poverty in india essay class 12

Poverty in India Essay for Students and Children

500+ words essay on poverty in india.

Poverty refers to a situation in which a person remain underprivileged from the basic necessities of life. In addition, the person does not have an inadequate supply of food, shelter, and clothes. In India, most of the people who are suffering from poverty cannot afford to pay for a single meal a day. Also, they sleep on the roadside; wear dirty old clothes. In addition, they do not get proper healthy and nutritious food, neither medicine nor any other necessary thing.

Causes of Poverty

The rate of poverty in India is increasing because of the increase in the urban population. The rural people are migrating to cities to find better employment. Most of these people find an underpaid job or an activity that pays only for their food. Most importantly, around crores of urban people are below the poverty line and many of the people are on the borderline of poverty.

Besides, a huge number of people live in low-lying areas or slums. These people are mostly illiterate and in spite of efforts their condition remains the same and there is no satisfactory result.

Furthermore, there are many reasons that we can say are the major cause of poverty in India. These causes include corruption, growing population, poor agriculture , the wide gap of rich and poor, old customs, illiteracy, unemployment and few more. A large section of people are engaged in an agricultural activity but the activity pays very less in comparison to the work done by employees.

Also, more population needs more food, houses and money and in the lack of these facilities the poverty grows very quickly. In addition, being extra poor and extra rich also widens the gap between the rich and poor.

Moreover, the rich are growing richer and the poor are getting poorer creating an economic gap that is difficult to fill up.

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Effects of Poverty

It affects people living in a lot of ways. Also, it has various effects that include illiteracy, reduced nutrition and diet, poor housing, child labor, unemployment , poor hygiene and lifestyle, and feminization of poverty, etc. Besides, this poor people cannot afford a healthy and balanced diet, nice clothes, proper education , a stable and clean house, etc. because all these facilities require money and they don’t even have money to feed two meals a day then how can they afford to pay for these facilities.

The Solutions for Ending Poverty

For solving the problem of poverty it is necessary for us to act quickly and correctly. Some of the ways of solving these problems are to provide proper facilities to farmers . So, that they can make agriculture profitable and do not migrate to cities in search of employment.

Also, illiterate people should be given the required training so that they can live a better life. To check the rising population, family planning should be followed. Besides, measures should be taken to end corruption, so that we can deal with the gap between rich and poor.

In conclusion, poverty is not the problem of a person but of the whole nation. Also, it should be deal with on an urgent basis by the implementation of effective measures. In addition, eradication of poverty has become necessary for the sustainable and inclusive growth of people, society, country, and economy .

FAQs about Poverty in India Essay

Q.1 List some ways to end poverty in India. A.1 Some ways to end poverty in India are:

• Develop a national poverty reduction plan
• Equal access to healthcare and education
• Sanitation facility
• Food, water, shelter, and clothing facility
• Enhance economic growth with targeted action

Q.2 Which is the poorest state in India? A.2 Chhattisgarh is the poorest state of the country.

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• Poverty Essay

Poverty in India Essay

500+ words poverty in india essay.

Poverty is defined as a condition in which a person or family lacks the financial resources to afford a basic, minimum standard of living. Poor people don’t have adequate income; they can’t afford housing, health facilities and education which are essential for basic survival. So, poverty can be understood simply as a lack of money, or more broadly, barriers to everyday human life. With the help of this poverty essay, students will understand the meaning of poverty, the major causes of poverty and the efforts taken to eliminate poverty in India. So, students must go through this poverty in India essay in depth to get ideas on how to write effective essays and score high marks in exams.

What Causes Poverty?

There are various factors that are responsible for poverty. The major causes are unemployment, illiteracy, increasing population, and lack of proper education and training. As people are not able to find work for themselves, they are not able to earn their livelihood. Due to this, they lack access to basic education, health care, drinking water and sanitation. They are unable to feed their families and children. The other causes of poverty include war, natural disasters, political instability, etc. For example, World War II impacted many countries and they had to suffer from poverty for a long time. It took a lot of effort for such countries to recover their normal state. Similarly, natural disasters affect some areas so badly that poverty and hunger arise.

How is Poverty Measured in India?

The minimum expenditure (or income) required to purchase a basket of goods and services necessary to satisfy basic human needs is called the Poverty Line. Poverty can be measured in terms of the number of people living below this line. It is measured by the State Governments and information is provided by Below Poverty Line (BPL) censuses. Different countries use different measures for measuring poverty but the basic concept remains the same. The definition of the poverty line remains the same, i.e, consumption required for maintaining the minimum standard of living in a country.

Efforts to Eliminate Poverty

Earning income is the first step towards poverty eradication. Poverty can be eliminated by empowering people, and by giving them a good education that will prepare them to have a better career and future. With the help of education, people can get good jobs which allow them to earn a good living. In this way, they will be able to provide their children with a better life. People should be given easy access to transportation, information, communication, technologies, and other public facilities and services to help remove poverty.

The government has also taken several steps to eradicate poverty in India. It has launched various programmes and schemes such as the Five Years Programme, Prime Minister’s Rozgar Yojana, Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana, Pradhan Mantri Jan-Dhan Yojana, Deen Dayal Antyodaya Yojana etc. These programmes help to generate wage employment for the poor, unskilled people living in rural areas. The government also has social security programmes to help a few specific groups such as poor women, elder people, and widows. Apart from these government initiatives, citizens of India have to take an active part in eliminating poverty because it can’t be achieved by just a few people. It needs the support of everyone.

Did you find “Essay on Poverty” useful for improving your writing skills? Do let us know your views in the comments section. Keep learning, and don’t forget to download the BYJU’S App for more interesting study videos.

Frequently asked Questions on Poverty in India Essay

How can poverty in india be abolished completely.

Abolishing poverty in India completely can be challenging. Steps should be taken to ensure equality in education so that everyone gets equal opportunities to find better livelihoods. Proper sanitation and water facility 3. Economic security and development

When was the first plan implemented for Poverty abolition?

The fifth five-year plan was first implemented in the year 1974-79 and since then the government has taken several steps and made many reservations to take this plan forward.

What is the relation between Poverty abolition and economic development?

Poverty abolition and economic development go hand in hand with each other and they are interlinked to each other. Eradication of poverty automatically improves the overall economic situation of a country.

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Commerce Aspirant » Economics Class 12 » Poverty Class 12 Notes Economics Indian Economic Development

Poverty Class 12 Notes Economics Indian Economic Development

Poverty class 12 notes facilitate all you need to know about what poverty stands for, the state of poverty in India, causes of poverty in India class 12 , how poverty is measured in India, what are the different types of poverty in India, etc.

This poverty notes chapter assists you with quick revision and review of your preparation so far. It facilitates small and easy pointers to help you in getting an overview of the chapter.

Poverty Notes Class 12 Economics

• Definition of poverty

Who is poor?

• Characteristics of poverty
• Jail Cost of living
• Always poor
• Usually poor
• Churning poor
• Occasionally poor
• Non-poor or never-poor
• Poverty line
• Criticism of poverty line in India

The number of poor in India

• Causes of poverty in India
• The growth-oriented approach
• Providing basic minimum amenities to people
• Mahatma Gandhi’s National Rural Employment Guarantee Law
• High growth rate

Population control

• Creation of employment opportunities
• Critical assessment of Poverty alleviation programs (PAP)

What is Poverty in India?

Poverty class 12 notes start with an introduction to the basic history of the term poverty. The major aim of India has been providing minimum basic needs to the people and reduction of poverty. 

The pattern of development envisaged by the successive five-year plans  focused on the census of the poorest of the poor (Antyodaya) to integrate the poor into the mainstream and achieve a minimum standard of living for all.

Poverty is a challenge for India, as India alone is home to more than a fifth of the world’s poor; It is a challenge for the world also, where around 300 million people cannot satisfy their basic needs.

Definition of Poverty

It refers to a situation in which an individual fails to earn income sufficient to meet the basic requirements of life.

The minimum requirement for necessities of life includes food, clothing, housing, education, and health facilities.

• Individuals who are unable to fulfill even the necessities of life are poor.
• In urban areas, most of the poor people are among the casual workers, daily wage workers, rickshaw pullers, vendors , Street cobblers, child workers working in canteens and harbors, baggers, rag pickers, etc.
• In rural areas, poor people generally belong to landless laborers, small and marginal farmers, and Agricultural and casual workers, artisans, etc.

Characteristics of Poverty.

• Starvation and hunger is the key feature of poverty.
• Poverty and illiteracy go hand in hand because parents are unable to send their children to school.
• Poor people are generally physically weak due to ill health because they cannot afford treatment.
• Malnutrition, especially in the case of children, is alarmingly high among the poor.
• They have limited economic opportunities due to illiteracy and lack of skills so they do not get regular jobs and have to face unstable employment .
• Poor families generally are large, which makes their economic condition worse.
• A large section of poor people does not even have access to safe drinking water, electricity, and sanitation facilities.
• They borrow from money lenders at high rates of interest to meet their basic needs and are unable to repay. These push them into chronic indebtedness.
• They are ill-treated in almost every place.

How are poor people identified?

• In pre-independent India, Dadabhai naoroji was the first person who not only gave the concept of the poverty line but measured it. He used the ” adult jail cost of living” to calculate the poverty line.  
• The jail cost of living refers to the consumption of adult prisoners and he used the menu for prisoners and prevailing prices to arrive at the cost of consumption.  

Jail Cost of living 

The estimated poverty notes line based on Jail’s cost of living is as follows.

(1) He divided the population into two parts:

(a) One-third population consisted of children.

(b) Two-thirds of the population consisted of adults.

(2) He assumed that out of the children population, half of them consumed very little (almost zero) while other

half-consumed half of the adult diet and adults consumed a full diet.

Half of the total children consumed almost zero + other half consumed half diet + adults consumed a full diet

1/2 x 1/3×0 (zero diets) + 1/2×1/3×1/2 (half of the adults) +2/3×1 (full diet)

= 0+1/12 +2/3=1/12 + 2/3=9/12

= 3/4 of adult jail cost living.

The poverty notes line comes out to be three fourth (3/4) of adults’ jail cost of living.

• In 1979 ‘ task force on the projection of minimum needs and effective consumption demand’ determined the poverty line in terms of minimum nutritional requirement for subsistence.
• The planning commission defined the poverty line based on the recommended nutritional requirement of 2400 calories per person per day for rural areas and 2100 calories for urban areas.
• The Indian government uses monthly per capita expenditure as a proxy for the identification of the poor.
• Based on this, in 2011-12, the Poverty line was defined for rural areas as consumption worth rupees 816 per person per month and urban areas consumption worth rupees 1000.

POVERTY LINE IN INDIA

• To define poverty, we divide people into two categories; poor and non-poor.
• There are three categories of poor
• Chronic poor

Transient poor

Non-poor or never poor, chronic poor. .

It includes two kinds of people:

• Always poor They always live below the poverty line or are always unable to fulfill basic needs
• Usually poor; People who sometimes may have income higher than the poverty Like casual workers.
•   Churning poor:- People who regularly move in and out of poverty or sometimes remain poor and sometimes cross the poverty line like small and marginal farmers.
• Occasionally poor:- people normally are rich most of the time but may sometimes have a patch of bad luck. Normally have income higher than the poverty line but due to bad luck sometimes may remain below the poverty line.

People who always live above the poverty line like doctors, lawyers, professionals, etc.

Poverty line Notes

The poverty line is a cutoff point on the line of distribution, which usually divides the population of the country as poor and non-poor .

People having an income below the poverty line are poor and above the poverty line are non-poor.

Criticism of Poverty line in India

• This method does not differentiate between the very poor and the poor. Although it helps in the identification of the poor as a group, it is difficult to identify the poor amongst the group of poor who need help the most.
• There are many factors, other than income and assets, which are associated with poverty like accessibility to basic education, health care, drinking water, etc. which have been ignored.
• The method does not consider social factors like- lack of civil and political freedom, joint family system, etc.
• When the number of poor is estimated as the proportion of people who are below the poverty line, this is known as the “ headcount index ”.
• The National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) conducts a large sample survey and collects data related to consumption expenditure after every five years. 
• Poverty is estimated based on consumption expenditure data collected by NSSO by the planning commission and is made available to the public.
• The proportion of poor in India during 1973-2012 has come down from 55 to 22 percent.
•   During 1973-2012 , many Indian states reduced the poverty levels to a considerable extent.
• Yet, the poverty levels in Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, and Uttar Pradesh are still far above the national poverty level.
• Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, West Bengal, and Tamil Nadu reduced the poverty level much better than other states. 

Causes of Poverty in India Class 12

Poverty class 12 notes trace all the reasons behind Poverty in India which are as follows;

• Low level of economic growth.
• Rapid population growth.
• Inflationary pressure.
• Unemployment.
• Outdated social institution.
• Political factors.
• Inequality in the distribution of income and wealth.
• Lack of infrastructure.
• The poor state of agriculture.
• High illiteracy rate.

THREE DIMENSIONAL APPROACH OF GOVERNMENT TO REMOVE POVERTY

Poverty class 12 notes trace all the approaches present in front of the policymakers and what approaches should be adopted further. Growth with social justice has been the primary objective of the development policies/ strategies and programs of the government.

In all five years plans, maximum emphasis has been given to poverty reduction, and the government adopted three-dimensional approaches to eradicate poverty follows as;

Growth-oriented approach

The growth-orient approach of the government is based on the assumption that the benefits would spread to all sections of society and finally trickle down to the poor section also.

It was felt that rapid industrial growth and the transformation of agriculture would benefit the underdeveloped regions and backward sections of society.

That is why the government made economic growth its main /prime objective in all five years’ plans. 

However, the Growth-oriented approach proved to be ineffective because

•  The benefits of economic growth did not trickle down to the poor.
•  The growth of the industrial and agriculture sectors was not impressive.
• Failure of land reforms due to lack of political will.
•  The green revolution has brought a revolutionary increase in crop production but it intensified regional disparity.

Due to the ineffectiveness of the growth-oriented approach, the government adopted a second approach.

Poverty alleviation programs

  This second approach has been initiated from the third five-year plan and progressively enlarged since then. The government has introduced a variety of programs for the reduction of poverty like MGNREGA , SGSY , SGRY , national food for work, Prime minister Rozgar Yojana (PMRY) , Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana (PMGY), etc.

The basic aims of implementation of these programs are

a.  To ensure food security

b. To create wage jobs and self-employment opportunities.

c. To develop infrastructure

Providing minimum basic amenities to the people

This approach has been initiated from the fifth five-year plan. It aims to provide minimum basic amenities to the people.

Under this approach

It was expected that the Lathe living standards of people could be improved through public expenditure on social consumption needs (food grains at subsidized art, education, health, water supply, and sanitation).

Programs under this approach are expected to supplement the consumption of the poor, create employment opportunities and bring improvement in health and education.

Three major programs have been implemented that aim at improving the food and nutritional status.

1) Public distribution system

2) integrated child development scheme

3) Midday Meal scheme

Mahatma Gandhi’s National Rural Employment Guarantee Law.  

Mahatma Gandhi  Rural Employment Guarantee National Scheme Act, which was passed in September 2005 and introduced in the first phase on February 2, 2000 , in the 200 most backward districts. It spread to other districts in 2007-08 and spread to the entire country in April 2008.

The ongoing programs of Sampoorna Gramin Rojgar Yojna (SGRY) and National Food for Work (NFFW) have been integrated/ subsumed within the MGNREGA.

Mahatma Gandhi’s National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) aims to improve the livelihoods of people in rural areas by providing a rural household, whose adult members volunteer, one hundred (100 ) days in a fiscal year Job offers with guaranteed salary unskilled labor.

Those among the poor who are ready to work at a minimum wage, can report ( register themselves ) or work in areas where this program is implemented. If they do not get any work within fifteen days of registration, they will be entitled to an employment allowance.

Other measures to reduce poverty .

High growth rate  .

Accelerating the pace of economic growth is the first and foremost measure ( ultimate measure ) to eradicate poverty. A fast-growing economy produces an increasingly larger amount of goods and services and creates greater employment opportunities.

Production of large amounts of goods and services and greater employment means more generations to come and improvement of living standard and hence, lesser poverty.

The increasing population is also an important factor that aggravates the problem of poverty. In addition to high economic growth, serious efforts should be made to control/check high rates of population growth, especially among the poor.

An increase in national income is significantly offset by the crease in population. Accordingly, Per capita income (availability of per capita goods and services) continues to remain low despite a substantial rise in GDP. Poverty can be reduced /removed only if the growth rate of the population is checked. To check the fast rate of population:

By promoting female education and employment

By persuading people to adopt the family planning method

By making available family planning methods and providing financial assistance.

 By distributing essentia l goods to the poor through fair-price shops.

Creation of employment opportunities 

Widespread unemployment and underemployment among both rural and urban workers is also the major reason responsible for poverty in India. Most of the rural poor are either disguised unemployed or seasonal unemployed and most of the urban poor are either unemployed or temporarily employed as casual workers.

Poverty can be eliminated by providing more employment opportunities so that people can meet their basic needs. For this purpose

• Labour intensive technology should be adopted
• Cottage and small industries are employment-oriented and can play a crucial role in providing employment, so small-scale industries and construction activities should be encouraged in rural areas.
• Educational facilities should be more diversified and more emphasis should be given to providing vocational education.
• Special training programs implemented to develop skills among the educated unemployed.

 Loans or financial assistance should be offered for setting up small enterprises as means of self-employment.

Special focus on backward regions: Some regions in India like Bihar, UP, Orissa, etc. are extremely backward and poor. More than 90% of India’s rural poor live in the states of Bihar, A.P, Orissa, MP, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal. Government should offer special concessions and facilities to these regions to encourage private investment and industrialization.

CRITICAL ASSESSMENT OF POVERTY ALLEVIATION PROGRAMMES(PAP)

Under the second approach of three-dimensional approaches of government, various poverty alleviation programs are undertaken by the government since the third five years plan.

