurants encourages public intoxication

and DUI (driving under the influence). Thesis statement: Banning public places such as bars, night clubs, bowling alleys, and restaurants from serving alcohol would reduce DUI and public intoxication.

Topic explanation: Banning alcohol from public places could be an alternative way of reducing DUI and public intoxication. Currently the prevention methods for this issue are: mass

communication campaigns, traffic safety control, and other alcohol control policies such as laws that forbid drinking and driving. These current preventive method do not seem to as effective

because there are still several arrests for DUI and public intoxication. There are many car accidents a year due to driving under the influence that often ends in fatalities. If the government created to a law that banned public places such as restaurants, bowling alleys, night clubs, and bars from severing alcohol there will be a tremendous decrease in DUI and

public intoxication. If alcohol was not served at these location it would force people to consume alcohol in their own homes. This minimizes the amount of people leaving these public locations

intoxicated.

Outline: Title: Public intoxication and DUI is being encourage by society

I.    Introduction/background: Statistics on public intoxication and DUI. Briefly explain what is public intoxication and DUI, and also explain the consequences that can arise. II.    Thesis statement: Banning public places such as bars, night clubs, bowling alleys, and restaurants from the serving alcohol would reduce DUI and public intoxication. III.    Body Paragraph 1: a.    Explain the methods and actions that are used to reduce DUI and public intoxication that currently exists. b.    Discuss the various organizations and public places that serve alcohol c.    Explain the intoxication limit ( Blood alcohol content limit) IV.    Body Paragraph 2: a.    Explain my proposal to have a zero tolerance on serving alcohol in public places. b.    Discuss how this will tremendously decrease the amount of public intoxication and DUI accidents. V.    Body Paragraph 3: a.    Discuss the opposition to this proposal, such as these public places are heavily dependent on the sales of alcohol from a business aspect. b.    If people cannot drink in public they would be less likely to par take in public events. c.    The alcohol industry would suffer, thus rising cost of alcohol could be a possible outcome from the zero tolerance proposal. VI.    Body paragraph 4: a.    Explain and weigh out the options of both oppositions. b.     Saving lives vs. Public places making a profit on alcohol sales

VII.    Conclusion: a.    Briefly explain each opposition and the outcome that arise from both views.

I choose this topic because it is a big issue that society claims to be concerned about, but is not taking affirmative actions to re-gain control over the issue. Allowing people order alcohol

beverages from public places is encouraging public intoxication and DUI. Many people order alcohol beverages when eating dinner at a restaurants, and still choose to drive home afterwards. In

this society the limit is 0.08%, but this also encourages people to still attempt to have one drink and still drive. Drinking and driving should be a zero tolerance. I had a friend that passed away in

a DUI accident. Since then I haven’t touch alcohol, not even on occasion. I can’t expect people not to drink at all, but I strongly feel it should be banned from public places. Hopefully this will

encourage people to consume alcohol in their homes, and this will decrease the amount of DUI accidents.

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