• The main achievements of these programs are:
• The proportion of the population below the poverty line has declined significantly from 46% in 1973-74 to 21.9 in 2011-12.
• An increase in wage rate/ income of the poor has improved living standards and increased the nutritional level of the poor.
• Despite a variety of programs to alleviate poverty, hunger, malnourishment, and lack of basic amenities continue to be a common feature in many parts of India because of the following reasons:
• Lack of resources- Financial limits allocated for different is fixed without reference to actual cost. So, as compared to the magnitude of poverty, the number of resources allocated for these programs is not sufficient.
• Improper implementation- Implementation of these programs mainly depends on bank officials and government officials. However, corruption, lack of training, etc. result in the improper implementation of these programs and leads to inefficient utilization (wastage) of resources.
• Poor households who are mostly located in the interior part of villages or remote areas which are not easily accessible were neglected.
• Power groups in villages started exercising control over the delivery system and collude with the implementation authority to manipulate in their favor against poor groups.
• Despite it, in charge of programs favored the educated, rich, and resourceful persons as against the poor. So, the benefits of programs have been appropriated by the non-poor.
• Lack of participation of poor people-The PAP was largely government-sponsored and lacked the participation of people. So, the poor would not be able to take advantage of these programs owing to their lack of awareness and active participation. Lack of infrastructure facilities like-school, roads, power, telecom, IT services, training institutions in poverty-stricken areas created many obstacles in the implementation of these programs.

Conclusion 

Poverty class 12 notes state the objective of all the policies adopted by the government to eradicate poverty and foster rapid economic growth since independence. Promoting rapid and balanced economic development with fulfilling the objective of social justice has been the objective of government for seven decades.

Poverty has also been identified as the main challenge in front of policymakers. Thus, it is essential to study the state of poverty at early stages.

CBSE Economics Class 12 Notes Term I Syllabus

Part A: Introductory Macroeconomics

• Money and Banking Class 12 Notes
• Government Budget and the Economy Notes
• Balance of Payments Class 12 Notes
• Foreign Exchange Rate Notes

Part B: Indian Economic Development

Development Experience (1947-90) and Economic Reforms since 1991:- 12 Marks

• Indian Economy on the eve of Independence Notes
• Indian Economy (1950-90) Notes
• Economic Reforms since 1991 Notes

Current challenges facing Indian Economy – 10 Marks

• Poverty Class 12 Notes
• Human Capital Formation Class 12
• Rural Development Class 12 Notes
• Economics Class 12 Notes
• Business Studies Class 12 Notes
• Accountancy Class 12 Notes
• Economics Class 12 MCQs
• Business Studies Class 12 MCQs
• Accountancy Class 12 MCQs

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Poverty In India Essay

Poverty is a situation in which people do not have enough money for basic necessities or survival, such as food and shelter. Due to the poor income of the people, they cannot even meet their basic needs. Here are a few sample essays on the topic of ‘poverty’.

• 100 Word Essay On Poverty In India

Poverty is the financial state of the individual or family in which they are unable to meet their basic needs in life. A poor person does not earn enough to buy basic necessities such as a 2-time meal, water, shelter, cloth, the right education, and many more. In India, overpopulation and underdevelopment is the main cause of poverty. India's poverty can be decreased with a few effective programs, in which the government should focus on developing the rural areas by providing primary education, implementing population control policies, creating jobs, and providing basic necessities at subsidized rates. Poverty is a very serious problem in the whole world and many efforts are being made to eradicate poverty.

200 Word Essay On Poverty In India

500 word essay on poverty in india, causes of poverty, poverty situation in india, how to solve poverty in india.

Poverty is defined as a situation wherein a person or family lacks the money to fulfil basic needs. Poor people don’t have good enough money to make a decent living; they don't have the funds for housing, nutrition, and schooling which are vital for survival. So, poverty can be understood absolutely as a lack of money, or extra extensive, obstacles to everyday human life.

Mahatma Gandhi once said that poverty is the worst form of violence. Poverty has been proven as the biggest hurdle in the development of India. Since 1970, the Indian government has made eradicating poverty a priority in its 5-year plans. Policies are made to ensure food security, housing, and employment through more access to increasing salary employment and enhancing access to simple social services. The Indian authorities and non-governmental corporations have initiated numerous new programs to relieve poverty, like easy entry to loans, enhancing agricultural techniques and price supports, and providing vocational skill training to people so they can get jobs. These measures have helped eliminate famines, reduce absolute poverty ranges, and decreased illiteracy and malnutrition.

The occurrence of rural poverty has declined in the past years because of rural-to-city migration. A severe limit on population growth is necessary to address the issue of poverty.

Poverty is a condition in which a person lacks basic necessities of life. This consists of food, water, clothes, and shelter. Moreover, people living on or below the poverty line don’t have enough money to buy even a single meal a day. They somehow survive with whatever they could discover on the street – salvaging food from the trash, sleeping on park benches or the roadside and depending on the charity of those with more resources.

There are many factors that are responsible for poverty. The principal causes are unemployment, illiteracy, increasing population, and lack of proper schooling and training. Humans are no longer able to earn a livelihood since they are unable to find and obtain employment. They're not able to feed their family. The other causes of poverty include war, natural disasters, political instability, and many others.

India is undoubtedly one of the most populous democracies, and its economic structure is rapidly increasing. India is still considered a developing country as opposed to a developed one. Poverty is one such issue, which creates hurdles in the development of India. A good sized portion of the population in India lives in poverty. Even 75 years after gaining our freedom, we still have problems, and poverty has troubled our country. India has a very excessive rate of poverty, which affects its progress.

Many business and public region organizations have effectively labored with the federal and state governments to cope with this difficulty. Their principal aim is to abolish poverty in India completely. Together, they have been able to put into effect some effective policies to partly eliminate this intense issue and maintain the happiness of their people.

If you want to make an actual change and a difference in society, then some measures should be taken that assist the population living beneath the poverty line. The main two reasons for poverty in India are illiteracy and unemployment. Only with appropriate education and monetary aid can this hassle be solved. In India, education and population control is the strongest weapon against poverty. The best way to eradicate poverty is through educating the masses.

Moreover, actions taken by the government can help in eradicating the situation of poverty in India to a greater extent. Some of the options available are—

Increasing the variety of jobs available in India

The employees who lack literacy should receive advanced schooling.

The public distribution system needs to carry out its responsibilities adequately.

The underprivileged should receive free food and water.

Controlling population growth is necessary and also introducing birth control promotion plans is important.

Farmers should have access to appropriate agricultural resources. They can also improve their profit with this technique. They won't migrate to metropolitan regions looking for food as a result.

Poverty is a major problem of the country and it must be addressed on an urgent basis through the implementation of powerful measures. In addition, the eradication of poverty has turned out to be important for the sustainable and inclusive boom of people, society and the economy.

Explore Career Options (By Industry)

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Data Administrator

Database professionals use software to store and organise data such as financial information, and customer shipping records. Individuals who opt for a career as data administrators ensure that data is available for users and secured from unauthorised sales. DB administrators may work in various types of industries. It may involve computer systems design, service firms, insurance companies, banks and hospitals.

Bio Medical Engineer

The field of biomedical engineering opens up a universe of expert chances. An Individual in the biomedical engineering career path work in the field of engineering as well as medicine, in order to find out solutions to common problems of the two fields. The biomedical engineering job opportunities are to collaborate with doctors and researchers to develop medical systems, equipment, or devices that can solve clinical problems. Here we will be discussing jobs after biomedical engineering, how to get a job in biomedical engineering, biomedical engineering scope, and salary. 

Ethical Hacker

A career as ethical hacker involves various challenges and provides lucrative opportunities in the digital era where every giant business and startup owns its cyberspace on the world wide web. Individuals in the ethical hacker career path try to find the vulnerabilities in the cyber system to get its authority. If he or she succeeds in it then he or she gets its illegal authority. Individuals in the ethical hacker career path then steal information or delete the file that could affect the business, functioning, or services of the organization.

GIS officer work on various GIS software to conduct a study and gather spatial and non-spatial information. GIS experts update the GIS data and maintain it. The databases include aerial or satellite imagery, latitudinal and longitudinal coordinates, and manually digitized images of maps. In a career as GIS expert, one is responsible for creating online and mobile maps.

Data Analyst

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Geothermal Engineer

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Database Architect

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Remote Sensing Technician

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Budget Analyst

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Underwriter

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Finance Executive

Product manager.

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Operations Manager

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Stock Analyst

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A Researcher is a professional who is responsible for collecting data and information by reviewing the literature and conducting experiments and surveys. He or she uses various methodological processes to provide accurate data and information that is utilised by academicians and other industry professionals. Here, we will discuss what is a researcher, the researcher's salary, types of researchers.

Welding Engineer

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Transportation Planner

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Environmental Engineer

Individuals who opt for a career as an environmental engineer are construction professionals who utilise the skills and knowledge of biology, soil science, chemistry and the concept of engineering to design and develop projects that serve as solutions to various environmental problems. 

Safety Manager

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Conservation Architect

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Structural Engineer

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Highway Engineer

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Field Surveyor

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Orthotist and Prosthetist

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Pathologist

A career in pathology in India is filled with several responsibilities as it is a medical branch and affects human lives. The demand for pathologists has been increasing over the past few years as people are getting more aware of different diseases. Not only that, but an increase in population and lifestyle changes have also contributed to the increase in a pathologist’s demand. The pathology careers provide an extremely huge number of opportunities and if you want to be a part of the medical field you can consider being a pathologist. If you want to know more about a career in pathology in India then continue reading this article.

Veterinary Doctor

Speech therapist, gynaecologist.

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Audiologist

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An oncologist is a specialised doctor responsible for providing medical care to patients diagnosed with cancer. He or she uses several therapies to control the cancer and its effect on the human body such as chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiation therapy and biopsy. An oncologist designs a treatment plan based on a pathology report after diagnosing the type of cancer and where it is spreading inside the body.

Are you searching for an ‘Anatomist job description’? An Anatomist is a research professional who applies the laws of biological science to determine the ability of bodies of various living organisms including animals and humans to regenerate the damaged or destroyed organs. If you want to know what does an anatomist do, then read the entire article, where we will answer all your questions.

For an individual who opts for a career as an actor, the primary responsibility is to completely speak to the character he or she is playing and to persuade the crowd that the character is genuine by connecting with them and bringing them into the story. This applies to significant roles and littler parts, as all roles join to make an effective creation. Here in this article, we will discuss how to become an actor in India, actor exams, actor salary in India, and actor jobs. 

Individuals who opt for a career as acrobats create and direct original routines for themselves, in addition to developing interpretations of existing routines. The work of circus acrobats can be seen in a variety of performance settings, including circus, reality shows, sports events like the Olympics, movies and commercials. Individuals who opt for a career as acrobats must be prepared to face rejections and intermittent periods of work. The creativity of acrobats may extend to other aspects of the performance. For example, acrobats in the circus may work with gym trainers, celebrities or collaborate with other professionals to enhance such performance elements as costume and or maybe at the teaching end of the career.

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Radio Jockey

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A career as radio jockey has a lot to offer to deserving candidates. If you want to know more about a career as radio jockey, and how to become a radio jockey then continue reading the article.

Choreographer

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Social Media Manager

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Photographer

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An individual who is pursuing a career as a producer is responsible for managing the business aspects of production. They are involved in each aspect of production from its inception to deception. Famous movie producers review the script, recommend changes and visualise the story. 

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Copy Writer

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In a career as a vlogger, one generally works for himself or herself. However, once an individual has gained viewership there are several brands and companies that approach them for paid collaboration. It is one of those fields where an individual can earn well while following his or her passion. 

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Individuals in the editor career path is an unsung hero of the news industry who polishes the language of the news stories provided by stringers, reporters, copywriters and content writers and also news agencies. Individuals who opt for a career as an editor make it more persuasive, concise and clear for readers. In this article, we will discuss the details of the editor's career path such as how to become an editor in India, editor salary in India and editor skills and qualities.

Individuals who opt for a career as a reporter may often be at work on national holidays and festivities. He or she pitches various story ideas and covers news stories in risky situations. Students can pursue a BMC (Bachelor of Mass Communication) , B.M.M. (Bachelor of Mass Media) , or  MAJMC (MA in Journalism and Mass Communication) to become a reporter. While we sit at home reporters travel to locations to collect information that carries a news value.  

Corporate Executive

Are you searching for a Corporate Executive job description? A Corporate Executive role comes with administrative duties. He or she provides support to the leadership of the organisation. A Corporate Executive fulfils the business purpose and ensures its financial stability. In this article, we are going to discuss how to become corporate executive.

Multimedia Specialist

A multimedia specialist is a media professional who creates, audio, videos, graphic image files, computer animations for multimedia applications. He or she is responsible for planning, producing, and maintaining websites and applications. 

Quality Controller

A quality controller plays a crucial role in an organisation. He or she is responsible for performing quality checks on manufactured products. He or she identifies the defects in a product and rejects the product. 

A quality controller records detailed information about products with defects and sends it to the supervisor or plant manager to take necessary actions to improve the production process.

Production Manager

A QA Lead is in charge of the QA Team. The role of QA Lead comes with the responsibility of assessing services and products in order to determine that he or she meets the quality standards. He or she develops, implements and manages test plans. 

Process Development Engineer

The Process Development Engineers design, implement, manufacture, mine, and other production systems using technical knowledge and expertise in the industry. They use computer modeling software to test technologies and machinery. An individual who is opting career as Process Development Engineer is responsible for developing cost-effective and efficient processes. They also monitor the production process and ensure it functions smoothly and efficiently.

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Azure Administrator

An Azure Administrator is a professional responsible for implementing, monitoring, and maintaining Azure Solutions. He or she manages cloud infrastructure service instances and various cloud servers as well as sets up public and private cloud systems. 

Computer Programmer

Careers in computer programming primarily refer to the systematic act of writing code and moreover include wider computer science areas. The word 'programmer' or 'coder' has entered into practice with the growing number of newly self-taught tech enthusiasts. Computer programming careers involve the use of designs created by software developers and engineers and transforming them into commands that can be implemented by computers. These commands result in regular usage of social media sites, word-processing applications and browsers.

Information Security Manager

Individuals in the information security manager career path involves in overseeing and controlling all aspects of computer security. The IT security manager job description includes planning and carrying out security measures to protect the business data and information from corruption, theft, unauthorised access, and deliberate attack 

ITSM Manager

Automation test engineer.

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Poverty | Indian Economic Development | Class 12

Introduction.

Economists identify the poor on the basis of their occupation and ownership of assets.

They state that the rural poor work mainly as landless agricultural labourers, cultivators with very small landholdings, landless labourers who are engaged in a variety of non agricultural jobs and tenant cultivators with small land holdings.

The urban poo r are largely the overflow of the rural poor who had migrated to urban areas in search of alternative employment and livelihood , labourers who do a variety of casual jobs and the self-employed who sell a variety of things on roadsides and are engaged in various activities.

How are Poor People Identified?

If India is to solve the problem of poverty, it has to find viable and sustainable strategies to address the causes of poverty and design schemes to help the poor out of their situation.

However, for these schemes to be implemented, the government needs to be able to identify who the poor are. For this there is need to develop a scale to measure poverty, and the factors that make up the criteria for this measurement or mechanism need to be carefully chosen.

In pre-independent India, Dadabhai Naoroji was the first to discuss the concept of a Poverty Line.

He used the menu for a prisoner and used appropriate prevailing prices to arrive at what may be called ; jail cost of living.

However, only adults stay in jail whereas, in an actual society, there are children too. He, therefore, appropriately adjusted this cost of living to arrive at the poverty line.

For this adjustment, he assumed that one-third population consisted of children and half of them consumed very little while the other half consumed half of the adult diet.

This is how he arrived at the factor of three-fourths;

(1/6) (Nil) + (1/6) (Half) + (2/3) (Full) = (3/4) (Full).

The weighted average of consumption of the three segments gives the average poverty line, which comes out to be three-fourth of the adult jail cost of living.

In post-independent India, there have been several attempts to work out a mechanism to identify the number of poor in the country.

For instance, in 1962, the Planning Commission formed a Study Group. In 1979, another body called the; Task Force on Projections of Minimum Needs and Effective Consumption Demand; was formed.

In 1989 and 2005, Expert Groups; were constituted for the same purpose.

Besides Planning Commission, many individual economists have also attempted to develop such a mechanism.

For the purpose of defining poverty we divide people into two categories;

the non-poor;

The poverty line separates the two.

However, there are many kinds of poor; the absolutely poor, the very poor and the poor.

Similarly there are various kinds of non-poor; the middle class, the upper middle class, the rich, the very rich and the absolutely rich. Think of this as a line or continuum from the very poor to the absolutely rich with the poverty line dividing the poor from the non-poor.

Categorizing Poverty:

There are many ways to categories poverty. In one such way people who are always poor and those who are usually poor but who may sometimes have a little more money are grouped together as the chronic poor.

Another group is the churning poor who regularly move in and out of poverty.

The occasionally poor who are rich most of the time but may sometimes have a patch of bad luck. They are called the transient poor.

And then there are those who are never poor and they are the non-poor.

The Poverty Line

There are many ways of measuring poverty. One way is to determine it by the monetary value (per capita expenditure) of the minimum calorie intake that was estimated at 2,400 calories for a rural person and 2,100 for a person inthe urban area.

Based on this, in 2009-10, the poverty line was defined for rural areas as consumption worth Rs 673 per person a month and for urban areas it was Rs 860.

Economists state that a major problem with this mechanism is that it groups all the poor together and does not differentiate between the very poor and the other poor.

Also this mechanism takes into account expenditure on food and a few select items as proxy for income, economists question its basis.

This mechanism is helpful in identifying the poor as a group to be taken care of by the government, but it would be difficult to identify who among the poor need help the most.

There are many factors, other than income and assets, which are associated with poverty; for instance, the accessibility to basic education, health care, drinking water and sanitation. They need to be considered to develop Poverty Line.

The existing mechanism for determining the Poverty Line also does not take into consideration social factors that trigger and perpetuate poverty such as illiteracy, ill health, lack of access to resources, discrimination or lack of civil and political freedoms.

The aim of poverty alleviation schemes should be to improve human lives by expanding the range of things that a person could be and could do, such as to be healthy and well-nourished, to be knowledgeable and participate in the life of a community.

From this point of view, development is about removing the obstacles to the things that a person can do in life, such as illiteracy, ill health, lack of access to resources, or lack of civil and political freedoms.

Though the government claims that higher rate of growth, increase in agricultural production, providing employment in rural areas and economic reform packages introduced in the 1990s have resulted in a decline in poverty levels, economists raise doubts about the governments claim.

They point out that the way the data are collected, items that are included in the consumption basket, methodology followed to estimate the poverty line and the number of poor is manipulated to arrive at the reduced figures of the number of poor in India.

Due to various limitations in the official estimation of poverty, scholars have attempted to find alternative methods.

For instance, Amartya Sen., noted Nobel Laureate, has developed an index known as Sen Index. There are other tools such as Poverty Gap Index and Squared Poverty Gap.

The Number of Poor in India

When the number of poor is estimated as the proportion of people below the poverty line, it is known as ; Head Count Ratio

What Causes Poverty?

The causes of poverty lie in the institutional and social factors that mark the life of the poor. The poor are deprived of quality education and unable to acquire skills which fetch better incomes.

Also access to health care is denied to the poor.

The main victims of caste, religious and other discriminatory practices are poor. These can be caused as a result of social, economic and political inequality, social exclusion, unemployment, indebtedness, unequal distribution of wealth.

Aggregate poverty is just the sum of individual poverty.

Poverty is also explained by general, economy-wide problems, such as low capital formation, lack of infrastructure , lack of demand, pressure of population, lack of social/welfare nets.

As over 70 per cent of Indians were engaged in agriculture throughout the British Raj period, the impact on that sector was more important on living standards than anything else.

British policies involved sharply raising rural taxes that enabled merchants and moneylenders to become large landowners.

Under the British, India began to export food grains and, as a result, as many as 26 million people died in famines between 1875 and 1900.

Britain’s main goals from the Raj were to provide a market for British exports, to have India service its debt payments to Britain, and for India to provide manpower for the British imperial armies.

The British Raj impoverished millions of people in India. Our natural resources were exploited, our industries worked to produce goods at low prices for the British and our food grains were exported. Many died due to famine and hunger.

In 1857-58, anger at the overthrow of many local leaders, extremely high taxes imposed on peasants, and other issues boiled over in a revolt against British rule by the sepoys, Indian troops commanded by the British.

Even today agriculture is the main means of livelihood and land is the primary asset of rural people; ownership of land is an important determinant of material well-being and those who own some land have a better chance to improve their living conditions.

Since independence, the government has attempted to redistribute land and has taken land from those who have large amounts to distribute it to those who do not have any land, but work on the land as wage labourers.

However, this move was successful only to a limited extent as large sections of agricultural workers were not able to farm the small holdings that they now possessed as they did not have either money (assets) or skills to make the land productive and the land holdings were too small to be viable.

Also most of the Indian states failed to implement land redistribution policies.

A large section of the rural poor in India are the small farmers. The land that they have is, in general, less fertile and dependent on rains. Their survival depends on subsistence crops and sometimes on livestock.

With the rapid growth of population and without alternative sources of employment, the per-head availability of land for cultivation has steadily declined leading to fragmentation of land holdings.

The income from these small land holdings is not sufficient to meet the family’s basic requirements.

A large section of urban poor in India are largely the overflow of the rural poor who migrate to urban areas in search of employment and a livelihood.

Industrialization has not been able to absorb all these people. The urban poor are either unemployed or intermittently employed as casual laborers.

Casual laborers are among the most vulnerable in society as they have no job security, no assets, limited skills, sparse opportunities and no surplus to sustain them.

All this has created two distinct groups in society: those who possess the means of production and earn good incomes and those who have only their labour to trade for survival.

Over the years, the gap between the rich and the poor in India has widened. Poverty is a multi-dimensional challenge for India that needs to be addressed on a war footing.

Policies and Programmes towards Poverty Alleviation

The Indian Constitution and five year plans state social justice as the primary objective of the developmental strategies of the government.

To quote the First Five Year Plan (1951-56), ;the urge to bring economic and social change under present conditions comes from the fact of poverty and inequalities in income, wealth and opportunity.

The Second Five Year Plan (1956-61) also pointed out that ;the benefits of economic development must accrue more and more to the relatively less privileged classes of society.

One can find, in all policy documents, emphasis being laid on poverty alleviation and that various strategies need to be adopted by the government for the same.

The government’s approach to poverty reduction was of three dimensions.

1. Growth-oriented approach : It is based on the expectation that the effects of economic growth rapid increase in gross domestic product and per capita income would spread to all sections of society and will trickle down to the poor sections also.

This was the major focus of planning in the 1950s and early 1960s. It was felt that rapid industrial development and transformation of agriculture through green revolution in select regions would benefit the underdeveloped regions and the more backward sections of the community.

2. Employment generation approach : While looking for alternatives to specifically address the poor, policy makers started thinking that incomes and employment for the poor could be raised through the creation of additional assets and by means of work generation.

This could be achieved through specific poverty alleviation programmes. This second approach has been initiated from the Third Five Year Plan ( 1961-66) and progressively enlarged since then.

One of the noted programmes initiated in the 1970s was Food for Work.

Most poverty alleviation programmes implemented are based on the perspective of the Five Year Plans.

Expanding self-employment programmes and wage employment programmes are being considered as the major ways of addressing poverty.

Earlier, under self-employment programmes, financial assistance was given to families or individuals.

Since the 1990s, this approach has been changed. Now those who wish to benefit from these programmes are encouraged to form self-help groups.

Initially they are encouraged to save some money and lend among themselves as small loans. Later, through banks, the government provides partial financial assistance to SHGs which then decide whom the loan is to be given to for self-employment activities.

Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana(SGSY) is one such programme.

The government has a variety of programmes to generate wage employment for the poor unskilled people living in rural areas.

In August 2005, the Parliament passed a new Act to provide guaranteed wage employment to every rural household whose adult volunteer is to do unskilled manual work for a minimum of 100 days in a year.

This Act is known as Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act. Under this Act all those among the poor who are ready to work at the minimum wage can report for work in areas where this programme is implemented. In 2013-14, nearly five crore households got employment opportunities under this law.

3. Minimum basic amenities approach: To the people. India was among the pioneers in the world to envisage that through public expenditure on social consumption needs provision of food grains at subsidized rates, education, health, water supply and sanitation people’s living standard could be improved.

Programmes under this approach are expected to supplement the consumption of the poor, create employment opportunities and bring about improvements in health and education.

Major Programmes For the Upliftment of the Poor

The major programmes that aim at improving the food and nutritional status of the poor are

Public Distribution System

Integrated Child Development Scheme and Midday Meal Scheme.

Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana

Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana

Valmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojana ; are also attempts in developing infrastructure and housing conditions.

It may be essential to briefly state that India has achieved satisfactory progress in many aspects.

The government also has a variety of other social security programmes to help a few specific groups. National Social Assistance Programme is one such programme initiated by the central government.

National Social Assistance Programme : Under this programme, elderly people who do not have anyone to take care of them are given pension to sustain themselves. Poor women who are destitute and widows are also covered under this scheme.

The government has also introduced a few schemes to provide health insurance to poor people. From 2014, a scheme called Pradhan Mantri Jan-Dhan Yojana is available in which people in India are encouraged to open bank accounts.

(Financial Inclusion)

Poverty Alleviation Programmes A Critical Assessmen t

Efforts at poverty alleviation have borne fruit in that for the first time since independence, the percentage of absolute poor in some states is now well below the national average.

Despite various strategies to alleviate poverty, hunger, malnourishment, illiteracy and lack of basic amenities continue to be a common feature in many parts of India.

Though the policy towards poverty alleviation has evolved in a progressive manner, over the last five and a half decades, it has not undergone any radical transformation.

Scholars, while assessing these programmes, state three major areas of concern which prevent their successful implementation.

Due to unequal distribution of land and other assets, the benefits from direct poverty alleviation programmes have been appropriated by the non-poor.

Compared to the magnitude of poverty, the amount of resources allocated for these programmes is not sufficient. Moreover, these programmes depend mainly on government and bank officials for their implementation.

Since such officials are ill motivated, inadequately trained, corruption prone and vulnerable to pressure from a variety of local elites, the resources are inefficiently used and wasted. There is also non-participation of local level institutions in programme implementation.

Government policies have also failed to address the vast majority of vulnerable people who are living on or just above the poverty line.

It also reveals that high growth alone is not sufficient to reduce poverty. Without the active participation of the poor, successful implementation of any programme is not possible.

Poverty can effectively be eradicated only when the poor start contributing to growth by their active involvement in the growth process.

This is possible through a process of social mobilization, encouraging poor people to participate and get them empowered. This will also help create employment opportunities which may lead to increase in levels of income, skill development, health and literacy.

Moreover, it is necessary to identify poverty stricken areas and provide infrastructure such as schools, roads, power, telecom, IT services, training institutions etc.

The objective of all our policies had been stated as promoting rapid and balanced economic development with equality and social justice.

Poverty alleviation has always been accepted as one of India’s main challenges by the policy makers, regardless of which government was in power. The absolute number of poor in the country has gone down and some states have less proportion of poor than even the national average.

Yet, critics point out that even though vast resources have been allocated and spent, we are still far from reaching the goal.

There is improvement in terms of per capita income and average standard of living; some progress towards meeting the basic needs has been made. But when compared to the progress made by many other countries, our performance has not been impressive.

Moreover, the fruits of development have not reached all sections of the population. Some sections of people, some sectors of the economy, and some regions of the country can compete even with developed countries in terms of social and economic development, yet, there are many others who have not been able to come out of the vicious circle of poverty.

Important Poverty Alleviation Programs

After independence, the Government has launched several poverty alleviation programmes, the important among these are as follows:

Legal elimination of bonded labourers.

Preventing the centralisation of wealth by modifying the law.

Antyodaya plan.

Small Farmers Development Programme (SFDP)

Drought Area Development Programme (DADP)

Twenty point programme

Food for work programme

Minimum needs programme (MNP)

Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP)

National Rural Employment Programme (NREP)

Rural Labour Employment Guarantee Programme (RLEGP)

TRYSEM scheme

Jawahar Rojgar Yojna (JRY)

Swarna Jayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojna.

National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)

Rural Housing Programme.

Indira A was Yojana.

Pradhan Mantri Rojgar Yojna.

Nehru Rozgar Yojna (NRY)

Self-Employment Programme for the Urban Poor, (SEPUP)

Prime Minister’s Integrated Urban Poverty Eradication Programme (PMIUPEP)

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Essay on Poverty in India

Students are often asked to write an essay on Poverty in India in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

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100 Words Essay on Poverty in India

Introduction.

Poverty is a significant issue in India, affecting millions of lives. Despite India’s economic growth, poverty remains prevalent, especially in rural areas.

Many factors contribute to poverty in India. Lack of quality education, unemployment, overpopulation, and inadequate public health are some of these factors.

Poverty affects individuals and communities. It leads to malnutrition, illiteracy, and low life expectancy. Children are the most affected as they lack access to basic needs.

Addressing poverty requires concerted efforts. Improving education, creating job opportunities, and enhancing public health services could help alleviate poverty.

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250 Words Essay on Poverty in India

India, despite its substantial economic growth, is home to a significant portion of the global poor. Poverty in India is a multifaceted issue, shaped by socio-economic, political, and cultural factors.

Underlying Causes

The root causes of poverty in India are manifold. The country’s historical caste system has perpetuated socio-economic disparity, while gender bias has further limited opportunities for women. Additionally, rapid population growth has strained resources, leading to inadequate access to basic amenities such as education, healthcare, and employment.

The impacts of poverty are profound. It perpetuates a cycle of illiteracy and low-skilled labor, trapping generations in a poverty loop. Furthermore, it exacerbates health issues and malnutrition, particularly among children, undermining India’s future human capital.

Government Initiatives

The Indian government has implemented multiple poverty alleviation programs, including the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) and the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana. However, their effectiveness is limited by issues such as corruption, lack of awareness, and inadequate implementation.

Addressing poverty in India requires a holistic approach that addresses its root causes. This includes promoting inclusive growth, gender equality, and sustainable development. Equally important is the need for transparent and efficient implementation of poverty alleviation programs. Only then can India truly leverage its demographic dividend and achieve its development goals.

500 Words Essay on Poverty in India

Poverty, a socio-economic issue, is a multi-dimensional problem that affects a large portion of the Indian population. Despite the country’s significant economic growth, poverty remains a persistent challenge, with millions of people living below the poverty line.

The Magnitude of Poverty in India

India, home to more than a billion people, is the world’s largest democracy. However, it also houses a significant portion of the world’s poor. According to the World Bank, in 2019, 21.9% of the Indian population lived below the national poverty line. The issue is more pronounced in rural areas where agriculture, the primary source of income, is often affected by unpredictable weather patterns and poor infrastructure.

The Causes of Poverty

Poverty in India can be attributed to a myriad of interconnected factors. First, the country’s rapid population growth has put immense pressure on its resources, exacerbating poverty. Second, the lack of access to quality education and healthcare, particularly in rural areas, has perpetuated a cycle of poverty. Third, social inequality and discrimination based on caste, religion, and gender have further entrenched poverty. Lastly, corruption and inefficient public distribution systems have hindered poverty alleviation efforts.

Impact of Poverty

The impacts of poverty are far-reaching and multi-faceted. It affects physical health due to malnutrition and inadequate healthcare. It restricts access to quality education, thus limiting opportunities for upward mobility. Poverty also exacerbates social tensions and can lead to a rise in crime rates. Moreover, it hinders the country’s overall economic progress, as a significant portion of the population remains unable to contribute effectively to the economy.

Poverty Alleviation Measures

India has implemented numerous poverty alleviation programs over the years. Initiatives like the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) provide guaranteed employment to rural households. The Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana aims to increase financial inclusion. However, the effective implementation of these programs remains a challenge due to corruption and bureaucratic inefficiencies.

Poverty in India is a complex issue that requires a comprehensive and multi-pronged approach to address. While significant strides have been made, much work remains to be done. Efforts must be made to improve access to quality education and healthcare, promote social equality, and ensure the effective implementation of poverty alleviation programs. Only then can India hope to break the cycle of poverty and ensure a prosperous future for all its citizens.

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Poverty in India Essay for School Students in English [Easy Words]

January 13, 2021 by Sandeep

Essay on Poverty in India: People who are unable to satisfy basic necessities of life like food, water, shelter and education are considered unprivileged and face poverty. They may not be able to afford even a single square meal for their families. They are deprived of healthy and nutritious food. Population increase, migration to cities and rampant unemployment are some of the reasons for growing poverty in India. Increasing literacy and providing sustainable living conditions for the poor can curtail poverty.

Essay on Poverty in India 500 Words in English

We have provided Poverty in India Essay in English, suitable for class 6, 7, 8, 9 & 10. This essay is useful for UPSC aspirants too!

India is the world’s largest democracy and fastest-growing economy. It is one of the chief developing nations with an international level of influence. Yet, it is still viewed as a poor man’s country. This is because a large population of our country is still living below the poverty line. Even after almost seventy-two years of independence, poverty has plagued our nation. Our Union, as well as State governments, have collaborated with many private and public sector institutions. Together they have been able to roll out successful schemes to keep their citizens satisfied.

They are trying their best to provide us with our daily requirements. Yet this task has not helped remove poverty at all. The situation of poverty in India cannot be solved by judging it by its face value. It is essential to understand the nature of polity in India through a historical context. That way, we would be able to find reforms that can be implemented to curb this social evil.

Origin of Poverty in India

From the earliest kingdoms to the Mughal era, India has always had a rich history. Historians had given the Indian sub-continent the title ‘Golden Bird’. The vast reserves of gold and resources were the major indicators of a prospering economy during that era. Over time, invaders plundered these resources, and the economical health of this golden bird rapidly deteriorated. The most significant damage was done by the colonials. They entered our land as traders but slowly established their monopoly over various regions and services, and the entire sub-continent was then in their control.

Around the 19th and the 20th century, poverty bloomed under the British Raj. Industrial expansion and agricultural exports were increasing day by day. Farming was forced upon every labourer in India even when they were not farmers by profession. Though employment existed in the form of farming, farmers were being underpaid. While Nawabs and Maharajas enjoyed wealth and privileges, most of these workers could not even buy one proper meal a day. By 1943, poverty had reached a point where millions of people died of starvation, disease, and destitution (during the Bengal famine). Sir Antony MacDonnell, a civil servant of British India, quoted in the 1900’s “people died like flies”.

Poverty in Free India

Post-independence, India was divided into two different countries. This caused an inflow of refugees along the western border. This further aggravated the condition of poverty prevailing in the nation, according to B.S. Minhas, an economist, about 65% of the Indian population was living in poverty during the 1950’s. In the 1960’s, a new poverty line was set for the country to be at ₹ 20 a month. The estimated percentage of the population below this line was found to be 44%. The following decades noticed the common man’s frustration about the nation’s poor economic condition.

Slogans like ‘Garibi Hatao’ were being raised, and people were desperate to improve society’s condition. Over the years, many committees redefined the poverty line as per the changing dynamics of the Indian economy. At present, as per the World Bank estimates, 5.4% of our population is still suffering from extreme poverty. The figures have improved since the last century. Poverty can only be abolished if the developmental schemes keep evolving according to the country’s needs.

Causes of Poverty in India

Many factors directly contribute to the continual rise of poverty in India. To address and solve them, we need first to identify these factors. Here we have listed down some of these causes:

• Demography of a country plays a vital role in its state of poverty. Rural areas have larger families who owe to a lower per capita income. Ultimately, this results in a low standard of living.
• The increasing urban population has raised the rate of poverty in our country. The migration of rural people to urban areas has diluted out the wages. People eventually get closer to the poverty line.
• One of the major economic causes includes the surge in unemployment. The survey reports of 2015 say that 77% of Indian families lack a regular source of income.
• India is marked for its unequal distribution of assets. These assets and shares are disproportionately distributed among masses having different economic levels. 20 % of our population is reaping the seeds of 80 % of the total wealth.
• Maximum economic value cannot be attained when we have an abundance of the unskilled labour force in our country. Moreover, the caste system has caused marginalization and discrimination of specific portions of our society. Some places still exist where lower caste people are treated as untouchables.
• Besides, corruption is one of the leading causes of poverty. The poor are being neglected, whereas the wealthy can bribe their way to get their jobs done.

Effects of Poverty in India

The effects of poverty are far-fetched. One of its most disturbing effects includes the overall health conditions. Poor people are often malnourished. Children are devoid of a balanced and nutritious diet. Their poor immune system makes them prone to several ailments. Poverty makes them susceptible to anaemia, impaired vision, cardiac issues, etc. This is why 38 out of every 1000 infants die before turning 1.

India’s economy is correlated to its poverty rate. Poverty determines the possibility of rendering adequate amenities to our society’s underprivileged people. A poverty-ridden society is vulnerable to violence and crimes. Poor people indulge in criminal activities to feed themselves. Apart from that, homelessness is a typical outcome of poverty. This risks the safety of women and promotes child labour. It also increases terrorism.

Solutions for Eradicating Poverty in India

The following measures will help us fight against poverty in India:

• Increasing employment opportunities in India is a beneficial option.
• Farmers must be provided with proper agricultural resources. It will help them make a profit and will control their migration to urban regions (in search of jobs).
• Growing population must be checked. Schemes promoting birth control must be implemented.
• The Government must invest in the poverty-stricken states of India.
• Free education and healthcare units must be set up.
• Public Distribution System must be effective in its duty. People below the poverty line must be able to access free food and fresh water.
• Illiterate labourers must be provided with skill-based training so that they can make a better living out of it.

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Essay on “Poverty in India” Complete Essay for Class 10, Class 12 and Graduation and other classes.

Essay No. 01

Poverty in India

“Poverty is the sum total of a multiplicity of fact others that include not just income and calorie intake but also access to land and credit, nutrition, health and longevity, literacy and safe drinking water, sanitation and other infrastructural facilities.”

In India, it is estimated that about 350-400 million people are living below the poverty line, 75 per cent of them in the rural areas. More than 30 per cent of the population is illiterate. With women, tribal and scheduled castes particularly affected.

The main causes of poverty are illiteracy, a population growth rate by far exceeding the economic growth rate for the better part of the past 60 years, protectionist policies pursued since 1947 to 1991 which prevented large amounts of foreign investment in the country.

Poverty alleviation is expected to make better progress in the next 50 years than in the past, as a trickle- down effect of the growing middle class. Increasing stress on education, reservation of seats in government jobs and the increasing empowerment of women and the economically weaker sections of society are also expected to contribute to the alleviation of poverty.

‘Where there is no happiness for all, there cannot be happiness for any’. This is a fundamental truth successful nations around the world have discovered. They have structured their societies in such a way that though there may  be inequalities in incomes and levels of enjoyment of the good things of life, the basics of a modern life are not denied to anyone.

What are these basics? Answers vary for each country. For India, these are; education. Health care, housing, water electricity, cooking fuel, old age support, sanitation, and employment. Providing these for all citizens is to both attack poverty and pave way for growth.

Essay No. 02

Poverty is one of the toughest problems that India is facing today. Quite oddly, in spite of all the progress that India has made during the years, the monster of poverty has not been eliminated. A great segment of our society is still living below the poverty line.

The most distressing feature of our social system is that we have at present all the more glaring contrasts and disparities in incomes and life styles. Whereas on the one hand we have millionaires and even billionaires, on the other hand, we have teeming millions who cannot 0$ make both ends meet. And then with the rise in prices of essential commodities, their real incomes are further shrinking.

Nothing is without cause. Similarly, there are definite causes for this stark poverty. Illiteracy is one of such causes. The world has moved fast during the last some years. But the illiterate or semi-literate people F are unable to keep pace with the world. Hence, they cannot find a job. Even if they are able to find one, it is not lucrative enough to enable  them to earn enough for themselves and for their family. Hence, they have to lead a marginal life.

Many parents, particularly in rural areas and those belonging to lower strata of life are superstitious. They do not allow their children to I learn new arts and services. They consider some arts such as singing, dancing, painting, etc. to be immoral even if their child has a strong  aptitude for it.

Many people are lethargic and they do not want to do anything. Then there is so much corruption at all levels that they dare not take a risk in investing in any venture. Also cut-throat competition in every field discourages new entrants.

The remedy lies in a house to house survey. Seats in services should be reserved for economically weaker persons. Those who want to set up a small scale industry or start a business should be given liberal loans at low interests. Really indigent and helpless persons, particularly the senior citizens, the disabled and the widows should be given pensions and grants and subsidies

Essay No. 03

India was once known as the land of plenty food grains. Foreign rule had changed India into a poor country. Poverty is the state of being poor. 26.10 percent of the total population of India live below the poverty line. According to the United Nations Development Programme’s (UNDP), Human Development Report, 2003.

India was ranked 127th among 175 countries. People living below poverty line are deprived of basic needs of life. The chief causes of poverty are over-population, unemployment, slow industrial growth, etc. Poverty leads to many social and economic problems. India was once known as the land of plenty. There were plenty of riches and resources. Foreign rule had changed India into a poor country. The Turks, the Mughals and the British reduced the resources to a great extent. Poverty is a serious problem of today.

Poverty is the state of being poor. It is the state of not having the minimum income to obtain the basic needs of life. These include food, clothing, shelter, education and health. Poverty leads to misery. It lowers the standard of living of human beings.

India has low per capita consumption of electricity. A large number of people still do not have access to clean drinking water and sanitation. They do not have the basic health facilities. In Orissa, extreme poverty has forced parents to sell their children for money. There are reports of farmers committing suicide for not being able to repay loans.

The main causes of poverty is over-population. The national income has failed to keep pace with the growing population. In rural i areas, poverty is due to low land base. There is low level of productivity in rural areas. The urban poor are largely due to the overflow of rural poor into the urban areas. The unemployment problem is another cause of poverty. The uneven distribution of I resources are other reasons of poverty. Moreover, the industrial growth in India is slow. There is a slow increase in the demand for labor. There is a rise in the cost of living also.

Poverty leads to man)/ problems in the society. It gives rise to child labour. According to the NSSO Survey (1999-2000), there are 10.4 million child labourers in our country. Poverty also leads to illiteracy, crime, corruption, prostitution etc.

With Fifth Plan, poverty eradication became a principle objective of economic planning. The Swaranjayanti Gram Swarozag Yojana (SGSY) was formed in 1999. The programmes merged with it are IRDP, TRYSEM, DWCRA, SITRA, GKY and MWS. Other programmes are the Annapuran Schemes, the Samagra Awaas. Yojana, etc. are other such schemes.

These schemes provided shelter, sanitation and drinking water to the poor. The Eighth Plan provided food, healthcare, education, employment and shelter to the weaker sections. The Tenth Plan is aimed at reducing poverty below 20 percent in the country by 2007.

 Eradication of poverty is not an easy task. The alarming rate of increase of population should be checked. The Government should undertake effective steps to make India a fully literate country. The Government has been successful to some extent to eradicate poverty.

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Poverty in India

Have a look around you and tell me what you see? Do you see beggars on the streets, outside of shops, and on the roads? What about rickshaw-pullers arguing with a customer for an extra ten rupees? Are you aware of the crime rate and drug abuse even by children in our society? Now, there could be multiple reasons, but poverty in India seems to be the prominent cause behind these issues. 

India is the second-most populous nation in the world, with about 1.2 billion people. Our country has experienced growth rates of up to 10% over multiple years and is one of the largest economies in the world. However, only a tiny fraction of the Indian population has availed benefits from the stunning economic boom so far. Most of the people in India still live in abject poverty. That’s why it’s essential to understand the concept of poverty as a challenge in India.

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Introduction of Poverty in India

The world has been going through increased urbanisation for numerous years now. Urbanisation has offered enhanced growth, a reliable food supply, economies of scale, stable public services and various other benefits, including huge markets that contribute to education, businesses, and innovation. However, while these developments are beneficial in the long run, it has also introduced a few adverse outcomes. 

As the population grows at an unusual pace, the majority of communities are overwhelming cities that lack proper infrastructure and municipal organisations to manage the increasing challenges. It is a problematic issue in India, where there are urban slums and other areas with intensive population growth. By doing a project on poverty in India for Class 12, students can closely understand the concept and reality associated with this topic. 

Challenges of Poverty

One of the toughest challenges experienced by independent India is poverty and it further brings more challenges in life. 

Effects on Health: This biggest challenge of poverty is poor health. People who suffer from poverty have no access to sufficient food, proper clothing, medical facilities and a clean environment. The lack of these basic needs leads to poor health. Most of them even suffer from malnutrition, and they don’t even have enough money to visit a doctor. 

Effects on Society: There are a lot of challenges of poverty faced by society. 

First, the violence and crime rate increases a lot. Due to unemployment and marginalization, poor people usually indulge in unfair practices like prostitution, theft and other criminal activities. 

Second, people are generally homeless, so they sleep on roadsides, making it unsafe for them, mostly women and children. 

Third, poverty forces people to send their kids to work rather than putting them in schools. On average, poor families send their children at the age of 5 years only. 

Effects on Economy: Poverty is directly correlated to the success of the economy for a country. The number of people living under the poverty line reflects how powerful the economy is. 

These are some of the prominent examples of poverty in India that people face daily.

Consequences of Poverty in India

India also faces an elevated risk of disease and health care systems struggle to support and can’t respond efficiently. Almost 800 million people in India are marked as poor, and most of them live in the countryside while keeping afloat with odd jobs. The lack of employment, which offers a liveable wage in most rural areas, is driving a lot of Indians into swiftly developing metropolitan areas like Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore, and Calcutta. Even there, most of them lead a life of poverty and despair in massive slums made up of several corrugated ironworks, without enough drinking water supply, without garbage disposal, electricity, and various other necessities. 

Furthermore, such consequences of poverty in India cause diseases like cholera, dysentery, and typhus, in which particularly kids suffer and die. So, poverty in India mostly affects kids, families and individuals in a wide range of different ways like: 

High infant mortality

Malnutrition

Child labour

Lack of education

Child marriage

Projects on Poverty in India

Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP): It was first introduced in 1978-79 and universalized from 2nd October 1980, to offer assistance to the rural poor in the form of subsidy and bank credit for effective employment opportunities through successive plan periods.

Jawahar Rozgar Yojana/Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana: The JRY was introduced to create meaningful employment opportunities for the unemployed and underemployed in rural parts of the country through the formation of economic infrastructure, community and social assets.

Food for Work Programme: It focuses on improving food security through wage employment. Foodgrains are supplied to states for free; thus, the supply of food grains from the Food Corporation of India (FCI) godowns has been slow.

Rural Housing – Indira Awaas Yojana: The Indira Awaas Yojana (LAY) programme is meant to offer free housing to Below Poverty Line (BPL) families in rural areas and keep up the targets would be the households of SC/STs.

In the end, we understood what poverty in India is all about and how knowing the causes and consequences can help us fight poverty and make India a better place.

Tips and Tricks for Students to learn about the Topic of Poverty in Social Science from Vedantu

Vedantu is an emerging online learning platform for students who wish to excel in their academics at school and entrance exams.

Vedantu provides a variety of articles strictly dedicated to learning about Poverty and related topics as a part of the syllabus in social science for different classes like free access to Question Answers based on Poverty, for example, Causes of poverty and the steps taken by the Government to reduce poverty by just signing up at Vedantu. Some of the articles are also provided in the section of FAQs in Question number 7.

Vedantu also provides a variety of free videos by talented and dedicated teachers specialising in Social Science to learn about Poverty and related topics of Social science. Some of them include Poverty as a Challenge for the students of Class 9 Economics and What is Poverty for Class 12 Economics. 

In this list, Vedantu also includes study material for all the students of Class 5-12 of all subjects in CBSE, ICSE and State Board all for free. This includes NCERT Solutions, Revision and keynotes, Important Questions, Solved References, Solved Sample question papers and Previous Year's question papers by the talented and experienced faculty at Vedantu from prestigious institutions like IITs and other top tier colleges of the country. 

Vedantu provides free Micro courses at a very economical price of 1 rupee per course for the students to prepare for the important topics of Business studies like Management and other relevant topics of social science. Register yourself at vedantu.com to kickstart your spectacular academic adventure now!

FAQs on Poverty

1. Why is Poverty happening throughout India?

Poverty as a challenge in India expands in multiple layers, which means there is not just a single reason behind the continuous increase in poverty. The rising poverty level has mostly to do with the growing population, the high illiteracy rate (almost 35% of the adult population), and the absence of well-paid job opportunities. 

2. How has the Indian government tried to deal with the poverty issue?

The Indian government has introduced numerous projects and programs to tackle the growing poverty.  Due to these ambitious efforts under the National Rural Guarantee Scheme, at least one member from India's 60 million rural households is guaranteed 100 days of work every year. As per the scheme, they will earn a minimum wage of 60 rupees or an unemployment allowance if no there is no work to do.

3. Is Poverty significant in urban or rural areas of India?

In India, poverty rates are higher in rural areas as compared to urban areas. Moreover, rural areas are still home to the majority of the total population. Thus, poverty is concentrated in a significant proportion in rural areas. 

4. How long will it take to read, understand and learn about Poverty from the above article?

This article serves as a first read treat to a fresh topic for students or a brush-up revision to basics for senior secondary students. As a result, this reading would take a maximum of 2 hours of focused attention to grasp the very essence of this article.

5. Why is it so important for students to study and understand the concept of poverty?

India is a developing and emerging nation on the world map. It has launched a big number of successful missiles and has one of the most advanced technologies. Still, India has been facing severe issues of poverty with the effect of an exploding population and degradation of resources. It is, therefore, a moral responsibility for every student to read and understand the concept of poverty to help the nation tackle this ever-widening web of poverty. Moreover, students can also find this topic as a hotspot for exam preparation as poverty as a chapter holds decent weightage in almost every class from 8 to 12.

6. What is Poverty all about in brief?

Poverty is a situation where even basic human needs like food, clothing and shelter become hard to fulfil for a person or community. It is measured through a poverty line based on a necessary per capita income of an individual to fulfil the basic human needs of an individual and family in a particular region. Poverty is a consequence of overpopulation, unemployment, lack of education and training. It can be eradicated with the constant efforts made by Government and civilians to educate the people and community to nourish and flourish the family, and country as a whole.

7. Which classes include Poverty as a part of their syllabus?

Students of Class 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 can find Poverty as a chapter or a part of their chapter in the social science subjects of economics and civics or political science. These include chapters like Introduction to poverty(Class 12), Poverty as a challenge(Class 8), Poverty as economic problem and challenge(Class 10)

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Chapter 4 IED Poverty

• Chapter 1 IED Indian Economy On The Eve Of Independence
• Chapter 2 IED Indian Economy 1950-1990
• Chapter 3 IED Liberalisation, Privatisation And Globalisation
• Chapter 5 IED Human Capital Formation In India
• Chapter 6 IED Rural Development
• Chapter 7 IED Employment: Growth Informalisation Other Issues
• Chapter 8 IED Infrastructure
• Chapter 9 IED Environment And Sustainable Development
• Chapter 10 IED Comparative Development Experiences of India

What is Poverty?

Last updated at April 16, 2024 by Teachoo

Poverty is inability to satisfy basic needs of food, clothing, shelter, education due to lack of money

It is a condition where person lacks the financial resources required for a minimum standard of living

According to Scholars, Shahin Rafi Khan and Daniel Kullen: Poverty is hunger Poverty is being sick and not being able to see a doctor Poverty is not being able to go to school and not knowing how to read. Poverty is not having a job Poverty is fear for the future, having food once in a day Poverty is losing a child to illness, brought about by unclear water Poverty is powerlessness, lack of representation and freedom.

What were the main objectives of India's Development Strategies?

Main Objectives were:

• Reducing Poverty and
• Providing Minimum Standard of living for all so that Basic Needs of People are met

What are Basic Needs of Life Food Clothing Shelter Education Health Difference Rich vs Poor Rich People They have money to afford all these easily Poor People They are not able to satisfy there basic needs due to lack of money What is Poverty? Poverty is a condition where person lacks Financial resources required to maintain a minimum standard of loving What were the Main Objectives of India’s Development Strategies Situation at the time of Independence A Large amt of population suffered from Poverty They were not able to meet their basic needs Main Objectives of India’s Development Strategy were Reducing Poverty through Economic Growth (More GDP, More Growth, More jobs) vProviding Minimum Standard of living so that Basic Needs of People are met (Provide Free Food, House,Health and Education)

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Essay on Poverty in India 

Essay on Poverty in India

What is Poverty? Poverty is defined as the lack of sufficient money to meet basic needs such as food and shelter. Poverty is a situation in which a person is homeless and has very little money. Due to the growing population in urban areas, India’s poverty rate is rising. The most important fact is that huge numbers of people live in poverty, with the majority living on the edge of it. Poverty in India is mostly observed in rural regions due to a large number of uneducated and unemployed people within the growing population.

Many people cannot afford proper food for their daily lives, and because they do not have their own homes, they sleep on streets or footpaths. As a result, more people require more food, money, and shelter, but poverty grows rapidly due to a lack of these resources. This is why the rich become richer and the poor become poorer, making it difficult to bridge the gap. Poverty has several consequences, including poor housing, illiteracy, increased child labor and unemployment, and poor hygiene. As a result, these poor individuals cannot afford a balanced diet, decent clothes, or a good education for the simple reason that they do not have enough money.

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Ways to Reduce Poverty :

Poverty may be reduced by providing sufficient education and facilities to farmers, allowing them to become more profitable and not feel the need to migrate to cities in search of work. Also, uneducated individuals should receive a good education to improve their lives, and family planning is also necessary for getting out of poverty. Poverty in our country dates back to ancient times, when the poor were not given the same privileges as the wealthy, and they were even denied access to religious places. Unemployment, a lack of education, poor resource utilization, corruption, and poor government policy are all major causes of poverty.

In India, poverty is high when compared to other nations due to the poor growth rate of per capita income per person. Due to a lack of career prospects, many individuals work as rickshaw pullers, construction laborers, domestic servants, and other low-wage jobs, which leads them to live in slum areas.

In addition, lack of land resources has been one of the key reasons for poverty in India; even small farmers in our nation are poor since they cultivate but do not receive fair pay in terms of profit, resulting in poverty.

The population of India as a Major Cause of Poverty :

Since the beginning of time, poverty has been an unavoidable problem. Under British colonial authority, poverty in India worsened from the late 19th century through the early 20th century, peaking in the 1920s. During this time, the colonial government de-industrialized India by restricting the production of finished garments and other goods by Indian craftsmen.

From then till recent times, the situation has been quite the same or has even worsened in many places. In 2013, the Indian government reported that 21.9% of the country’s population lived below the official poverty line. In other words, India, which accounted for 17.5% of the world population, had 20.6% of the world’s poorest people in 2013. Rural areas are home to a huge number of poor people. Poverty is more severe among members of scheduled castes and tribes in the country’s rural areas.

Population Trends in India :

India’s population has been rapidly increasing. In 1991, India’s population was around 84.3 crores, with a high rate of poverty; now, our country’s population is around 130 crores, with the population nearly doubling in the last three decades, but not enough has been done to control poverty in our country. As the population grows, so does unemployment, and poverty is just a reflection of unemployment. More capital is necessary for developing industry, providing adequate transportation, and other projects, as a result of which the country’s deficiency is underdeveloped and more people live in poverty. Lack of skilled labor also contributes to poverty since less-skilled workers lack industrial training and education and miss out on opportunities that more skilled workers can avail. Lack of infrastructure means that transportation and communication have not been properly developed, resulting in farmers receiving fertilisers for cultivation late and industries receiving power and raw materials not on time and thus, end products not being properly marketed and reaching customers on time. Hence, to escape poverty, our government must be more serious, and citizens must share equal responsibility.

Conclusion : Remarkably, as a result of rural-to-urban migration, the incidence of rural poverty has fallen steadily. First and foremost, population growth should be strictly controlled to tackle the serious problem of poverty. Other approaches to fight this problem include expanding work possibilities, educating people, eliminating black money, decentralized planning, and assisting women and youth in becoming self-sufficient. Empowering the weaker and most backward sections of society is also expected to help reduce poverty. We are not failing to achieve our goals owing to a lack of resources or technical support, but rather due to a lack of execution of our plans and programs.

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CBSE Class 12 Indian Economic Development Study Material

Explore class 12 indian economic development with our clear ncert guide. our easy guide covers all you need to understand class 12 indian economic development concepts and theories. with simple explanations, learning class 12 indian economic development becomes interesting and easy. it's perfect for students who want a strong start in economics. start your journey to become a economic development expert with us today..

Discover a smoother learning journey through our effortless roadmap

Chapter 1: Indian Economy on the Eve of Independence

Indian Economy on the eve of Independence

Agriculture Sector on the Eve of Independence

Industrial Sector on the Eve of Independence

Foreign Trade and Demographic Condition on the Eve of Independence

Occupational Structure and Infrastructure on the Eve of Independence

Policies of British Rulers that led to Exploitation of Indian Economy

Impact of Partition on the Indian Economy

Chapter 2: Indian Economy (1950-1990)

12 articles

Indian Economy (1950-1990): Economic System adopted by Independent India

Economic Planning during 1950-1990

India’s Five Year Plan

Evaluation (Achievements and Failures) of Economic Planning till 1991

Agriculture during 1950-1990

Policies or Measures to Solve Agricultural Problems during 1950-1990

Green Revolution: Impacts, Achievements and Shortcomings

Debate Over Subsidies to Agriculture

Industries during 1950-1990

Industrial Policy Revolution, 1956

Foreign Trade during 1950-1990|Trade Policy: Import Substitution

P.C. Mahalanobis and His Contribution

Chapter 3: Liberalisation, Privatisation, and Globalisation: An Appraisal

Economic Reforms: Need and Criticism of Economic Reforms

New Economic Policy 1991: Objectives and Components

Liberalisation: Meaning, Economic Reforms Adopted by Indian Government and Objectives

Privatisation: Meaning, Disinvestment, Rationale and Obstacles to Privatisation in India

Globalisation: Meaning, Advantages, Disadvantages and Types

World Trade Organisation (WTO): Features, Functions and Objectives

Impact of Liberalisation, Privatisation, and Globalisation

Concept and Features of Demonetization

What is GST? Types, Features, Benefits, Input Tax Credit, GST Council

Chapter 4: Human Capital Formation in India

Human Capital Formation: Meaning, Sources, Role and Importance

Difference between Physical Capital and Human Capital

Sources of Human Capital Formation

Problems of Human Capital Formation

Role of Human Capital on Economic Growth

Difference between Human Capital and Human Development

Human Capital Formation in India: Growth of the Education Sector in India

Chapter 5: Rural Development

Rural Development: Meaning, Significance, Process and Evaluation

Rural Credit: Meaning, Purpose, Need, Sources and Critical Appraisal

Sources of Rural Credit

Agricultural Marketing: Meaning, Measures, Defects and Alternate Marketing Channels

Agricultural Diversification: Needs, Benefits and Types

Organic Farming: Meaning, Benefits, Challenges and Future Prospects of Organic Farming

Chapter 6: Employment: Growth, Informalisation and Other Issues

Employment: Meaning, Importance, Basic Terms of Employment and Participation of people in Employment

Forms of Employment: Self and Wage Employment

Distribution of Employment

Growth and Changing Structure of Employment

Informalisation of Indian Workforce

Difference between Formal Sector and Informal Sector

Unemployment: Meaning, Types, Causes, Effects and Remedial Measures

Unemployment and its Types

Chapter 7: Environment and Sustainable Development

Environment: Meaning, Functions, and Reasons for Environmental Crisis

Environmental Degradation in India

Causes and Impact of Environmental Degradation

What are the measures to control Environmental Degradation ?

Sustainable Development: Meaning, Objectives and Strategies

Chapter 8: Comparative Development Experiences of India and its Neighbours

Great Leap Forward (GLF) | Meaning, Components and Effects

Comparative Study between India, China, and Pakistan

Appraisal of Development Strategies of India, China, and Pakistan

Tutorial Overview

Our study material for CBSE Class 12 Indian Economic Development is designed to help you achieve top scores with a deep understanding of India's economic journey. We cover topics like pre and post-independence, development challenges, and the impact of economic reforms.Our study material is available online for free to all students. We have used unique approaches to teach difficult concepts easily. We provide practical application skills through previous year's question papers and sample papers. With our study material, you can approach your exams with confidence, clarity, and accuracy. The study material is a roadmap to mastering CBSE class 12 Indian Economic Development subject and understanding the exam pattern to get top scores.

What We Offer?

GeeksforGeeks' study material for CBSE Class 12 Indian Economic Development covers key concepts like the Indian economy before independence, economic reforms, poverty, economic planning, liberalization, privatization, globalization, poverty alleviation, and rural development. It is regularly updated and designed to ensure thorough revision of key concepts, helping students approach exams with confidence.

Key Highlights of this NCERT Class 12 Indian Economic Development:

• Aligned with the latest NCERT (2024-25) curriculum.
• Explores all fundamental concepts of Indian economic development.
• Includes previous year's questions and sample papers for exam preparedness.
• Enhanced with clear explanations, concise notes, and informative graphics.
• Upon completion, you'll conquer the entire Class 12 Indian Economic Development syllabus with confidence.

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Finally, a guide that makes Indian Economic Development make sense! GeeksforGeeks explains things in a way I can actually understand.

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Best study resource for Class 12 Indian Economic Development, hands down! GeeksforGeeks makes the subject interesting and engaging.

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This guide is perfect for anyone aiming for top marks in Class 12 Indian Economic Development. It covers everything you need to know in a clear, organized way.

How many chapters are in Indian Economic Development Class 12?

The CBSE Class 12 Indian Economic Development syllabus consists of 10 chapters.

What is Indian Economic Development class 12?

Indian Economic Development for Class 12 is a CBSE Economics syllabus subject that explores India's economic growth and development.

What topics are covered in the Class 12 Indian Economic Development study material?

The study material covers a wide range of topics including the Indian economy on the eve of independence, economic reforms, poverty, rural development, employment growth, infrastructure, environment, sustainable development, and comparative development experiences of India and its neighbors.

How does the study material help students prepare for exams?

The study material provides a comprehensive understanding of key economic concepts, practical application skills through question papers and sample papers, and adherence to the latest NCERT guidelines, ensuring thorough preparation for Class 12 exams.

What are the best study materials for CBSE class 12 Indian Economic Development?

GeeksForGeeks provides the best study material for CBSE class 12 Indian Economic Development. The study material provides easy explanations to learn the concepts and then test your learning by solving sample questions.

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StudyTution

Cbse notes and sample papers, poverty class 12 economics notes | studytution.

April 1, 2020 Mehak Economics 1

Poverty refers to a state in which an individual is unable to fulfill even the basic necessities of life. Poverty in India has been studied from two points: urban and rural.

• In urban areas, poor people include push cart vendors, street cobblers, rag pickers, beggars etc… #they possess few assets.

# They reside in kutcha hutments with walls made of baked mud and roofs made of grass, thatch, bamboo and wood.

# The poorest of them do not even have such dwellings.

# The urban poor are largely the overflow of the rural poor who had migrated to urban was in search of alternative employment and livelihood.

• In Rural Areas, poor people include landless agriculture laborers, cultivators with very small landholdings, landless engaged in a variety of non-agriculture jobs or tenant cultivators with small land holding.

# may of the rural people are landless. Even waste land.

# Many rural people do not get to have even two meals a clay.

COMMON CHARACTERISTICS OF POOR PEOPLE

1. Hunger, starvation and malnutrition: starvation and hunger are the basic problems of the poorest households. Malnutrition is alarmingly high among the poor.

2. Poor health: they are generally physically week due to ill health, disability or serious illness. Their children are less likely to survive or be born healthy.

3. Limited economic opportunity: they have very limited economic opportunity due to lack of literacy and skills. So, they face unstable employment. They are not able to negotiate their legal wages from employers and are exploited.

4. Dept trap: they borrow from money lenders, who charge high rates of interest that push them into chronic indebtedness.

5. Lack of facilities of electricity and water: most poor household do not have access electricity. Their primary cocking fuel is firewood and cow dung cake. A large section of poor people do not even have access to safe drinking water.

6. Gender inequality: gender inequality prevails within the family in regards to participation of gainful employment, education and in decisionmaking

RELATIVE AND ABSOLUTE POVERTY

Relative poverty refers to poverty of people, in comparison to other people, regions or nation.

Absolute poverty refers to the total number people living below poverty time according to absolute measure; around 22% of India’s population is below poverty India.

POVERTY LINE

Poverty line is a cut-off point an the line of distribution, which usually divides the population of the country as poor and non-poor.Line is used to measure the extent of poverty in a country .

# People having income below the poverty line are called “poor”

# People with income above poverty line are called “non-poor”.

In India, ” monthly per capita expenditure or MPCE” method is used to determine the poverty line.

According to this method, monetary value (per capita expenditure) of the minimum calorie intake is calculated.

Minimum calorie intake: the planning commission has defined poverty line on the basis of recommended nutritional requirement of 2400 calories per person per day for rural area and 2100 calories per person per day in urban areas. Higher calories intake has been fixed for rural areas because the rural worker has to do greater physical work as compared to the urban worker.

Poverty LINE PRE INDEPENDENCE

In the Pre-independent India, Dadabhai Naoroji was the first person to discuss the concept of Poverty Line.

He used the Jail Cost of Living’ to calculate the poverty line.

He used the menu for a prisoner and used appropriate prevailing prices, to arrive at the cost of consumption of an adult prisoner.

He termed this consumption cost as ‘jail cost of living’.

As only adults stay in jail, he divided the population into two parts: o

He assumed that one-third of total population consist of children. One-half of them (i.e. 1/2 of 1/3 1/6) consumed very little, while the other half (i.e. 1/2 of 1/3 = 1/6) Consumed half of the adult diet. consume full diet.

In Post-independent India , there have been several attempts to identify the number of poor in the country.

In 1962, the Planning Commission formed a Study Group.

In 1979, Task Force on Projections of Minimum Needs and Effective Consumption Demand was formed.In 1989, an ‘Expert Group’ was constituted for the same purpose.

Besides these bodies, many individual economists have also attempted to develop such a mechanism.

CATEGORIES OF POOR

Chronic poor: in includes people who are always poor and those who are usually poor.

Transient poor : transient poor may be classified as churning poor (who regularly move in and out of poverty, like small farmer) and occasionally poor (who are rich most of the time and poor sometimes).

Non-poor: they are never poor.

THE NUMBER OF POOR IN INDIA

When the number of poor is estimated as the proportion of people below the poverty line, it is known as ‘head count ratio’.

• The official data on poverty is made available to the public by the planning commission.

• It is estimate on the basis of consumption expenditure data collected by the national sample survey organization (LASSO).

NUMBER AND PROPORTION OF PEOPLE BELOW POVERTY LINE

• Number of people below poverty line: in 1973-74, 320 million were below the poverty line. In 2011-12, this number came down to 270 million. • Proportion of people below poverty Iine:in terms of proportion, in 1973-74, 55% of the total population was below the poverty line and more than 80% poor lived in villages. In 2011-12, it has fallen to 22% still 75% poor live in villages.

BRITISH RULE: Adverse effect on living standard of Indians.

1. British government systematically destroyed Indian industries. The primary motive behind the deindustrialization was two-fold:

(a) To get raw materials (like cotton, jute, etc) from India at cheap rates to be used by upcoming modern industries in Britain.

(b) To sell finished products (like cotton cloth) of British industries In Indian market at higher prices.

2. more than 70% of Indians were engaged in agriculture throughout the British raj period. British policies raised rural taxes , which enable merchants and money leaders to become large land owners.

3. Under the British rule, Indian began to export food grains . it was responsible for frequent famines and as many as 26 million people died in famines between 1875 and 1900.

Agriculture: still the principle means livelihood

In Indian , agriculture is still the principle means of livelihood and land is the primary asset of rural people.

• low success rate of land ceiling : since independence . the government has opted to redistribute land through land ceiling land ceiling refers to fixing the specified limit of land , which could be owned by an individual . beyond the specified limit of land , which could be owned by an individual . beyond the specified limit , all land belonging to a particular person would be taken over by the government and will be allotted to the landless cultivators and small farmers however , this move was successful only to a limited extent because :

# large sections of agricultural workers were not able to farm the small holdings due to lack of money or skills; and #land holdings were to small to be viable. farmers

• majority of small and marginal farmers

• A large section of the rural small farmers: # the land that they have is generally less fertile and dependent in rains. # their survival depends on subsistence agriculture is self-sufficient farming farmers focus on growing enough food to feed themselves and their families .

• Fragmentation of land holdings: with the rapid growth of population and without alternative sources of employment , the per-head availability of land for cultivation has steadily declined.

#it has led to fragmentation of land holdings .

# the income from these small land holdings is not sufficient to meet the family’s basic requirements. It has led to distress among the farmers.

CAUSES OF POVERTY

1. Population explosion: rapid growth of population, particularly among the poor ,is responsible for problem of poverty in the country .

2. Low level of economic development : the Indian economy is highly underdeveloped due to relative backwardness of agriculture and industrial sectors. Due to widespread bottlenecks in infrastructural facilities .

3. Poor state of agriculture : agriculture in India has continued to be backward due to use of primitive methods of production and fragmented small land holdings. As a result , labor and land productivity continue to be low In India

4. High illiteracy rate : the weaker sections of society of society have to take up low paid jobs due to lack of knowledge . the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes are not able to participate in the emerging employment opportunities .

5. High level of unemployment: the urban poor in India are largely the overflow of the rural poor who migrate to urban areas In search of employment and a livelihood.

# Industrialization has not been able to absorb all these people.

# Most of the urban poor are either unemployment or temporarily employed as casual laborers.

# Such casual laborers are among the most vulnerable in society as they have limited skills, with no job security, no assets and no surplus to sustain them. So, poverty is closely related to nature of employment.

6. High level of indebtedness :unemployment or under employment and the casual nature of works compels people to borrow money, that too at higher interest rates.

7. Inequality of income: the unequal distribution of income and assert has also led to the persistence of poverty in India.

GOVERNMENT APPROACH TO REMOVE POVERTY

In all the five year plans and policies , the maximum emphasis has been given on poverty alleviation and government has stressed the need for various strategies for the same.

1. Growth -oriented approach: this approach was initiated from the first five year plan1951-56. This approach is based on an expectation that affect of economic growth (rapid increase in GDP and per capita income) would spread to all sections of the society and will trickle down to the poor sections also.

(i) Population growth resulted in a very low growth in per capita incomes .

(ii) Green revoluation intensified the disparities regionally and between large and small farmers.

(iii) There was unwillingness and inability to redistribute land. (iv) The benefits of economic growth did not trickle crown to the poor.

2. Poverty alleviation programmes: this second approach has been initiated from the third five year plan and progressively enlarged since then. The government has introduced a variety of programmes for reduction of poverty

3. Minimum needs programme: this approach has been initiated from the fifth five year plan. It aims to provide minimum basic amenities to the people .

• India was among the pioneers in the world to visualize that people’s living standard could be improve through public expenditure on social consumption needs (food grains at subsidies rates, education , health , water supply and sanitation). • Programs under this are expected to supplement the consumption of the poor . create employment opportunities and bring improvements in health and education .

• Three major programmes that aim at improving the food and nutritional status of the poor are :

• Public distribution system
•  Integrated child development scheme
• Midday meal scheme.

SELF – EMPLOYMENT PROGRAMMES

1. Rural employment generation programme (REGP): This programme was started by the government to create self- employment opportunities in the rural areas and small towns.

• It was employed by khadi and village industries commission.

• Under this programme , one could get financial assistance in the from of bank loans to set up small industries .

2. Prime minister’s rozgar yojana (PMRY) : under this programme , the educated unemployed from low income families in rural and urban areas were given financial help to set up small industries.

• PMRY attempted to generate employment by setting up 7 lakh microenterprises during the English plan (1992-97). • By 2003-04, 3 million people get employment under this scheme .

3. Swarna jayanti shahri rozgra yojana (SJSRY) : SJSRY mainly aims at creating employment opportunities for both self-employment and wage employment in urban areas.

• This programme seeks to provide gainful employment through encouraging the setting up self-employment ventures or provision of wage employment.

• This programme seeks to provide gainful employment through encouraging the setting up self-employment ventures or provision of wage employment.
•  It is a centrally sponsored scheme, which is funded on 75:25 bases, between the centre and the states.
• Earlier, financial assistance was given to families or individuals under under the self-employment programmes.
• However , the government changed this approach since the 1990s through the programe ” swaranjyanti gram swarozgar yojana”.

4. Swaranjayanti gram swarozgar yojana (SGSY): SGSY aims at promoting microenter prises and to bring the assisted poor families (swarozgaris) above the poverty line, by organizing them into self-help groups (SHGs).

• People who wish to benefit from this scheme, are encouraged to from self-help groups(SHG)
• initially they are encourage to save some money and lend among themselves as small loans.
• Later, through banks, the government provides partial financial assistance to SHG’s , which then decide , whom the loan is to be given, for selfemployment activities .

WAGE EMPLOYMENT PROGRAMMES

1. sampoorna grameen rozgar yojana (SGRY): the scheme aims to provide additional and supplementary wage employment by undertaking labour intensive work, thereby providing food security and increasing levels.

• Wages were paid as a combination of food grains and cash.
•  The scheme of SGRY is open to all rural poor who need wage employment and desire to do manual and unskilled work in and around their village or habitat.

2. National food for work programme (NFFWP) : this programme was lounched in 2004 with the objective of intensifying the generation of supplymentary wage employment .

• NFFWP was initially implemented in 150 most backward districts of the country , to provide additional resources apart from the resources available under SGRY.

• The programme was implemented as a100% centrally sponsored scheme.

• This programme was incorporated in Mahatma Gandhi national rural employment guarantee act (MANREGA) in 2005. •

MANREGA aims at enhancing the livelihood security of people in rural areas by guaranteeing 100 days of wage —employment in a financial year to a rural household whose adult members’ voluntree to do unskilled manual work.

CRITICAL EVALUATION OF POVERTY ALLEVIATION PROGRAMMES

1. Lack of resources: as compared to the magnitude of poverty, the amount of resources allocated or these programmes is not sufficient.

2. Unequal distribution of assets: due to unequal distribution of land and other assets, the benefits from poverty alleviation programmes have been appropriated by the non —poor.

3. Improper implementation :these programmes depend mainly on government and bank officials for their implementation. However,corruption, lack of training, pressure from local leaders and non-participation of local level institution resulted in improper implementation of the programme.

4. Lack of infrastructure: there was lack of infrastructural facilities, such as schools, road power, telecom, it services, training institutions, etc. in the poverty stricken areas.

5. Lack of active participation of poor people: high growth rate alone is insufficient to reduce poverty. In fact there is a need for active participation of the poor for effective implementation of poverty alleviation programmes. Poverty can effectively be eradicated only when the poor start contributing to growth by their active involvement in the growth process. This is possible though a process of social mobilization, encouraging poor people to participates and get them empowered.

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Poverty in India Essay for Students and Childern

Poverty in India Essay: Poverty is when you lack basic necessities like food, shelter, and clothing. Check Poverty in India Essay in 800, 500 and 250 words

October 10, 2023

Table of Contents

Poverty in India Essay: Poverty means not having enough money to afford basic things like a home, healthcare, and education. It’s a tough situation where people struggle to meet their basic needs because they lack money. This essay explains what poverty is, why it happens, and what is being done to fight it in India. It’s helpful for students who want to write good essays and do well in exams.

Poverty in India Essay 800 Words

Below we are covering Poverty in India Essay in 800 Words.

Poverty is the condition where a person lacks enough money to meet their basic needs, such as food and shelter. In India, poverty is becoming more widespread, particularly in urban areas due to the increasing population. Many people live on the brink of poverty, especially in rural regions, where there are numerous uneducated and unemployed individuals.

People in poverty struggle to afford proper food and often have no homes, forcing them to sleep on streets or sidewalks. This situation leads to a growing demand for food, money, and shelter, but unfortunately, poverty continues to increase due to the scarcity of these resources. This wealth gap between the rich and the poor widens, making it challenging to reduce poverty. The consequences of poverty are numerous and include inadequate housing, illiteracy, a rise in child labor and unemployment, and poor hygiene.

Because of these challenges, impoverished individuals cannot afford nutritious meals, decent clothing, or a quality education simply because they lack the necessary funds.

Understanding Poverty in India

Poverty in India is a complex issue with various dimensions. It is not merely about inadequate income but encompasses a lack of access to basic necessities such as food, clean water, education, healthcare, and sanitation. The Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) developed by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) highlights the multi-dimensional nature of poverty in India.

Causes of Poverty

India’s population growth, while considered a demographic dividend in certain aspects, has placed substantial pressure on the country’s resources and infrastructure, creating formidable challenges in ensuring adequate provisions for all its citizens. Economic inequality exacerbates the issue, with a considerable portion of the population enjoying substantial economic prosperity while a significant majority grapples with financial instability.

Moreover, the prevalence of unemployment and underemployment, particularly in the informal sector, exacerbates poverty levels by limiting income-earning opportunities for a substantial portion of the population. Additionally, the scarcity of accessible quality education further perpetuates the cycle of poverty, as it constrains individuals’ capacity to secure well-paying jobs and break free from the clutches of economic hardship.

Inadequate healthcare infrastructure and a lack of affordable healthcare services compound these issues, contributing to the persistence of poverty, as health-related problems often result in both reduced income and heightened expenses. Furthermore, the pronounced disparities between rural and urban areas, encompassing disparities in infrastructure, educational access, and employment prospects, significantly contribute to the prevalence of poverty in rural regions, deepening the rural-urban divide and amplifying socioeconomic disparities across the nation.

The Problems Poverty Creates

Malnutrition is a pressing concern intricately linked with poverty in India. This dire situation often results in inadequate nutrition, thereby precipitating issues like stunted growth and developmental impediments, with children being especially vulnerable to its detrimental effects.

Furthermore, the adverse impact of poverty is acutely felt in the realm of education, where limited access to quality learning opportunities becomes a pervasive impediment. This restriction not only hampers personal growth but also undermines the potential for professional advancement, perpetuating the cycle of poverty for many individuals.

Moreover, the challenges posed by subpar healthcare infrastructure and unsatisfactory sanitation conditions disproportionately afflict impoverished communities. This unfortunate reality translates into elevated morbidity and mortality rates, compounding the already dire circumstances of those living in poverty.

Additionally, poverty acts as a catalyst for social inequality, further accentuating the divide between the privileged and the marginalized. This growing chasm between the haves and the have-nots not only fosters disparities in wealth and access but also engenders social unrest and instability, posing a formidable challenge to societal harmony.

Furthermore, poverty in India has a regrettably enduring quality, often taking on the form of generational poverty. This means that the limited access to opportunities for improvement faced by one generation frequently extends its grip to the next, creating a cycle of impoverishment that is difficult to break, unless comprehensive measures are undertaken to address its underlying causes.

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Solutions to Remove Poverty

Investment in education and skill development initiatives holds the potential to empower individuals, equipping them with the knowledge and capabilities needed to access improved employment prospects and elevate their socioeconomic status.

Moreover, the government’s commitment to job creation, particularly in rural regions, through targeted initiatives can play a pivotal role in mitigating the pervasive challenges of unemployment and underemployment, offering hope to those seeking livelihood opportunities.

Furthermore, the expansion of social safety net programs, encompassing essential provisions such as food subsidies, healthcare access, and unemployment benefits, can serve as a critical safety cushion for marginalized and economically vulnerable populations, ameliorating their struggles and enhancing their overall well-being.

In addition, fostering rural development via dedicated efforts geared toward enhancing infrastructure, which includes the provision of clean water and sanitation facilities, can bridge the rural-urban gap by improving living conditions and boosting economic opportunities in traditionally underserved areas.

Similarly, instituting policies that prioritize progressive taxation and advocate for equitable wealth distribution is essential in addressing the issue of economic inequality, effectively reducing the wealth gap and promoting a fairer, more just society.

Lastly, the promotion of women’s empowerment, through the facilitation of educational and employment opportunities, stands as a potent strategy to combat poverty. This approach not only enhances women’s personal and financial autonomy but also contributes significantly to overall poverty reduction efforts.

Poverty in India is a big problem that has been around for a long time, and it causes many problems. To solve it, we need to use different ways and ideas. India has made progress, but we need to keep working hard, have good leadership, and make fair rules to help many people escape poverty and make society fairer. It’s not just the right thing to do; it’s also essential for India’s future growth and peace.

Poverty in India Essay 500 Words

Below we are covering Poverty in India Essay in 500 Words.

Poverty remains a daunting challenge in India, despite its remarkable economic growth. This essay explores the causes, consequences, and potential solutions to poverty in India essay in 500 words.

Causes of Poverty 

Several factors contribute to the persistence of poverty in India. Population growth, often considered a demographic dividend, exerts immense pressure on resources and infrastructure. Economic inequality widens the gap between the rich and poor, while unemployment and underemployment limit income opportunities. Inadequate access to quality education restricts job prospects, especially in rural areas. Additionally, the lack of affordable healthcare services amplifies the financial burden on impoverished individuals. Rural-urban disparities in infrastructure and opportunities further deepen the problem.

Consequences of Poverty 

Poverty in India manifests in various detrimental ways. Malnutrition is a pressing concern, particularly affecting children, leading to stunted growth and developmental challenges. Limited access to quality education hampers personal growth and economic mobility. Subpar healthcare infrastructure and sanitation conditions result in higher morbidity and mortality rates among impoverished communities. Social inequality widens, fostering disparities in wealth and access while fueling social unrest. The intergenerational nature of poverty perpetuates its grip, making it challenging to break free from its cycle.

Solutions to Remove Poverty 

Addressing poverty in India requires a multifaceted approach. Investment in education and skill development initiatives can empower individuals, enabling them to access better job opportunities and improve their socioeconomic status. The government’s commitment to job creation, particularly in rural areas, is vital for alleviating unemployment and underemployment.

Expanding social safety net programs, including food subsidies, healthcare access, and unemployment benefits, serves as a critical safety cushion for marginalized populations. Rural development efforts, including infrastructure improvements, can bridge the rural-urban gap and enhance economic opportunities in underserved areas.

Implementing policies that promote progressive taxation and equitable wealth distribution can reduce economic inequality and foster a fairer society. Additionally, empowering women through education and employment contributes significantly to poverty reduction efforts.

Conclusion 

Poverty in India remains a persistent challenge, but it is not insurmountable. Addressing poverty requires a concerted effort, including investment in education, job creation, social safety nets, rural development, and equitable policies. By tackling poverty comprehensively, India can work toward a fairer and more prosperous future for all its citizens.

Poverty in India Essay 250 Words

Below we are covering Poverty in India Essay in 250 Words.

Poverty is an enduring issue in India, coexisting alongside its economic growth. It signifies the inability to access basic necessities due to financial constraints. This Poverty in India Essay in 250 word covering poverty causes, consequences, and solutions.

Population Growth: Rapid population growth strains resources, making it hard to provide for all.

Economic Inequality: Uneven wealth distribution widens the gap between rich and poor.

Unemployment: High unemployment and underemployment rates limit income opportunities.

Education Gap: Limited access to quality education restricts job prospects, particularly in rural areas.

Healthcare Access: Lack of affordable healthcare leads to reduced income and increased expenses.

R ural-Urban Disparities: Disparities in infrastructure, education, and jobs deepen poverty.

Consequences

Malnutrition: Particularly among children, leading to stunted growth and developmental challenges.

Limited Education: Restricts personal growth and economic mobility.

Health Issues: Subpar healthcare and sanitation lead to higher morbidity and mortality.

Social Inequality: Amplifies wealth and access disparities, potentially leading to social unrest.

Education and Skills: Invest in education and vocational training to enhance employability.

Job Creation: Government-led job initiatives, especially in rural areas, can reduce unemployment.

Social Safety Nets: Expand food subsidies and healthcare access for marginalized populations.

Rural Development: Bridge the rural-urban gap through development and infrastructure investments.

Equitable Policies: Implement progressive taxation and wealth distribution policies.

Women’s Empowerment: Promote women’s education and employment for poverty reduction.

Poverty persists in India despite economic growth. Its causes include population growth, economic inequality, unemployment, limited education, healthcare access, and rural-urban disparities. Consequences range from malnutrition to social inequality. Poverty need not be a permanent feature of India’s landscape, and determined efforts can lead to a brighter and more inclusive future.

Poverty in India Essay FAQs

Poverty in India refers to a condition where individuals lack the financial means to meet basic necessities like food, shelter, education, and healthcare.

Urban poverty in India is increasing due to the rising population in cities, which strains resources and job opportunities, leading to more people living on the brink of poverty.

Consequences of poverty in India include inadequate housing, illiteracy, child labor, unemployment, poor hygiene, malnutrition, and a widening wealth gap.

The MPI, developed by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), measures poverty in India by considering various dimensions, including income, access to food, clean water, education, healthcare, and sanitation.

Causes of poverty in India include population growth, economic inequality, unemployment, limited access to quality education, inadequate healthcare infrastructure, and rural-urban disparities.

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Poverty in India: NBSE Class 12 Economics chapter 4 notes

Here, you will find summaries, questions, answers, textbook solutions, pdf, extras etc., of (Nagaland Board) NBSE Class 12 (Arts/Commerce) Economics Part II Chapter 4: Poverty in India. These solutions, however, should be only treated as references and can be modified/changed.

Introduction

A. very short-answer questions, b. short-answer questions-i, c. short-answer questions-ii, d. long-answer questions-i, e. long-answer questions-ii, additional/extra questions and answers, additional/extra mcqs.

Poverty, a state of deprivation that leaves individuals struggling to meet basic needs, continues to be a significant challenge in India despite the country’s impressive GDP growth. The poor in India are often vendors, cobblers, rickshaw pullers, construction site laborers, and beggars in urban areas. In rural regions, they are typically agricultural labor households with no or very small land holdings, village artisans, and casual workers.

Poverty is measured in both absolute and relative terms. Absolute poverty refers to the inability to fulfill minimum requirements of life, including food, clothing, housing, education, and health facilities. Relative poverty, on the other hand, involves comparisons across different regions, areas, or classes, and is often interpreted in terms of income inequality within an economy.

The causes of poverty in India are multifaceted. A rapidly increasing population, high unemployment rates, and a predominantly agricultural economy with a significant portion of the population dependent on it are some of the major factors. Other causes include insufficient industrialization, under-utilization of natural resources, unequal distribution of income, corruption, and a lack of technical education.

To combat poverty, the Indian government has initiated several Poverty Alleviation Programmes (PAPs). These include the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) for providing all-weather connectivity in rural areas, and the Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY) for providing additional wage employment in rural areas. However, these programs have been criticized for focusing more on income generation than on increasing social inputs such as family welfare, nutrition, and social security. They have also been criticized for neglecting the most disadvantaged groups and not adequately addressing factors like the price of food, supply, and time of distribution, which are crucial in increasing the consumption of the poor.

Textual questions and answers

1. Define poverty.

Answer: Poverty is the state of having to live with little or no food, of not having a social identity and the means to live with dignity, of living on the fringe with no security. It is about being uneducated and unemployed, of being exploited and taken advantage of, it is being at the mercy of others.

2. Who is a poor person?

Answer: The poor in India are the vendors, cobblers, rickshaw pullers, pushcart sellers, construction site workers, daily wage workers, village artisans and casual workers such as barbers, sweepers, handloom workers, basket weavers, etc. who are denied opportunities.

3. What is meant by absolute poverty?

Answer: Absolute poverty is the measure of the percentage of people living below the poverty line (BPL).

4. What do you mean by relative poverty?

Answer: Relative poverty requires a comparison in pairs. It can also be interpreted in terms of the inequality of income within an economy.

5. Define poverty line.

Answer: Poverty line is the criterion which divides the poor from the non-poor on the basis of minimum consumption or income required to maintain a minimum standard of living.

9. With what reference is absolute poverty measured?

Answer: Absolute poverty is measured with reference to the poverty line, which is based on minimum calorie intake norms.

10. Give one main cause of poverty in India.

Answer: India’s Industrialisation is backward. Consumer goods industries are not developed to such a large extent and have to depend on foreign countries for capital and producers’ goods. This has led to low national income and high poverty.  

1. What do you mean by poverty?

Answer: Poverty is the state of having to live with little or no food, of not having a social identity and the means to live with dignity, of living on the fringe with no security.

2. How is a poor person identified?

Answer: A poor person is identified based on whether they fall below the poverty line, which is the criterion that divides the poor from the non-poor on the basis of minimum consumption or income required to maintain a minimum standard of living.

3. What are the different types of poverty?

Answer: The two different types of poverty are absolute poverty and relative poverty. The measure of absolute poverty requires a certain limit or a demarcation, which will separate the poor from the non-poor. Relative poverty requires a comparison in pairs.

7. Mention any two causes of poverty.

Answer: Two causes of poverty are:

i. India’s Industrialisation is backward. Consumer goods industries are not developed to such a large extent and have to depend on foreign countries for capital and producers’ goods. This has led to low national income and high poverty.

ii. Corruption leads to the failure of different poverty alleviation programmes, Social welfare programmes and even does not allow economic planning to reach their actual targets. Because of corruption, poor people suffer more.

8. Give any two Poverty Alleviation Programmes undertaken in India.

Answer: Two Poverty Alleviation Programmes undertaken in India are the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) and the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY).

1. Who are the poor? Explain.

Answer: The poor in India are the vendors, cobblers, rickshaw pullers, pushcart sellers, construction site workers, daily wage workers, village artisans and casual workers such as barbers, sweepers, handloom workers, basket weavers, etc. who are denied opportunities. The agricultural labor households having no land holdings or very small holdings, marginal farmers, small land operators, and tribals whose land has been taken away also comprise the poor.

2. Explain relative poverty and absolute poverty.

Answer: Relative poverty requires a comparison in pairs to determine if one person is better off than the other in terms of income. Absolute poverty is measured by the poverty line which is the criterion that divides the poor from the non-poor based on minimum consumption or income required to maintain a minimum standard of living. The percentage of people living below the poverty line indicates absolute poverty.

5. What initiative has the government undertaken to overcome poverty? 

Answer: The government has initiated various poverty alleviation programs like the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana, National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, Valmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojana, Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana etc. that aim to provide employment, housing, infrastructure development and income generation opportunities to the poor.

6. How can poverty eradication programmes be improved in the future?

Answer: Poverty alleviation programs can be improved by better targeting, reducing corruption, making them more relevant to local needs, backing them with suitable infrastructure, embracing a wider spectrum beyond income generation, and creating accountability in implementation. The number of overlapping programs should also be reduced.

1. Briefly describe any four categories of the poor in India. 

Answer: Four categories of the poor in India are:

(i) Agricultural labor households having no land holdings or very small holdings. They comprise nearly 6 per cent of the agricultural labor households.

(ii) The agricultural labor households having very small holdings. They comprise nearly 40 per cent of the agricultural labor households.

(iii) Marginal farmers and small land operators having holdings between 1-2 hectares.

(iv) Village artisans and casual workers such as barbers, sweepers, handloom workers, basket weavers, bidi rollers, etc. They are fast losing, if not already lost, their traditional employments.

2. How can poverty be measured?

Answer: Poverty can be measured in both absolute and relative terms. Absolute poverty is measured by the poverty line which divides the poor from non-poor based on minimum consumption or income required to maintain a minimum standard of living. The proportion of people below the poverty line, known as the Head Count Ratio, reflects the percentage of poor population. Poverty Gap measures the extent of poverty by calculating the difference between the poverty line and actual consumption of the poor. Relative poverty requires comparison between people to determine who is better off in terms of income or other criteria. Indices like the Sen Index and Poverty Gap Index have also been developed to measure poverty.

5. What are the factors responsible for poverty?

Answer: The factors responsible for poverty are:

• Increase in Population: There is a widespread increase in the population. This huge and rapidly increasing population is a major obstacle to economic development. Increasing population is the major cause of poverty.
• Unemployment: Another cause of poverty is the problem of unemployment. In 2011-12, the number of unemployed in India was around 2.45 crore. As per International Labour Organisation (ILO), about 18.3 million people were unemployed in 2017 and the unemployment rate is expected to remain static at 3.5 per cent for the years 2018 and 201.
• Lack of proper Industrialisation: India’s Industrialisation is backward. Consumer goods industries are not developed to such a large extent and have to depend on foreign countries for capital and producers’ goods. This has led to low national income and high poverty.
• Under-Utilisation of Natural Resources: India has a rich natural resource base such as iron, coal, manganese, etc. However, all these resources have not been utilised in a proper manner or have not been utilised at their efficient level. Such under-utilisation of natural resources leads to less economic activities, which leads to poverty.
• Corruption: Corruption leads to the failure of different poverty alleviation programmes, Social welfare programmes and even does not allow economic planning to reach their actual targets. Because of corruption, poor people suffer more.
• Lack of Technical Education: Indian education system is more of general education as compared to the one which provides technical education. Indian Education System does not ensure jobs even after graduation and leads to a vicious circle of poverty.

6. How successful were the poverty allevation programmes?

Answer: It is incorrect to say that all poverty reduction programmes have failed. The growth of the middle class (which was virtually non-existent when India became a free nation in August 1947) indicates that economic prosperity has indeed been very impressive in India, but the distribution of wealth is not at all even.

The approach to poverty alleviation has been found lacking in some respects. For instance, poverty alleviation programmes have focused more on income generation than increasing social inputs such as family welfare, nutrition, social security, etc. Disabled, sick, and socially handicapped individuals and women have been neglected. These are the most disadvantaged groups.

Leakages in funds and materials are high due to misuse of funds, corruption, and inefficient implementation. Future poverty alleviation programmes (PAPs) have to embrace a wider spectrum than merely determining the number of people that have crossed the poverty line. Such a coverage will surely make a greater dent on poverty in India.

The Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) and Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY) have been successful in providing employment opportunities and improving infrastructure in rural areas. The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) has also provided job opportunities to a significant number of households.

1. Is it enough to determine the number of poor people below the poverty line? Explain.

Answer: No, it is not enough to determine just the number of poor people below the poverty line to understand and alleviate poverty. There are many limitations to just using the headcount ratio of people below the poverty line:

• It does not account for the depth of poverty i.e. how far below the poverty line the poor are. Those very close to the line suffer much less than those well below it.
• It ignores inequality among the poor. Two countries can have the same headcount ratio but different levels of inequality.
• It does not show changes in income distribution among the poor over time. A rise in incomes just above the poverty line would show as a reduction in poverty even if income disparity has risen.
• Non-income aspects of poverty like education, health, sanitation are not captured. Two families with same income but differing in access to schools and healthcare would suffer very differently.

2. How has India performed in reducing poverty since Independence?

Answer: India’s performance in reducing poverty since Independence has been modest and uneven. According to the document, the percentage of population below poverty line has come down from about 55% in 1973-74 to 21.9% in 2011-12. While this indicates that poverty has reduced significantly, the pace of decline has been slow and poverty still afflicts over 20 crore people.

The trends also reveal disparities:

• Across states – poverty rates vary widely from 8.1% in Himachal Pradesh to 33.7% in Bihar showing backwardness in parts of the country.
• Rural vs urban – In 2011-12, 25.7% rural population was below poverty line compared to only 13.7% urban, highlighting the rural-urban divide.
• Inter-generational – Poverty tends to get transmitted over generations especially for historically disadvantaged groups like SCs, STs etc.

Reasons for the modest progress include – high growth being unequally distributed, population pressure, low public spending on health and education, governance issues in implementing programs, persistence of caste and gender inequalities etc.

While some poverty alleviation schemes like MGNREGA, PDS have helped, others suffered from design flaws, corruption, leakages and inadequate funding. The pace of poverty reduction has been slower than needed to meet basic needs of the entire population.

5. Critically examine the Poverty Alleviation Programmes initiated in India.

Answer: The Poverty Alleviation Programmes (PAPs) in India have had mixed results. While it’s incorrect to say that all poverty reduction programmes have failed, as the growth of the middle class indicates some level of economic prosperity, the distribution of wealth is uneven. The approach to poverty alleviation has been found lacking in several respects:

• PAPs have focused more on income generation than increasing social inputs such as family welfare, nutrition, social security, etc.
• The most disadvantaged groups, including disabled, sick, socially handicapped individuals, and women, have been neglected.
• Factors like the price of food, supply, and time of distribution, which are crucial in increasing the consumption of the poor, have not been adequately addressed. Additional incomes alone cannot overcome poverty.
• The focus should have been on removing exploitative practices and developing resources in favour of the very poor rather than focusing on income increase.
• There have been high leakages in funds and materials due to misuse of funds, corruption, and inefficient implementation.

Future PAPs need to embrace a wider spectrum than merely determining the number of people that have crossed the poverty line. Improving the efficacy of these programmes by better targeting, reducing waste and corruption, making the programmes more relevant to local needs and priorities, and creating institutional conditions for greater accountability can help make a greater dent on poverty in India. The number of PAPs should also be reduced as most overlap one another.

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Essay on Poverty in india 100, 200, 300, 500 words

Essay on poverty in india.

Essay on Poverty in India : Poverty is one of the major challenges that India has been grappling with for many decades. Despite the significant economic growth that India has seen in recent years, a large proportion of its population continues to live in abject poverty. Poverty is not just an economic issue but a social and cultural issue which affects the lives of people in many ways. In this essay, we will examine the causes and consequences of poverty in India and some of the measures taken to remove it.

1. lack of access to basic resources

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Poverty in India is a complex issue for many reasons. One of the primary causes of poverty is lack of access to basic resources such as food, clean water, health care, and education. India is a country with a high population density, and a large proportion of its population lives in rural areas where access to these basic resources is limited. Additionally, India has a high rate of illiteracy and unemployment, which further adds to the problem of poverty.

Another important reason for poverty in India is the unequal distribution of wealth. A small fraction of the population has access to wealth and resources, while a vast majority live in poverty. This inequality is mainly due to historical and social factors that have led to the concentration of wealth and power in the hands of a few.

The consequences of poverty in India are serious and far-reaching. Poverty leads to malnutrition, disease and premature death, especially among children. It also results in lack of access to education, which perpetuates the cycle of poverty. Poverty also leads to social exclusion and discrimination, which further marginalises vulnerable communities.

To overcome the issue of poverty in India, the government has implemented several measures. One of the most important measures is the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MNREGA), which guarantees 100 days of employment to rural households. The government has also implemented various poverty alleviation programs such as the National Rural Livelihoods Mission (NRLM), Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) and Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY).

However, despite these measures, poverty remains a significant challenge in India. More investment is needed in basic resources such as education, health care and infrastructure. The government needs to address the issue of income inequality by implementing policies that promote equitable distribution of resources. Additionally, greater awareness and social action is needed to address the cultural and social factors that perpetuate poverty.

Conclusion : poverty in India is a complex and multidimensional issue that requires concerted efforts from all stakeholders. While the government has taken several measures to address poverty, more investment is needed in basic resources and policies that promote equitable distribution of wealth. Additionally, greater awareness and social action is needed to address the cultural and social factors that perpetuate poverty. Only through a concerted effort can India tackle the issue of poverty and achieve a more equitable and just society.

Definitely! Poverty in India is a vast and multidimensional problem affecting various aspects of people’s lives. Here are some additional facts and information on poverty in India:

1.Poverty rate: According to the World Bank, more than 134 million people in India live below the poverty line, which is defined as living on less than $1.90 per day. The poverty rate in India has decreased over the years, but it remains a significant challenge, especially in rural areas.

2. Rural-urban divide: Poverty in India is concentrated in rural areas, where access to basic resources is limited. According to a report by the National Sample Survey Office, rural poverty in India is twice that of urban poverty.

3. Education and Poverty: Education is an important factor in reducing poverty, as it helps individuals acquire the necessary skills and knowledge to secure better jobs and improve their standard of living. However, India has a high rate of illiteracy, which perpetuates the cycle of poverty.

4. Health and poverty: Poverty in India is associated with poor health outcomes, especially among children. Malnutrition is a widespread problem, with 34% of children under the age of five being underweight. Lack of access to clean water and sanitation also leads to the spread of diseases such as diarrhoea, cholera and typhoid.

5. Women and poverty: Women are more likely to live in poverty than men in India, mainly due to cultural and social factors that limit their access to education, health care and employment opportunities.

6. Social Safety Net: The Government of India has implemented various social safety net programs to address poverty, such as the Public Distribution System (PDS), which provides subsidized food grains to low-income households.

However, these programs have been criticized for their inefficiency and corruption.

7. Sustainable Development Goals: India is committed to achieving the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which aim to eradicate poverty, reduce inequality and promote sustainable development. To achieve these goals, the government has implemented various initiatives such as the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, which aims to provide access to clean water and sanitation.

In short, poverty in India is a vast and complex issue that requires a multi-pronged approach to address it. While progress has been made, more needs to be done to achieve a more equitable and just society

Alleviating poverty in India requires a concerted effort by various stakeholders including the government, civil society organisations, the private sector and individuals. Here are some measures that can help reduce poverty in India:

1.Investment in basic resources: Investment in basic resources such as education, health care, water and sanitation is necessary to reduce poverty. Ensuring that all citizens have access to these resources will help break the cycle of poverty.

2. Promotion of employment opportunities: Creating employment opportunities especially in rural areas will help in reducing poverty. The government can implement policies that promote the growth of small and medium-sized enterprises, which are the primary sources of employment in India.

3. Promoting Entrepreneurship: Encouraging entrepreneurship can help reduce poverty by creating more employment opportunities and promoting economic growth. The government can provide support to entrepreneurs through funding, training and other resources.

4. Promoting gender equality: Promoting gender equality will help reduce poverty, as women are more likely to live in poverty than men. The government can implement policies that promote women’s education, employment and participation in decision making.

5. Strengthening social safety net: The government may strengthen social safety net programs such as the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) and the Public Distribution System (PDS) to ensure that benefits reach the intended beneficiaries.

6. Strengthening Governance: Corruption and inefficiency in governance are major barriers to poverty reduction. Government can strengthen governance by implementing policies that promote transparency, accountability and the rule of law.

7. Promote sustainable development: Promoting sustainable development can help reduce poverty in the long run. The government can implement policies that promote sustainable agriculture, renewable energy and environmental protection.

In conclusion, reducing poverty in India requires a multi-pronged approach involving various stakeholders. Ensuring access to basic resources, promoting employment and entrepreneurship, promoting gender equality, strengthening social safety nets, strengthening governance and promoting sustainable development are some of the measures that can do help reduce poverty in India.

Poverty in India is a widespread issue that affects a significant portion of the population. Despite economic growth in recent years, a large proportion of the population still lives in poverty, with inadequate access to basic necessities such as food, shelter and health care. Poverty in India is a complex problem caused by various factors such as caste discrimination, lack of education, unemployment and inadequate infrastructure.

Caste discrimination is one of the major causes of poverty in India. The caste system has existed in India for centuries and is deeply rooted in the social fabric of the country. People from lower castes are often discriminated against and denied access to basic resources and opportunities. This often leads to a cycle of poverty that is difficult to break.

Lack of education is another factor that contributes to poverty in India. Without access to education, people are unable to acquire the skills necessary to secure well-paying jobs. This keeps them stuck in low paying jobs with little hope of upward mobility. Apart from this, lack of education also leads to lack of awareness about basic health and hygiene practices, which leads to more diseases.

Unemployment is also an important contributor to poverty in India. Despite the government’s efforts to create jobs, the unemployment rate remains high, especially among the youth. This leads to a reduction in income, making it difficult for people to afford basic needs such as food, shelter and health care.

Inadequate infrastructure is another factor that increases poverty in India. Poor road network, inadequate health facilities and lack of access to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities are some of the basic infrastructure problems that affect people living in poverty. These problems make it difficult for people to access basic necessities and increase their vulnerability to diseases and other health problems.

Poverty in India is a complex problem that requires a multidimensional solution. Addressing issues such as caste discrimination, lack of education, unemployment and inadequate infrastructure can go a long way in reducing poverty in India. Additionally, the government needs to focus on creating more jobs and providing a better social safety net for those living in poverty. Only by adopting a comprehensive approach to reducing poverty can India hope to lift its citizens out of poverty and move towards a better future and their vulnerability to diseases and other health problems.

In conclusion, poverty in India is a complex problem that requires a multi-pronged solution. Addressing issues such as caste discrimination, lack of education, unemployment and inadequate infrastructure can go a long way in reducing poverty in India. The government needs to focus on creating more jobs and providing a better social safety net for those living in poverty. Only by adopting a comprehensive approach to poverty reduction can India hope to lift its citizens out of poverty and move towards a better future.

Essay on Poverty in India 300 words

Introduction:

Poverty is a multifaceted issue that has plagued India for centuries. Despite remarkable economic growth and development in recent decades, a significant portion of India’s population continues to grapple with poverty. This essay aims to shed light on the persistent problem of poverty in India, its causes, consequences, and potential solutions.

• Income Inequality: Income inequality is a major driver of poverty in India. The rich-poor divide is stark, with a small elite accumulating enormous wealth while a large section of the population struggles to make ends meet.
• Unemployment: High levels of unemployment, particularly in rural areas, contribute to poverty. Lack of access to quality education and skills training perpetuates this problem.
• Agricultural Dependence: A significant portion of the Indian population relies on agriculture for their livelihoods. Fluctuating crop yields, inadequate infrastructure, and lack of modern farming techniques make agriculture a precarious source of income.
• Social Factors: Caste-based discrimination and social exclusion continue to marginalize certain groups, making it difficult for them to escape the cycle of poverty.
• Healthcare: Poverty leads to inadequate access to healthcare, resulting in higher mortality rates and increased susceptibility to diseases.
• Education: Impoverished families often cannot afford education for their children, perpetuating a cycle of illiteracy and limited opportunities.
• Malnutrition: Poverty contributes to malnutrition, affecting physical and cognitive development, particularly in children.
• Crime and Social Unrest: High levels of poverty can foster crime and social unrest, as individuals may resort to illegal means for survival.
• Education and Skill Development: Investing in quality education and skill development programs can empower individuals to break free from the cycle of poverty.
• Rural Development: Improving infrastructure, agricultural techniques, and providing alternative livelihood options in rural areas can alleviate poverty.
• Social Welfare Programs: Expanding and improving social welfare programs, such as food subsidies, healthcare access, and direct cash transfers, can provide immediate relief to those in need.
• Reducing Income Inequality: Implementing progressive taxation and wealth redistribution policies can help bridge the income gap.
• Addressing Social Discrimination: Stricter enforcement of anti-discrimination laws and promoting social inclusion can reduce the impact of caste-based discrimination.

Conclusion:

Poverty remains a formidable challenge in India, affecting millions of people across the country. To eradicate poverty, it is essential to address its root causes, including income inequality, lack of education, and unemployment. A multi-pronged approach that combines economic development with social welfare programs and efforts to reduce discrimination is crucial to uplift the impoverished sections of society. Only through sustained efforts can India hope to overcome the scourge of poverty and provide a better future for all its citizens.

India, a country known for its rich cultural heritage and economic potential, also grapples with a severe and persistent issue – poverty. With a population of over 1.3 billion, India is home to one-third of the world’s poor. Poverty in India is a complex problem that has deep-rooted causes and far-reaching consequences.

One of the primary causes of poverty in India is the vast income inequality. While India has witnessed significant economic growth over the past few decades, this growth has not been inclusive. A small section of the population has reaped the benefits of economic progress, leaving a large majority of people behind. This inequality is exacerbated by factors such as lack of access to education, healthcare and job opportunities, especially in rural areas.

Furthermore, India’s high population density and limited resources make poverty a persistent challenge. The lack of basic infrastructure, inadequate sanitation facilities and unreliable access to clean drinking water further perpetuate poverty cycles.

Poverty in India has multifaceted consequences, affecting not only the economic well-being of individuals but also their health, education and overall quality of life. It also hinders the country’s overall development and social progress.

Addressing poverty in India requires a comprehensive approach that includes equitable economic policies, improved access to education and healthcare, rural development initiatives and social safety nets. Empowering marginalized communities, investing in skill development and promoting job creation can help break the cycle of poverty.

In conclusion, poverty remains a pressing issue in India, impacting millions of lives. It is essential for the government, civil society and international organizations to work collaboratively to address the root causes of poverty and uplift the disadvantaged populations, ensuring a brighter and more equitable future for all Indians.

Poverty in India remains a pressing issue with multifaceted challenges. Despite economic growth, a significant portion of the population still lives below the poverty line. Factors contributing to this include unequal distribution of wealth, limited access to quality education and healthcare, and a lack of employment opportunities, especially in rural areas. Additionally, social disparities, such as caste and gender discrimination, exacerbate the problem. Addressing poverty requires comprehensive strategies encompassing economic reforms, social programs, and inclusive development initiatives. By tackling these root causes, India can strive towards a more equitable society, improving the lives of millions and fostering sustainable growth.

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Essay on Poverty in India | 300 Words

• December 7, 2022

Essay on Poverty in India Complete Essay for Class 10, Class 12 and Graduation and other classes.

“Poverty is the sum total of a multiplicity of fact others that include not just income and calorie intake but also access to land and credit, nutrition, health and longevity, literacy and safe drinking water, sanitation and other infrastructural facilities.”

In India, it is estimated that about 350-400 million people are living below the poverty line, 75 per cent of them in the rural areas. More than 30 per cent of the population is illiterate. With women, tribal and scheduled castes particularly affected.

The main causes of poverty are illiteracy, a population growth rate by far exceeding the economic growth rate for the better part of the past 60 years, protectionist policies pursued since 1947 to 1991 which prevented large amounts of foreign investment in the country.

Poverty alleviation is expected to make better progress in the next 50 years than in the past, as a trickle- down effect of the growing middle class. Increasing stress on education, reservation of seats in government jobs and the increasing empowerment of women and the economically weaker sections of society are also expected to contribute to the alleviation of poverty.

‘Where there is no happiness for all, there cannot be happiness for any’. This is a fundamental truth successful nations around the world have discovered. They have structured their societies in such a way that though there may be inequalities in incomes and levels of enjoyment of the good things of life, the basics of a modern life are not denied to anyone.

What are these basics? Answers vary for each country. For India, these are; education. Health care, housing, water electricity, cooking fuel, old age support, sanitation, and employment. Providing these for all citizens is to both attack poverty and pave way for growth.

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Poverty In India Essay | Poverty In India Essay for Students and Children

Poverty In India Essay: Poverty In India Essay aims to educate students about the plight of the poor and underprivileged. In India, the wealth is distributed in a disproportionate manner. Explore how this factor and others affect the poverty rates in India through this essay. Furthermore, discover the various means to eliminate poverty from the society.

To write an engaging essay on poverty in India or any other topic, students have to follow certain rules and guidelines. These will also help students to fetch more marks in their exams. So, please consider adopting the following tips and tricks to an engaging essay.

Poverty In India Essay Writing Tips

• Always write an introductory paragraph highlighting the background or history of the topic.
• Include names, dates, and figures wherever possible.
• Avoid the use of jargon.
• Present content in easy-to-read, digestible chunks.
• Present information in points where necessary.
• End the essay with a concluding paragraph.
• Check for grammatical or factual errors before submission.

Poverty In India Essay – Sample 1 (250+ Words)

Poverty is a situation where an individual lacks the means to purchase basic necessities of life. These can include food, water, clothes, and shelter. Moreover, these individuals may not be able to afford even a single square meal a day. They make do with whatever they can find on the street – such as salvaging old food from the trash, sleeping on park benches or roadsides and wear raggedy old clothes.

Poverty and Its Causes

Poverty is primarily caused by the unequal distribution of wealth in a country. Furthermore, unemployment and an increase in the urban population can drastically increase the rate of the country’s population. To aggravate the condition, the jobs that these individuals work pay woefully low wages. This is because these individuals do not possess the required qualifications or are not employable.

A 2012 survey revealed that an estimated 276 million individuals are under the poverty line in India. The same survey also revealed that more people hovering just above the poverty line. Corruption is one of the biggest factors contributing to poverty followed by illiteracy.

Reducing Poverty – How To Reduce it

One of the most effective ways of reducing poverty, at least for future generations is by providing access to education. This ensures that the individuals are skilled and qualified enough to secure a well-paying job. Furthermore, family planning must also be taken into consideration due to the fact that the rising population contributes to poverty.

In conclusion, poverty is not a problem can be solved overnight, however, implementing these solutions over the course of a decade or two will help to alleviate the problem.

Poverty In India Essay – Sample 2 (350+ Words)

Poverty has been a societal problem since times immemorial. It is a situation where an individual is unable to purchase basic necessities such as food, clothes, and shelter. Moreover, these individuals sustain themselves on a single meal a day since they can’t afford more. They may engage in begging since they cannot earn money any other way. Sometimes, these individuals may scavenge rotten food from a dumpster near a hotel or a restaurant just to satisfy their hunger. They may sleep on the pavement or park benches on clear nights. On rainy days, they may sleep under bridges or any other indoor shelters.

How is Poverty Caused?

There are a lot of socio-economic variables that influence poverty. First and foremost is the unequal distribution of wealth. This is compounded by corruption and the ever-increasing population of the country. The next influential factor that causes poverty is illiteracy and unemployment. These two factors go hand-in-hand because, without proper education, unemployment is sure to follow. Most of the people under the poverty line have no marketable or employable skills required by the industries. In case these individuals do find a job, most of these pay extremely low wages, which is insufficient to support oneself or lead a family.

Effects of Poverty

When individuals are unable to afford basic necessities for life, other undesired consequences follow. For instance, health care becomes impossible to afford. This means the individual is at an increased risk of diseases and infections. Sometimes, these individuals also resort to unfair means to obtain money – such as robbery, murder, assault, and rape.

Solutions to End Poverty

Poverty is not a problem that can be resolved over a week or a year. It requires careful planning from the government to implement relevant policies that cater to the population falling below the poverty line. Another important factor affecting poverty is illiteracy and unemployment.

This issue can be tackled with one stone – i.e, to provide education and financial support. Access to education, especially providing means to pursue higher education increases the employability of individuals. This directly helps to alleviate poverty as the individual can start earning. Therefore, one of the most effective tools to combat poverty is education.

In conclusion, poverty in India may remain for another decade or so. However, there are strategies that help to gradually alleviate the problem.

FAQ’s on Poverty In India

Question 1. What is poverty?

Answer: Poverty is a situation where an individual lacks the means to purchase basic necessities of life such as food, water, clothes and shelter.

Question 2. What are some of the adverse effects of poverty?

Answer: Poverty leads to a miserable quality of life. It can also give rise to anti-social activities such as robbery, murder, assault, and rape.

Question 3. How to combat poverty?

Answer: If we are able to provide access to free education and reduce unemployment, the rate of poverty will be reduced. Moreover, providing free access to basic necessities such as health care and shelter will also help to alleviate poverty.

Question 4. What is the Poverty Line?

Answer: The Below Poverty Line (BPL)  is a benchmark that indicates an economic disadvantage. Moreover, it is used for individuals that are in need of aid and assistance from the government.

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Project on Poverty in India – Economics Class 12

Table of Contents

INTRODUCTION OF POVERTY

Poverty is the state of not having enough material possessions or income for a person’s basic needs. Poverty may include social, economic, and political elements. Absolute poverty is the complete lack of the means necessary to meet basic personal needs such as food , clothing, and shelter. The floor at which absolute poverty is defined is always about the same, independent of the person’s permanent location or era. On the other hand, relative poverty occurs when a person can not meet a minimum level of living standards compared to others in the same time and place. The best way to learn about poverty is a project on poverty in india.

Therefore, the floor at which relative poverty is defined varies from one country to another or from one society to another. Many government and non-governmental organizations try to reduce poverty by providing basic needs to people who are enabled to earn a sufficient once. They initiate project on poverty to be prepared and tackle the major issues of poverty.

These efforts can be hampered by constraints on the government’s ability to deliver services such as corruption, tax avoidance, debt, and loan conditionalities and by the brain drain of health care and educational professionals’ strategies of increasing income to make basic needs more affordable typically include welfare, economic freedoms & providing financial services. Meanwhile, the poorest citizens of middle-income countries have largely failed to receive an adequate share of their country’s increased wealth. There are many projects on poverty initiated all over the globe, some succeed and some fail.

CATEGORISATION OF POVERTY

Relative poverty.

As the name suggests, it means poverty in comparison to others. It will vary from region to region. Relatively poor are those who can manage the basics but are still not quite into the category of the middle class. The best projects on poverty are done for the benefit of people than focusing on decreasing the poverty line.

ABSOLUTE POVERTY

This refers to people who are living below the poverty line. We measure absolute poverty based on two things

• Criteria for minimum calories consumption
• Criteria for minimum consumption expenditure

MINIMUM CALORIES CONSUMPTION

When people are not able to get a minimum of 2400 calories per person per day in rural areas and 2100 calories per person per day in urban areas these people are organized as living below poverty.

MINIMUM CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE CRITERIA

Going by the above explanation, further, we assess the poverty of a family based on their capacity to spend a minimum amount per day as their consumption expenditure. This amount is set by the government for both rural and urban poor & keeps changing annually and biannually depending on the inflation rate and other factors. There are many factors in the project on poverty, some manageable and some not.

VICIOUS CIRCLE OF POVERTY

According to the principle of vicious circle, UDC’s level of income remains low which leads to a low level of saving and investment. Low investment leads to low productivity which again leads to low income. According to prof. nurse. “it implies a circular constellation of forces tending to act and react to one another in such a way as to keep a poor country in a state of poverty.

He cited an example of a poor man A poor man does not get enough food which makes him weak. As a result of weakness, his efficiency reduces as a consequence he gets low income and thus becomes poor.”

SOLUTION TO THE VICIOUS CIRCLE OF POVERTY

Broadly there are two methods to solve the problem of the vicious circle of poverty solution to the supply-side solution to the demand side let us these two aspects.

POVERTY IN INDIA

More than 800 million people in India are considered poor. Most of them live in the countryside and keep afloat with odd jobs. The lack of employment that provides a livable wage in rural areas is driving many Indians into rapidly growing metropolitan areas such as Bombay, Delhi, Bangalore, or Calcutta.

There most of them expect a life of poverty and despair in the mega slums , made up of millions of corrugated work, without sufficient drinking water supply, without garbage disposal, and in many cases without electricity. Poor hygiene conditions are the cause of diseases such as cholera, typhus, and dysentery, in which especially children suffer and die. The best project on poverty is initiated by Indian government.

Poverty in India impacts children, families, and individuals in a variety of different ways through :

MAJOR REASONS :

• High infant mortality
• Malnutrition
• Child labor
• Lack of education
• Child marriage
• THE HIGH INFANT MORTALITY 1.4 million children die each year in India before their fifth birthday. In addition to Nigeria, Pakistan the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and China, India is one of the countries with the highest child mortality rates. Pneumonia, malaria, and diarrheal diseases as well as chronic malnutrition are the most frequent causes of death.
• MALNUTRITION Not even a bowl of rice a day. India is one of the world’s top countries when it comes to malnutrition: more than 200 million people don’t have sufficient access to food, including 61 million children, 7.8 million infants were found to have a birth weight of fewer than 2.5 kilograms alarming figures for a country commonly referred to as the emergency market.
• CHILD LABOUR No time to play and learn. Although child labour for children under the age of 14 in India is prohibited by law, according to official figures, 12.5 million children between the ages of 5 and 14 are working. Aid agencies assume that in reality, there are many more estimates that 65 million children between 6 and 14 years do not go to school. Instead, to secure survival it is believed that Indian children contribute to the livelihood of their families.
• LACK OF EDUCATION No opportunities without education. According to UNICEF, about 25 % of children in India have no access to education. The number of children excluded from school is higher among girls than boys. Although women and men are treated equally under Indian law, girls and women, especially in the lower social caste, are considered inferior and are oppressed by their fathers, brothers, and husband. Without education, the chance of finding a living wage from employment in India is virtually hopeless.
• CHILD MARRIAGE The early end of childhood spite banning minors from marrying in 2006, is still widespread in many regions of India. The main leaders in this practice are young girls, who are still children themselves and become mothers too early. Many of them birth living to an investment by the journal 44.5% are still married they are of legal age.
• HIV/AIDS A taboo in Indian society 2.7 million Indians are infected with the HIV about 220,000 of them are children, with the tendency rising. The lack of education and the lack of condoms means that the virus is spreading faster and faster and more and more people are dying AIDS-especially in the Slums of the growing cities more and more children are living there as so-called AIDS orphans, often being infected with the viruses as well.

POVERTY LINE

The poverty line is the level of income to meet the minimum living conditions poverty line is the amount of money needed for a person to meet his basic needs. It is defined as the money value of the goods & services needed to provide basic welfare to an individual. The poverty line differs from one country to another depending upon the idea of poverty.

The poverty line changes from one country to another. In developed countries, where there is an advanced standard of living and welfare concepts, the poverty line is high as basic standards to live to include higher consumption requirements and accessibility to many goods and services in Bangladesh.

POVERTY LINE IN INDIA Poverty in India is having a well-designed ‘poverty measurement’ mechanism under the planning commission using the commission as the nodal agency for estimation of poverty.

ESTIMATION OF POVERTY LINE Calories-based estimation for rural area intake calorie was estimated at 2,400 calories and for the urban area it is 2,100 calories, In 1999-2000 new ways of measuring started i.e. monthly per capita expenditure its estimates for the rural area as consumption worth Rs. 816 per person and for urban areas it is Rs. 1000 presently as per Tendulkar committee.

THREE APPROACHES OF INDIAN GOVT TO COMBAT POVERTY Approach

• Enhancing economic growth
• Specific programs for poverty alleviation
• Fulfilling the minimum needs of the poor

MAJOR CAUSES OF POVERTY IN INDIA

• Rising population
• Less production
• Less utilization of resources
• Shortage of capital & sustainable
• Unequal distribution of income
• Political factors
• Social factors
• Unemployment
• Short rate of economic development

CAUSE OF POVERTY IN INDIA

Following are the main causes of poverty in India

• INCREASED RATE OF RISING POPULATION In the last 45 years, the population has increased at a whopping rate of 2.2% per annum. An average of approx. 17 million people are added every year to the population which raises the demand for consumption goods considerably.
• LESS PRODUCTIVITY IN AGRICULTURE In agriculture the productivity level is very low due to subdivided and fragmented holdings, lack of capital use of traditional methods of cultivation, illiteracy, etc. the very reason for poverty in the country is this factor only.
• LESS UTILIZATION OF RESOURCES Underemployment and veiled unemployment of human resources and less utilization of resources have resulted in low production in agriculture of living.
• A SHORT RATE OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT In India, the rate of economic development is very low which is required for a good level. Therefore there persists a gap between the level of availability and requirements of goods and services . The net result is poverty.
• INCREASING PRICE RISE Poor is becoming poorer because of continuous and steep price rises. It has benefited a few people In society and the persons in lower-income groups find it difficult to get their minimum needs.
• UNEMPLOYMENT One of the main causes of poverty is the continuous expanding army of unemployed in our country. The job seeker is increasing in number at a higher rate than the expansion in employment opportunities.
• SHORTAGE OF CAPITAL AND ABLE ENTREPRENEURSHIP The much-required capital and sustainable entrepreneurship a very important role in tolerating the growth. But bases are in short supply making it difficult to increase production significantly.
• SOCIAL FACTORS Our country’s social setup is very much backward from the rest of the world and not at all beneficial for faster development and has aggravated the problem of poverty.
• POLITICAL FACTORS We all know that the east India company started lopsided development in India and had reduced our economy to a colonial state. They exploited the natural resources to suit their interests and weaken the industrial base of the Indian economy. Hence, the planning was of immense failure to handle the problems of poverty and unemployment.
• UNEQUAL DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME If you simply increase the production are do checking on the population cannot help poverty in our country. We need to understand that inequality in the distribution of income and concentration of wealth should be checked.

NEWS AND STATISTICS

• India no longer home to the largest no. of poor: study
• Rate of decline
• India is moving down in the global poverty Rankings

POVERTY ALLEVIATION METHODS

• CONTROL OF POPULATION To remove poverty controlling the population is important. It increases per capita income. India started family planning in 1951, however, it must be made more aware to the people.
• INCREASE IN EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES Employment opportunities must be made for people in rural areas. Employment in small-scale and cottage industries must be encouraged.
• REDUCE ECONOMIC INEQUALITY In this way, more job and education opportunities will be provided to the poor and this would help to remove poverty.
• LAND REFORMS   As many land reforms policy are introduced by the government they must be implemented properly as they will help the ll farmers to get employment and thereby remove poverty.
• SOCIAL SECURITY MEASURES Like provident fund, pension, free medical and health services, affordable housing, etc should be provided to the rural and urban core. This will improve the living conditions of people.
• BALANCED REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT  Government must allocate more funds to the backward and rural regions.

HOW POVERTY FEELS TO CHILDREN

• WORRIED ABOUT PARENTS
• CONSTRAINED
• COMPLICATED
• EMBARRASSED
• OVERCROWDED
• NO PLACE FOR HOMEWORK OR PLAY
• BULLIED & JUDGED
• TEACHERS DON’T UNDERSTAND
• NO SCHOOL TRIPS
• ASPIRATIONS
• OPPORTUNITIES
• SOCIAL INSECURITY

INDIAN GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES FOR POVERTY

Measures adopted by the INDIAN Government to remove poverty.

• Food for work programme
• Swarnjayanti Gramin Rozagr yojana.
• Pradhan mantri gramodoya yojana.
• Soompoorna Gramin Rozgar yojana.
• Swarn Jayanti shahri Rozgar yojana.
• Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee scheme.
• Jawahar gram samridhi yojana.

The program adopted by Indian govt. to help elderly and poor people and also destitute women :

• National social assistance The program includes national old-age pension schemes national family benefit scheme, National maternity benefit scheme.
• Annapurna Yojana
• On the job training

CURRENT SCENARIO OF POVERTY IN INDIA

The Indian government has taken a project on poverty and how to reduce it effectively taking the poop people into consideration. The release of the IMFS world economic outlook provides an initial country-by-country assessment of what might happen to the world economy in 2020 and 2021. Using the methods described in the world poverty clock we ask what will happen to the number of poor people in the world those living in households with less than $1.90 per person per day in actual or impact forecast.

We take the difference between the IMF’s April 2020 forecast for GDP growth and their forecast from October 2019 as “the COVID effect, a slight Simplification because other things have also changed in the world that may have caused the IMF to alter its forecasts however, the largest change is caused by COVID-19 and the policy response around the world.

The summary results are that some million people are likely to be in poor households in 2020, compared to our previous estimates of 640 million people. A careful reader might note that the world poverty clock had been estimating about 600 million in poverty in 2020, but newly updated population estimates new household expenditure data, and new household survey data have also been incorporated into the model.

EFFECT OF COVID-19 ON POVERTY IN INDIA

THE United Nations in a report published last year estimated the number of poor people in India at a humongous 364 million, which is 28 percent of the population. Now the crisis created by the combination of the covid-19 pandemic, national lockdown, and job losses means that many more millions are joining the ranks of the poor. A recent world bank blog on the impact of covid-19 on global poverty has warned about more people being pushed into poverty.

It is estimated that the pandemic will push at least 71 million people globally into poverty and the number can go up to 100 million in a worst-case scenario. The international poverty line is measured as an income of at least $ 1.90 a day- that is, about Rs 150 at the current exchange rate. India’s per capita growth rate in real GDP is already low and is likely to worsen.

The countries Nigeria, India and are home to more than a third of the world’s poor. India may see a larger increase in the number of poor as a result of covid-19By their very nature, poverty projections carry a lot of uncertainty; but the risk of more joining the ranks of the poor in 2020 is very real. What will happen in 2021 and beyond comes with even more uncertainty as growth in 2021 will depend on how effectively the pandemic is contained and how rapidly economic activity picks up momentum.

We have traveled about decades since independence. The objective of all our policies had been stated as promoting rapid and balanced economic development with equality and social justice. Poverty alleviation has always been accepted as one of India’s main challenges by the policymakers regardless of which government was in power. The absolute number of poor in the country has gone down and some states have less proportion of poor than even the national average.

Yet critics point out that even though vast resources have been allocated and spent, we are still far from reaching the goal. There is improvement in terms of per capita income and the average standard of living: some progress towards meeting the basic needs has been made. But when compound to the progress made by many other countries our performance has not been impressive.

Moreover, its development has not all sections of the popular some sections of people, some sectors of the economy, some regions of the country can complete even with developed countries in terms of social and economic development yet, many others have not been able to come out of the vicious circle of poverty.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

http://www.soschildrensvillages.ca/news/poverty-in-india-602 http://www.habitatbrowward.org/absolute-vs-relative-poverty/

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that class Xll-C, of ——, has completed the project on poverty in India under my supervision. He has taken proper care and shown almost sincerity in the completion of this project on poverty in India. I certify that this project on poverty in India is up to my expectations and as per the guidelines issued by CBSE.

Teacher’s  Signature                                                                                     Examiner’s Signature

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my teacher as well as our principal of the school who gave me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on poverty of India which also helped me in doing a lot of research and I came to know about so many new things, I am thankful to them. Secondly, I would also like to thank my parent and friends who helped me a lot In finalizing this project within the limited time frame.

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10 comments.

its verry nice project

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